Health Science Body System Flip Book

Body Systems Flip Book James Kwong 1A Health Science-Mr. Pickett

Table of Contents Integumentary System……...3 Musculoskeletal System……4 Nervous System…………….5 Special Senses….…………...6 Cardiovascular System……..7 Respiratory System…………8 Digestive System……………9 Urinary System……………...10 Reproductive System………..11

Integumentary System Function: the body system that acts as an external casing for the body, protecting the Defining Key Terms: structures embedded within it derm/o, dermat/o - skin kerat/o - cornea; horny; hard Vocabulary: Epidermis - outermost layer of skin that also contains nails and hair xer/o - dry Dermis - middle layer of skin; often called the dermal layer xanth/o - yellow Subcutaneous layer - Area beneath the dermis Sebum - an oily substance produced by sebaceous glands to protect skin and hair erythr/o - red Sebaceous glands - structures that produce sebum and that are found in hair follicles pedicu/o - fingernail; toenail Keratinocytes - specialized skin cells that produce keratin Melanocytes - specialized skin cells that produce melanin onych/o - nail Hair - Responsible for protection and insulation myc/o - fungus Nails - Responsible for prying, scraping, and picking up things Cuticle - Band of epidermis at the base and sides of the nail plate. pil/o - hair lip/o - fat Diseases/Disorders: rhytid/o - wrinkle Dermatitis - a rash with inflammation albin/o - white Plaque psoriasis - the most common type of psoriasis, characterized by plaques Tinea capitis - also known as scalp ringworm, a fungal infection of the scalp that is highly contagious and common among children Basal cell carcinoma - the most common skin cancer, originating in the stratum basale, which is the deepest epidermal layer Healthcare Careers: Dermatologist - Doctor who is an expert in skin diseases. Oncologist - Doctor who specializes in treating cancer

Musculoskeletal System Function: the body system that consists of all the muscular and skeletal systems that allows for movement, form, Defining Key Terms: support, and stability of the body my/o - muscle Vocabulary: myel/o - spinal cord; bone marrow Vertebrae - irregular bones that protect the spinal cord and form the spinal column oste/o - bone Cranium - top of skull cost/o - ribs Tendon - tissues that connect muscle to bone Phalanges - fingers and toes crani/o - cranium Ulna - the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb -pexy - procedure; condition; disease Cartilage - flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the human body Smooth muscle - The involuntary tissue that makes up the muscle found in internal organs chondr/o - cartilage Cardiac muscle - The involuntary muscle tissue that is found only in the heart arthr/o - joint Involuntary muscle - Muscle tissue that is not under our conscious control Voluntary muscle - Muscle tissue that is under our conscious control -plegia - paralysis; stroke kinesi/o - movement; muscular activity Diseases/Disorders: Rheumatoid arthritis - an autoimmune disease of unknown cause that typically affects the small joints in the hands, feet, and neck Carpal tunnel syndrome - swelling in the carpal tunnel that compresses the nerve, causing symptoms in the hand such as pain, numbness, and weakness in the thumb, index, and middle fingers. fibromyalgia - an acquired disorder involving widespread muscle soreness, fatigue, and depression Osteoporosis - the loss of minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, in bones, which makes them brittle and easily broken Healthcare Careers: Physical therapist - a medical professional who attempts to reduce dysfunction in the musculoskeletal system by improving joint mobility, muscle strength, balance, and coordination; also called a physiotherapist Chiropractor - medical professionals who treat disorders by manipulative treatment of misalignments of the joints

