["? ?????, ? ??????????? ?????????, ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ???- ????????? ????????????? ???????, ????????????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????? ??????????, ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????- ?????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ?????? ???????- ???? ???????. ??? ???????, ????? ?????? ???????, ???????? ?????? 0,3 ???, ???????????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????, ? ??????? ??????? ???????? - ??????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ? ????- ????????. ?????????????????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???- ???? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ?????? ?\/??? ???????. ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ????????, ??????? ???????? ? ??????????. ?? ??????????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? (????). ???? (????. High Efficiency Particulate Air ??? High Efficiency Particulate Arrestance \u2014 ????????????????? ????????? ??????) \u2014 ??? ????????? ???????? ??- ????? ?????????????. ???????????? ? ?????????, ???????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ? ????????????????? ???????. ????-??????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???????????? ????????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?? 0,5 ?? 2 ???. ???????? ???????, ???????? ?? ?????? \u2014 ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????. ????????? ??????????- ?? ????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????? 0,3 ???. ????????????? ? ???, ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ???????, ??? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ????- ????????. ?????? ???? ?????????? ? ??? ????-????????, ?????? ?????? ???????- ??? ????, ??????? ? ???????????????? ???????????, ?????????? ???????? ?????- ??????? ? ???? ? ?????? ?? ????? ???????. ???????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??????????. ????-??????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ??????- ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????: \u2022 ?????? ?????????? (interception) ??????????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ???- ????? ?????? (?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????) ? ???????- ???????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ? ????????. \u2022 ?????? ??????? (impact) ??????????? ??? ??????? ??????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?? ???. ???????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???????, ? ????????????? ? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????????????? ???????? ?? ????????????????? ?????- ??????? ? ????????????. ???? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ????????- ???? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. \u2022 ?????? ???????? (diffusion) ???????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????, ? ????????? ?????? 0,1 ???, ? ????????? ???? ? ?????- ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????. ????? ??????? ??- ?????? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????- ???????? ???, ??????????? ?? ???????. ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ???????????? ???","????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??????????. ??? ?????? ????????? ??????- ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????????????. ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????? 0,1 ???. ?????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ????? 0,4 ??? ? ??????- ??. ??????? ???????? ??????? 0,2-0,3 ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????????, ??? ?????????? Most Penetrating Particle Size (MPPS). ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ?? MPPS. ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? (??????? ??????? 0,65-6,5 ??????, ?????????? ????? ???? 10-40 ??????), ?????????? ?????????, ? ????? ??????? ? ??????????, ????????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????????. ????? ????-??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ? 40-? ????? ? ???, ?? ????? ???- ????? ???????? ???????. ??? ??????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? ??????????????. ????????????? ????-???????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? 0,06 ??????? ?? ???? ???????, ??????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????? ????? ??????- ????? ???????. ?????? ????????: \u2022 ???? 10 (50000), \u2022 ???? 11 (5000), \u2022 ???? 12 (500), \u2022 ???? 13 (50), \u2022 ???? 14 (5). ? ???????????? ? ???? ? ?? 1822-1-2010 ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????- ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ????????????, ?????????????? ? ???????????? ? ????. 1, ??????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????????.","????. 1. ????????????? ???, ???? ? ULPA ???????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????? ????????, ? % ????????? ????????, ? % ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ???? ULPA ? 10 > 85 < 15 \u2014 \u2014 ? 11 > 95 <5 \u2014 \u2014 ? 12 > 99,5 < 0,5 \u2014 \u2014 > 99,95 < 0,05 ? 13 > 99,995 < 0,005 > 99,75 < 0,25 > 99,9995 < 0,0005 > 99,975 < 0,025 ? 14 > 99,99995 < 0,00005 > 99,9975 < 0,0025 > 99,999995 < 0,000005 > 99,99975 < 0,00025 U 15 > 99,9999 < 0,0001 U 16 U 17 ?????? ??????? ????. ????????? ???? ? ?????, ??? ? ??? ???? ???? ???? \u2014 ??? ?.?. ??????? ?????- ????-???????? (????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???- ??????-????????). ? ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ??. ?.?. ???????, ?.?. ????????, ?.?. ? ?.?. ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????- ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????- ? ????? ????????? ????? \u00ab????????? ???? ???? (?????????? ???????? ??\u00bb) . ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?? ????????????? ?????????- ????????? ? ????? ??????, ???????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??????. ??????, ??? ??? ??- ??????? ??? ?????????????? ? ???????? ??? ?????? ? ?????????????? ??????????, ?? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? 70-? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ???? ???????????? ??? ????-?????????. ??-?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????????, ?? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??- ??????????? ? ???????????\/????????????. ?? ?, ????? ????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ???????, ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?.?. ????????, ???????????????? ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? ???????, ?? ?? ????????? ??????????? ???? 60 ???????? ????-","???. ???????????????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????????? ??????????- ???, ? ?????????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? 270 ????????. ??????????? ?????????? \u00ab????????????????\u00bb ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????????????. ?????????? ????, ????????? \u00ab?????????????\u00bb ??????????? \u00ab????????\u00bb ???? ???- ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????, ?.?. ???? ~ ????? ??????????????? ???????- ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ?? ? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????????\/???????... ?????????????, ? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? \u00ab???- ????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ???????, ??????? ?????- ???????? ?? \u2014 ?? ???? ??????? ? ???????\u00bb ?? ???????? ???? ????. ?? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ? (???????????? ???????????? ????????) ??? ????????? ???-25. ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????- ???????? ?????????? ???? ???????? 0,04 2\u2014 ??? ? ?????????? ????? 1 ?\/??3. ?????? ?????????? 0,3 \u2014 30 ??\/?. ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????????????? ???????, ???????? ???-25 ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?0??. ??????????? ???????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ???-25 ?? ??????? ???- ?? ? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??????????. \u2014 ???????? ???????, ??\/?. ?? ??????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????. ? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????- ??? ?????????? ??????????????? ?? ???? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??- ??????. ? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????????. ? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????. ????????????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ??- ????. ? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????. ????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????- ?? ?????????????. ?????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????","???????? ??????, ??????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?, ????????????? ???- ????? ??????????? ???????. ?? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ????. ??? ???? ? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????- ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ???? ??? ???????? 1 ??\/? ?? ??????? ????????- ?? ????? 0,4 ???, ?? ??? ???????? 30 ??\/? \u2014 ????? 0,15 ???. ?? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????: ???? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????- ??? ?? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ?? ? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????, ??? ? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????? 0,3 \u2014 10 ??\/? ?????????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? (?????), ? ????? 10 ??\/? \u2014 ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ????????????? ???????????. ???? ????????? ??? ?? \u00ab ????, ?? ????? ???????, ??? ???????? ????- ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????. ???????? ??????, ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????????? ???????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ????????, ?????? ? ???????????, ? ??????- ?? ??????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ? ????????- ??? ?????????? ???????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????? ???????- ????? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ??? ???????- ?????????? ???? (???????? ????, ????????????? ??????, ????????? ????? ? ?.?.) . ???? ?????????????????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ???????? ??- ???????? ??????????? ??? ???????? (? ???????? ?????????) ? ??????? ?????????- ?? ??????? ???????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?????????????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????. ??????????? ?????????????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???- ???? ? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????. ????? ??, ??? ????? ??????- ?? ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????????, ????????????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ???? ? ????????? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????, ? ????????? ??- ?????????? ???? ????????????? ?? ???????????, ? ????????????? ????????????, ???????? ??????????. ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ????? ??? ?????????? ????-???????? ??????????, ??????????? ???????? ????? ? ? ??????? ???????, ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????- ???????????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? (?.?. ???, ??????????-?????????? ???????). ??????????- ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ? ????? ? ????????????? ????????? ???????. ? ????????? ???? ??????? ???????- ???? ??????, ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????????. ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????????????, ????? ??????????? ? ?? ????- ?? ? ?????, ??? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????. ?? ? ???- ?? ????, ?????? ? ??? ???????????? \u2014 ????? ??????????????? ????????????? ??- ????, ??? ? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????. ? ?????, ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ????????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????????????, ????????, ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????- ?????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? \u2014 ???????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?.?. ? ?.?. ?????? ?????? ???- ????????? ???????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????? ???????? ????- ??????????????? ??????. ?????, ???????, ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????, ????????? ???????????, ???????????? ????????????? ?????????. ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??-?? ?????????? ????????, ?? ???????? ??????? ??- ????? (? ?.?. ??-?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????). ?????, ??? ??????????? ??-","?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????. ???? ???????? ??????, ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???????? ? ???????- ???? ??, ????????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????????, ?. ?. ???????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ? ???- ???? ???? ???????? ??- ???? ? ???????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ??????????? ?????????, ???????? ? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ? ?????? ???????. ?? ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ?? ?????- ??????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ????????. ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? 501\u2014 00 ?\/?2. ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ????- ?? ???. ??. ???????? ????? (??? ???????? 1 ??\/???) ????? ?? ????? 51\u2014 0 ???? ????- ????????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????, ?? ????? 13\u2014 ??. ????? ???????, ?? ?????????? ??????? ???? ? ????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??- ??? ???????????? ??????, ????????? ???? ??? ???????? (????? ?????????????). ??? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ???????????, ? ???- ????? ????????????. ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ? ???????? ??- ??????? ????? 150 ???\/???'?2 ? ????????????? 0.2\u20140.4 ??\/?3 ???? ?????? ?????- ??? ???????????? ???????? ???-15-1.5 \u2014 40005\u2014 900 ????? ??????????? ??????. ????? ???????, ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????? (???? ????? ?????????????, ??????? ?????? ???? ? ??????? ?? ?????). ???????? ?? ??, ??? ? ????????? ????? ????????????- ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????- ??? ??????????? ? ??????????? ???, ??? ????? ???????? ? ?????????? \u00ab????????- 200\u00bb: ???????????? ????, ??\/?3 ???? ????????, ????? ?? 10 ?? 8 10-50 4 50-100 3 100-200 2 200-300 1 ?? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ???????????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ???, ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ???????- ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ? ????????? ??- ???? ????????????, ? ? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????, ??? ???????????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ??- ??????? ? ?????????? ?????????. ???????????? ??????????? ??????????, ???????- ??? ? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ???, ????????, ???, ??? ???????, ???????- ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???. ? ?????, ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????- ????????? (????????) ???????????? ???? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????. ??? ???????????? ??? ?????????????. ?????- ????? ???? ?????????, ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ??? ?????????????, ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??????????? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ???-15-2,0 ??? 95% ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? 1,7 ?\/??3 (??????? ????????? ??????????? ????) ? ??- ????????? ?? ??????? ?????? (????? ? ?????? \u2014 ???????? ?????????? ? ??\/?).","?? (? ? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????? 0,4 ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ? ????????????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????. ?????????? ???- ?????? ????????? ??????? (0,2 < ? < 0,4 ???) ? ?????????????? 95 % ????????- ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? 0,1 ??? ??? ???????? 1 ??\/? ???????????? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????????. ??? 50 ??\/? ?????????? ????????????? 6 ????? ?????????. ?????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????????? ?????????, ? ??? ??? 250 ??\/? ????????? ????? ??? ???????. ??? ???????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? (???????? 0,05 ???) ??????? ?????- ????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? 250 ??\/?. ??????? ???? ??? 95%-???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? 1 ??\/? ????????? ???? ????, ?? ? ?????- ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????????? ??????????, ? ??? 250 ??\/? ?? ????????? ??? 13. ??? ???????????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????- ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??-?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????????? ???????- ?? ? ????????, ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????\/???????????????? ?? ???. ? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????- ???????. ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????? ? ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????, ???????????????, ???????????????, ??????????????, ? ????