Electric Vehicle (EV)

ELECTRICAL VEHICLE (EV) Dr. Banja Junhasavasdikul Chairman, Board of Director of Innovation Group

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What are electrical cars? Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vs. Battery Electrical Vehicle (BEV) Electric cars are a variety of electric vehicle (EV). The term \"electric vehicle\" refers to any vehicle that uses electric motors for propulsion. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) http://www.alternative‐energy‐news.info/technology/transportation/electric‐cars/ Battery Electrical Vehicle(BEV)  BEV is an electric car that is propelled by electric motors, using electrical energy stored in rechargeable batteries.  Electric motor are more quite than ICE and generate much lower heat and pollutants.  Not only Internal combustion engine but fuel system are not necessary also for BEV.

Bangkok February 2017 • WHY Electric Vehicles ?? • The Transport sector is responsible for one quarter of total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions • Major Emmissions of Pollution – especially in Megacities (Urbanisation) • One Quarter of total consumption of fossil raw materials • Noise Pollution

Bangkok February 2017 Energy Efficiency 20 % propulsion ICE 85 % about 40% hot exhaust Losses : 20% motor cooling gases 10% motor cooling 10% other losses (water) propulsion (radiation, convection) about 5% battery Energy Efficiency 10% other losses EV Losses :

Bangkok February 2017

Bangkok February 2017

Bangkok February 2017

Bangkok February 2017

Energy consumption and EV  o Today oil demand is 92.4 mbd and automotive accounts for 75 % of oil product consumption in transporting system or 50% of final oil consumption o By 2023,w/w will consume 100 mbd of oil, EV could replace 2 mbd of oil demand as early as 2023 o China is the strongest growing country in EV o Current price of battery in mid-sized car cost $ 15,000. makes EV car very expensive. But price of battery is coming down. o While cost of producing ICE to meet environmental controlling standard will becoming more expensive than EV which meet the standard

1. Electric vehicles and their charging schemes BEV HEV EREV PHEV FCEV 3 HEV: Hybrid Electric Vehicle PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric vehicle BEV: Battery Electric Vehicle EREV: Extended Range Electric Vehicle FCEV: Fuel cell Electric Vehicle

1. Electric vehicles and their charging schemes Charged by Engine Engine M/G Engine Fuel cell engine/fuel Battery cell M/G M/G M/G M/G Battery BEV Battery Charged by Battery N Battery H2 tank regenerative Fuel tank Y braking Fuel tank Y Fuel tank FCEV HEV Fuel cell Charged by Y PHEV EREV external Y Y N Y power source N Y Y N Y Y Engine Regen. brake External Large battery capacity for long range travelling -> Charging by external power source is definitely necessary 4

2. EV Charging system EV conductive charging systems: Charging through plug and cable AC (Normal and fast charge) DC (Quick charge) Phase/Voltage 1 P/230 V 3 P/400 V -/400-500 V Power 3.3-7.4 kW 10-43 kW  50 kW Charging time 3-7 hr. 0.5-2 hr. < 30 min. (Ex. Battery capacity 24 kWh) (Full charge) (Full charge) (80% charge only) 6

3. Global information on EV charging station Global cumulative number of PEVs* (BEV+PHEV) has reached 1.2 millions in 2015 PEVs 1 million BEV *PEVs: Plug-in Electric Vehicles (BEV + PHEV) 9

(thousands)3. Global information on EV charging station Global cumulative number of EV charging outlets, 2010-2015, has reached 1.45 millions outlets. Note: Slow chargers include AC chargers with charging power ≤22 kW. Fast chargers include AC chargers with charging power 43 kW, DC chargers, Tesla Superchargers and inductive chargers. • As of 2015,the numbers of private charger are 1.3 millions outlets, publicly low charger are 162,000 outlets and publicly fast charger are 28,000 outlets respectively. • Top 3 countries: US, China and Japan 10