Nervous System Function: the body system that responds to sensory information and coordinates body responses Defining Key Terms: neur/o - nerve; nerve tissue; nervous system Vocabulary: central nervous system (CNS) - the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord encephal/o - brain Brain - the control center of the nervous system; occupies the cranial cavity myel/o - spinal cord; bone marrow spinal cord - nervous tissue that connects the brain to the peripheral nervous system Meninges - a tough, layered protective tissue that surrounds and protects the brain and the spinal cord ambul/o - to walk Vertebrae - the bones that make up the vertebral column -esthesia - sensation; feeling; sensibility peripheral nervous system (PNS) - the portion of the nervous system outside the cranial cavity and vertebral canal that runs throughout the body mening/o - meninges Nerve - a large bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system; wrapped in a protective sheath psych/o - mind; mental; psychological Ganglia - clusters of neurons in the peripheral nervous system concuss/o - shaken together; violently agitated Plexus - a group of interconnected ganglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that enable different parts of the PNS to communicate and connect with their target destinations sensory neurons - the neurons that collect sensory information and send it to the central nervous system for processing Diseases/Disorders: Parkinson’s disease - a degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by movement disorders, including tremor, slow movement, rigidity, and instability, as well as disorders of mood, thought, and judgment; it is named after the nineteenth-century English migraine headache - a disorder characterized by recurrent severe, throbbing, one-sided headaches, often associated with nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light Alzheimer’s disease - a disease of the brain characterized by progressive impairment of memory and other brain functions such as orientation and judgment; it is named after the nineteenth-century German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer Paralysis - the loss of function in one or more muscles, resulting in an inability to move the affected part of the body Healthcare Careers: Neurologist - An M.D. who diagnoses and treats disorders of the nervous system Psychiatrist - M.D. who diagnoses and treats mental disorders

Special Senses System Function: specialized organs devoted to detect environmental stimuli and transduce their energy into electrical impulses Defining Key Terms: irid/o - iris Vocabulary: Nose - outwardly visible respiratory organ that provides a pathway into the body for outside air, and filters air before it -cusis - pertaining to hearing problem enters the respiratory system -opia - defects in vision; condition of the eye Tongue - organ that helps move food into the digestive tract Eyes - organ that allows vision ot/o - ear Iris - the thin, colored, circular structure in the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by contracting and tympan/o - relationship to the eardrum expanding Pupil - the opening in the iris that lets light into the eye opthalm/o - relationship to eye Ears - organ that allows hearing -metry - process of measuring Pinna - the outer ear flap that forms the visible part of the ear; also known as the auricle External auditory canal - the narrow passage that leads from the pinna to the tympanic membrane Tympanic membrane - also known as the eardrum; a thin membrane that separates the external auditory canal from the middle ear and transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles Ossicles - three tiny connected bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear Diseases/Disorders: Vertigo - a symptom characterized by the sensation that one (or one’s surroundings) is spinning or moving Tinnitus - a symptom characterized by hearing noise, such as ringing or buzzing, for which there is no external source Cataract - clouding of the normally transparent lens of the eye; it is the most common cause of blindness Glaucoma - a group of diseases characterized by elevated pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure, or IOP), which can lead to damage of retinal structures with resulting blindness Healthcare Careers: Ophthalmologist - Medical doctor who specializes in eyes and vision care. Otolaryngologist - Doctor specializing in ears, noses, and throats(head and neck surgeon)

