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TENNIS HANDBOOK

INTRODUCTION OF THE AUTHOR Juliet B. Banate is a grade 11 at R.I S.Y 2022-2023 The Tennis hand is made for school purpose.Why Tennis? Tennis is sport game that improve dynamic balance, agility, coordination, metabolic function, metabolic function, muscle tone, strength and flexibility. It teaches to boost your self-confidence. \"I keep sailing on in this middle passage. I am sailing into the wind and the dark. But I am doing my best to keep my boat steady and my sails full.\" - Arthur Ashe

History of Tennis 11530S English king Henry VIII builds a tennis court at Hampton Court Palace (This court no longer exist but TIMELINE a similar court built there in 1625 and is in use until today). 1583S FIRST RACKET IN THE HISTORY OF TENNIS • The first racquet was invented in Italy (historhistoryy of tennis - web source). WIMBLEDON HISTORY OF T ENNIS 1870S •In the Wimbledon district of London established. All England Croquet Club. Tennis is still an indoor game played by royal and rich benefactors. 1895S Charlotte Cooper at the age of 23, was dressed like this the first time she won her first Wimbledon Title 1900S The Davis Cup was the first International 1960S team competition, as it was officially called the International Lawn Tennis Professional and Amateurs Challenge Trophy. Were allowed to participate in the Major Championship 1980S Until the 1980s the rackets were primarily made of wood. 1984S Steffi Graf,The 15 year - old German player saw a win in a dramatic fashion. 1996S Andre Agassi won the Olympic Primarily in Atlanta. 2008 Roger Federer , the greates players of all time, won the doubles, Gold Medal with this partner Stan Wawrinka in Beljing. 2012-2016 Andy Murray became the only person ever successfully to def end his title in 120 years of Olympic history.

Tennis 2 The History of tennis game was developed from a 12th century French handball game ca lled \"Paume\" (palm). In this game the ball was struck with the hand. After some time \"Paume\" game produced handball \"Jeu de Paume\" (game of the palm) and there were used racquets. The game was first created by European monks for entertainment roles during ceremonial occasions. At first, the ball was hit with hands. Later, the leather glove came into existence. This leather glove was replaced with an adaptive handle for effective hitting and serving of the ball. That was a birth of tennis racquet. Development of tennis racquet , tennis balls also underwent frequent modifications. First tennis ball was from wood. Later in the history of tennis ball was filled with cellulose material to gave way to a bouncier. Monks from all areas of Europe favored \"Jeu de Paume\" game during 14th century much to the chagrin of the mother Church. The game spread and evolved in Europe. The game became very popular, especially in France, where was adopted by the royal family. In the year of 1316 French king Louis X dies after hard \"Jeu de Paume\" game (other terms of this stage of game are Royal Tennis in Great Britain, Royal Tennis in Australia, Court Tennis in the United States), but this death does null to damp the popularity of the recreation.

Tennis 3 The Invention of Tennis The modern game of lawn tennis was invented by Harry Gem and Augurio Perera, somewhere between 1859 and 1865. Lawn tennis was invented by combining the two games, ‘racque ts’ and ‘pelota’. Earlier, ‘lawn racquets’ and ‘lawn pelota’ were the names assigned to this game, which finally became lawn tennis. Harry Gem and Augurio Perera played this game in Edgbaston on a croquet lawn. In the year 1873, rules for the game called ‘Sphairistike’ were published by Major Walter Clopton Wingfield. Sphairistike or Sticke was played in enclosed courts with low pressure balls and racquets. Mr. Wingfield formalized the game in 1874, by patenting the rules and equipment in London. Harry Gem Augurio Perera Walfer Clopton Wingfield

GENERARLURLUESLES4 A serve must bounce first before the receiving player can return it. A ball must land within bounds for play to continue; if a player hits t he ball outside of bounds, this results in the loss of the popoint for them. Players/teams ocpapnonnoet ntot’u scshidteh.e net or posts or cross onto the Players/teams cannot carry the ball or catch it with the racquet. Players/teams cannot touch the net or posts or cross onto the opponent’ s side. Players cannot hit the bal l twice. Players must wait until th e ball passes the net before they can return it. A player that does not return a live ball before it bounces twice loses the p oint. If the ball hits or touches the players, that counts as a penalty. Any ball that bounces on the lines of boundary are considered good.