3. Global information on EV charging station A key driver to boost the EV ecosystem – THE POLICY Level Target Scope Type Tool • National • Private • Vehicle • Financial • Fiscal-Tax • State/ customers • Charging • Target/bans/ incentive/ penalty provincial • Industry infrastructure mandates • Municipal • Public sector • Public • Direct financial Ex: procurement subsidy • Others • Mandates A federal funding programme that contributed to 36,500 publicly &Targets accessible charging outlets in place in 2015. • Product A partnership with a retailer for the installation of 500 fast chargers and standards 650 standards chargers at its stores, providing 2/3 of funding. • Public From March 2015, the CH government has mandated that parking spaces expenditure in new residential bldg. & at least 10% of public parking should have EV charging infrastructure. • Electricity rates 11 • Etc.

Bangkok February 2017 Problems of Electrical Vehicles : High cost of Li-ion battery. Besides Li, Cd is relatively expensive and toxic. Critical Raw Materials (Rare Earths (for example neodymium , dysprosium ; Special Metals etc.) – many of them not available in Europe Range small compared to ICE cars and temperature dependant Low Comfort Level (Heating ; other energy consumers..) Long Loading Times *Hawkins, Troy R.; Singh, Bhawna; Majeau-Bettez, Guillaume; Strømman, Anders Hammer (February 2012). \"Comparative Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Conventional and Electric Vehicles\". Journal of Industrial Ecology. 17 (1): 53–64

Leadership in Future Mobility will be determined by the combination of the four dimensions: “CASE” Connected E-Mobility Mobility of the Future Autonomous Shared Driving Mobility Daimler AG

Technological trends of the automotive industry in the near future Emerging new service platforms Driverless system must be relied of transportation is customized on safety and convenient in driving and convenient for consumers. including effectively connecting with other cars. 1 2 Share services Automotive Industry Autonomous or of the Future self-driving vehicle 3 4 Digitalization of automotive Green mobility products and process management Car Emission would be reduced with Infrastructure and Connectivity in supply chain electrification system both vehicle transportation should by digital system will come technologies (PHEV/BEV) and traffic support digital driving into play. management in urban areas. system. Source : Mckinsey & Company , Mercedes‐ 19/15 B PWC

E: Plug-In Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell vehicles at Daimler Daimler AG

Emission regulations and battery technology development favour battery cost position Expected 200 – 300 Cost € / kWh HV battery system costs 150 € / kWh HV 100 € / kWh EV >= battery system conventional costs ^^ Conventional 2020 2025 2030 powertrain costs 2015 Daimler AG

Resource allocation aligned to e-mobility ramp up Drivetrain now Future Diesel Gasoline Hybrid eDrive Daimler AG

In our Plug-in-Hybrids the electric engine is integrated in the powertrain between engine and transmission Daimler AG

Introduction of already 8 plug-in-hybrid vehicles by 2017 S-Class GLE GLC GLC COUPE C-Class C-Class C-Class E-Class 2014 Estate LWB 2016 2015 Daimler AG

Ambitious Re-Definition of our EV market targets Ready for the market Greater China 50 NAFT % A 25 % WEU 15 100 Highest Potential EV % Share Mercedes-Benz EV Share % Cars 2025 Daimler Mercedes-Benz AG Cars Sales 2025

Electric Line Up extended into the Future smart electric Intelligent EV-Architecture drive - fortwo and forfour Battery-electric vehicle with up to 500 km range SLS AMG B 250 e Coupé Electric Drive Mercedes-Benz GLC F- smart fortwo CELL electric drive Daimler AG

New generation fuel cell system shows first step to emission free mobility 30 reduction fuel % cell engine size 90% reduction of Platinum 2010: Underfloor 2017: Compartment 30 higher electric package package % range in future vehicles 206 g Platinum 20 g Platinum 4 kW / m2 active area 9 kW / m2 active area 40% higher Screw compressor Electric turbo charger with mileage turbine Daimler AG