Cardiovascular System Function: the body system that pumps blood and transports it to the body cells, delivering nutrients and carrying away Defining Key Terms: wastes cardi/o - hear Vocabulary: angi/o - blood vessels Heart - muscular organ in the chest that rhythmically expands and contracts to pump blood throughout the body hem/o, hemat/o - blood Blood - a liquid that carries red and white blood cells, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body Atrium - a type of chamber in the heart, of which there are two: the right atrium receives blood returning to the heart Brady- - slow from the body, and the left atrium receives blood returning to the heart from the lungs Tachy- - fast Ventricle - a pumping chamber of the heart, of which there are two: the right ventricle, which pumps blood into the thromb/o - blood clot; coagulation; lungs, and the left ventricle, which pumps blood to the body -emia - presence of a substance in the blood Valve - one of the four structures in the heart that control the flow of blood, permitting it to flow in only one direction leuk/o - white; leukemia Artery - a blood vessel (tubular structure) that carries blood away from the heart erythr/o - red; red blood cell Vein - a blood vessel (tubular structure) that carries blood back to the heart arteri/o - artery Capillary - the smallest of blood vessels, it receives blood from the arterial system and delivers it to the venous system while exchanging nutrients and wastes with nearby tissues Aorta - One of two arteries leading out of the heart, it receives freshly oxygenated blood from the left ventricle and carries it away from the heart to the rest of the body. vena cava - One of two veins leading into the heart, it carries blood returning from the body into the right atrium. Diseases/Disorders: Hypoxia - a level of oxygen in the blood that is below normal congestive heart failure (CHF) - a disease in which the heart fails to pump strongly enough, causing blood to back up into the lungs or body myocardial infarction (MI) - the death (infarction) of heart muscle (myocardium) caused by lack of oxygen due to a blockage in a coronary artery; also known as a heart attack coronary artery disease (CAD) - atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries, which are the arteries that supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle Healthcare Careers: Cardiologist - a doctor who specializes in the study or treatment of heart diseases and heart abnormalities. Cardiothoracic surgeon - a specialist who operates on the heart, lungs and other thoracic (chest) organs. As well as performing surgery, they also diagnose and treat diseases of these organs.

Respiratory System Function: the body system that keeps blood supplied with fresh oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the Defining Key Terms: body bronch/o - relating to the bronchi Vocabulary: cyan/o - blue Pharynx - muscular tube that connects the mouth and nasal passages to the esophagus laryng/o - denoting the larynx Larynx - box-shaped organ in the neck that contains the vocal cords and functions as an airway to the lungs Trachea - known as the windpipe; a tube that joins the pharynx and larynx to the lungs -oxia - oxygen Bronchi - one of the main tubes for air passage into the lungs Oxy- - containing oxygen or additional oxygen Lungs - respiratory organ that assists in breathing Glottis - two flaps of tissue that close together to prevent food from entering the conducting zone pleur/o - rib; side; pleura Epiglottis - flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea pneum/o - infection of the lungs Nose - outwardly visible respiratory organ that provides a pathway into the body for outside air, and filters air before it enters the respiratory system pulmon/o - lungs Paranasal - adjacent to the nose thorac/o - throat Pulmonary ventilation - breathing; the exchange of air between the lungs and the environment trache/o - trachea Diseases/Disorders: Cystic fibrosis - genetic disorder that causes the lungs to become clogged with thick mucus Pulmonary fibrosis - scar tissue in the lungs that reduces their functioning Tuberculosis - contagious disease caused by bacteria that attack the lungs Pneumonia - infection of the lungs that causes small bronchioles and alveoli to fill with fluid Healthcare Careers: Otolaryngologist - head and throat specialist Pulmonologist - A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the lungs

Digestive System Function: the body system that breaks down food into nutrition for body cells and eliminates leftover wastes Defining Key Terms: cholecyst/o - gallbladder Vocabulary: Esophagus - muscular tube that allows food to pass from the throat to the stomach enter/o - intestine Stomach - the hollow organ of the digestive system that stores food col/o, colon/o - large intestine Small intestine - section between the stomach and the large intestine where the digestion of food takes place Large intestine - section of intestinal tract that absorbs water from food matter and aids in the transmission of hepat/o - liver the waste removal from the body gastr/o - stomach Gallbladder - small sac where bile is stored Liver - organ that produces bile secreted for fat digestion or/o - mouth Pancreas - organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine -pepsia - digestion Stomach - organ that begins the breakdown of food by mixing it with digestive juices chol/e - bile; gall Pharynx - respiratory organ that connects the nose and the larynx; also called the throat Larynx - respiratory organ that allows air to travel from the pharynx to the trachea, and prevents food from proct/o - anus entering the lower parts of the respiratory conducting zone; also known as the voice box Diseases/Disorders: Cirrhosis - degenerative disease in which scar tissue replaces normal liver tissue Gallstone - crystalline deposit that can form in the gallbladder or bile duct Pancreatitis - a rare disease causing the pancreas to become inflamed Hepatitis - inflammation of the liver caused by a virus Healthcare Careers: Gastroenterologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the digestive system including esophagus, stomach and intestines Proctologist – a physician specializing in diseases of the rectum and anus

