["?????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ????? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ???- ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????????. ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??????. ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ?????????, ?????????? ? ?????? ??????????. ??? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? \u00ab????????\u00bb, ?????????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????- ??? ??????. ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????. ???????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ? ??? ?????????? ????? ????. ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????????. ?????, ??? ??????? ????????? ???????????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ? ???? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????. ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ? ???????????. ??? ??????????, ??????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????. ? ?????????? ? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ??????? ????????? ? ????????????? (?? 10 ????? ????????). ?????? ??-?? ????? ????????????? ??- ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ????????. ???- ??????????? ???? ?????? ? ???????????. ????????? ???????? ????? ??????. ????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????. ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????????????? ??- ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ??????.","???????? ? ?????????. ? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????, ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? (?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??- ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????????), ??????? ??- ? ????? ????? ?? ???????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ??????. ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????. ?????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ?????, ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????? - ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ????, ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????????. ? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????????????????. ???? ???????? ??????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ??????- ??. ????? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????. ???-?? ????????? ?????????? ? ??????????????? ?????. ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????. ????????? ?? ??????? ? ????- ???? ????????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????- ????. ???????? ??? ? ????????? ??????????, ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????- ???? ???????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ?? ?????? ???????. ?????? ?? ??? ????? ??- ?????, ???? ???? ?????, ????? ????????? ?????????. ?????? ???? ??????????, ??? ????????? ??????? ?? ? ????? ?????????. ????? ?????? ? ??????? ??????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????? ??- ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????????? ?????. ???????? ??? ?????????, ???? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????. ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ??????-?????????? ???????, ?? ????? ???- ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????????. ????????? ????-??????, ????? ??????? ????? ????????????. ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??- ?? ? ????? ? ??????????, ????????? ??????????? ??????????? ????????.","?????????? ????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ?. ??????? - ??????? ?????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ? ????, ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????????, ???????? ????? ??????? ? ????????. ?????? ????????- ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????????????? ????????. ???????????. ??????? ?????? - ??? ??????, ????????????? - ????????. ??????????? ? ???? ?????????? ????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????? ???- ??????. ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ?? ??????????????? ??? ??????????? ???- ???????????? ??????????- ???? ???????, ??????????? ? ???????????? ????? ???","??????, ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????. ???????? ????? ???? ???????, ?? ?? ?????????- ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????. ???????????: \u2022 ??????? - ???????????? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ??????????? ???????. \u2022 ??????????? - ???????????\/?????????? ???????? ??????????????? ?? ???????- ??????? ???????. \u2022 ???????????? - ?????????? ???? ???? ?????, ???????? ???????????????, ????- ??????? ??? ??????????? ??????????. ??????? - ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????????? ? ????????? ????? ? ??????- ?????, ??? ????? ???????? ??? ???????, ? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ? ????????? ?????????. ?? ???? ?? ??????????????, ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????, ?? ???????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ? ??????. ??????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ? ?????????????, ?? ?? ???????????. ??????, ???????????? ?? ?????????. ?????? ???????????? ? ????????????, ??????? ????? ???? ??????, ??- ?? ?? ??????????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?? ??????????????? ??????. ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????- ????. ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ??-?? ????- ??? ???????????, ????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????. ???????????? ????- ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????????- ???? ????????. ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????, ??? ??????????? ???????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????, ????????? ??? ????????. ???????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ??? ???????. ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ????. ??? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ??????????? ?? ????????, ??????? ?? ?????? ????????????. ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????????? ??????? ? ????????????? ???????????? ?????? ? ???????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ? ??????. ??? ???????? ????? ???????? ?????????????, ??????? ????? ???? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ? ???????? ??????? ? ????. ????? ????, ????????? ?????? ? ?????- ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ??????, ??- ????? ? ??????????? ????? ????????? ? ? ????. ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????- ?? ???????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ????????, ?????????? ???????, ??? ???????, ??????????? ?????, ??? ??? ???, ?? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ??- ?????? ????????? ?? ???????. ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????, ?? ??????? ?????? - ??????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????????????. ?????? ??????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????- ?? ????? ????????. ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????????????? ???????? ???????, ????????? ??? ????????? ????????. ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????, ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ?????????, ????? ??? ??????? ????? ? ????????????","??????. ???????????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????, ???????? ? ??- ??????????. ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ? ????????????? ? ???- ?????? ??????????? ????????????, ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ? ???? ????????, ??????? ???????????? ? ???????????? ????????????. ???????????? ?? ????????- ???? ??? ??????? ?????? ? ????, ????????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ? ?????????? ?????, ????????. ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????, ????? ????????????? ???????? ? ?????????. ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????????, ??????? ????????? ??? ?????: ????????????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? \u2022 ?? ?????????? ?????? ? 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(?? ????? ????). \u2022 ?????????? ??????? ?????????, ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????. \u2022 ????? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ? ????????? ????????. ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????1 - ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ????????????. ?? ????? ?????????. ?? ??? ??????, ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????????? - ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????, a Powder Brewery Wash (PBW) ?? Five Star Chemicals, Inc. ?????? ?? ???. ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????, ??????? ??????????? ???? ????????????? ? ????????????? ???????? ????????, ????? ??? ???? ? ????????, ??????? ??????? ???????? ???