The electric engine can be powered from F-Cell as well as from “Plug–in” charged HV battery Daimler AG

Foundation of new Mercedes-Benz electric vehicle strategy Daimler AG 7

Generation EQ prototype, exterior Daimler AG

Generation EQ prototype, interior Daimler AG

Different charging solutions adjusted to customer needs AC DC Inductive Charging Charging Charging Daimler AG

Individual e-mobility by convenient charging system Customer available fast requirements intelligent comfortable Electric Rest Friend Gy Parking lot Vehicle stop s Zoo m Restaura Park nt Charging highw Super market Infrastructure ay Stadium @work Digital Parking Private trip Services lot Daily business Daimler @home Baker Holidays AG y Mall Cinema Parking lot PO I public Airport

Investment of 500 million euros in our second battery plant in Germany Extension Production space stocked up from 20,000 to 60,000 m2 2nd plant start of operations: mid 2018 Production of Li-Ion batteries for hybrid as well as electric vehicles and energy storage systems Deutsche ACCUMOTIVE GmbH & Co. KG, Kamenz, Germany Daimler AG

E-Mobility thought to the end World's largest 2nd-use battery storage is starting up Daimler 3 AG 5



Materials for EV and battery  o EV needs light martials for its chassis and body. Aluminum alloys and carbon composites are replacing heavy steel o Li-ion battery uses Li as the anode. Graphite as the cathode . o Li is sensitive to air and moisture to ignite. o Copper will be heavily consumed , 80 kilos per car. If in 2035, 140 million EV on the road ( 8% of total fleets of light vehicles). EV will consume 1/3 of total global copper demand . o By 2025, . EV could replace 2 million barrel a day of oil demand and increasing (w/w will consume 100 million barrel of oil per day)

Materials for Lithium‐ion battery o Lithium-ion batteries are main battery for all rechargeable applications from cell phones to electrical cars to renewable energy farm. o Graphite is used in the other electrode 99.9%) purity as anode-grade. Graphene is ideal for use in in battery because of its net-like structure that allow Li atoms through, speeding up charge and discharge times. o Most Li-ion battery contain graphite 55% more than Li (55 pounds in large EV battery)

Materials used in EV battery o Lithium Cobalt Oxide ( 60% Co has highest density, using mainly in cell phone and lab top) o Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide(10-20% Co has lower density but can handle larger energy loading and makes it safer in large batteries in EV) o And finally Lithium NickleCobalt Aluminium Oxide ( 9% Co, lower density, high load battery , good for large scale project ) o Co is found in mining of Ni. Cobalite ( CoAsS) is important deposite in Congo. Mining of Co causes poisonous of Arsenic to steam and Arsenic fume in smelting

World is looking to use non-Cobalt in Li compound Li-battery station provides peak hour electrical power plant to cover times of excess demand..300megawatts of battery storage is building in California. What are the main sources of energy in 2030?

Cluster structure and supply chain in Thailand automotive industry Supporting industries Machinery, Tools and Mechanical devices, Molding etc. Motorcycle Auto parts Producers Small and Medium Services  Assembly Auto parts producers industries 8 Companies (386 companies) (1,700 companies) - Distribution W/H 8 firms Motorcycle parts Producers - Finance (201 companies) Stamping, plastics, rubber, machining, - Assess Target Car and Pickup truck casting, forging, function, electrical, - Specific Adviser Assembly Engines, Drivetrains, Steering, trimming - Logistic World  Suspension, - Leasing, Banking 17 companies, 23 firms Brake Wheel, Tire, Bodyworks, Interiors, Electronics Systems Ranking Tier 1 Tier 2 & 3 12th Assembly Group Productio n  *Car Assembly Auto parts Producers 450,000 people 100,000 people Supporting Industries 100,000 people Base  •Distributor, •Service center 200,000 people Upstream industries More than 2,500 companies Iron and Steel, Plastics, Rubber, Electronics, glass and mirror, Textile and Leather, Petrochemical, Painting and Coating Entrepreneur Associations and Academic and Technical Government Institutions Institution Policy group and supporting organizations 4/15