Urinary System Function: the body system that eliminates waste products and controls water balance in the body Defining Key Terms: -cele - denoting swelling/ hernia Vocabulary: Urine - the liquid produced by the kidneys consisting of water and dissolved waste chemicals -lysis - reduce; dissolve Kidneys - the two bean-shaped organs responsible for filtering blood to remove wastes cyst/o - bladder Ureters - slender tubes that force urine down from the kidney into the bladder nephr/o - kidney Bladder - a sac made of muscle that stores urine until the body is ready to dispose of it ren/o - kidney Urethra - a tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body -uria - uric acid Sphincter - a muscle that contracts to block urine from exiting the bladder and passing into the urethra renal arteries - the two arteries that branch off the abdominal aorta and end at the kidneys, supplying them -pexy - surgical fixation with blood to filter -ectasis - dilatation, or the stretching of a body structure renal veins - the two veins that carry the filtered, or purified, blood from each kidney back to the circulatory system at the vena cava pyel/o - pelvis renal capsule - an outer covering of tough connective tissue and fat that gives kidneys their shape renal cortex - the outer portion of the kidney, where blood is filtered and erythropoietin is produced Diseases/Disorders: Diabetes - a disease characterized by high levels of glucose, the body’s primary sugar molecule, kidney stones - small stones that form from waste in the kidneys and that become trapped in the urinary tract urinary tract infection (UTI) - an infection of any organ of the urinary system Gout - a disease characterized by arthritis due to the buildup of uric acid, a metabolic waste Healthcare Careers: Urologists - a doctor that diagnoses and treats diseases of the urinary tract in both men and women Nephrologist - a type of doctor that specializes in diseases and conditions that affect the kidneys

Reproductive System Function: the body system that creates the material necessary for human reproduction Defining Key Terms: cervic/o - uterus Vocabulary: Gonad - an organ that produces haploid sex cells; a testicle or an ovary salping/o - fallopian tube; eustachian tube Testicle - the primary male sex organ that produces sperm and releases hormones that guide the development of the male ov/o - oocyte;egg reproductive system orchid/o - testicle Uterus - a hollow, muscular organ that receives and nourishes a fertilized egg oophor/o - ovary Vagina - a thin-walled tube that extends from the cervix to the exterior of the body; also known as the birth canal Testosterone - a male hormone that is responsible for the development of male physical characteristics, including the men/o - the menses; menstruation development of sperm mamm/o - breast Urethra - a tube that enables the passage of urine from the bladder, and, in males, the passage of semen Ovary - the primary female sex organ that produces ova and releases hormones that guide the development of the female gynec/o - woman; female; female reproduction reproductive system colp/o - vagina Estrogen - a female hormone that is responsible for the development of female physical characteristics and is important in the regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy prostat/o - prostate gland Penis - the male sexual organ, specialized for the delivery of semen Semen - a mixture of sperm and fluids produced by the accessory glands to protect and transport sperm during ejaculation Diseases/Disorders: STDs - an infection transmitted through sexual contact, caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites (also called: sexual transmitted disease) Interstitial cystitis - a chronic, painful bladder condition HIV/AIDS - a STD in which HIV causes AIDs and interferes with the body’s ability to fight infections (also called: human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) Cervical cancer - a malignant tumor of the cervix, the lowermost part of the uterus Healthcare Careers: Gynecologist - Doctors who specialize in women’s sexual reproductive health care Andrologist - Doctors who specialize in men’s reproductive health care