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ?????????????, ????????","???????????, ??????? ? ?. ?. , ??? ??? ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????????? ???????. ????????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????- ??? ????????? ??? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?????????????. ?????????? ????- ??????? ??????? ?????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? 34\u2014 ??\/??2. ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???????, ??????????? ????????, ? ??????? ?? ????????????. ???? ??????? ?????- ?????? , ???? ??????? ???????? ??????, ?. ?. ?????? ?????????? ?????. ???? ??- ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ????- ??????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ?? ??????????? ????, ??????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ? ?????????? ????????. ? ??? ??- ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??????, ????- ???????? ?? ???? ??????????? ????????. ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ? ???? ????- ??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ?????? ??????????? ????- ??? ? ?????????? ? ?????. ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????, ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????. ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ??????, ?? ?????????? ???- ????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ??????????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????- ??? ????? ????? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ???????. ??? ???????? ? ??????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ? ??????? ???- ???????? ??? ?????????????????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????, ??????????? ???- ??????, ?????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ????????????? \u2014 ??????? ?????? ??????, ????????????? ????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? (??? ?????? ?????????) ???????? ??? ?????- ???????? ????? ? ?????? ???. ???????????, ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????, ???????????? ?? ???????????? ????????????? 501\u2014 00 ?? ???. ??., ??? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????. ???? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??????????, ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????, ? ?????? ???? ????????????? ???????. ???? ? ???, ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ?????????? \u2014 ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ??????????? ??? \u2014 ?????????? ?? ???????????? ????. ???????? ?????? ??????, ???????, ??????? ?? ???????? ? ??????? ????????. ??- ??????, ?????, ?????????? ???????? ??, ????????? ? ???? ???????, ??????? ?? ?????????. ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????, ?????????? ? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? (????????, ???????? ???-15 ??? ???-70 ?? ???????????- ??, ??????? ? ?? ???????????), ????????? ?? ???????????? ???? ? ???????? ???- ??????. ????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??- ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ????????? ?????????, ? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????, ?? ? ????????? ???????????? ?????- ?????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???????. ?????????? ??????????? ???????????- ??? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????- ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ??????? ??????, ? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? (? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? \u2014 ??? ????? ???- ???????? ??) ??????????? ? ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????1. ? ?????, ???????????? ????? ???????? \u2014 ???? ?? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????- ? ????? ???\/????????????. ???? ????????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????2. 1 https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2590053619300060 2 https:\/\/www.ajicjournal.org\/article\/S0196-6553(18)30140-8\/fulltext","???? ????? ??????????, ??? ???????????? ??????\/?????????????? ???? ? ??????- ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ? N- ???. ?????? N\u2014 ? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ??????????????, ? ??? ???????????? ????- ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? (????????, ?.?. ???????????????? ?????????? ?????????). ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ???????? ? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????\/???????????? ????? ???????? ? ?? ??- ?????????? ? ???????? ????????? ? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ?????????.","?????????? THE GRAND DESIGN Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow (???????????) THE APPARENT MIRACLE HECOMHEHHOE ???? The Chinese tell of a time during the ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? Hsia dynasty (ca. 2205 \u2014 ca. 1782 ??) ???? ????????? ???????? ?? (2205 - 1782 when our cosmic environment suddenly ?????? ?? ??), ????? ?? ????? ???? ???- changed. Ten suns appeared in the ????????? ?????????. ?? ???? shy. The people on earth suffered ????????? ????????? ?????. ???? ?? ??-?? ????, ??- greatly from the heat, so the emperor ????? ????? ???????? ordered a famous archer to shoot down ????? ????????? ???????? ??????????- the extra suns. The archer was re- ??????? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? warded with a pill that had the power ??? ????????? ?????????, ??????? ??- to mate him immortal, but his wife ???? ?? ??? ???????????, ?? ??? ???? stole it. For that offense she was ?????? ???. ?? ??? ???????????? ?? banished to the moon. ??????? ?? ????. The Chinese were right to think that ??????? ???? ?????, ??????, ??? ???- a solar system with ten suns is not ?????? ??????? ? ??????? ???????? ?? friendly to human life. Today we know ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ?????? that, while perhaps offering great ?? ?????, ???, ??????????? ???????? ??????, ????? tanning opportunities, any solar sys- ????????? ??????? ? ??- tem with multiple suns would probably ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ???- never allow life to develop. The rea- ????????? ?????.","sons are not quite as simple as the ???? ???-???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? searing heat imagined in the Chinese \\\"?????????? ?????\\\" ?? ????????? legend. In fact, a planet could expe- ???????. ??????????, ??????? ????? rience a pleasant temperature while ????? ?????????? ??????????? ???? ? ??- orbiting multiple stars, at least for ??????????? ????????, ???? ?? ?? a while. But uniform heating over ??????? ?????. ?? ??????????? ?????- long periods of time, a situation ????? ? ??????? ???????????????? ???- ???????- that seems necessary for life, would ????, ????????, ???????? ??, ?????? be unlikely. To understand why, letfs ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??????? ?? ????????. ????? ?????- look at what happens in the simplest ?????? ??????, ? ???- type of multiple-star system, one ?? ??????????, ??? ?????????? ??????- with two suns, which is called a bi- ???? ??????????? ???? ? ????? nary system. About half of all stars ??, ??????? ?????????? ???????? ???- ???????? ?? in the sky are members of such sys- ?????. ????? ???? ????? ? ????? ???? tems . But even simple binary systems ???? ?????? ???????. ?? can maintain only certain lands of ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? stable orbits, of the type shown be- ?????? ???????????- ?? ????. ?? ?????? low. In each of these orbits there ?? ???? ?????, ??- would likely be a time in which the ??????, ????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????- be either too hot or too ?????, planet would life. The ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? situation cold to sustain ??????? ???????, ????? ???????????? is even worse for clusters having ?????. ??? ???? ???????? ??? ??????- ?????. many stars. ??? ???????? ?????????? Binary Orbits. Planets that orbit bi- ??????? ??????. ???????, ??????????? nary star systems will probably have ? ???????? ??????? ?????, ????????, inhospitable weather, in some seasons ????? ????? ????????????? ??????, ? too hot for life, in others, too ?????-?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? cold. ??? ?????, ? ?????? ??????? ???????. Our solar system has other \\\"lucky\\\" ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? properties without which sophisti- \\\"??????????\\\" ???????????, ??? ??????? cated life-forms might never have ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?? ?? evolved. For example, Newtonf s laws ?????? ?????????. ????????, ??????","allow for planetary orbits to be ei- ??????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ther circles or ellipses (ellipses ????? ???? ????? ??????????, ???? ??- ????? (??????? are squashed circles, wider along one ???????? ??????????? axis and narrower along another). The ????????????, ???? ?? ????? ??? ? ??? degree to which an ellipse is ?? ??????). ???????, ? ??????? ??- squashed is described by what is ????? ????????, ?????????? \\\"??????- called its eccentricity, a number be- ????????\\\" , ???????? ???????? ????? tween zero and one. An eccentricity ????? ????? ? ????????. ???????????- near zero means the figure resembles ???, ??????? ? ????, ????????, ??? a circle, whereas an eccentricity ????? ?????? ? ??????????, ? ??????- near one means it is very flattened. ????????, ??????? ? ???????, ??????- Kepler was upset by the idea that ??, ??? ????? ????? ????????. ?????? planets donf t move in perfect cir- ???????? ????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????- cles , but the earthf s orbit has an ???? ?? ????????? ???????????, ?? ??- ?????????????? eccentricity of only about 2 percent, ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????? which means it is nearly circular. As 2 ?????????, ??? ????? ???- it turns out, that is a stroke of ?????? ??????????. ??? ???????????, very good fortune. ??? - ?????????? ???????? ??????- ??????? . Seasonal weather patterns on earth ???????? ???????? ??????? ?? ????? are determined mainly by the tilt of ????????????, ? ????????, ???????? the earthfs axis of rotation relative ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? to the plane of its orbit around the ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. sun. During winter in the Northern The ????? ? ???????? ?????????, ????????, the Hemisphere, for example, the North ???????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????. Pole is tilted away from the sun. ??? ????, ??? ? ??? ????? ????? ????- ????? ? fact that the earth is closest to ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? 91.5 ????- sun at that time \u2014 only 91.5 million ?????? ????????? ????, ? miles away, as opposed to around 94.5 ??? ?? 94.5 ???? ? ?????? ???? - ??- million miles away from the sun in ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????????, ?? early July \u2014 has a negligible effect ????????? ? ???????? ?? ??????? ?? on the temperature compared with the ???. ?? ??? ??????, ??????? ??????? effect of its tilt. But on planets ??????????????, ????????? ?????????? with a large orbital eccentricity, ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ?? the varying distance from the sun ????????, ????????, ? 20% ?????????- plays a much larger role. On Mercury, ???????, ??????????? ?? 200 ???????? for example, with a 20 percent eccen- ?? ?????????? ????, ????? ??????? tricity, the temperature is over 200 ???????????? ? ?????? (?????????), degrees Fahrenheit warmer at the ??? ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????? ??- planetfs closest approach to the sun ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? (??????). (perihelion) than when it is at its ??????????, ???? ?? ?????????????? farthest from the sun (aphelion). In ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????, fact, if the eccentricity of the ???? ?????? ????????, ????? ?? ?????- earthfs orbit were near one, our ???? ????????? ????? ? ??????, ? ??- oceans would boil when we reached our ??????? , ????? ?? ?? ?????????, ?? ???????? nearest point to the sun, and freeze ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? reached ?? ?????, over when we our farthest, ?? ?????. ??????? ????????- making neither winter nor summer va- ??? ?????????????? ?? ???????????? very cations pleasant. Large orbital ??? ?????, ??????? ??? ???????????- eccentricities are not conducive to ???? , ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????- life, so we are fortunate to have a ????????, ??????? ? ????. planet orbital for which eccentricity is near zero.","Eccentricities. Eccentricity is ? ???????????????. ?????????????? - ??- is to measure of how near on ellipse ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????. ???????? elon- a circle. Circular orbits are seasonal ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ??- friendly to life, while very ??????? ? ?????, ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? gated orbits result in large ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? temperature fluctuations. ?????????? ???????????. We are also lucky in the relationship ????? ????? ? ??????????? ????? ????- of our sun's to our mass distance ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ?? ????. ????- from it. That is because a star's ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????????? ????- mass determines the amount of energy ?????? ???????, ??????? ??? ????????. ?????? it gives off. The largest stars have ??????? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ??? a mass about a hundred times that of ?????????, ? ????? ???, ??- our sun. while the smallest are about ??? ??? ????????? - ? ????? ??? ????- a hundred times less massive. And yet ?? . ? ???, ???????????, ??? ????????? distance assuming the earth-sun as a ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????? given, if our sun were just 20 per- ??, ? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? cent less or more the earth 20% massive, ???? ?????? ??? ??????, ?? ?? ????? would be colder than present-day Mars ?? ????????, ??? ?????? ?? ???- than or hotter present-day Venus. ?? , ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??????. Traditionally, given any star, scien- ??????, ???????????? ?????-???? ????- tists define the habitable zone as the narrow region around the star in ??, ?????? ?????????? ????????? ??? which temperatures are such that liq- ????? ????, ??? ????? ???????????? uid water can exist. The habitable ?????? ??????, ? ??????? ??????????? zone is sometimes called the ????????? ???????????? ???? ? ?????? \\\"Goldilocks zone,\\\" because the re- ?????????. ????????? ??? ????? ???? quirement that liquid water exist ?????? ???????? \\\"????? ???????????\\\", the ?????? means that, like Goldilocks, de- ??? ???????, ????? ???? ???? ??????, velopment of intelligent life re- ????????, ??? ??????? ?????- quires that planetary temperatures be ??????, ???????? ???????? ????? ???- \\\"just in ??????? ???? right.\\\" The habitable zone ????, ????? ??????????? our solar system, pictured above, is \\\"? ????? ???\\\". ????????? ??? ????? tiny. who Fortunately for those of us ???? ? ????? ????????? ???????, ???-","are intelligent life-forms, the earth ?????? ????, ???????? ????? ?????. ? ??????? ??? fell within it! ???, ??? ??????? ???????, ????? ??????? ? ???! Goldilocks Zone. If Goldilocks were ???? ???????????. ???? ?? ??????????? sampling planets, she f d find only ????????? ???????, ?? ?????????? ??, those within the green zone suitable ??? ?????? ??????????? ? ??????? ???? for life. The yellow star represents ???????? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????? our own sun. The whiter stars ore ???????????? ???? ??????????? ??????. larger and hotter, the redder ones ?????? ????? - ?????? ? ?????, ?????? Planets smaller and cooler. closer to ??????? - ?????? ? ????????. ???????, their suns thon the green zone would ????????????? ????? ? ????? ???????, for and be- be too hot life, planets ??? ??????? ????, ???? ?? ??????? ??- cold, the yond it loo The size of cooler ???? ??? ?????, ? ????????????? ????- zone for hospitable is smoller ?? - ??????? ???????. ?????? ?????- stars. ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???- ??????? ?????. Newton believed that our strangely ?????? ??????, ??? ???? ????????????, habitable solar system did not \\\"arise ????????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? out of chaos by the mere laws of na- ?? \\\"???????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ????- ture.\\\" Instead, he maintained, the ??? ???????\\\". ???????? ?? ?????????, order in the universe was \\\"created by ??? ??????? ?? ????????? ??? \\\"?????? God at first and conserved by him to ????? ? ?????????????? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? this Day in the same state and condi- ???? ? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ??- tion.\\\" It is easy to understand why ??????\\\" . ????? ??????, ?????? ?? ??? one might think that. The many im- ?????. ????? ??????????? ??????????, ??????? probable occurrences that conspired ?????????, ????? ???? ??? ??- to enable our existence, and our ???????????, ? ????????????? ??????- worldfs human-friendly design, would ?????? ?????????? ????, ????????????? indeed be puzzling if ours were the ???????? ? ??????????????, ???? ?? only solar system in the universe. ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? But in 1992 came the first confirmed ???????????? ?? ?????????. ?? ? 1992","observation of a planet orbiting a ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? star other than our sun. We now know ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? of hundreds of such planets, and few ?????, ??? ???? ??????. ?????? ?? oth- doubt that there exist countless ????? ????? ????? ??????, ? ????? ers among the many billions of stars ????????????, ??? ?????????? ???????- That makes the coin- in our universe. ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? cidences of our planetary conditions\u2014 ????? ? ????? ?????????. ????????? the single sun, the lucky combination ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??????? ???????????? of earth-sun distance and solar mass- ??? ?????????? ??????, ??????? ???????- far less remarkable, and far less ????? ?????? ? ????- compelling as evidence that the earth ???, ? ????? ????????? ????? - ?????- was carefully designed just to please ?? ????? ???????????, ??? ??, ??? ???????? us human beings. Planets of all sorts ????? ???? ????????? ????????????? ??? ??? exist. Some\u2014or at least ones\u2014 upport ??? ?????????????? ??- life. Obviously, when the beings on a ??????????. ?????????? ????? ?????? planet that supports life examine the ??????. ?? ????????? - ??????? ?? ??- world around them, they are bound to ??? - ???? ?????. ???????, ??? ????? find that their environment satisfies ????? ???????? ?? ???????, ??????? the conditions they require to exist. ???????????? ?????, ??????? ??? ??- ??? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ????????, ?????????? ?? ????? ????????????? ??- ?????? ??? ?? ?????????????. It is possible to turn that last ??? ????????? ????????????? ????????? a scientific ??????????? ?????? statement into princi- ? ??????? ???????: ple: Our very existence imposes rules ???? ????????????? ????????????? ???- determining from where and at what ????, ????????????, ??? ? ????? ???- time it is possible for us to observe ????? ????????? ???. ??? ???? ?????? the universe. That is, the fact of ????????????? ?????? ??????????? ?? our being restricts the characteris- ??????? ?????????? ?????, ? ??????? of environment tics of the land in ?? ?????????. ???? ??????? ?????????? which we find ourselves. That princi- ?????? ????????? ????????? (???????- ple is called the weak anthropic ?????? ???????? ????????). (?? ????? principle. see shortly (Wef11 why the ??????, ?????? ????????? ???????????- adjective \\\"weak\\\" is attached.) A bet- ??? \\\"??????\\\"). ?????? ??????? \\\"??- ter term than \\\"anthropic principle\\\" ??????? ???????\\\" ????? ???? ?? ??- princi- would have been \\\"selection ?????????? \\\"??????? ??????\\\", ?????? refers ple ,\\\" because the principle to ??? ???? ??????? ????????? ?? ??, ??? our exis- how our own knowledge of ???? ?????? ? ????? ????????????? ??- tence imposes rules that select, out ??????????? ???????, ??????? ???????? of all environments, the possible ?? ???? ????????? ????, ?????? ?? only those environments with the ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????????? that characteristics allow life. ???????????? ?????. Though it may sound like philosophy, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ??- the weak anthropic principle can be ????????, ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? used to make scientific predictions. ????? ???? ???????????, ????? For example, how old is the universe? ??????? ????????. ????????, ??????? As we111 soon see, for us to exist ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, the universe must contain elements ??? ?????? ????????????? ????????? such as carbon, which are produced by ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????, lighter elements ??? ??????? cooking inside ??????? ???????????? ???- The carbon must stars. then be scat- ?????? ?????? ?????. ??????? ??????","tered through space in a supernova ???? ????? ????????????? ? ????????- condense explosion, and eventually as ???? ? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? part of a planet in a new-generation ??????, ?, ? ???????? ?????, ????? physicist solar system. In 1961 Rob- ?????? ??????? ? ?? ????? ????????? the process ert Dicke argued that ????????? ???????. ? 1961 ???? ????? takes about 10 billion years, so our ?????? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ??????- ???, being here means that the universe ?? ???????? ????? 10 ?????????? be at that must least old. On the ??????? ???? ????????????? ????????, other hand, the universe cannot be ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ???? ????- much than ? billion fuel since older years, ??? ????????. ? ?????? ???????, ???- future all the in the far ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? 10 for stars will have been used up, and ?????????? ???, ???? ? ??????? ????- suste- ????? we require hot stars for our ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????- nance. Hence the universe must be ??, ? ??? ??? ????????????? ????? ??- ?? about 10 billion years old. That is ????? ??????. ?????????????, ????? not but an extremely precise prediction, ????????? ????? 10 ?????????? ???. data according billion it is true \u2014 to current ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????, occurred the big bang about 13.7 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? - ? ???????????? years ago. ? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????? 13.7 ?????????? ??? ?????. As was the case with the age of the ??? ? ? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????, universe, anthropic predictions usu- ????????? ???????? ????, ??????, ??? ally produce a range of values for a ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ??- given physical parameter rather than ?????? ??????, ??? ?? ??????????. ??- pinpointing it precisely. Thatfs be- ????? ???? ?????????????, ? ?? ????? cause our existence, while it might ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ???- not require a particular value of ??? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? some physical parameter, often is de- ?????????, ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??- pendent on such parameters not vary- ????????, ?? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ing too far from where we actually ???? ????????, ?? ?????????? find them. We furthermore expect that ?????. ??, ? ???? ??, ????????????, the actual conditions in our world ??? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ???? ??? are typical within the anthropically ???????? ????????? ??????? ????- allowed range. For example, if only ???????? ????????? ?????????. ?????- ???????????? ????- modest orbital eccentricities, say ???, ???? ?????? between zero and 0.5, will allow ??????? ???????????????, ??????, ???- ??????????? ?? life, then an eccentricity of 0.1 ?? ????? ? 0.5, ???????? 0.1 ??? should not surprise us because among ?????, ?? ?????????????? all the planets in the universe, a ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? fair percentage probably have orbits ?? ?????????, ????????, ???????????? with eccentricities that small. But ??????? ?????????? ?????? ? ????? ??- if it turned out that the earth moved ??????? ????????????????. ?? ???? ?? in a near-perfect circle, with eccen- ?????????, ??? ????? ????????????? ?? tricity, say, 0.00000000001, that ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ???????- would make the earth a very special ????, ? ????????????????, ??????, ?? ????? planet indeed, and motivate us to try 0.00000000001, ??? ??????? to explain why we find ourselves liv- ????????????? ?????????????? ?????- ing in such an anomalous home. That ???, ? ????????? ?? ??? ????? ?????- idea is sometimes called the princi- ?????, ?????? ?? ????? ? ????? ???- ????. ??????- ple of mediocrity. ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????????????.","The lucky coincidences pertaining to ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ? the shape of planetary orbits, the ????????? ????? ??????????? ?????, mass of the sun, and so on are called ????? ?????? ? ??? ????? ?????????? environmental because they arise from ?????????????????? (??????????? ? ??- the serendipity of our surroundings ???????? ?????), ?????? ??? ??? ???- and not from a fluke in the fundamen- ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? tal laws of nature. The age of the ????? ?????????? ?????, ? ?? ?? ????- universe is also an environmental ??? ??????? ???????. ??????? ??????- factor, since there are an earlier ??? ????? ???????? ?????????????????? a later and time in the history of ????????, ????????? ?????????? ?????? universe, in the but we must live ? ??????? ????? ? ??????? ?????????, this era because it is the only era ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???, conducive to life. co- Environmental ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? incidences are easy to understand be- ?????????? ??? ?????. ???????????- cause ours is only one cosmic habitat ??????? ???????? ????????????? ????? that among many exist in the uni- ??????, ????????? ???? ???????????? we verse, and obviously must exist in ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? that supports ??????, a habitat life. ??????? ?????????? ?? ??????- ???, ? ??, ????????, ?????? ????????- ???? ?????? ? ??? ?????, ????????? ? ??? ?????????????? ?????. The weak anthropic principle is not ?????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? very controversial. But there is a ?????????????. ?? ?????????? stronger form that we will argue for ??????? ?????, ??????? ?? ????? ????? here, although it is regarded with ???????????????, ???? ? ??? ? ??????- disdain among some physicists. The ???????? ????????? ????????? ??????. strong anthropic principle suggests ??????? ????????? ??????? ??????????- that the fact that we exist imposes ??, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????? constraints not just on our environ- ??????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ment but on the possible form and ???? ?????????? ?????, ?? ? ?? ???- content of the laws of nature them- ?????? ????? ? ???? ??????? ??????? selves . The idea arose because it is ??? ???????. ??? ???? ????????, ????- not only the peculiar characteristics ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? of our solar system that seem oddly ?????????????? ???????????????? ????? conducive to the development of human ????????? ???????, ??????? ?????????- life but also the characteristics of ?? ???????? ??? ????????????? ??????- our entire universe, and that is much ?????? ?????, ?? ????? ? ?????????- more difficult to explain. ??????? ???? ????? ?????????, ? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????. The tale of how the primordial uni- ??????? ? ???, ??? ????????? ??????- a bit verse of hydrogen, helium, and ???, ????????? ?? ????????, ????? ? har- of lithium evolved to a universe ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????- boring at least one world with intel- ???????? ?? ?????????, ?????? ??????- ligent life like us is a tale of many ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ? ?????- ??????, chapters. As we mentioned earlier, ??? ??????, ????????? ??????- the forces of nature had to be such ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? that heavier elements \u2014 especially ????????? ?????, ???? ??????? ?????? carbon \u2014 could be produced from the ???? ???? ??????, ????? ??????? ???- primordial elements, and remain sta- ????? - ???????? ??????? - ????? ???? ble for at least billions of years. ???????????? ?? ????????? ?????????, Those heavy elements were formed in ? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ????-","the furnaces we call stars, so the ???, ????????? ???. ?? ???? ??????? had to and forces first allow stars ????????? ???????????? \\\"?????\\\", ????- galaxies to form. Those grew from the ??? ?? ???????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? seeds of tiny inhomogeneities in the ???? ? ?????? ?????? ???? ????????- ???? early universe, which was almost com- ?????? ? ?????????. ??? ???????- pletely uniform but thankfully con- ?? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ? tained ????? density variations of about 1 ?????? ?????????, ??????? ???? ???- part in 100,000. However, the exis- ??????? ????????????, ????????? 1 tence of stars, and the existence in- ???? ????????? ?????????: ???????? side those stars of the elements we ????? ?? 100000. ??????, ??????????- are made of, is not enough. The dy- ??? ?????, ? ????????????? ?????? namics of the stars had to be such ???? ????? ?????????, ?? ??????? ?? that some would eventually explode, ???????, ?? ???????? ??????????? ??- precisely and, moreover, explode in a ??????. ?????????? ????? ?????? ???? the heavier way that could disburse ?????, ??? ?????????, ? ???????? ???- In addition, elements through space. ??, ?????? ???? ??????????, ? ????? to dictate the laws of nature had ????, ?????????? ?????? ????? ????- that those remnants could recondense ???, ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? into a new generation of stars, these ? ??????. ? ???? ??, ?????? ??????? surrounded by planets incorporating Just ?????? ????????? ?? ??, ??? ??? ???- the newly had formed heavy elements. de- ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ? ????? as certain events on early earth ????????? ?????, ???????, ?????????? us to to occur in order to allow ?????????, ????? ?? ??????????? ????- velop, so too was each link of this ??? ????????. ??? ???????????????? chain necessary for our existence. ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???- of the But in the case events result- ??????, ????? ??? ???????????? ????- ing in the evolution of the universe, ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????? such developments were governed by ?????, ??? ????????? ????????? ????? the balance of the fundamental forces ?????. ?? ? ????????? ???????, ???- of nature, and it is those whose in- ?????? ? ???????? ?????????, ????? terplay had to be just right in order ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? for us to exist. ???????, ?????????????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ?????? ?????????????. One of the first to recognize that ????? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ? ?????, ????. ?? ???- this might involve a good measure of ??? ???? ????, ? 1950 serendipity was Fred Hoyle, in the ???, ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??- all ?? 1950s. Ho vie believed that ???????? ???? ???????????? ??????- chemical elements had originally been ??, ???????, ??? ?? ???????????, ??- formed was the from hydrogen, which he felt ????? ???????? ????????? ???????????. Hydrogen true primordial substance. ??????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??- cleus, has the simplest atomic nu- ??, ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? either consisting of just one proton, ???????, ???? ? ?????????? ? ????? alone or in combination with ??? ????? ??????????. (????????? ???- ?? ????????, one or two neutrons. (Different forms ??? ????? ????, ??????? of hydrogen, or any nucleus, having ?? ?? ?????????? ????????, ?? ??????- of protons the same number but dif- ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? of neutrons ferent numbers are called ?????????). ?????? ?? ?????, ??? ??- isotopes.) Today we know that helium ??? ? ?????, ?????, ??? ???? ??????? and lithium, nuclei ???? atoms whose con- ?? ???? ? ???? ????????, ????? tain two and three protons, were also ?????????? ?????????????, ? ??????? primordially amounts, synthesized, in much on ??????? ??????????, ????? ??????? universe ??? ????? smaller 200 when the ????????? 200 ??????. was about Life, seconds old. ?????, ? ?????? ???????, ??????? ??","the other hand, depends on more com- ????? ??????? ?????????. ???????, ???????? plex elements. Carbon is the most im- ????? ?????? ?? ???, ???????? ??- ??? ???? portant of these, the basis for all ???????????? ?????. organic chemistry. Though one might imagine \\\"living\\\" or- ???? ???-?? ????? ??????? \\\"??????\\\" ganisms such as intelligent computers ??????????? ????? ??????????, ??????- produced from other elements, such as ??? ?? ?????? ?????????, ????? ??? silicon, it is doubtful that life ???????, ???????????, ????? ????? ?? ??????????????? could have spontaneously evolved in ????? ????????? ? the absence of carbon. The reasons ?????????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???- for that are technical but have to do ?? ?????????, ?? ????? ????????? ?? with the unique manner in which car- ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????- elements. bon bonds with other Carbon ?? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? dioxide, for example, is gaseous at ??????????. ???????? ????????, ?????- room temperature, and biologically ???, ???????? ????? ??? ????????? very useful. Since silicon is the ???????????, ? ???????????? ????? ??- element directly below carbon on the ?????. ??? ??? ??????? ????????? ???- ?? ??? ????????? ???- periodic table, it has similar chemi- ? ????????????? cal properties. However, silicon di- ????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? oxide, quartz, is far more useful in ????????. ??????, ???????? ???????, ?????, a rock collection than in an organ- ??? ?? ????? ??????? ? ??????