- ????? ????? ?????????. ? ?????????, ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ????. ??? ????? ????????? ???, ??? ??????????? ????????????. 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CTSP ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????, ?? ??? ??? ???????? ? ????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????. (????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ????, ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????.) ????????????? ????????????? - ???? ???????? ????? ?? 4 ? ??????? ????. ???????? TSP ? CTSP ?? ??????? ??- ??????? ??? ??????????? ????? ????, ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ???- ???????? ?????? (???????????????? ????) \u2014 ?????????????? ??????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? Na2C03.","??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????, ??? ???????? ???????? ????????? ???- ???? ??? ?????? ??????? (??????). ??????, ?? ????????. ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????- ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????, ?? ???? ????????? ????????- ???: \u2022 ????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ??????????? ????? ???? ???????. ??? ?????? ? ?????? ?????????? \u2022 ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????????, ??? ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????. \u2022 ???????????? ??? ????? ? ????????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????- ????? ? ????. ????????? ??????? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??- ????, ??? ????????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????? ????? ?? ????- ?????? ; ??????????????? ????????? ?????. ??????????? ???????? ???????????- ???? ?????, ??????? ???????? ????????. ?? ??????????? ?????, ?????? ????? ? ????? ? ??????? ??????, ????????, ???- ?? ????? ???????????? ?????????????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????, ?? ?? ??? ??????. ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? (NaOH), ?? ???????? ?????- ???- ??? ????????????, ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????????????????? ?????? ???????? , ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????????? ????. ????? ??????????? ????????? ????? 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Star ????????? ????, San. ?? ???????? ????????? ? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? Star San ????? ??- ? ????? ??? ???????????. ???????? ? ??????? ?? ????, ????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????- ??? ??? ????????? ???????????. ??????? ? ??????????? ???? ? ??????? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????????- ??. ???? ? ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???? ? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????, ????- ?? ???????????, ????????, ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ??- ?? ?? ????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????2, ????- ?????? ??? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????. ??????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? (????? 3% ???????) ??????? ??????????? ? ??- ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????, ????? ??? ? ??????? 15 ????? ??? ????????? ???????????. ?????? ?????????? ??????????-?????? ????, ????????? ??? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????, ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ? ???? ? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????????????, ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ????????. ??????? ??????????? ????? ? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????- ????? ????????. ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ? ???????????? ??????? ????- ???? , ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???- ????? ? ? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????. ?? ???????? ???????? ?? ???- ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????- ??????? ????????????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ????????. ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????, ???????. ? ????? ?????????? ????????3 ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??- 2 \u2014 ??????? ??? ????????????????? ????? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ???????? ???????- ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ???????? ????, ?????? ? ??????????? (???????, ??? ?????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????), ??????, ????????, ?????? ? ?????? ?????????. (?? ??.-????. \u00ab??????\u00bb + ???. acidus \u00ab??????\u00bb) \u2014 ????????????? ?????????, 3 ?????????-????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ???????????????? ???????????","??, ????????? ? ??????????? ?????. ? ??????????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ????????? ? ??????- ?? ?? ??????????? ?????. ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????. ??????????? ? ???????????? ? ?????????? ????????????? ? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????. ??????????????? ???????? ???????????? (???????) ????? ??????? ? ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????, ??????? ??????- ????????? ???? ????? ?????????? 1 ???????? ????? ???????????? ?? 4 ? ????. ????????? ??????????? 20 ?????, ? ????? ?? ????????. ??????????, ??-????????, ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ????????????, ?? ?????? ????????, ??????? ????, ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ?????, ????? ???? ????????? ? ?????????? ??- ???????? ??????? ?? ?????. Star San Star San ???????? ????????? ??????????????? ????????? ? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ????????????? ????????????. ??? ???? ?????????? 30 ?????? ??????? ????????, ? ?? ?? ??????? ????????. ? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????- ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????????, Star San ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????- ????????? 30 ?? ?? ????? ????????????: 20 ? ????. ??????? ????????? ? ??????? ? ???????????? ? ????????????, ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????- ??, ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ? ??????. ???????? ??? ?? ??- ???????? ??? ?????????? ? ???????. ????? ????, ????????????-???????? ??????- ??, ???????????? ? Star San, ?? ???????? ?? ????????????? ????, ??? ??, ????- ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????? ?????????. Star San ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????, ? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????? ? ??????? ?????????? ????. ? ? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????????; ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ?? ?????? (???) ??????????? ??????? ??? ???????????????? ????????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ?????? ??????? ????- ?????? ??? ? ???????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??????????????. ?????? ? ?????????????????? ??????????? ?????- ?????. ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????- ????????, ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ????. ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????, ??????????? ????????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ? ?????? ??????????? ????. ? ??- ?????? ???????? ??????????? ??????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????? ??- ? ???????, ??????????????, ?????? ?02?? ???????? ??????, ???????? ??????????, (???- ?????? ??????) , ?02?? (????????? ????????) , ??2?? (????????? ???????) ? A02AD (???- ??????? ?????????? ????????, ??????? ? ??????), ? ????? ??????, ?????????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????????? ???????????: ????????????, ??????????????, ?????? ?????????- ??? ? ???????.","???? ? ??? ????? ?????? ? ????????? ?????????, ? ???????? ????? ? ? ???????- ?????. ????? ?????????????? ???????????????? 0,1-0,5 % ??????? (10-50 ?? ???- ???????? ?? 10 ?. ???????? ????). ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ??????- ???????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????, ???????- ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ? ???????? ?? 20-30 ?????. ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ? ?????????????? ???????????. ??????? ??? ?? ???????????, ??? ??? ? ???????????????? ??????- ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??? ? ???????? ??????????? ? ???? ?? ?????, ???? ? ????????, ? ???? ???????? ?????- ???? ?? ?????????? ?????, ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ???????????. ?? ????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????, ??????? ??? ?? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ? ????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????, ???? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? ???? ? ??????? ??? ????????. ??????????????? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????, ???????, ??????????? ????? ? ????????, ?? ??? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ???? ? ??????, ?????????? ?????????????. ??????? ? ???? ????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ?????????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ??????- ?? ? ????????????? 37%, 6% ? 3 %. ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????????????, ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????????. ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???????? 6% ???????, ??? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??? ????????. ???? 6% ??????? ????? ?? ???????, ?? ????? ????????? 37% ? 5-6 ?????? ????. ??? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ? ????????? ?? ?????? ???. ?????? ????? ??, ??? ? ? ???: ?? ???????? ????? ?????????, ????? ?????? ???? ? ?????, ??????????, ????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????????.","????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????????????, ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????????? ????. ??? ?? ??, ??????, ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ? ????????? ????????-????????-???????????. ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ???? ?? ?? ???????? ????????, ??? ??? ? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ?? ????????? ??? ????????????? ? ??????????? ???????, ?? ?? ??????? ???????????, ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ? ???????? ???????????. ? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ??????????? ??? \\\"?? ???????\\\", ? ??-?? ??????? ????????? ? ???????????????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ?? ????????????. ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ??????- ?? ????? ??????? ???????? 70 % ???????. ??? ???? ???????????? ????????? ? ????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ?? 50 ?? 95 %, ?????? ????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????. ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???????????. ??? ????????????? ????????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????????? ?? ????????????? ?? ???? ????????. ??-??????, ?? ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ????????????, ????- ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ????. ? ??-??????, ??? ??????? ??????- ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ????, ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????, ? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ????? ? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????????? ???????????? ????????????, ????- ????? ??? ? ?????????????? ?????-????????? ????. ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ???????????. ??? ??? ????????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? (10 ??) ????????? ???? ???????????? ? 20 ?????? ???????? ????, ? ????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ??????? 30 ??? ? ?????????? ????????. ???????????? ??????????????????? ????????? - ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????, ? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ???????. ??? ???? ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ???????, ????????? ????????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????????. ????? ?????????????? ?????????- ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ??? ??????. ??? ???????????? ????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????? (???????), ??? ? ??? (????????, ?????????? ??? ????????????? ??????). ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????, ??? ??? ??? ??????????? ? ????????????, ?? ?????? ???????? ?????????? ???. ?????? ????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? - ? ????? ???????. ????? ????????????? ???????, ?????????? ? ????????????? ???- ????, ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????. ????????? ????? ??????????, ????? ??- ????? ????????? ????????? ???????????. ???? ????????????????? ??????? ????????, ???????, ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????????????, ? ?? ?????? ???????????, ??? ??? ???????????. ??? ?????- ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ??????","? ????????????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ??????. [???????????|????????????????? |170\u00b0C 60 ??? |l60\u00b0C 120 ??? |l50\u00b0C 150 ??? 140\u00b0 ? 180 ??? |l20\u00b0C 12 ????? (????) ????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ? ?????????????? ????? ??- ???? ?, ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???????????, ????? ???- ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ? ?? ????? ????????. ??? ????????? ???- ????????, ???? ??? ????? ?????????. ??????? ???? ??????????: ?? ????????-???????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???- ????? ??????? ???????????? ? ???, ??? ??, ??????? ??????? ?? ???????????????. ?????????, ? ?????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????????? ????, ?? ????? ? ???? ??????????- ??? ????????? ??? ??????????. ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???????????? ?????????. ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ?????????? ???????????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????, ??? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????. ???????? ?????????? ???????, ?????????????? ?? ???????????? ????? ???- ????????? ? ????????? ??? ??????????, ?????????? 20 ????? ??? 125 ? ? 1,3 ???4 (20 psi) . ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????, ?? ?? ??? ?????- ???????, ??????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????, ????? ?? ????????????? ????????????? ???????. ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ???????????. ??????? ? ?????? ???????????? ? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????. ????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????-???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????. ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????, ??- ????? ????????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????. ???? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ????? ???? ??????? ????????. ?????? ? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????????, ?? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???????????. ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????????, ???????? ?? ? ?????? ???????? ???????????? (???????) ??? ? ??????? ??????????? ? ????????????? ?????? (????????, PBW, ??????? ?. ?.?.) ? ??????? ??? ??? ????, ????? ???????? ???????? ???????????. 4 \u2014 ???????????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????. ??? ???? ??? ????? 105 ??.","????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???????, ????? ??????? ???????. ? ????? ????????? ????????????? ?????? ??????? ? ???????, ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????????. ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????????????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ?? ???- ?????? ????????, ?????????? ? ???? ??????. ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ???. ????????? ??????????? ??????? ? ???????????? 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Star San \u2122 2 ???????? ????? ?? 20 ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????????. ????????????? ??????. ????? ??????????????; ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????. ???????????? ???????????? ????? ??????????????? ???????????? ?? 20 ?????. ??? ?? ?????????? (???????) 1 ???????? ????? ?? 4 ????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????????? ?? 1 - 3 ???????? ????? ?? 20 ??????. ????? ??????????? ? ??????? 20 ????? ? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? 6% ????? ??????????? ? ??????? 20 ????? ? ?? ????????? ? ????????. ?????? ???????? 70% ????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ?? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ?????????????? ??? 1 ???????? ????? 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(?????? ??????? ??????????? ? 1974 ?. ? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????). ????????? ????????? ?????????, ?????- ?????????????? ? ????- ???? ? ??????????, ??????? ???????? ? ?????????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ? ?? ?????? ????????????, ????- ?????? ???????????????. ??????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? \u2014 ????????????????? ??????? ??????, ???????????? ??????, ?????, ????????, ????????, ???????????- ?????, ??????????? ? ???????????? ???????. ????? ???????, ????????? \u2014 ??? ??- ???????? ??????. ?????????? ???? ?????? ? ????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ????? ?????????????, ???????????? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????????????? ??????????????. ?????? ?????????, ?????? ? ???????????? ? ???????????? ?????- ????, ???????? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ? ?????????? XXI ?. ??- ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ? 2007 ?. ????? ????? ??????? ?? \u00ab?? ????????????, ?????????????? ? ?????????????? ? ?????????????