RRUULELSES5Serving Rules The quest for points begins with a 'serve' and the one hitting the ball over the net gets called the server. Player service alterna tes after each game gets completed. A tennis umpire officiates and regulates all professional level matches. Servers have two attempts to deliver the ball without error. The ball must land inside the opponent's service box. If not, the server loses the point. A 'let' gets called if the ball makes contact with the net but falls into their box. In this case, the serve should then get repeated without a penalty to either player. A rally of cross-court shots ensue as the players hit the ball back and forth to each other. They must play rallies within the b oundaries of the court.You win a point if the ball bounces more than once in your opponent's side or if they fail to return it to you. Changeover Rules A player has to win six games, and at least two more th an the foe, to claim a tennis match. Players switch sides after every odd game, as in the first, third and fifth games, and so on. Players also switch sides at the end of a set if they're playing an odd number of games.

RULES 6 RULES Clock Rules The players need to start their scehravirinugmmpoirteio. nStwilil,ththine2c5haseircuomndpsir,eotcha enrwise a time violation is given by the pause and resume or reset the serve clock if appropriate. Doubles Rules In doubles, you and a partner play against a team of two players on the other side of the net, using the full court between the baselines and the doubles sidelines. If you are on the team that serves first, either you or your partner may begin the match by serving the first ball. Unusual Rules More details about each follow below. (14) A player can't touch the ball, with anything except the racket, until the point is over. (13) A player chai tnt'thteobuaclhl the net, with anything, until the point is over. (12) A player can't into anything other then the court or net, before it lands.

Basic stroke/skill 7 Basic Stroke/skill Serve We wouldn’t be able to have tennis without the serve – it’s the start of everything! The general idea when it comes to the use of your body to make a serve happen will generally be the same, bu t it’s also important to know your body, what works well, and what doesn’t work as well for you specifically. STEP 1.) Begin your service motion by holding your racket and ball in front of you. 2.) Start your momentum forwards by leaning towards the opponent, toss the ball in the air with your non-dominant arm while dropping your racket arm straight back. The ball toss and backswing happen simultaneously. 3.) Now your body should be in a ready position, fully coiled and ready to unload. 4.) As the ball moves into striking position above your head start uncoiling by driving up through your legs, rotating your body, and pulling your non-dominant arm down. 5.) Continue extending and uncoiling as your racket arm whips up and around following the rest of your body. 6.) At this stage your body and head position should be facing or almost facing the net as you pull down and make contact with the tennis ball. 7.) As you continue the follow through your body should be falling forward and to the left as your racket arm whips through the ball and slightly to the right. 8.) Finally, as you finish your serve motion you’ll land on your left foot in in the court while your dominant arm finishes it’s swing on the left side of your body (if you’re right handed).

Basic Stroke/skill 8 Basic Stroke/Skill Forehead A player’s forehand is usually their strongest shot on the tennis court. Why is that? Well, it’s because this particular stroke typically involves a p layer’s dominant hand doing most of the work. Other key components of a successful forehand stroke are to have sound footwork, make sure your racket is prepared for impact, and to stay balanced. STEP 1.) Preparation. When your opponent makes contact with the tennis ball take light split step opening up your legs. 2.) As the ball approaches stay in that open stance position as you rotate your hips, shoulders and arms as part of the take back. 3.) Now start unwinding your body with your dominant arm dropping down (to help generate topspin) as it trails the rest of your body forward towards the ball. 4.)Continue rotating and swing your racket up, over and through the ball as you make contact. At this stage the front of your body and head should be facing the net. 5.) Follow through by continuing your arms extension forward then across your body towards your non-dominant side. 6.) Finally, complete your stroke with your weight shifted to your left leg (if right handed) and your racket head hovering around your left shoulder.