Export value of Thailand automotive and auto parts industries THAILAND AUTOMOTIVE 2015 Total export value THAILAND AUTO PARTS AND MOTORCYCLE EXPORT VALUE EXPORT VALUE 1.2 Trillion Baht (MILLION BAHT) (MILLION BAHT) MB. MB. Source : TAI/ TAPMA 42 5/15

Rubber and Thai Automotive Industry  • Thai automotive production is close to 2 million cars. It is the 12th world’s car  production of 91 million cars. • It accounts to almost 1.5 trillion baht in total value chain.  • Always, Automotive industry is key driver in development of  steel, petrochemical and rubber industries. • Automotive and tire industries consume 65% of total  rubber. And Thailand is  the largest NR producer, at 4.5 mil. tons.  • 65% of Innovation Group’s revenue is generated from products and service to  automotive industry. “Quantity of rubber used indicates the development of the country’s industry” “Type of rubber used indicate the technological development of industry in     that country”

Rubber parts for internal combustion engine car

Automotive Parts Weather strip  Grommet 

Automotive Parts Engine Mount Intake hoses Hoses and Fuel Hoses  Oil Seal Anti vibration parts  Dustproof cover Brake‐Clutch parts  Bush

Rubber Parts in Passenger Car WIPER BLADE WEATHERSTRIPS GASKETS HOSES O‐RING BELTS GROMMETS ANTI‐VIBRATIONS CUSHION BOOTS 47

Comparison of RM cost for ICE vs. BEV Part Weigth (g) Kind of Rubber RM cost (฿ / car) wind shield & weather strip 4,300 EPDM ICE BEV Brake 250 EPDM 390 EPDM , FKM 30 Air condition hose 220 Polyamide EPDM 70 Grommet 410 Wiper Blade 75 NR 35 O-Ring & Seal 120 NBR, EPDM 10 Brake 260 60 Body Cushion 300 EPDM 35 Boot 1,000 NR 30 Strut 2,000 130 other rubber 200 EPDM, CR 200 Belt 400 NR 20 Fuel hose 960 60 Power steering hose 900 NR, EPDM 200 Air intake hose 500 CR/HNBR 500 Turbo charger 500 FKM, ECO, CSM 175 Radiator hose 500 FKM, CSM, CR 300 Oil seal & gasket 240 ACM, ECO 100 Engine mount 410 FKM/Silicone 240 Engine Cushion 515 40 EPDM 80 NBR/FKM NR/CR NR Total 2,705 1,010

Rubber part in BEV Total weight of rubber part in car  ICE car consists of rubber part for 14 kg approximately (not including tires). 14 KGs 30% Reduced  BEV has no combustion engine and fuel system. So, rubber part around an engine, fuel transferring system and fuel tank are not necessary.  Discarding rubber part in engine and fuel system, 70% of rubber part still be remained. ICE BEV However, those parts that disappear are the high performance rubber parts which always wind shield & weather strip Cooling system  challenge technical development in rubber. Brake  Grommet  These rubber parts are high value products for Wiper Blade Suspension   improvement of engine performance, bio-fuel Anti‐Vibration  Others rubber and environmental regulations Engine  Fuel system

New Requirement Materials  Oil and high temperature resistant materials will decrease in usage in BEV.  Inflammable  and  high  voltage  resistant  materials  will  be  required  for  the  part  that  connect to electrical equipment, motor and battery in BEV  Heat  generated  in motor  and  battery  storage  area  is  less  than  ICE,    rubber  part  is  probably  replaced  by  new  composite  materials  in  plastic  and  rubber.  “TPV”  is  a  new  challenging materials will be using more in those areas.