\u00bb.","???????????? ?????????? \u00a3'.\\\"-: :\u2022' ? ???- ??????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????-??????? ??-?????????? ?????????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ?????, ? ???????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ^*_?\u00a3\\\"> | 1 1 I 1 I I 111| 1 1 1 I I I 1111 1 1 1 I I I 1?| 1 1 I I 1 I I ?| 1 1 I I I I I ?| 11 ?? 1 ?? 10 ?? 100 ?? 1 ??? 10 ??? ? ?_L-L\u00b1 ??????????????? Vii' ?? ????? ??????? ? ???????????????????, ??????????, ? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ????????? ??????????","? ??? ?? 2007 ?. ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ? 1 ??????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????????, ?????????????? ? ??????????. ?????? ?????, ??????????? ???????????, ????????? ???? ??? ? ??? ????, ??????? ? 2008 ?. ?????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???: \u00ab? ????? ??????- ???? ??? ??????? ?????: ???? ?????????? ????? ???????, ?????? \u2014 ????? ??????- ??? , ?????? \u2014 ????? ???????\u00bb. ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ????, ??? ?????????? ??- ???????????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ? ?????. ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????. ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. ? 1638 ?. ?? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????? \u00ab?????? ? ?????????????? ????- ?????????? ???? ????? ????\u00bb, ? ???????, ????????? ? ????????? ?????? ? ?????- ??????? ????? ???????? ?????, ???: \u00ab???? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ?????- ????, ???????, ??????, ? ??? ???? ????, ????? ? ??????? ???????????, ?? ??? ????? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ???, ?, ?????????????, ??? ????? ?????, ????????. ?? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????, ? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ? ??????? ? ??? ????, ?? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ? ?????? ????, ?, ?????????????, ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????????????? ??- ??????...\u00bb1 . ?????? ???????? ?????????, ??? ????????? ???????, ??????????? ????????, ???????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ? ???, ??????????? ? ????- ???, ???? 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(?????) ? ?????????? ?????. 1 ???????. ???????? ?????????? ???????. \u2014 ?.: ?? ????, 2008. \u2014 256 ?. ??????","?????????? ???????? ? ???????????? ????????? ??????. ??? ??, ??? ? ? ????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????. ??????? ?????? ????????: ????????? ?????? ????????? ? ????????? (? ???? ??????!) ????? ??????? ??????- ???? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ? ??????????? ??? ???????! ?????? ? ?????? ??????. ?????????? ???????? ???????? ? 1857 ?., ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? (?????- ????????????? ??????: ??? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????- ???, ??????) ??? ??? ??????? ??????????? ? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???, ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ?????? (???, ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????? ???????? (10~10 ?) ? ??- ??????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ???????). ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ??- ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????, ? ? 1880 ?. ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??, ?? ??? ? ???????. ????? ??? ??????, ? ???????? XX ?. , ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????????, ??? ?????????? ???- ??????, ? ??????? ?? ????????. ? ?????? XX ?. ?????? ? ??????? ???????? ????????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????????. ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ????????? ?????- ????? ???????? ??????-??????? ?. ?. ????????. ? 1930-? ??. ? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????????? \u2014 ??????- ?????? ??????????? ????????? ????????, ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????- ?????? ?????????. ??? ?? ?????, ?????? ?? 1980-? ??. ? ????????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????, ? ???? ???? ? ???????? ??? ???????: ?????- 1. ?????????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????????, ?????? ?? ??????? ? ???? ???? ?????? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????????, ??????????? 2. ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? \u2014 ?????? ? ????????? ?????? ???????????. ????????? ????????? ???? ??????????? ? 1959 ?. ???????? ?????????, ? ? 1981 ?. ???????????? ????? IBM ?????? ???????? ? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????????- ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????- ???? (???) \u2014 ?? ?????? \u00ab?????????? ???\u00bb ? ???????, ?? ? ??????????? ??? ???- ????? ???????????? (??????????????). ? ??? ????????????? ?? ??????? ???- ???????? ???????? ???? ? ???????? ???????? ????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????- ?????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????. ???? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ??","????????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ???? ? ???????? ???. ??????? ???? ???, ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????????? ???????????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? (????????? ??????? ?? ???????????), ?? ????????? ??? ????????? ? 1989 ?. ???? ??????? ????????? ????????? IBM ?? 35 ?????? ???????. ??????? IBM ?? ?????? ??????? (???????????? ?????????). ? 2007 ?. ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????????????? \u00abJournal of Minerals, Metals and Materials Society\u00bb (???) ???? ??? ?????? ? ?? ?????? ? ?????? 100 ???????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????, ????????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? \u2014 ?? ?????????? ?????????? ???????? (????? 28 ???. ??? ?? ?. ?.) ?? ????? ????. ? 1993 ?. ??????? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ?? IBM ????? ?????? ? ???? ??? ????- ?? ??? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? \u00ab???? ??????????\u00bb, ??????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? (\u00ab????????? ?????\u00bb ??? ????????????? ???). ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ? ?????????????, ???, ????????, ? ????. \u00ab????????? ?????\u00bb ???????, ?????? ? ????? (???????????? ?????????).","?????? ???, ? ??????????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? \u2014 ??????? ???????, ??????????? ??????????? ? ?????????????? ???????????. ?????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? \u2014 \u00ab??????-????\u00bb, ??? \u00ab?? ???????? ? ????????\u00bb (??? ? ????????????? ?. ???????, ?. ????????, ?. ??????? ??? ? ??????????) ? \u00ab?????-?????\u00bb. ? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????????????. ?? ?????? \u2014 ??????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? (??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????- ???????? ???????????). ? ??????? \u00ab?????-?????\u00bb ????????? ? ?????????? ??????, ? ????? ????????? ????????, ??? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????????? ?????????? ? ????????- ??????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? (??????, ?????? ?????????? ? ??????- ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????? ???????- ?????? ?????). ? 2009 ?. ????????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ????. ???????????? ?????? ???????????? ????????? ???- ??????? ?????????, ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ?? ??????????? ????, ??? ???????? ?????????, ???????????? ? ?????????? ?? ? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????- ???????? ? ??? ?????, ? ??? ???????. ??????? ?? ??????????????????, ??????? ???????? ???????, ?? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? S ? U\u2014 ???????? ????- ????????? ????????????. ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? \u00abIBM\u00bb ?? ?????? ???????: ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?????????????? ? ?????????? SU \u2014 Stanford University. ?????? ???? \u2014 ????????. ??????????? ????. ?? \u00ab?????\u00bb ? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (???????????), ????????? (??????) ? ???????- ??? (??????????) ???????. ???? ? ??? ? ??? ?????????? ????????? ????????? \u2014 \u2014 ???????????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ????, ? ????????? ????? ???????? ? ????????????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????????, ????????? ?? 103-105 ?? ?. ??????????? ?? ?????-???? ?????????????. ????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????????????????? ?????????? (Si, CdSe, InAs ? ??.), ?? ? 2006","?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????, ???????????? ??- ? ??????- ????????? ? ?????????? ????????. ?????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????. ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????. ?????????? ??? ? ?????????????. ?????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????????? ?? ????- ????? ?????????????? ????????? \u2014 ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ????????. ???????- ??? ?????????????? ? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????????: ???????- ? 1014 ?????????? ???? ????????????? ????????????? (?????? ???), ??????? ??- ?????? ? ??????? ? ??????????, ????? ??????????? ??? ?????????. ??????, ? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???????????? ???????? ??????, ?????????????? ? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????????????? (????????, ????? ???????? ???????-???????????? ? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ? ????? ? ?????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????????). ? 1985 ?. ??????? ?????, ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? \u2014 ???????? ???, ????????? ^0,7 ??, ??????? ????????????- ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????. ??????? ????? ??????????? ????, ???????? Ceo ??????????? ??????? \u2014 ? ????? ??? ??????? ? ? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? \u2014 ?? ????????? ????????????? ?????????. ???????? (?????) ? ??? ??????? ? ???????.","??????, ??????? ?? ?????????????????? ???????? ??????????2 ??????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ?????: ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? ? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ???????? ???????-????????? ????? ?????? ? ??????????? ????????????? ? ??????? ????????? ????? ???????? ?????- ???, ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????. ???????????? ??????, ????????? ?????? ????? ????????, ???????????? ?????? ? ????????? ???????, ????????????? ??????? ???????????: ??? ?????? ???????? ??- ??????????? ??????????? ???????????, ??????????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ??????????, ? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ????????????? ???- ????????? . ??????? ????????? ???????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ??? ??????????????- ???, ??????, ???????????? ? ???? ??????? ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?????. ? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????, ??? ??????- ????? ????????? ? ???????? (????????, ??? ????? ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????, ??????, ??? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????- ??? ?????); ?????????????????????, ?????????? ? ??????????? ????????????????? ?? ?????????? ??????????, ? ??????????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??? ? ?????????? ???????? (??????????????? ????????). ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????????? ??????????. ? ?????? 1990-? ??. ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? \u2014 ??????????????? ???- ?????, ? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ? ?????? ? ????????? ??????? ???????? ????? 1,5 ??. ?????????, ??? ????????, ???????????? ??????? ???????- ??, ???? ??????????????????? ????? ?????? \u2014 ????????? \u2014 ????????, ?? ??????- ??? ? ??????????????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ???? ????????????? ???! ?????- ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ? ?????????? ????? ????????????? ????????? ?????????? ????????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ?? ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ? ??????????, ??????? ? ???????, ?. ?. ? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????????????.","??????, ??????? ????? ???? ????????? ??? ???????, ??? ? ??????????. ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ???????? ???????? K3C6o, Cs3C6o ? ??., ? ???, ? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????????????????. ??-?? ???????? ???????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????? ???????????? ? ?????????? ? ???? ???????, ? ????? ???????? \u2014 ? ???? ????????. ? ????? ????? ???????, ??- ???????? , ???????????? ??????????. ??????????????? ????????? Cs3C6o \u2022 ????????, ?????? ????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ? ???????????? ???????? ?????, ?????? ? ?. ?. ??- ????, ? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? \u00ab???????\u00bb ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ? ???????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????????? (?????- ???, ?????????????????? ??????? ??? ????????? ???, ???????? ??? ? ?????????, ????? ?????????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????? ? ?. ?.). ??? ?????? ? 2002 ?. ???????? ?????? ????????, ??? ???? ? ????? ??????- \u00ab??????\u00bb ?????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?? ????- ??? ??????? ??????, ?? ?????????? \u00ab???????????? ??????\u00bb, ????? ?????????????? ???? ? ????? ? ?????????? ??????. ?? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?? ? ?????? ??- ????, ??????? ???????????? ?????????? (\u00ab????????-??????????\u00bb). ? 1992 ?. ???- ???? ???????? ?????????? ?????????, ? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ???? ???- ?????????? ??????. ????????? \u2014 ???????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?24, ?28, ?3?, ?????????. ????? ?? \u00ab????????????\u00bb ??????? ?32 (?????? ?????????) , ??????? \u2014 ?5?, ?7?, ?????????????? \u2014 ?16? C1Qr C82, ?84, ?9?, ?96? ??2\/ ???\/ ??? ? ???? ?????????-??????? \u2014 ?24?, ?540, ?9?? -","?????????? ???????? ?540 \u2022 ? 1991 ?. ????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? 150 ?? ???- ??? (????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ? ??????????? ??????????, ??????, ??? ?????????? ?? ???????, ???? ???????? ??? ? 1952 ?. ??????????? ??????-??- ?????? ?. ?. ???????????? ? ?. ?. ????????????) . ?????????? ??????? ? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????: ??????? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??- ??????? ????? \u2014 ?? 18 ??. ???????????? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? (???- ????????) ? ?????? ??????????, ? ?????? ? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????- ?????? ????????. ????????, ?????????? ????????? ????? 1 ?? ??????????? ???? ????? 20 ????, ??? ? ????????? ? ????? ?????? ?????????? (1,3-1,4 ?\/??3) ? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????????????? ??????????. ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????????? \u2014 ??????? 3??, ??????????? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???????. ?????????? ????????? 2 ?? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ????????. ????? ?????????? ?????- ????? ???????? ??????????????, ?. ?. ? ??? ????? ????????? ????????? ??????- ???? ???????????. ? 2009 ?. ?????? ????????, ??? ?????????? ?????????? \u2014 ?????? ???????????, ???????? ??? ???????. ????????????, ??? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ??- ????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ??? ?????. ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????! ??????? ???????????, ?????????- ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????, ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????, ??? ??????? ???????? ????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ???????????, ??????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ????? Samsung Electronics, ?????????? ?","????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ? ?????? ??????. ? ???? ??????, ??? ???????- ?? ?? ?????????? ???????? ?????????????? (?????????????????) ????????????? 10 ??\/? ?????????????, ??? ???????? ??????????????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ? ??? ? ??? ????? ??????? ????????????????, ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? XXI ?. ???? ?? ??????? ??? ? ??? ??????: \u00ab??- ???????? \u2014 ????????? ? ???????????????? ? ???????????\u00bb. ????? ?????????? ??????????. ? 1998 ?. ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???????, ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? \u2022 ???????????? ??????????? ??????? ??????? (???????? ??????) (???. ?-5). ??????, ? ??????? ?? ???????, ? ??????? ?????- ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????. ??????????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ? ??????????.","? 2004 ?. ??????? ?????? ?? ?????????????? ? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???????? \u2014 ??????, ? ? 2010 ?. ???????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? \u00ab?? ??????????? ???????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ?????- ???\u00bb. ?? ????, ???? ???????? ? ??????????? ???? ????????? ????????? ?? ????- ????? ???????, ??????? ?. ????????? ?????? ? ????? ??????????? ??????? \u00ab????- ?????? ?? ??????????\u00bb3. ?????????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????- ?? ????????. ????????, ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ??????- ???????? ???????????. \u00ab??????????\u00bb ????????