Basic Stroke/Skill 9 Basic Stroke/skill Backhand There are two variations of a backhand – a one-handed shot and two-handed shot. One-handed backhands typically provide you with longer reach, while also being the best way to handle shots coming into your body. On the other side of the coin, two-handed backhands provide more control and stability. It’s also common for players to have an easier time successfully hitting high balls with this variation. STEP (one-handed backhand) 1 .) Take a light split step to get balanced and prepare. 2.) Move into position while at the s ame time begin rotating your upper body for the take back. It is generally easier to move your feet to a closed or side-on position to help with rotation and ststrength 3.) Once in position your take back should be done and your right shoulder pointing at the ball (if you’re right handed). 4.) Just like the forehand, your arm will drop down as your start rotating and swinging towards the ball. 5.) As you continue to rotate back around (unwinding) your arm will whip forward and up making contact with the ball. 6.) Lastly, finish your backhand follow through by completing the motion and extending your arm to the right as you land with your weight primarily on your dominant side.

Basic stroke/skill 10 Basic stroke/skill STEP ( two-handed backhand ) 1.) Split step as your opponent strik es the ball to get ready. 2.) Move into position while simultaneously taking the racket back. 3.) When in position your take back should be complete with your racket on your non-dominant side, shoulder angled towards the ball. 4.) Uncoil your body rotating your hips and shoulders to contact the ball. Here your body should be facing the net with approximately equal racket control given to both arms. 5.) As you follow through your left arm takes over driving through the ball. 6.) End your stroke by swinging your racket all the way to your non- dominant side with your bodyweight on your dominant side.

Ba sicBSatsricokSet r/Sokkiel/lSkill 1 1VOLLEY When you approach the net keep your racket out in front and take a light split step to ready yourself as you move forward. As the ball approaches turn your upper body slightly to your right side taking the racket back. Continuing your forward momentum bring the racket forward maintaining a strong wrist and handshake arm position as you contact the ball. Keep moving your feet and body weight forward through the ball as you finish your follow through by swinging the racket back in front of your body. STEP( Forehead volley) 1.) When you approach the net keep your racket out in front and take a light split step to ready yourself as you move forward. 2.) As the ball approaches turn your upper body slightly to your right side taking the racket back. 3.) Continuing your forward momentum bring the racket forward maintaining a strong wrist and handshake arm position as you contact the ball. 4.) Keep moving your feet and body weight forward through the ball as you finish your follow through by swinging the racket back in front of your body.

Basic Stroke/Skill 12 Basic Stroke/Skill STEP (Backhand Volley) 1.) Approach the net quickly with your racket ready and out in front of you. 2.) As the ball comes towards you keep your technique simple with a short take back rotating your upper body to the left. 3.) Continue your forward momentum using your feed to move to the ball as you make contact with a short swing. 4.) Keep transferring your body weight forward through the ball and rotate your upper body slightly bringing the racket forward and to the right ending back in front of you.

Basic Stroke/Skill 13 Basic Stroke/Skill Overhead smash Last but most certainly not least, we have the overhead stroke, which looks very similar to a serve. The main differences, though, are that you don’t need to toss a tennis ball up in the air and it requires more footwork. To make c ontact with the ball in your ideal strike zone – which will be the same place it is for your serve – you must be able to anticipate where the ball is going to be so you’re able to get into position. STEP 1.) Hold the racket using a continental grip. 2.) When you see the ball rising up through the air focus on your positioning keeping the ball in front of you at all times by using good quick footwork. While moving back, rotate your body bringing the racket straight back to a ready position with your non-dominant hand angled up towards the ball. 3.) As the ball drops into striking position uncoil and rotate your body swinging the racket up towards the tennis ball. 4.) Similar to the serve, at this point your body should have rotated to face your opponent as you snap your arm around making contact with the tennis ball. 5.) After contact continue with a short follow through bringing the racket down then across your body.