- ism's lungs. Still, perhaps life- ??? ??????, ??? ? ????????? ????????. forms could evolve that feast on ????????, ??? ????????? ????? ????? silicon and rhythmically twirl their ?? ???????????????? ???, ????? ????- ???????????, tails in pools of liquid ammonia. ??? ???????? ? ??????- Even that type of exotic life could ???? ?? ?? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????????? not evolve from just the primordial ???????. ???? elements, for those elements can form ????? ?? ??? ?? ???????????????? ?? only two stable compounds, lithium ?????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??? ???????- hydride, which is a colorless crys- ????? ??????????? ?????? talline solid, and hydrogen gas, nei- ??? ?????????, ?????? ?????, ??????? ther of them a compound likely to re- ???????? ??????? ??????????????? produce or even to fall in love. ?????????? ?????????, ? ?????????? Also, the fact remains that we are a ???, ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???????? ?? carbon life-form, and that raises the ?????? ????????????????, ?? ? ???? ?, ?????????? ??????????, issue of how carbon, whose nucleus \\\"??????\\\". contains six protons, and the other ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? heavy elements in our bodies were ?????, ? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ???, ??? created. ???????, ??? ???? ???????? ????? ???- ?????, ???? ? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?????. The first step occurs when older ?????? ??? ?????????, ????? ?????? stars start which to accumulate helium, ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????, nuclei is produced when two hydrogen ??????? ????????????, ????? ??? ???? collide and fuse with each ???????? ???????????? ? ??????????? other. This fusion is how stars cre- ???? ? ??????. ??? ??????? ???????? ate the energy that warms us. Two he- ???????? ????, ??? ?????? ??????? lium atoms can to in turn collide ???????, ??????? ??? ?????. ??? ????? form beryllium, an atom whose nucleus ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????- ????, ??? ???? contains four protons. Once beryllium ??? - ???????? ?????? is formed, it could in principle fuse ???????. ????? ???? ??? ??????????? helium with a third nucleus to form ????????, ?? ?????, ? ????????, ??-","carbon. But that doesnft happen, be- ???????? ? ???? ??????? ??????, ???- that cause the isotope of beryllium ????? ???????. ?? ????? ?? ???????- decays is formed almost immediately ???, ?????? ??? ?????? ????????, ??- helium back into nuclei. ????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ???????????, ????? ??????????? ???? ?????. The situation changes when a star ???????? ????????, ????? ?????? ????- When starts to run out of hydrogen. ???? ????????? ???????. ????? ??? col- that happens the star's core ??????????, ???? ?????? ????????????, lapses until its central temperature ?? ??? ???, ???? ??? ??????????? ?? rises to about 100 million degrees ????????? ???????? 100 ????????? ???- Kelvin. Under those conditions, nu- ????? ?? ????????. ??? ???? ????????, clei encounter each other so often ???? ???????????? ???? ? ?????? ??? ?????, that some beryllium nuclei collide ??? ????????? ??????????? ???? with a helium nucleus before they ??????????? ? ?????? ????? ??????, have had a chance to decay. Beryllium ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????????. ??- can then fuse with helium to form an ?????? ????? ????? ??????????? ? ??- isotope of carbon that is stable. But ????, ????? ?????????? ???????, ????- that carbon is still a long way from ??? ????????. ?? ????? ???????? ??? forming ordered aggregates of chemi- ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??????? cal compounds of the type that can ?????????? ?????????? ???????????, enjoy a glass of Bordeaux, juggle ??????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? flaming bowling pins, or ask ques- ?? ?????, ?????????? ?????? ? ?????- tions about the universe. For beings ???, ????????? ?? ??????, ??? ????- ? ?????????. ??? ??????- such as humans to exist, the carbon ???? ??????? ????????- must be moved from inside the star to ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ????????? friendlier neighborhoods. That, as ????, ??????? ?????? ???? we've said, is accomplished when the ?? ???? ?????? ? ?????????? ?????. star, at the end of its life cycle, ???, ??? ?? ????????, ??????????, ??- explodes as a supernova, expelling ??? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? carbon and other heavy elements that ????? ??????????, ??????????? ? ??- later condense into a planet. ????????, ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????? ????????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???????. This process of carbon creation is ???? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??- called the triple alpha process be- ???????? ??????? ?????-?????????, ??- cause \\\"alpha particle\\\" is another ???? ??? \\\"?????-???????\\\" - ?????? ??- name for the nucleus of the isotope ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????, ?????- of helium involved, and because the ??????? ? ???????, ? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? process requires that three of them ???????, ????? ??? ?? ??? (? (eventually) fuse together. The usual ???????? ?????) ??????????? ??????. physics predicts that the rate of ?????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ??- carbon production via the triple al- ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ???????? pha process ought to be quite small. ?????-???????? ?????? ???? ????? ??- Noting this, in 1952 Ho vie predicted ???????. ??????? ?? ??? ????????, ? that the sum of the energies of a be- 1952 ???? ???? ???????????, ??? ????? ryllium nucleus and a helium nucleus ??????? ???? ???????? ? ????? ?????? must be almost exactly the energy of ????? ????????? ? ???????? ?????????- a certain quantum state of the iso- ???? ?????????? ????????? ?????????- tope of carbon formed, a situation ???? ??????? ????????, ??? ???????? called a resonance, which greatly in- ???????? ?????????, ??????? ?????- creases the rate of a nuclear reac- ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??-","tion. At the time, no such energy ?????. ? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??- level was known, but based on Hoylef s ?????? ???????? ????? ???????, ?? ??- ????????? suggestion, William Fowler at Caltech ?? ????????????? ?????, sought and found it, providing impor- ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????????? ???- tant support for Hoylef s views on how ????????????? ????????? ????? ? ????? complex nuclei were created. ???, ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??, ??? ?????????????? ??????? ????. *sJiL ?\u00a3 ? Triple Alpha Process. Carbon is mode ??????? ?????-???????. ??????????? of inside stars from the collisions ???????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ??- three that ????- would helium nuclei, an event for ? ???????? ???? ???? ?????, ???????, be very unlikely if not of nu- special ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????????????, property of the laws clear physics. ???? ?? ?? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????. Hoyle wrote, \\\"I do not believe that ???? ?????: \\\"? ?? ????, ??? ????? any scientist who examined the evi- ??????, ????????????? ?????????????, dence would fail to draw the infer- ???????? ?? ?? ? ????????? ??????? ence that the laws of nuclear physics ?????, ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? been have deliberately designed with ????????????? ???????????? ? ?????? to regard inside the consequences they pro- ???????????, ??????? ??? ?????????? the stars.\\\" duce At the time ?????? ?????\\\". ? ?? ????? ??? ????? no one knew enough nuclear physics to ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ? understand the magnitude of the ser- ??????? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???- endipity that resulted in these exact ???? ?????????????, ??????? ??????? ? ??- physical laws. But in investigating ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? the validity of the strong anthropic ????? . ??, ?????? ?????????????? principle, in recent years physicists ???????? ?????????? ????????, ? ??- began asking themselves what the uni- ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? verse would have been like if the ??????, ??????: ????? ?? ???? ???- laws of nature were different. Today ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? models we can create computer that ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???- of the tell us how the rate triple ????????? ??????, ??????? ??????????","alpha reaction depends upon the ???, ??? ???????? ??????? ?????- strength of forces ??????? the fundamental of ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ???- nature. Such calculations show that a ??? ???????. ????? ??- change of as little as 0.5 percent in ???????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ?? the strength of the strong nuclear of 0.5 % ???????? ???????? ???????? and 4 % ?????????- force, or 4 percent in the electric ??????????????, ??? ?? dis- force, would destroy either nearly ???? ???, ???????? ????? ???? ??????? all carbon or all oxygen in every ? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?, star, and hence the possibility ?????????????, ? ??????????? ?????, ? life as we know it. Change those ??? ????, ??????? ?? ?????. ???????? rules of our universe just a bit, ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ???? ?? the conditions for our existence ???????, ? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????- appear ! ??????? ????????. By examining the model universes we ?????????? ?????? ?????????, ?? ????- generate when the theories of physics ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? are altered in certain ways, one can ????????? ???????, ????? ??- study the effect of changes to physi- ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??????? cal law in a methodical manner. It ? ???????????? ?????. ???????????, turns out that it is not only the ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? force strengths of the strong nuclear ???????? ? ????????????????? ??????- that and the electromagnetic force ????????, ??????? ???????? ???????- ??????????? are made to order for our existence. ???? ???? ?????????????. ? ????? Most of the fundamental constants in ??????????????? ???????? ???- our theories appear fine-tuned in the ??? ???????? ????? ?????????????????, sense that if they were altered by ? ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? only modest amounts, the universe ???????? ?? ????????? ????????, ???- would be qualitatively different, and ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??????, ? in many cases unsuitable for the de- ?? ?????? ???????, ????????????????? velopment of life. For example, if ? ????????????? ?????. ????????, ???? the other nuclear force, the weak ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? - force, were much weaker, in the early ?????? ?????????????? - ???? ?? ??? universe all the hydrogen in the cos- ??????, ? ?????? ????????? ???? ????- mos would have turned to helium, and ??? ??????????? ?? ? ?????, ?, ?????- hence there would be no normal stars; ????????, ?? ???????????? ?? ???????- if it were much stronger, exploding ??? ?????; ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? supernovas would not eject their ???????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????- outer envelopes, and hence would fail ?????? ?? ?? ? ????????????, ?, ???- to seed interstellar space with the ??????????, ?? ????????? ?? ????????- heavy elements planets require to ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????, ???- foster life. If protons were 0.2 per- ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ???? cent heavier, they would decay into ?? ??????? ???? ?? 0.2 % ???????, ??? neutrons, destabilizing atoms. If the ????????? ?? ?? ????????, ?????????- sum of the masses of the types of ????? ?????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? quark that make up a proton were ????? ???????, ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? changed by as little as 10 percent, ???????, ?? ?? 10 %, ?? ???? ?????? ?????????? there would be far fewer of the sta- ?? ??????? ble atomic nuclei of which we are ??????? ????, ?? ??????? ?? ???????; made; in fact, the summed quark ????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???- masses seem roughly optimized for the ????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????- of existence of the largest number ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? stable nuclei. ????. If one assumes that a few hundred ???? ?????????, ??? ????????? ?????","million years in stable orbit are ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????????? necessary for planetary life to ??????????, ????? ????? ?? evolve, the number of space dimen- ???????, ????? ???????????????? ????- sions is also fixed by our existence. ????? ????? ???????? ?????????????. That is because, according to the ??????, ??? ? ???????????? ? ??????? laws of gravity, it is only in three ??????????, ?????? ? ?????????? ????- dimensions that stable elliptical or- ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????- bits are possible. Circular orbits ???? ??????. ???????? ?????? ???????? are possible in other dimensions, but ? ?????? ??????????, ?? ???, ??? those, as Newton feared, are unsta- ?????????????? ??????, ???????????. ble. In any but three dimensions even ???? ? ?????????? ????????? ????? a small disturbance, such as that ??????????, ????? ??? ???????????? ? produced by the pull of the other ?????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ?? planets, would send a planet off its ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? circular orbit and cause it to spiral ???? ? ??????, ???? ?? ????, ? ????? either into or away from the sun, so ?? ???? ??????, ???? ?????????. ?? we would either burn up or freeze. ????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???- Also, in more than three dimensions ??????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??? the gravitational force between two ????? ??????????? ????? ??????, ? ????- bodies would decrease more rapidly ??? ?????????? ? ??????????. than it does in three dimensions. In ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ?????- three dimensions the gravitational ??????????? ?? 1\/4 ?? ?????? force drops to 1\/4 of its value if ???, ???? ?????????? ????????????? one the doubles distance. In four di- ?????. ? ????????????? ????????? ??? mensions it would drop to 1\/8, in ??????????? ?? 1\/8, ? ?????????? - ?? to five dimensions it would drop in more 1\/10, ? ?.?. ? ??????????, ? ????? would 1\/10, and so on. As a result, ??? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? than three dimensions the sun ????? ?? ???????????? ? ?????????? not be able to exist in a stable ?????????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?????- state with its internal pressure bal- ????, ????????? ????? ??????????. ??? ancing the pull of gravity. It would ???? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? either fall apart or collapse to form ? ?????? ????, ??? ???????? ?? ? ??- a black hole, either of which could ??? ??????. ????????????? ? ??????, ruin your day. On the atomic scale, ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ????? the electrical forces would behave in ??? ??, ??? ? ??????????????. ??? ??- the same way as gravitational forces. ??????, ??? ????????? ? ?????? ????? in atoms That means the electrons ???? ????????? ?? ????, ???? ??????- would either escape or spiral into ?????? ? ????. ? ????? ??????, ????? would the nucleus. In neither case ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?? ?? ???- atoms as we know them be possible. ??. The emergence of the complex struc- ??????????? ????????? ??????? ?????- ???????? tures capable of supporting intelli- ????, ????????? ???????????? ??- gent observers seems to be very frag- ?????, ???? ????? ?????????????. ile. The laws of nature form a system ???? ??????? ????????? ???????, ????- that is extremely fine-tuned, and ??? ????? ????? ??????????????, ? very little in physical law can be ?????? ??????????? ????? ???????????- altered without destroying the possi- ??? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????, bility of the development of life as ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ???????- we know it. Were it not for a series ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????, ????? ?? ???????- of startling coincidences in the pre- ?????. ?? ???? ?? ???? cise details of physical law, it ??????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????? seems, humans and similar life-forms ?????????? ???????, ?? ???? ?? ? ??- would never have come into being. ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ?????.","The most impressive fine-tuning coin- ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? cidence involves the so-called cosmo- ?????????? ???????? ? ??? ?????????? logical constant in Einsteinfs equa- ??????????????? ????????? ????????? As we've tions of general relativity. ????? ?????? ??????????????? ???????- in 1915, said, when he formulated the ??. ??? ?? ????????, ? 1915 ????, ??