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ? ???????????? ?????????, ????????? ???????? ??- ?????????? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????? (? ?????, ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ? ????????? ????????????? ???? LEOREX, MezoReal, L'Oreal, Ayumi Cosmetics, NewAge, Noadada). ?????? \u2014 ??? ????????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???????????. ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ? ????????, ? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ? ???????, ??????? ??????. ????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????????. ????????, ??????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???????????? ????????? ???? ??? ????????????????? ???????? ???????????????- ???? ??????? \u2014 ? ??????? ?????4, ???????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????????????? ????????? ???????? (???????????? ???????????? ??????? ????? ?????? 10-30 ??) . ?????????? ??????????? ? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????, ? ??? ??- ???????? ????-silver-?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ? ???? ? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????????. ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ??????- 3 ????????? ??????-?????????????? ????? ?????? ?????? \u00ab??????????\u00bb, ??????- ??????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ? ??????? ????????. ???????? ????????????, ? ?????? ? ????? ?. ??????????! 4 \u2014 ?????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ??????-?????????????? ?????????, ???- ?????? ?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????. ?????, ?????, ?????????????? ???? ? ?????????? ????????.","?????? ????????? ???????? ? ?? ????????, ? ?? ?????????????? ?????? (?????- ????? ??????? ? ?????????????? \u2014 ???????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ?????- ??????, ? ??????? ?????? ?????????; ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????- ??????, ? ????????? ???????? ????????). ?????????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ??????. ??? ?????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ??????????? \u00ab?????????\u00bb, ?????? ????????????? ?????? ? ????? ???????? ???????????? ????. ??? ????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??, ? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????-??????5, ?????????????? ?? ??????????? ? 30 ??? ??????? ????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ? 2003 ?. ? ??????? ?????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? \u00ab?????????? ?????\u00bb (\u00abgecko tape\u00bb) \u2014 ???- ????, ????????, ??? ? ????????? ??????? ??????? ???????, ?????????? ???????- ??- ?????? ???????. ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ????????????? ???- ???????. ?????? ?????? ????? \u2014 ? ?????? ??????????????? ??????????????? ???-???????. ?????? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????? ???????????? ??????? (?? ????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????, ? ??????? ??????? ???????????) ????? ?????? (10~7 ?) . ????????, ??? ??????? ?? ????? ????????, ??? ??????- ???????? ? ???????? ??? ?????????? (???????? 10 ?\/??2) ,? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????. ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ? ??????????? \u00ab?????????? ?????\u00bb. ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ? ????. ??????? ? 2007 ?. ???????????? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????????? ? ???????? ? ????????????? ?????, ??????????? ????????, ???????????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ??????- ?????? ? ????? ??????. ????? ???? \u00abgeckel glue\u00bb ? ????? ??????? (gecko) ?????????? (?????????) ? ???- (mussel). ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??????, ??? ? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ? ?????- ?????? ??????? ? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???????. 5 \u2014 ??? ?? \u00ab???????\u00bb (??. velcro) \u2014 ????????, ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????- ?????? ?????????? ? 1948 ?. ???????? ??????? ???????? ??????????? (?????????? ?????- ????. ??) .","?????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ???????????, \u2014 ????? ? ????? ????? Collonil, ?????????????? ????? ?? ??????????????????? ?????, ??? ? ??- ????? ??????. ??????? ?????? NanoSonic ???? ?????????????????? \u00ab????? ??????\u00bb ?? ?????????????, ????????? ?????? ????? ? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??????? (??? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????, ?? ???????). ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ???- ????????? ???????????. ????? ?? ??????????? ?????????? Intel ???????? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????: ?????????? ?????????? ????????????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? 18 ???????. ?????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ??- ????????????, ???????, ??? ????? ???? ????????, ????? ?????????? ??????, ??- ???????????? ????????????????? ??????????. ??????, ??? ? ?????? XXI ?. ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ? ???????. ?????????, ??? ? 2000 ?. ?????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ????????????, ? ? 2005 ?. ???????? ??????????- ??????. ????? ??? ?? ? 2007 ?. ????????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ? ????? ??? (!) ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ???????????. ??????, ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ? ???????????? ?????- ??????? (?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ??????? ??????- ?? ?????????). ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?????? ???? ???-???? ???????? ?????. ????????, ??????????? ??????????? ? ??????????????? ?? ??????? ??? ??- ?????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????. ????????? ????????, ??????, ??????? ??????? ? ?????? ??????????: ????????, IBM ? Intel ?????????? ??????? ? ??????????? ????? ?????????????? ????????? ? ?????????????? ??????????? high-k ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ? ????? ?????????????? 65 ?? ?? 45 ??. ? ? ???????? Hewlett-Packard ??????- ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ???????- ??????? 15 ??! ? ??? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????? ????????? \u2014 ????????????? (???????????? ? ?????????), ?????????? (?? ??????- ??? ??????) ? ?????????????? (???- ? ?????????????????). ??????? ? ?????????- ??? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????????? ???????????? ?? 1 ??2 ? 104-10? ??? (?????? ????????????? ??????????? 1-10 ??) ? ????????? ???????- ??????????? ??????????? ? 1011 ???! ?????? ???? ? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????- ??????. ? 2004 ?. ?? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ? ???????????????? ???????????. ????? ????, ?? ????- ?? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ????????????????. ? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????????? ??-????????, ????????????? ?????????- ??? ? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ???????! ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????? ???????????. ? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ? ???????????? ??????????? ??????????. ????????, ??? ? 1997 ?. ? ??????????? ???????????? ? ??? ??? ???- ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? \u2014 ?????????? ?????? ?? 144 ???. ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? 0,2x0,2 ??2 ? ????????? ??????????, ?????????????? ???????? ??????. ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????? ?? 1 ??, ?? ?? 1 ??2 ????? ?????????? ????????? ??????????! ?????? ?????????? ??????????, ? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????????, ??- ??????? ?? ?? ???????? \u00ab????-????\u00bb (???????? ???), ? ?? ???????? \u00ab?-?\u00bb, ??? ????????? ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????????-???????? ????????? ?????????? ? ??? ??????-????????? ??????????, ?. ?. ??????. ????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????, ? ?????????? ??? ???????? (q-??????) , ???????????? ????- ???????? ??? ???????? \u2014 \u00ab? ????, ? ??????? ? ???? ? ?? ?? ?????\u00bb \u2014 ??? ? ???- ??????????? ?? \u00ab???- ???????? ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? \u00ab????\u00bb,","??\u00bb. ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????, ????? ??????, \u00ab????\u00bb ????? ???? ??? \u00ab?????\u00bb. ? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????????. ? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????! ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????: 0 ? 0, 1 ? 0, 0 ? 1, 1 ? 1. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????, ?????? \u2014 ???????????, ? ? ?????? \u2014 2?. ???- ??????????, ????????? ????????? ?? 