14 TENNIS COURT DIMENSIONS

15 TECHNICAL SKILL - COMPRISED THE √ BALL VELOCITY √ BALL ACCURACY √ EFFICIENCY √ SUCCESS RATES √ PERCENTAGE ERRORS OF PLAYERS.

TACTICAL 16 SKILLS - comprised anticipatory and decision-making skills, tactical knowledge and visual search strategies. Basic Tactical Tennis Drills 1. The Long Crosscourt Both players rally long crosscourt Both players rally from the deuce side and try to keep the ball over the service line (deep). Rally for three to five minutes, then change to the advantage side, which is the backhand side for right-handers. 2. The Long-short Crosscourt The long cross court drill Orange player plays the ball deep, white player plays the ball short crosscourt Players again rally crosscourt (starting on deuce side), where player A (orange) plays the ball deep and player B (white) plays the ball short crosscourt, so that the ball lands near the outside corner of the service box. Rally for three minutes and change tasks and then also change sides, rallying from the advantage side for a total of four times three minutes.

17 3. The Alternating Long-short Crosscourt Orange player plays the ball deep, white player alternates between playing long and short crosscourt Players rally crosscourt , where player A (orange) plays the ball deep and player B (white) alternates between playing the ball deep and playing the ball short. Players should rally for three minutes and change tasks. Make sure to change sides as well. The optional, and more advanced, version of this drill is to let player B make the choice about when to go short or long depending on the ball received. If the ball from player A is very deep, then player B should play it shorter.(Player B should attempt a short crosscourt.)

18 4. The Long-short Crosscourt With a Down the LineOrange player plays the ball deep, white player plays long cross court, short crosscourt and then down the line The first version of this drill is a closed drill, which means that the players stick to the pattern. Player A (orange) plays the ball deep crosscourt three times in a row (and starts the rally). Player B (white) plays first long crosscourt, then short crosscourt, and then down the line. For less skilled players, player A does not need to run for the ball, but can just let it go so that player B can focus on seeing where the ball landed and can make adjustments for the next rally. For more advanced players, player A can move to the other side and play the ball crosscourt to the other side where both players repeat the same pattern on the backhand side (for right-handers). The goal for more skilled players is to keep the rally going while sticking to this pattern of play. Change tasks and sides so that both players practice all situations. 5. Semi-open Situation In the semi-open situation, allow player A (white) to play only long crosscourt on every ball that player B (orange) plays. Player B on the other hand chooses by himself whether he'll play long crosscourt, short crosscourt, or down the line. Player B must experiment with different decisions and see whether he is successful in the long term or not. Inexperienced players, for example, don't know yet that playing down the line when they are far behind the baseline is not a smart decision. Therefore, coaches MUST allow them to play that shot to EXPERIENCE what happens and learn by themselves.

6. Open Situation Training 19 In the open situation, both players can play any shot at any time. Perhaps the only limitation that players can have is that they don't play drop shots, come to the net, or play any other special shots so that they can focus on learning which decisions from the baseline- long crosscourt, short crosscourt, or down the line-work best. There's one more target to add, and you can decide based on your own judgment when you want to add it; that is a target in the middle, deep over the service liThe white player has 5 targets to choose from for each of his shots. Tactical training enables the player to learn which shot is best used in each specific situation. Playing in the middle can be very effective when attempting to neutralize the opponent from a defensive position, since the shot played in the middle doesn't open up angles from which the opponent can attack. At the end, you can place four main targets (cones, or tapes) and one additional target on the court (see picture above) and have the player DECIDE with every shot which target he will aim for. When the player knows which target he is aiming for, his accuracy improves a lot and he keeps his focus throughout the rally. Players should avoid hitting the ball over the net without an intention and should always look to either go offense (by moving the opponent) or to neutralize the opponent. To neutralize means that the player attempts to prevent attacks by playing deep, usually crosscourt or down the middle. There are other ways of neutralizing, like playing high loopy shots of low slices but this can be the next step in progression in these tactical tennis drills. On every ball that comes over the net, the player needs to first decide whether he/she can attack or whether he/she needs to neutralize. After this main decision, the player then needs to decide the direction and type of shot to use.ne.