- theory, Einstein believed that the ??? ?? ????????????? ??????, ???????? universe was static, that is, neither ??????, ??? ????????? ????????, ?.?. expanding nor contracting. Since all ?? ?????????????, ?? ???????????. ??? matter troduced attracts other matter, he in- ??? ????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? gravity into his theory a new anti- ???????, ?? ??????? ? ???? ?????? ??- of the force to combat the tendency ??? ?????????????????? ????, ????? self. universe to collapse onto it- ????????? ????????? ?????????????? forces, This force, unlike other ????? ? ????. ??? ????, ???????? ?? ticular did not come from any par- ?????? ???, ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??- source but was built into the ???-???? ??????? ??????????, ?? ???? very fabric of space-time. The cosmo- ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????????- the ??-??????? logical constant describes ????????? . ??????????????? ????????? strength ????. of that force. ?? ???????? ???? When it was discovered that the uni- ?? ????? ???? ???????, ??? ????????? ?? ????????, verse was not static, Einstein elimi- ?????????? ???????? ???????? ?????- nated the cosmological constant from ? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????. his theory and called including it ?? ?????????? the greatest blunder of his life. But ?? ? 1998 ???? ?????????? ?? ????? in 1998 observations of very distant ???????? ??????????? ????????, ??? supernovas revealed that the universe ????????? ??????????? ? ??????????, ?????????? is expanding at an accelerating rate, ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ????, ??????????? an effect that is not possible with- ???? ????????????? out some kind of repulsive force act- ?????? ????????????. ??????????????? ing throughout space. The cosmologi- ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????. cal constant was resurrected. Since ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ???????? ??- we now know that its value is not ????? ?? ????, ?????? ????????, ????- zero, the question remains, why does ?? ??? ????? ????? ????????, ????? it have the value that it does? ??? ?????. ?????? ?????????, ??? ??? Physicists have created arguments ex- ????? ????????? ????????? ????????- plaining how it might arise due to ????????????? ???????, ?? ????????, quantum mechanical effects, but the ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? value they calculate is about 120 or- ?????? ?? 120 ???????? (??????? ?? ders of magnitude (a 1 followed by 120 ??????) ??????, ??? ???????????- 120 zeroes) stronger than the actual ??? ????????, ?????????? ??????????? value, obtained through the supernova ?? ??????????. ??? ????????, ??? ???? observations. That means that either ????????, ??????????? ? ???????????, the reasoning employed in the calcu- ???? ??????????, ???? ????????? ??? other lation was wrong or else some ?????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ??- can- effect exists that miraculously ????? ???????? ???, ????? ??????????- tiny cels all but an unimaginably ?? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? fraction of the number calculated. ?????. ?? ???? ???????????, ??? ???? ???????? ????????? The one thing that is certain is that ??????????????? if the value of the cosmological con- ????? ??????, ??? ???, ?? ???? ???- ????- stant were much larger than it is, ?????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????, ??- our universe would have blown itself ??, ??? ????? ?? ?????????????? apart before galaxies could form and\u2014 ??????? - ? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????, once again \u2014 life as we know it would ???? ?? ?? ????????. be impossible.","What can we make of these coinci- ??? ?? ????? ???????????????? ??? dences? Luck in the precise form and ????????????? ????????????? ? ?????- nature a different of fundamental physical law is ??? ???? ? ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? kind of luck from the ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? luck we find in environmental fac- ????, ??????? ?? ??????? ? ?????????? tors . It cannot be so easily ex- ????. ??? ?? ????? ?????????, ? ??? ?????????? plained, and has far deeper physical ????? ????? ???????? ? ??- and philosophical implications. Our ????????? ?????. ???? ????????? ? ?? universe and its laws appear to have ??????, ???????, ??????? ?? ???????, ?????????????, a design that both is tailor-made to ? ??? ????? ????????- support us and, if we are to exist, ???? ???, ?, ???? ?? ??????????, ??- leaves little room for alteration. ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??? ??- That is not easily explained, and ??????? . ??? ??????? ?????????, ? raises the question is that natural of why it ????????? ??????: ?????? ??? ???? way. Many people would like us to use ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ??? evidence these coincidences as of the ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??? work of God. The idea that the uni- ?????????????? ??????? ????????. ???? ????????? verse was designed to accommodate ? ???, ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? mankind appears in theologies and my- ???, ????? ????????????, thologies dating from thousands of ???????? ? ???????? ? ????????? ????- years ago right up to the present. In ?? ??? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ??? the Mayan Popol Vuh mythohistorical ????. ? \\\"????? ???????\\\" ??????? ????, narratives the gods proclaim, \\\"We ? ????-???????????? ???????? ???? shall receive neither glory nor honor ?????????????: \\\"?? ?? ??????? ?? ???- ?? ?? ???????? from all that we have created and ?? ????? ????, ??? ?? formed until human beings exist, en- ???????, ?? ??? ??? ???? ?????????? dowed ???????, with sentience.\\\" A typical ?????????? ????????? ???????\\\". ???????? Egyptian \\\"Men, text dated 2000 ?? states, ?????, ???????????? 2000 well the cattle of God, have been ????? ?? ?.?. ??????: \\\"????, ????? made ?? benefit.\\\" provided for. He [the sun god] ?????, ?????????? ??? ??????????- losopher the sky and earth for their ???\\\" . ?? (??? ??????) ?????? ???? ? pressed In China the Taoist phi- ????? ??? ?? ?????. ? ????? ???????? in a five Lieh Yu-K'ou (c. 400 ??) ex- ??????? Lieh Yu-Kfou (400 ??? ?? brings the idea through a character ?.?.) ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ered tale who says, \\\"Heaven makes the ??????, ??????? ???????: \\\"?????? ???- fit.\\\" kinds of grain to grow, and ???? 5 ????? ????? ??? ??????, ? forth the finny and the feath- ????????? ????? ???? ? ????? ??? ??- ??? ??????\\\". tribes, especially for our bene- In Western culture the Old Testament ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??- contains the idea of providential de- ?????? ???? ? ???????????????? ?????- sign in its story of creation, but ac- ?? ? ????? ??????? ????????, ?? ???- the traditional Christian viewpoint ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ?????????? was also greatly influenced by Aris- ????? ??? ??????? ???????? totle, who believed \\\"in an intelli- ??????????, ??????? ??????, ??? \\\"??- gent natural world that functions ?????? ??? ????????? ? ???????????? cording to some deliberate design.\\\" ? ????????? ?????????????? ?????- The medieval Christian theologian ???\\\" . ????????????? ???????????? ???- Thomas Aquinas employed Aristotlefs ??? ???? ????????? ??????????? ???? ideas about the order in nature to ?????????? ? ??????? ? ???????, ????? ????????????? ????. ? ??- argue for the existence of God. In ?????????","the eighteenth century another Chris- ??????????? ???? ?????? ???????????? tian theologian so far went as to say ?????? ????? ??? ??????, ??? ??????, that rabbits in or- have white tails ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? der that it be easy for us to shoot ??? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ???. ??- them. A more modern illustration of ??? ??????????? ??????????? ????????- the Christian view was given a few ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? years ago when Cardinal Christoph ??? ?????, ????? ???????? ??????? Schonborn, archbishop of Vienna, ???????, ??????????? ????, ???????: \\\"??????, ? 21 ????, wrote, \\\"Now, at the beginning of the ??????????? ? ??- 21st century, faced with scientific ?????? ????????????? ??????? ??????- claims like neo-Darwinism and the ??????? ? ???????? ? ?????? ????????? multiverse [many universes] hypothe- ? ??????????, ??????????, ????? ????- sis in cosmology invented to avoid ???? ??????????? ????????????? ? ???? the overwhelming evidence for purpose ? ???????, ????????? ? ??????????? and design found in modern science, ?????, ???????????? ???????, ????? the Catholic Church will again defend ??????? ???????????? ??????, ?????- human nature by proclaiming that the ???, ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? immanent design in nature is real.\\\" ??????.\\\" ? ?????????? ??????????? In cosmology the overwhelming evi- ???????????? ?????????? ? ???????, ?? dence for purpose and design to which ??????? ???????? ????????, ???????? the cardinal was referring is the ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????- fine-tuning of physical law we de- ??? , ? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. scribed above. The turning point in the scientific ?????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????? rejection of a human-centered uni- ?? ??????????????? ??????? ????, ???? verse was the Copernican model of the ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ? solar system, in which the earth no ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ???- longer held a central position. ???????? ???????. ???????, ??? ?????- Ironically, Copernicusfs own world- ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???? view was anthropomorphic, even to the ??????????????????, ?? ???? ???????- extent that he comforts us by point- ??? ???, ???????? ?? ??, ??? ???????? ing out that, despite his heliocen- ?? ??? ????????????????? ??????, ???- tric model, the earth is almost at ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????: the universe's center: \\\"Although [the \\\"???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???- at the earth] is not center of the ??????, ??? ?? ?????, ?????????? ?? world, nevertheless the distance [to ????? ?? ?????? ????????, ???? ????- that center] is as nothing in par- ?????? ??? ? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ticular that of the fixed when compared to ?????\\\". ? ???????????? ?????????, ??- stars.\\\" of With the invention ?????? ? 17 ????, ????? ??? ??, ??? the telescope, observations in the ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????- seventeenth century, such as the fact ?? ???????, ??????? ??? ?????? ? ???, that ours is not the only planet or- ??? ?? ?? ???????? ????????????????? bited by a moon, lent weight to the ????????? ?? ?????????. ? ??????????? principle that we hold no privileged ???? ????? ???????? ????????, ??? ??- position in the universe. In the en- ?? ??????? ????????, ????????, ?????? ????????. ?? ???????? suing centuries the more we discov- ????????? ????- ??????? ????????????? ered about the universe, the more it ???????? ?????? seemed ours was probably just a gar- ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? den-variety planet. But the discovery ????? ???????, ?? ??????? ????, ????- relatively recently of the extreme ????? ?? ??? ? ?????? ????, ??? ???? fine-tuning of so many of the laws of ??????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????- nature could lead at least some of us ?????? ???????? ?????????. ? ???, ??- some back to the old idea that this ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????-","grand design is the work of some ??????? ??????? ? ?????, ???????? grand designer. In the United States, ???? ??????? ????????????? ????????, because the Constitution prohibits ?? ????????, ?? ????????????, ??? the teaching of religion in schools, ???? ????????? - ???. that type of idea is called intelli- gent design, with the unstated but implied understanding that the de- signer is God. That is not the answer of modern sci- ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ?????. ?? ence . We saw above that our universe ?????? ????, ??? ???? ????????? ????- seems to be one of many, each with ?? ???? ????? ?? ??????, ? ?????? ?? laws. idea different That multiverse ??????? ???? ??????. ???????? ? ???- is not a notion invented to account ?????? ????????? - ??? ?? ???????, for the miracle of fine-tuning. It is ????????????, ????? ?? ??????? ????? a consequence of the no-boundary con- ?????? ?????????. ??? ????????? ??- dition as well as many other theories ????????? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? of modern cosmology. But if it is ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???????- true, then the strong anthropic prin- ???. ?? ???? ??? ???, ????? ??????? ciple can be considered effectively ????????? ??????? ????? ????????? equivalent to the weak one, putting ?????????? ????????????? ???????, ??- the fine-tunings of physical law on ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ??- the same footing as the environmental ????? ?? ????????? ??????, ?????, ??? ?????, factors, for it means that our cosmic ??????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??- habitat\u2014now the entire observable ??? ????????, ??? ???? ??????????? universe \u2014 is only one of many, just ????? - ?????? ????????? ????????? system as our solar is one of many. ????????? - ???????? ????? ?? ??????, that in That means the same way that ??? ? ???? ????????? ??????? ???? ?? the environmental coincidences of our ??????. ??? ????????, ??? ????? ?? solar system were rendered unremark- ???????, ??? ? ???????? ? ????? ???- ??????? able by the realization that billions ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? of such systems exist, the fine- ???????, ? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????, tunings in the laws of nature can be ?????? ??? ?? ? ?????? ??????? explained by the existence of multi- ????????? ??????? ????? ???- ple universes. Many people through ?????? ????????????? ????????? ???- the ages have attributed to God the ??????. ????????? ????? ?????? ???? beauty and complexity of nature that ??????????? ???? ??????? ? ????????? ???????, in their time seemed to have no sci- ???????? ??? ??? ? ?? ????? ?? ???? entific explanation. But just as Dar- ??????????. ??, ??? ?????? ? win and Wallace explained how the ap- ?????? ?????????, ??? ?????????? ??- parently miraculous design of living ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? forms could appear without interven- ????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? tion by a supreme being, the multi- ????????, ????????? ????????????? verse concept can explain the fine- ????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???- tuning of physical law without the ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? need for a benevolent creator who ????????????? ?????????, ??????? ??- made the universe for our benefit. ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????. Einstein once posed to his assistant Ernst Straus the question \\\"Did God ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????- have any choice when he created the ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????: \\\"???? In universe?\\\" the late sixteenth cen- ?? ??? ?????, ???????? ??????????\\\" ? tury Kepler was convinced that God ????? 16 ???? ?????? ??? ???????, ??? had created the universe according to ??? ?????? ?????????, ? ????????????","some perfect mathematical principle. ? ?????????? ???????????? ????????- Newton showed that the same laws that ??????? ??????????. ?????? ???????, apply in the heavens apply on earth, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????, ??????? ???- and developed mathematical equations ?????? ?? ???????, ????????? ? ?? to express those laws that were so ?????, ? ?????????? ?????????????? elegant they inspired almost relig- ?????????, ????? ??????? ??? ??????, ious fervor among many eighteenth- ??????? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?????? century scientists, who seemed intent ??? ??? ???????? ?????? 18 ??- on using them to show that God was a ?? , ??????? ???????????? ???????????? ????? mathematician. ??, ????????, ??? ??? ??? ????- ??????? . Ever since Newton, and especially since Einstein, the goal of physics ?? ?????? ??????? ?, ????????, ???- lias been to find simple mathematical ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????- principles of the land Kepler envi- ?????????? ????????, ??????? ???????- sioned, and with them to create a ????? ??????, ? ? ??????? ??? ??????? unified theory of everything that ?????? ?????? ?????, ??? ????????? ?? would account for every detail of the ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? matter and forces we observe in na- ???, ??????? ?? ????????? ? ???????. ture . In the late nineteenth and ? ????? ?????????????? - ?????? ???- early twentieth century Maxwell and ??????? ????, ???????? ? ???????? united elec- Einstein the theories of ?????????? ?????? ?????????????, ???- tricity, magnetism, and light. In the ??????? ? ????????? ?????????. ? 1970s the standard model was created, 1970-? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??- a single theory of the strong and ???? - ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ???- weak nuclear forces, and the electro- ???? ???????? ?????????????? ? magnetic force. String theory and M- ????????????????? ??????????????. theory then came into being in an at- ?????? ????? ? ?-?????? ???? ???????, tempt to include the remaining force, ????? ???????? ? ?????? ?????? ?????- gravity. The goal was to find not ????? ?????????????? ??????????????. just a single theory that explains ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? all the forces but also one that ex- ??????, ??????? ????????? ??? ??? plains the fundamental numbers we ??????????????, ?? ??? ?? ????????? have been talking about, such as the ??????????????? ????????????, ? ????- strength of the forces and the masses ??? ?? ????????: ???? ??????????????, and charges of the elementary parti- ????? ? ?????? ???????????? ??????. cles. As Einstein put it, the hope ??? ????????? ????????, ??????? ???? was to be able to say that \\\"nature is ? ???, ????? ????? ???? ???????, ??? so constituted that it is possible \\\"??????? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? logically to lay down such strongly ????????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? determined laws that within these ???????????????? ??????, ??????? ??- laws only rationally completely de- ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????- termined constants occur (not con- ???? ???????????? ????????? (???????- stants, therefore, whose numerical ??????, ?? ?? ?????????, ??? ???????? ????? value could be changed without de- ???? ????????, ?? ???????? ???- ???) \\\". stroying the theory) - \\\" A unique ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? theory would be unlikely to have the ?????????, ????? ????????? ??? fine-tuning that allows us to exist. ????????????. ?? ???? ? ????? ??????- But if in light of recent advances we ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ???- interpret Einsteinfs dream to be that ?? ????????? ? ?????? ??????, ??????? of a unique theory that explains this ????????? ??? ? ?????? ?????????, ? and other universes, with their whole ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????, ?? ????? spectrum of different laws, then M- ?? ?-?????? ????? ????? ???- ????. ?? ???????? ?? ?-?????? theory could be that theory. But is ??????,","M-theory unique, or demanded by any ??? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ??????- ????? ???????? simple logical principle? Can we an- ???? ?????????. ?? ?? swer the question, why M-theory? ?? ??????, ?????? ?-??????? to... be continued | ??????????? ???????","???????? ??????????? ? ?????? ????? ?. ??????????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? (? ???? ??????????? ???????) ?? ?????, ??? ????? ???????- ??? ???? ???????? ???????. ?? ??? ?????? \u2014 ????? ?????, ????? ???????? ? 2004 ???????? ????? ??????? ?\u2014 ???? ?? ??? ??????????? ??????, ? ?????? ??- ?????? ?? ???????? ????????????. ??????????????? ???????, ??? ????????????, ????????? \u2014 ??? ?? ???????????- ???? \u2014 ?????? ???????????? ??????, ???????? ?? ?? ??????, ? ??????? ?? ?????- ???? ? 1973 ????. ?????-?? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ???? ??????, ???? ? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ???. ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ? ????????? \u2014 ??????? ?????????????1 ??????, ? ???????? ??????????? ??????????????? ????- ? ??????? ??? ?????? ????. ???????? ??????????? ? ??????? ??????????????2, ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????. ??????? ?????????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????. ??????? ?????????? ? ???? ? ??????? ? ???????????????? ????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????????. ??????????? ?????????????, ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????- ??? ? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??????????????. ???????? ?? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ??? ???????????????? ???????? ?????????- ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???? ??????????, ??? ??? ??- ?????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????, ? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??- ?????????? ?????????. ??????? ?????????????? \u2014 ??? ??????????, ? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??????. ????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? (????? 1 http:\/\/milesmathis.com\/quark.html 2 http:\/\/milesmathis.com\/strong.html","???????, ???????? ?????? ???????????? ?????????????? ??????), ?? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????. ?? ??????, ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????, ?? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????????. ??????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ???????? ????????- ??, ??? ?????????? ?? ? ?????????????. ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ????????3, ?????????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??????????, ????????? ????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ?? ? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????????. ?????? ?????, ?????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????. ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ???? ?? ???????? ? ?? ??????????. ??????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????- ??????????? ??????? \u2014 ??? ????????????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????. ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?????????. ??-??????, ??????? ?????????????? ? ??? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????????. ??????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????, ??? ???? ???????? \u2014 ?????? ??- ??????? ?????????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????, ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????- ????? ??????????. ???????, ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ?? ???????, ?????????? ?????? ???- ???. ?????????? ??????????? ? ????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????, ?? ????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????- ?????? ???????? ????????? ???????????????. ????????? ??????????????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????????? ?????????, ???? ? ? ??????? ???????? (?? ???? ??- ??) . ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ? ?????? ???????, ??? ??????? ???? (?????????? ??????????????) ?????????? ???????????. ?????? ????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????, ??? ?????????, ??????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ?? ????- ??????????????, ??? ????????????, ?????????????? ?????? eR: l\/eR2 - 1\/?2 = (N\/6rc2)ln(A\/mR) . ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ????????? ??- ???????? ?????????? ?????? ? ?????. ? ??????: ? ??? ????? ???????? ?, ????- ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ????, ? ????? ??? ???? ???- ????? ?, ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???????- ????? ?????????????????? ????????. ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ? ??????? ??????- ??? ???????? ? ????? (???, ??????? ??, ???????? ?????????). (? ???????? ???- ????? ?? ????????? ??????????????: ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?, ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ?? ????????? ?.) ?????, ??? ?????????? ???????????? ???????- ?????????? ?????????? eR ????? ??????????, ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????- ??????. ?????? ??????????????? ??? ? ??? ??????, ??? ?????????? ???????????- ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????????, ? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ? ???????????, ??? ??????????????4 \u2014 ?? ?????? ? ??? 3 ????????????? (???) \u2014 ????????????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ? ????????????? ???????, ??? ??- ???????????? ??????? ? ????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ??????. ? ????????? ?????? ???? \u2014 ?????????? ?????-?? ?????? ? ?????????, 4 ???????- ???- ?????????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ?????????????. ? ????? ?????? ??, ????? ?? ????? ???????, ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???-?? ??????????????? ?????????????. ??????? ?????????????? - ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????? ???? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ?????.","?????????. ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ???????- ?? ?? ???????, ????????? ??? ???? ? ??????? ?? ???????-???????. ???????????- ?????? ????? ? ?????? ?????? \u2014 ????? ???? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????- ????? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ???????, ??? ?????????????? ???????? ? ???????????- ?????? ????????? ???????, ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????????????. ? ????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????- ???, ??? ??? ???? ?, ???? eR ?????? ???? ????????. ???????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ? ???????????? ?????????, ??? ? ?????????????????. ???? ??? ???- ??? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????, ? ????? ? ??? ?? ??????- ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????. ?? ?????? ??????????5, ????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????- ???! ??? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? - ???? ????. ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????, ??? ? ?? ????? ????????????. ???, ????? ????? ? ????- ???? ?? ?????? ??????????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????. ? ??? ? ??????????? ?????, ? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????????????? ????????. ??? ???? ??????????? ????? \u2014 ??? ?????, ??????????????? ? ????????- ?? ??????????, ? ????? ????? \u2014 ????? ????? ???????? ???????. ? ????????? ??- ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????????? ????, ? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? \u2014 ?? ????????????? ?????????? ????. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???-?? ? ????. ? ???????, ??? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????- ???, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ???????, ? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????. ??- ??? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????????? ??????????? ????????????, ????? ??? ? ????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ???????????? (? ?? ? ????? ??- ?????? ???????). ??? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ??? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ??? ? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????, ? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????- ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????????????. ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????- ???? ????????????? ? ???? ?????????. ? ?????, ??? ???????? ? ????, ??? ? ??- ???, ? ??????????? ????? ???????????????????. ? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? 5 ??? ??????? ????? ???????, ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ????? ????, ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ? ???????. ??? ????","????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????????????. ? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????? \u00ab??????????? ????????????\u00bb. ??? ??? \u2014 ?????????? ????????- ?????? ????????, ? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????. ? ??????? ???????? ?????- ????? , ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ? ????- ???? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??????. ?????????????? \u2014 ??????, ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? \u2014 ??????, ? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????? \u2014 ??????. ? ????? ????? ????????????? ????????, ?????? ?????. ?? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ? ???????, ?????? ??? ?? ???????????? ???????. ??? ????????? ????????????? ???- ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ???????????. ??? ????????, ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ?????????????? ????????. ? ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ????. ??????- ???????? ????????? ?????? \u2014 ????????????? ??????, ????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ???????????? ? ????, ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????: ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ????? ????? ? ????????. ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????. 1 - eR2\/e2 = eR2(N\/6rc2)ln(A\/mR) . ???? eR2 \u2014 ??????? ?????, ????? eR2\/e2 ?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ????. N= 4 ? ???????? ??? eR2 ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???? ?? 14,8. ??? ??????????? ????????? 14,8 ???????? ?????? ??? ????- ?????? ???? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????, 2,68 ????????. ???????????? ?, ???- ??? ???????? eR2 ???? ???????? ???????? ????????? ??????????, ????????. ????????, ??? ????????? ???????? ? ?????? ? ??????? ??- ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????, ????? 10~19. ? ????????- ???????? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ?? 1020, ? ???????? ????????: 100000000000000000000 ? ????????, ????? ? ??????????? ????? ??????????? ? ??? ????. ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ? ??? ????, ? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ?? 1? 0?19 , ????????, ??????????????, ? 10000000000000000000 . ?? ????? ????- ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ? ??? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????? 19,5, ??? ????????????? ?????????? 10~19 ???????? (???????, ??? ?????? ?????????? ??- ??? ?????????). ??? ????????? ??????-?? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????6. ?? ???? ??????? ??- ??? ?????? ?? ????? ??????. ???? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ? ?????????? ?????, ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????????, ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????????? ? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????- ??? ?????????. ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ? ????????? ? ???? ?????????. ???? ? ????- ?? ???. ? ?? ???????- ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ?????? ??, ??????? ? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????. ?? ????? ??, ???- ??? ? ???????? ?????? ???????. ? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ???????? \u2014 ???????? ? ????? ? ?????? ? ??????. ?????? ?????????? ??- ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ?????????. ?????, ?????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????. ??- ??? ?????? ??????? ???????, ?? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????????, ?? ????????, ??- ?????? ???- ??????? ? = mv, ? ????????? ???????? v = p\/m. ????????? ? ?????? 6 ????? ? ??????? \u2014 ??????????????? ??????????, ?? ????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????? 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(??- ???, ?????, ????\u2014 ???? ? ??????), ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??????. ?? ??- ???????????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ??????? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? . ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ?? ? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ?????. ???- ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????, ????????? ????????????????. ??- ??????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ? ?? ???? ?????????????, ???? ????????- ???? ???? ???????? ???????. ????? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ???????????. ??? ???, ?????????, ???? ??? ?? ????????? ? ????? ??????, ??? ?????????, ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????????, ? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?? ???????????, ?? ?? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????????? ???? ??????????, ??? ? ???? ??? ?? ?????????. ???????- ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????. ? ??? ??????????????? ????????????????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ????, ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ??? ????, ???????? ??? ?????????. ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ?????????. ? ???? ???????, ??? ????- ?????? ???????????? ??????????, ??? ? ???????? ? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ? ??? ????. ???????????? ????? ????, ??????????? ????????. ?????? ??????????- ?????? ???????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??, ??? ????- 10 http:\/\/milesmathis.com\/screen.html 11 ??????? \u2014 ?????????????? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? \u00ab?????\u00bb. ????- ????? ?????????? \u00ab???????\u00bb, ?????????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??????????, ??????????? ? ?????????: ? ????? ??????, ??????? \u2014 ??? ??????????, ?????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????-?? ????????, ? ??????? ?????????, ? ???? ???????, ???????- ?????? ??????? ??????? ????????. ????? ???????, ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????- ???? ??????????.","??? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????????????? ????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ?????????????????, ?????????? ????? ????????????????? ????????? ????. ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ? ?????????????, ???????, ????? ???????, ?????????? ?????- ????????, ???. ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ?? ??- ??? ????????????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????. ?????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????????, ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????. ?????? ???????? ????? ????????, ??- ???? ??? \u00ab?????????\u00bb ??????12, ????? ???????, ??????? ??????????. ?? ??? ??- ??????????????? ??? ????????????? ?? ????????????. ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????, ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????. ??????????, ????- ?????? ????????? ? ???, ????????? ? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ?????????? ?????- ?????? ?????????? ??????????????. ? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ????????????? ?????????? ???? ? ??????: \u00ab?? ????- ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ? ?? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ????????????!\u00bb ?? ????????-?? ?? ? ????????, ? ? ??????. ????????? ??????????????? ? ??????- ??? ????????????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????? ? ????????, ????????? ??????? ? ??????????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ????????- ????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????????13. ?????? ????, ???????????? ? ???????- ????????? ????, ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????- ??. ?? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? ????????????? ?????- ????? ????????????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ??????- ???? ?????????????????. ?? ? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?????????? ????????????????? ???? ? ?????????? ???????????? ???????14 ???????? ??????????????15 ? ?? ?????????. ? ??? ??? ???????? ??????????????, ?? ? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????, ? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????????. ?? ????? ??? ??? ???????- ??? ?????????????? ?????????? ? ??????, ???? ????? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????. ? ?? ????? ????????????????? ??????- ???: ????? ???? ??????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ? ? ???????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????, ?????? ???????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????????? ?????16, ??????? ????????? ?? ??- ??? ??????????? ? ???????????? ?? ???????. ?????????? ?????? ???? ????, ??- ???????? ?????????. ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????? ??????: \u00ab???? ???? ????- ??? ?? ??????? ???????????, ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (?? ??.-????. \u00ab???????; ?????????\u00bb) \u2014 ????? ????????? ??????, ???????????? ???????? ??????????????. ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ?????? ? ???????????? ? ?? ????????? ????????. ??????? \u2014 ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????, ??????? ??? ????- ?????? ??????????. ?????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????????? ????? ?????- ??????? ???? ???????? \u2014 ??? ???????, ???????????? ???? ????? ? ?????????????? ?????- ??????? ??? ? ?????????. ? ???????? ????????? ????? ?????????????? ???????? \u2014 ????? \u2014 ??- ? ???????????? ???????, ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??????. ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????. ? ??????? ????????? ????? (? -??????) ? ??????. ????? (?-??????) ? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????????????? 13 ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ??????. ????? 14 http:\/\/milesmathis.eom\/g.html 15 \/\/milesmathis . com\/strong.html http: 16 http:\/\/pr.caltech.edu\/periodicals\/CaltechNews\/articles\/v38\/asymptotic.html - ??- ??? ?????? ??? ???. ????? ?????? ? ??????? v.38 ?? 2004 ?: https:\/\/caltechcampuspubs.library.caltech.edu\/view\/publication\/Caltech_News.html.","?????? ?? ????, ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????- ??? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ??????????\u00bb. ??- ???? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ???????????????, ?????? ?????????? ????- ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ? ???, ??? ??????? ?????????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????????, ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????. ?????? ????????, ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??????- ???????? ????? ????????, ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ???????, ? ????? ?????????????-???????????????? ????, ??????????? ????? ?????. ???????-?? ?? ? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ?????????????????. ????????, ?? ?????????? ????- ??????, ????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???- ??? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ??????????? ??????????. ??? ???????????. ? ? ???????????? ??- ???????? ?????????????? ???, ?????????? ????- ????- ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????, ??? ? ?????????? ??? ??- ???????????? ????, ?????? ? ??????????????? ??????! ? ????? ?????????? ???- ??? ????, ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ? ??????, ?? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????. ?????? \u2014 ???????, ??? ???????, \u2014 ??????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????????????? ????, ????- ????? ???? ?? ? ????????. ????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????- ?????? ?????, ? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????????. ? ?? ????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????, ????????- ?? ???? ?????????? ??????. ?????????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????????????????, ?????? ??? ??? ? ???? ???????????????? ????. ????- ??? ?????????????? ???????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????, ? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????????. ????????, ? 1964 ???? ??????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ????????? ???????, ??????? ??????????????? ?????????? ????. ???????? ?? ?????????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ??? ??????, ??? ????- ? ??????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????????? ????????. ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ???, ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ? ???? \u00ab???????\u00bb ???????? ??? ???????????: ??? ???????????? ? ???? ???????????, ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????????? \u2014 ? ???? ??- ?????? ?-???????, ? ???????? ?????????????, ?? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ????????????????? ? ??????????. ????, ???? ? ?????????? ???????????????? ??- ?????, ??????????? ??? ?????????????, ????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????- ?? . ?? ????????? ? ????? ??????? ???????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ???????????? ?????????????. ? ??? ?????? ??????, ??? ?????????- ??????????? ?? ?-??????? ???????? ??????????????? ???????? ????? ??? ????17 ? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????- ??? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ???, ?? ????? ????. ?????????????? ?? ??????- ????????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ???????????, ?????? ? ??????????- ???? ?????? ?????? ????????, \u00ab?????????????? ????, ??? ??????????????????? ?????? ????, ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???????????????? ?????, ???- ??????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ????????????????, ?? ????? ???? ???????- ??????? ?????????\u00bb (??????? ? ?????, 1973). ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ????, ? ??? ?? ????? ?????, ??? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????????- ???? ???????, ?????? ???????????? ???????. ????????? ????????????? ???????- ???? ??????????????? ???????, ? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????????. ? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??????????. ???? ?? ??????? ??- ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????????????? ??????????, http: \/\/milesmathis . com\/stack.html","?? ????? ?? ????????? ????????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ? ?????- ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ????????, ??? ????? ? ?????????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? \u00ab??????????\u00bb: \u00ab????? ? ? (? ????????? ????????) ?? ??????? ? ??????? q ?????????? -q2\/3, ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????????? (??? ?????????????) ?????????????. ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? s (?, ?????????????, ?????????? ????????? ?????- ??? ys)i ??? ????????? ? ?. ???????????? (ys)2. ????? ???????, ????? ? ??????- ??? ?????? (??? y = 2, ??? ? ?????? ???? \u2014 ??????) ????????? ? ?. ???????????? ????? 5?. = (-1\/3 + 22)q2 = 11\/3 q2; ? ? ????????? ????? \u2014 5]i = -[-1\/3 + (21\/2)2]q2 = -2\/3 q2 (?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??- ????????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????18) . ? ????? ?????? ???? ???????- ?? ???, ??? ??? ???????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????? ??????? ?????????? ? ????????????? ???????\u00bb19. ????? ????? ?????????? ? ??????? ????-??????? ?????????? ????????????? ???- ???, ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????????????. ???? ???????, ??? ?? ??? ????????- ????????? ??? ??????? ? ?????????? \u2014 ?????? ??????????? ??????????????? ???- ??????? ! ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ????????. \u00ab? ???...\u00bb ? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????, ????? ? ?????? ??????\u00bb ????? ?????????? ???????????, ??? ???????? ???. \u00ab? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????????? \u2014 ?? ????????? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ???????. ????? ??????????????? ?????????????? ???????????? ??- ??????? \u00ab? ????? ??????\u00bb ?????????? ???????????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????- ???????? , ??? ??? ????????? ????????. \u00ab???? ????????? ???...\u00bb \u2014 ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ?????? ????????? ????? ? ?????? ?? ???????????. ?????- ?? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??????, ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????- ???????????? ? ?????????????????. ??????, ????? ?????????????? ???????? ????- ?? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????????? ????????, ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????- ??? . ??????? ?? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???? ? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????. ? ?? ?????????, ??? ???-?????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ???- ???? ??? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ?? ?????? ? ???????????, ?????????????- ?? ?????????????? ????? \u00ab? ????? ??????\u00bb. ?????? ???? \u2014 ????????? ?????????. ?????? \u2014 ??? \u00ab?????????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????????????, ??? ?????? ???????? ??????????\u00bb. ?? ????? ?????? ? ?? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ???? ?? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????????, ? ????- ??????? ????????, ??? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ???? ???? ? ????? ?????. ?????- ? ??? ????- ?? ? ??? ????????? \u00ab????????????\u00bb ????, ? ????? ??? ??? ????????. ?? ????????, ????????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??????? ???? (?? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ?????????). ??? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ? ????????. ???????? ????????? 11\/3 q2 ? -2\/3 q2, q ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ?????. ?????, ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? 1973 ????, ??? ? ?????????, ???? ?????? ????? ???????, ? ????? ????. ? ?????? ???? ????? 1\/2, ? ????? ???? 2\/3, ???? -1\/3. ?????? ? ???????? ? ????????? (???????? ???????????????? ??????) \u2014 ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????, ?????????????? ?????????? ??????? 2\/3 ? -1\/3. ?????? ??? ????, ??? ?????? ??- ?????? ??????????, ???????? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????????? ????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? \u2014 ??????? ??? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????? ?????, ?? ???? ?????? (n+l\/2)h, ??? ?\u2014 ????? ?????, ah\u2014 ?????????? ??????. ??? ??????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????: ?? ??? ?????? ? ??????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ? July 2005. ???????, ? ????????? \u2014 ? ?????????. of Modern 19 Reviews Physics. Vol. 77. P. 844.","???????? ? ??????? ???? ??????. ? ?????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ???? -1\/3 ??? 2\/3, ??? ???????? ????? ??????. ? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????????????, ????? ??? ? ??? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????????????, ????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??????????, ?? ???? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ? ??????- ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????. ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????! ??? ??? ????????????? ?????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????????? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????. ????? ????????????????? ??????? ???- ??????????????? ????????????? ???????, ?? ?????? ???? ??????????????? ? ????? ???????. ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????, ??????? ????????????????? ? ??????? ??- ?????? ?? ?????. ????? ??? ?? ? ??????? ??? ????? ??????, ????? ? ????? ??- ????????? ??????. ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ?? ? ????????? ?????????. \u00ab????????\u00bb \u2014 ????? ???? ????????. ? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???- ?????????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????. ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ????????????? ???? ? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????. ??? ? ?? ???? ???- ??, ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????, ? 1\/2 ? ????????? ???????????. ???? ????? \u2014 ??? ???? ?????????????? ??????????, ? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ? ??????? ?? ????, ???????? ? ??????????????? ???????? \u00ab? ????? ??????\u00bb. ??? ? ??? ????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ?? ????????, ????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??????, ????????? ? ????? ??????? ? ????? ??? ???????? ????????. ?? ????? ?? ?? ???- ?????? ????????? ?? ????-???????? ? ?????????????? ??????, ??????????????? ???? ?????-?? ?????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????? ???????????????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????? ??????- ?????? . ? ??? ????? ?????????? ????. ? ? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????????????, ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?? ??????, ? ?????? ????????? ?? ????- ??? . ???? ? ???????, ??? ?????, ??????? ? ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ? ??- ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???? \u00ab??????????\u00bb, ?? ???? ????? ???? ? ???????? ? ?????????. ?????????????? ???- ??? ? ?????????????? ?????????? \u2014 ??? ????? ?? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ?????????????, ? ????????? ?????? ?? \u00ab????????????\u00bb ? ?? ??????? ??. ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????, ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ???- ????? ? ????????. ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ??? ????????- ?? ???????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ?????. ??? ?????????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ? ??????- ?? ? ?????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ??? ????? ???? ????????? ??????- ???? ? ?????????????? ????????. ??????????? 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???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????- ?????? ????????????? ??????????. ? ?? ???? ?? ????????, ??? ??????? ?? ?????- ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ? ????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???????, ?? ????????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ? ???????- ??. ??????????? ??????? ? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ? ????? ? ??? ?? ????? ??????????, ??? ????? ?????? ? ????????????? ??????????, ??? ?????? ??- ????????, ????????? ?????????????, ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????- ?? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????. ??? ? ????????, ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ????? ???????, ? ??????????? ?????? \u2014 ???? ??????????? ??????????????? ????????? ????????, ?????? \u00ab?????\u00bb ??????. ? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ? ????- ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????, ???????? ??????? ???? ? ??????????. ??? ??? ??????????????? ??????? ???????????? ????? 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(??. ??????). \u2014 ???????? ???????????????. \u2014 ?? ????????? ????. ?? ??????? ?????. \u2014 ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????. ? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??- ??????: ?? ??? . ?? ????? ?????. ? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ????. ??????? \u2014 ?? ???????? ? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ? ???, ??? ?????????? ?????? ? ????. ? ????? \u00ab?? ????\u00bb ? ????