EEQQUUIIPPMMEENNTT 20 Personal/Basic

21 Tennis Elbow Brace Tennis Arm Sleeves

OTHER 22 EQUIPMENT

OFFICIATE THE SPORT 2 3LINEUMPIRE The Line Umpire’s primary role, as a member of the on-court officiating team, is to assist the Chair Umpire in determining if a ball falls within or outside of the boundaries of the court. In addition, a Line Umpire calls foot-faults and assists by performing other duties that are assigned by the Chair Umpire (for example, escorting players to the toilet during the course of a match and preparing and performing ball changes). As an assistant to the Chair Umpire, a Line Umpire will therefore never work on-court in a match that is not officiated by a Chair Umpire. ROVING UMPIRE The Roving Umpire is a “Chair Umpire without a chair”; he/she exercises jurisdiction over more than one court at a time in the case of matches played without a Chair Umpire. The Roving Umpire’s duties are similar to those of a Chair Umpire and include, but are not limited to, the following responsibilities: ensuring that assigned courts are ready for play; enforcing the Rules of Tennis, the Code of Conduct, and the Tournament Regulations; resolving scoring disputes between players; overruling erroneous line calls by the players and calling foot-faults, when he/she is in direct observation of the court; controlling spectators, parents and coaches. CHAIR UMPIRE The Chair Umpire is responsible for all aspects of the match to which he/she is assigned. He/she applies the Rules of Tennis, the Code of Conduct, and the Tournament Regulations on court. In the absence of some or all Line Umpires, the Chair Umpire assumes all their duties except those that he/she may delegate to another umpire or to the players. During a match, the Chair Umpire may rotate, remove or replace any Line Umpire if such action will improve the officiating of the match. The Chair Umpire is the final authority on all questions of fact arising during the match. This includes overruling a Line Umpire in the case of a clear mistake by the latter. The Chair Umpire makes a first determination on all questions of law arising during the match, subject to the right of a player to appeal to the Referee. CHIEF OF OFFICIALS The Chief of Officials recruits, assigns, (and replaces or reassigns, when necessary) and evaluates Chair Umpires and Line Umpires in those tournaments where the Referee has delegated these duties to him/her. In other words, the Chief is an assistant to the Referee in the specific area of the management of Officials. REFEREE The Referee is the final on-site authority for the interpretation of the Tournament Rules and Regulations, the Code of Conduct, the Rules of Tennis, and for all other matters that require immediate resolution at the tournament site. He/she supervises all aspects of play, including, but not limited to, the conduct and actions of players, coaches, parents, umpires, and ballkids. In collaboration with the Tournament Committee, he/she participates in making the draws and in preparing the daily Order of Play. The Referee decides any point of Tennis Law that a Chair Umpire is unable to decide, or which is referred to him/her by appeal from a player. The Referee’s decision in such cases shall be final. In some cases, the above responsibilities are assumed by a single official. In other cases, such as in professional tennis, a Supervisor, assigned by the ATP, WTA or ITF, will often share some of the Referee’s duties. https://www.rookieroad.com/tennis/equipment-list/https://www.rookieroad.com/tennis/equipment-list/ https://www.tennismindgame.com/basic-tactics-drills.html https://www.patcash.co.uk/2018/03/the-6-basic-strokes-in-tennis-explained/