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???, ??? ? ?????. ??? ??? ????????.","?????-?? ????? ??? ????? ?????. \u2014 ?????? \u2014 ?????? ????????? ?????. \u2014 ??? ?? ??????????. \u2014 ????? , ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????????? \u2014 ?? ????, ??? ? ???????. \u2014 ?? ?? ????. ?????? ????????? ??????????? ????????, ? ????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??????- ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? \u00ab??????? ????????? ? ????????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????, ????? ??????\u00bb ? ??- ?? ??? ?? ???????, ??? ????? \u00ab????????\u00bb ??????? ? ?????. \u2014 ???? ??????? \u2014 ?? ?? ?????. ??, ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ? ????????, ????? ?????????? ?????- ??? ?? , ??????? ?????????? ???? ??????. ????? ???????. ??????? \u2014 ?????, ? ????? ? ???? ??? ?????. ?????? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????????. ? ???? ?????????? ???????????. ????? ?? ????? ?? \u00ab?????????\u00bb, ??? ???????? ????????? ???? ? ????? ???? ?? ???????, ????? ? ??????? ?? ?????????????. ?????????? ? ????, ????????? ???- ?? ?? ??? ??????????, ? ???? ? ???? ?????? ???????, ? ?????? ????????? ?????- ???, ??? ??????? ???-?? ?? ??? ?????????. \u00ab?? ?????? ? ????????\u00bb, \u2014 ??????????? ?? ????. ? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ???????, ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ? ??- ??? ????? ?????????, ????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????. ? ????? ?? ?????- ???????, ??? ?? ??????? ???-?? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ?? ??? ?????? ????, ??? ????? ???????? ?? ?????????. ? ??? ???? ???????- ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???????. ?? ? ?????, ???? ?? ?????, ????????????? ??????, ? ????? ?? ??????, ??????? ???????????, ??????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ? ?????. ?? ??????????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ????. \u00ab? ??? ?? ?????...\u00bb ????? ??? ? ????? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????- ???, ??? ???-?? ??? ???-?? ????????? ?? ????. ????????????? ???????. ??????... ???-??... ????????, ????????????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ? ??????, ? ?????? ??? ?? ?????????. ???? ????????????, ????? ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??? ???????. ??- ???????? ?? ??????????, ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????. \u2014 ??? ?????? \u2014 ??????? ?????. \u2014 ?? ????, ??... \u2014 ?????? ???-??????? \u2014 ???. ??? ???????? ? ???????. \u2014 ?? ??? ??????????? \u2014 ??????? ???????? ???. \u2014 ???????? \u2014 ???? \u2014 ? ???? ?????... ?????????? ???????. ?? ?????????. \u2014 ?? ???? ??????????? \u2014 ??, \u2014 ??????? ??. \u2014 ??? ????? ?? ?? ????. \u2014 ??? ???? ?????? ????, ?? ? ?????? ?? ???? ???-?? ??????. \u2014 ?? ????????????. ????? ?????? ???. \u2014 ???. ?????, ??? ???. ??? ?????????? ???????????? ? ???????, ???????? ??????? ???????? ????????. \u2014 ?????, ?? ?????????? ? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????, \u2014 ?????? ??????????, \u2014 ??????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????","?????? ?? ???????????. ???????? ?????????? ???????. ?????? ? ????? ????? ????? ????? ? ????????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. \u2014 ????? ??????? ???????. ? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ? ??????? ? ????????, ????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ????. ? ???????- ????... ??? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????... ??? ????? ???? ???-??... ??? ???-??... ???-?? ?????, ???? ? ?? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ????? ?????. ? ??????????? ??? ???, ???????? ???????... ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ????. ????? ???????, ? ??? ??? ???????, ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ????????, ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????. ? ?? ?????? ????- ???? ? ??????????? ???????, ????????. ? ???? ? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????. ?? ???? ???????? ???? ???????????? ????????????? ? ???????? ?? ???????, ???- ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??? ???- ????. \u2014 ?? ??? ??????????????. \u2014 ?? ? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ???? ?????????. \u2014 ?????? ? ????????. ???? ?? ?????????? ? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ? ???????. \u2014 ?????.. ????? ?????? ? ?????? ????? ????????-???? ? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????. ?? ??? ???? ????????? ?????. ????? ?? ?? ??????, ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ???????????. \u2014 ????? ????????... ????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ????... ????, ????, ????? ????. ????? ????????? ?????? ??????, ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????, ????????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????. ????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ????? ? ????????, ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ??- ???????? . ????? 21 ? ??????? L-???????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????: ????, ??????, ???????, ?????. ??? ???? ?????, ? ????? ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ??????? ? ??????? ???????. ? ???????????? ? ????????? ???- ??? ???-?????? ???-?? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ????????. ??? ???? ?????????? ??????, ???? ??? ??????????? ?????. ??????????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? L, ????????????? ????? ? ?????. ?????? \u2014 ?? ??????? ? ??????, ??????? \u2014 ? ?????? ??????? ????- ??? ????????. ????? ? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????, ? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????- ??? ???????. ??????????? ?? ???????, ???????????, ???????????, ? ???????? ?? ?????, ? ??????????????? ???????? ???????, ? ????????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ??????- ???? , ????????? ???, ????? ?? ??????? ? ???? \u00ab????\u00bb. ???? ??????? ?????? ? ??? ???????? ????, ???? ??????????? ? ??????: \u2014 ????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ?? ???? ? ???? ?????. ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????????? ??????, ????????? ??, ??????? ?? ????. ????? ???, ?????? ? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??? ????????. ??? ??????????? ??? ??????, ?????? ??????: 1. ??? ????? ?? ??????? ? ????????? ?????? 2. ?????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???, ? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?? ????? 3. ????? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??- ???","4. ???? ?? ? ??? ?????????????? ????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ????- ?? ????????????? ????????????????? 5. ???? ?????????????? ????, ????? ???? 6. ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??????????????? 7. ?? ?????-?????? ??????? ? ??????? \u00ab???????\u00bb? 8. ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????-???? ?????????, ????????? ???? ?????????????????? ????????? ? ????? ??????-??????? ????? ?????? ??????. \u2014 ?? ?????-?????? ??????? ? ??????? \u00ab???????\u00bb? \u2014 ???. \u2014 ? ? ????????? ???????????? ? ??????? \u2014 ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ? ??? ??????????. \u2014 ?????? ???????? \u2014 ??? ????????. \u2014 ????? ??????. \u2014 ? ?????-?? ?????. \u2014 ??????? ?? ????, ????????? ?? ??????????. \u2014 ?????? ?????, \u2014 ??????? ???. \u2014 ????????, ??? ??????, ??? ???-?? ?? ?????????? ??????? \u00ab???????\u00bb ???? ??- ?????????? ???????? . ??????? ????????? \u2014 ???, ??? ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???-?? ?? \u00ab???????\u00bb ??????? ?? ?????????? ?????... ? ????? ?????????????????? ? ???? ???- ??? \u2014 ????????, \u2014 ??????? ?????. \u2014 ?? ?? ??? ?? ???????. \u2014 ??????, ???? ????-?? ???????? ????????? ???????, ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??- ??????? ? ????? ??????? \u2014 ??? ???????. ????????, ?? ?????? ???????. ?? ? ?????, \u2014 ????????, \u2014 ???????? ?????. \u2014 ??? ???????. ??? ??? ???????????? ????????. ??? ?????? ???????? ???????, ?? ?? ????? ? ??? ???????? ??????????. ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ??? ????? ????? ???? ? ??????????? ? ?????, ??? ?????????? ??????, ? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ????????????. ? ??????? \u00ab???????\u00bb ????? ?? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ??????? \u00ab????\u00bb. ?? ???????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ? ??????????? ?????? ?????. \u2014 ??????????, \u2014 ???????????????? ??, ????? ?? ????? ??????? \u00ab???????, ????- ??? ?? ????\u00bb. \u2014 ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ???????????, ???? ? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ??????, \u2014 ???? ???????????? ????. \u2014 ??? ??? ????? ??????? \u2014 ????? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????. ????????? ?????????? ??????? ????? \u2014 ???????? ???????? \u2014 ??. \u2014 ???????? ?????? ????? \u2014 ???????. ???? ????????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????, ???? ????????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ?? ?? ????? ??????????? ? ????- ????? ? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????. ????? ??? ????????????, ???? ?????????... ?? ???????????- ???. ???? ?? ?????????? ??????????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????? ? ????????? ?????- ?? ???- ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? (??????????? ?????, ????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????), ? ??? ??????? ?????, ????????????? ???????. ???????? ?????, ?????? ????.","\u2014 ????, \u2014 ????????? ? ??????. \u2014 ???? \u2014 ? ?????, ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????, ??? ? ??, ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????. ???? ?? ? ??? ???- ??????????? ??????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??????, ? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ???? ? ????????????. ?? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???- ?? ????? ? ? ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ? ???, ??? ????? ? ?????, ?? ???, ??? ??? ?????, ??????? ? ?????????. ???? ?? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????- ??? ???????????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????. \u2014 ?? ???? ?? ??-???????? ????. \u2014 ??. \u2014 ?? ???????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ? ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????????. ?? ????? ? ???-?? ?????????? \u2014 ???? ? ???? ???? ???????? ??????????, \u2014 ??????? ?????. \u2014 ??, ????????, ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? \u2014 ?????????? ? ??????? ??????. ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????. ? ???? ???? ? ??????, ??? ????? ?? ??- ??, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????. ? ?????, ? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????, ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ?????- ?????. ????? ?? ???????, ??? ? ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????, ????? ??????- \u2014 ?? ? ???????? ?????????. ????????, ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????... ???????? ????? ????? ????... \u2014 ????????, ????? ?????? ??? ???-????????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????, ???????? ? ?????. ??, ???? ?? ????????? ? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???-?????????, ???-????? ??????, ????????? ????????????- ?? ???? ?????? ? ??? ??????, ???? ??????, ??? ???? ???? ? ??????? ?????????- ???????? ????????. ????? ????, ????????? ? ??? ?????? ??????????, ????? ??? ??????, ??? ??? ????????. ?? ? ? ???? ?? ??????. ? ??? ????? ?????????? ???- ???????? ? ???, ??? ? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????. ????????? ??????? \u2014 ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ? ???????????????? ????????? ?? ????????, ????? ??? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ??????. \u2014 ? ??? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????. \u2014 ???? ? ??? ?? ???. ????? ????????? ??????? \u2014 ?????? ? ?? ??????? ??????? ???-?? ?????, ???? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????. \u2014 ?????? \u00ab???????\u00bb? ????? ????? ????, ???????????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ??????? ????. ??????? ??????. ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ? ???? ???? ????????- ??? ????? ? ?? ????. ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ???????????- ??. \u2014 ?? ??????? ???????... ?????? ??? ? ???? \u2014 ??, ?????? ?????, ????? ?? ??????, ?? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ??- ??? ??????? ???????, ?????? ? ??????????, ??????? ???????. ? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ? ???????????, ????????????? ??????????, ??? ? ????? ?????? ???- ?? . ? ? ?????? ?? ?? ??????????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ????? ????? ??????. ? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??????. ???????. ????. ? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????? ??????. ???? ??????- ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???????, ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ??????, ???? ??????????? ? ??????. \u2014 ?? ???????, ?????? ?????????, ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????","\u2014 ??? ????????. \u2014 ? ??????? ??, ???? ?????? ?? ???????. \u2014 ?????? ???? ?\u2014 ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ?????, ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ???-?? ??????? \u2014 ??? ??????, ??????? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????. ???? ???????. ???????? \u2014 ? ?? ???? ????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ????- ?? ??????, ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???-?? ? ???? ????. \u2014 ? ????????. ??????? ????... ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? \u2014 ??? ??- ????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ???. ???? ??????, ????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ?????. ??????????? ?????? \u2014 ????????????, ???? ????- ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ??, ??? ??? ?????. ???? ? ??????? ???????????, ???? ??? ?????????? ???????, ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????, ????????? ? ?????? ????????. ? ????? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ????. ????????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ????- ??? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ???????? ?????????, ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ??????, ??????????? ???? ????? ??????, ? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????- ????. ???? ????????????. \u2014 ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ?????????? ???????- ?????????????? ????? ???????? ???????, ? ????? ????????? ?????????, ?? ??- ?? ????? ???????? ?????. ????????? ??????????? ? ???? ????? ?? ??????. ???? ??? ???-?? ????? ???????, ?? ???????. \u2014 ?????, ? ????? ???????, ????? ??????????? ?? ? ??????. \u2014 ?? ???? \u2014 ?? ?????? ???????????, \u2014 ?? ????????? ????. \u2014 ??? ????? ??????- ?????????, ??????? ? ??????????????. ???? ??? ???-?? ? ???????, ?? ?????? ??- ???????? ?? ??? ??-??????, ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????????. ????- ?? ????????? \u2014 ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???????????. \u2014 ??, ?????? ?????, ?????. ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ??????- ???????? ???? ????? ??????. \u2014 ? ???? ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????????, ??? ???- ????? ???????? \u2014 ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ???????????. ????? ??????? ??????, ??????????? ?????? ???????? \u2014 ??? ???? ???????????, ??? ??- ??????? ????? ????????? ? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???, ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ? ?????. \u2014 ?? ???????, ??? ? ???? ???? ???? ????????. ???????, ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?? ? ???????? ????? ????????, ?? ??? ????????? ? ????????? ??? ?? ????????. ?????, ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????????? ?????? ???????????? ??????, ??? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???????. ? ????? ???????? ????????- ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??????????. \u2014 ???... ???????????. \u2014 ?? ????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????, ??????????? ???????? ?? ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????????? ? ????? ???, ???, ???? ????, ????????? ????? ????? ? ???????????? ????. ??????? ??????? ????? ???????. \u2014 ? ?? ????... ?????? ???????????... ??????? ???????... ??????? ?? ??????????. \u2014 ??? ???? \u2014 ???. ??, ??????? ? ??????, ?? ???????? ??????. ? ?? ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ??? ??? ? ?????????. ??? ????? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ?? ????? ???- ???, ??????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ??????????. ??? ????- ??? , ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????. \u2014 ? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? \u2014 ????? ????????? \u2014 ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ???, ??? ?? ????? ??????."]
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