50 ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????? ????????, ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????! ???? ?? ???? ??????????? ? ?????? \u2014 ??? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????, ??? ??? ??? ?????-?????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????????- ???? ????? ???????????? ???????, ?, ?????????????, ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????, ? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????. ? ??? ? ??????? 2007 ?. ????????? ???????????? ????? D- Wave ??????? ??????????? ??????? 16-????????? (16-????????) ?????????? ?????- ????? 216 = 65 \u00ab?????\u00bb (???. 12), ?????????? ??????????? 536 ?????????????? ???????! ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? \u00ab?????????? ? ???????????\u00bb. Orion \u2014 ?????? ????????? ????????? ? 1994 ?. ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???-??????????. ???????????? ?????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ? ???????????? ?????????, ??????? ? ?????????? ?????? ???????6 ?????????? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????. ???????? ??? ????????? ????????? ? ????????? ????, ?. ?. ?????????? \u00ab????????? ?????????????\u00bb: ???? ????????? ? ???????????? ???????????? ????????? ????? ????????, ????? ??????- ?????? ????? ???????? (?????? ??? ???????????? ????????? ???????????? ? ??? ?????-?? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? \u2014 \u00ab6 ???? ?????????: ?????????\u00bb). ????????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????????? (?????? ????? ? ???????? ???????? \u2014 ??? ???????? 10 ????. ???- ??? ?????????? ????? ? 1 ??3) . ???? ????, ???? ????? ?????? ???????????? ???- ?? ??????????, ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ????, ??? ??? ? ????? ???????????- ??. ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ? ??????? ??????- 6 ?????? ??????? (???) ???? ??????? ? 1983 ?. ???????????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????????? (??- ?????? ?????) ??? ? ???? ???????????? ???????????????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ? ??????? ???????? ???-??????????. ? ????????, ??? ????????????????? ????? ????- ???????? ????????, ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ?????????? ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ? ????????????? ?????????.","??????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ???????????? ???????????? ????????????. ??????? ???? ? ?????????, ??? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ??????????? ?????? ????????? ?????, ?????, ???????????????? ? ??- ?? ? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ??????, ???????????, ??????????? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????, ???????????? ????????, \u2014 ? ?????, ?????, ??? ???????? ??????? ? ?????????? ???????? ? ???????????????? ? ?????? ?????7. ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ? ???????? 1980-? ??. ?????????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????, ??????? ????? \u00ab??- ???? ?????????? ????????: ??? ??????????????\u00bb. ?????? ? ???? ????? ???? ???- ???? ?????????? (????????), ??????????? ?? ???????? ? ????????????, ????????- ?? ????????? ?????????. ?????????? ? ????? ????????? ???????????-????????? ?? ?????????, ?????????? ? ????????, ????? ???????, ??? ??????? ????????, ?????? ????? ????????? ? ???????. ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????????? \u2014 ??? ?????????- ??? ????, ???????????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ? ?????? ????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ?????????????? ??- ???? ???? ??????. ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ? ??????? ??? ?????????, ??????? ????- ????, ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????????. ??????, ????????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ??????????????, ? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???- ? 1997 ?? ???? ?????????????????? ???8. ??? ?. ?????? ? ??????? ????????????? ????????????? ?????? ????????????? ???????, ????????? ??????? ?? ??????? 0,3 ??????? ? ???????????! ? 1999 ?. ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???-???9, ? ????????????? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????- ?? ?????? ????????? ? ???????????? ?????????? ??????????? ?????? ??????????- ?????????? ????????? ???????? 500 ?? ? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? 30 ?????- ??? ? ???????. ??? ??????? ????????????? ? ??????????. ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????- ?? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ??????????????? ??????? ???????? ???. ? ?????????, ???? ???????? ???????? \u00ab???-????????\u00bb, ??????? ????? ????????? ????? ??????????? ????. ??????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ???- ???????? ????? ???????????, ???????? ?? ????????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? \u00ab?????????\u00bb. ??????? ?????? (??????? ?????? ????? 2010 ?. , ????????? ? ?. ????????, \u00ab?? ????- ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????? ? ??? ???\u00bb) ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ???????????, ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????- ?????, ? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ????????? ???????????? ????? ?????- ???. ????? ????, ? ??? \u00ab?????????\u00bb ???? ??? ? ?????, ???????? ??? ????? ????- ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????? ? ?????? ???-?????????, ????????????? ????? ????. ????? ????????? ? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???????????? (???) ?????? ???. ????? ??????? ???????????, ????? ????????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????? ? ????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ??????????? ??????? ???. ? ??????? ?? ???????????? ?????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ? 1895 ?. ?. ?. ???????????, ???????????? ? ??????????? ?????? ? 2004 ?. ??????? ?? ??????? ???????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ???????? ???????? \u00ab????- ????\u00bb. ?? ??????? ?? ??????? ????????-????????? ? ????????-?????, ?????????- ??? ?? ????? ???????. ??????? ????????? ????????? ? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????. ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??????????, ?????? ?? 7 ?? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ???? (SyNAPSE) ??? ????? ? 2008 ?. ??- ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ??? ? ???????? IBM. ???????? 8 ???????? ??????? - ????. ???. ? ??? (????????????????????) \u2014 ???????, ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ? ?3?04. 9 ????????. ???-??? ?? ?? ?????????? ? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ????????","??????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????. ??????? ????? ?????????? 2,5x3,5 ??, ? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????? ? ??????- ???. ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????. ????????. ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ? ????????? ??????! ??? ? ????? ????? ?. ???????? ??- ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ??????????????????? (??????????????) ????- ??????? ??-??? ????????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?? ??????? ? \u00ab????? ?????\u00bb. ??????? ?????, ? 2004 ?., ???????? ????????? ?????? ???????? \u00ab?????????? ????? ?????\u00bb \u2014 ???????????? ? ??????????????? ?? ????? ???????, ? ?????? ?? ???? \u2014 ????????????, ???, ?? ??? ??????, ????????? ???- ?????????? ? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ???? ??? ???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????? ???????????????? ? ????????- ???? \u2014 ? ??????? ??????? \u2014 ??????, ????????????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???- ???. ????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????, ?, ????? ???????, ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??- ????????, ????????????? ?????????????? ? ?????? ?? ??????. ?????? \u00ab????? ?????\u00bb, ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????????????? ???- ?????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? (?????????): ??? ? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????????????????? ?????, ??????????????? ????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ? ?. ?. ? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????!","? 2002 ?. ? ???. ???? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??????????????, ?????????? ????????? ? ????????????????? ????? ?????. ?? ???????? ? ??????? ? ????????? ????????? ??????????? ??????????????? (???), ??????? ????????? ????? ???????- ??, ????????? ???????????????? (???????? ????? ???????????? ??????????? ???- ???????), ? ????????? ????????????. ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ??????????- ?? ? ?????? ????????? ???????????? \u2014 World Care, ???????????? ????????????? ????????? ????????? ??????? ??????????. ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????????????10 ?????????? ????????? ? 2007 ?. ?????????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ?? ????????? ?????, ????????, ??? ? ?????? ???? ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ? ? ?????, ? ? ????? ????????, ??????????? (?? ?????????? ????????) ????????????? ??????? ???????? ?\u2014 ???????? ????????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ????????? ???????? ????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??????, ??????? ????????, ???????? ??????????? ? ?.?. ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ? ??????????? ??????????. ?? ???????????? ? ??- ????? ?????? ?????? ????????????? ???????? (????????????, ??????????, ????- ???????) ??? ? ???????????? ??????????? ?????????? ???????, ????? ??? ??????- ??? , ????????????? ??? ????????????11. ????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????????????? ?????????. ????? ???????? \u00ab?????????? ?????\u00bb ???????, ????????? ? ??????????? ???????, ?????????? ???????? ?????????. ????????????? ?????? ??? ? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ?? 0,1 ??. ???????????? ??????????- ??? ???????????: ?????????????? ? ????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?? 0,01- ??. ? 0,001 ?????????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, ???? ??????? ??????????? ????? ????? ?????, ?. ?. ????? 0,0005 ?? (0,5 ???). ???????? ????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ? ???????? ?????????? ???????: ??? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???, ??????? ???????, ???????????. ??- ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????- ??? ???????????? ??? ?????? ??????????????. ??? ????? ???????, ???????? ????- ??? ? ???? ? ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? (????????????). ????? ????? ??- ???????? ?????? ????????????????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???- ????? ? ??????? ??????? ??????: 9nfr ?= \\\\2Adgt' ??? ? \u2014 ?????? ???????, ?\u2014 ???????? ????????, Ad \u2014 ???????? ?????????? ??- ????????, h\u2014 ?? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????, ? ??????? ??????? ?????? t, g ???????. \u2014 ????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ? ?????? ???? ?????? - ??? ?????? ????????- ?? ?????????? ??????? (? ??? ????? ? ????? ? ????????????) ? ?????????????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????. - ????. ???. ???????? ???????; 11 \u2014 ??????????? ????????????? ?\u2014 ??????? ???????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????, ???????????? ?????????????????? ? ????????????; ???????- ????? \u2014 ???????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????, ?????? ????????, ????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ???????????? ???.","?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????. ??? ????? ?????????? ? ???????- ????-??? ??? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ? ????????? ??????? ????????? ? ?????? ? ?????. ???????? ?????, ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????. ??? ??????? ????? ??- ?????????? ????????? ????????: \u2022 g = 9,8 ?\/?2, \u2022 ri = 0,001 ?-?\/?2, \u2022 Ad = ?!(???) - ?!(????) = 2700 - 1000 = 1700 ??\/?3, \u2022 h = 0,1 ? (???? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?????????? 10 ??) . ???? ????? t ?? ????????? ? ????????, ?? ?????? ??????? ????????? ? ??????. ????????, ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????. ???? ?????? ??????? t ?????????? ? ?????? ???????? ??- ??? ??????? ?????? (??? ?????????? ??? ? ?????? ?????), ?? ???????? ???????- ??? ?? ?? ???????? ?, ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ???????? (???????) ???- ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???????. ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ??- ??????? ???????? ??????, ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ? ??????????- ?? . ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??- ???????? ???????. ????????, ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? 0,08-0,1 ??, ?????? ???????? ??? \u2014 0,073 ??, ????????????? ?????? \u2014 11-37 ???, ??????? ??????? ?????? 50 000 ?? ??? 50 ???, ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? 3-15 ???. ???- ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????? ??????, ????? ? ?????? ?? ????? 10 000 ??. ?????????? ? ???? ??? 10 ?????? ???????? ????? ??????? ?????????????? ????? 1 ??. ?????????? ??????????? ?, ? ?????????, ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ?????????????????? ????????????, ???????? ????? ??????, ???????? ????????? ? ???????? ????????????? ????????????, ? ????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????, ??????????????? ????? ????????. ??????????? ?????????, ??????????? ? ?????????? ???? ??????????????, ?????? ????????????? ? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??????????????? ? ???????????? ????????????? ? ?????????- ???. ???? ???????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ? ?????. ?????? ???? ????????, ??????? ?????????? ?????????? (????????, ???????? ????) ??? ??????? ????????? ????, ??? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??- ????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ????????????? ?????, ?. ?. ????? ???? ?????? ??????- ?????? ????? ??????? ???????12. ? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ????????????????? ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ? ?????????. , ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?? 2500 ??? ? ????????? ???????? ???- ?????????? ? ??????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ? ?????????. ?????? ? ??? ? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????????? ?????? 2-10\\\"7 ? (0,2 ???). ??? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ?????, ??? ??????????. ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ????. ?????????????, ???????????? ????? ????? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????, ?????? ?????- ?????????? ?? ???????????. ??????? ???????? ?????? 2-10\\\"7 ? ????? ???? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????, ? ? ??????? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ????? ? ????? ?????- ??????? ??????? \u2014 ???????????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??- ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ????. ???? ??????? ??????? ????????????? ????, ?????????? ??. ??? ? ?????????? ????? 45","?? ???????? ?????????????????, ? ????????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????- ???? ????????? (?? 0,1 ??) ?????????? ????? ????????? 2 ???. ???. ???????? ??? ???????? ??????????? (?????????? ????????). ???? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ????, ????? ??- ???????? ????? ?????????? ???????: ????????? ???????? ????????? ????????? ? ??????????? ??????????? ????????. ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ? 1828 ?. ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ??????? ? ?????? ? ??? ?????. ????- ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????, ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ? ??????? ???????????? ? ??? ????? ???????????, ??? ?????? ?????? ???- ??? ? ???? ???????????. ? ??????????? ????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????, ??? ????????. ???????? ??????, ?? ????????? ????, ???????? ??????? (????????) ? ?????, ?????? ??-?? ?????? ???????????? ? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???????????? ? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????. ????????, ???????? ????????? ? ????? ? ???- ????, ???????? ?? ????????? ???????? 500 ?\/?, ?????????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ????????????. ??????? ????? \u00ab???????????\u00bb ????????? ?????????? ???- ?? ?????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ???????? ???????? ????????. ????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ? ???????? ? ????-???? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????. ????? ????????????? ???????? ????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? (??? USB ??????????), ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ? ?????????? ? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ? ???? ????. ?????????? ????????? ???? ? ?????????????? ?????, ????????? ??????????","???????? ????????? ????????? ? ?????? ????. ? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????, ??????????? ? ???? ????, ???????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????. ?????????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????????????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????????, ???????????? ?? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ??????????. ????????, ??-?? ??????? ???????????????? ???????? ? ??? ??????????? ????????? ???????- ???? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????, ? ?????? ??????????? ?????, ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ???????. ?????????? ???? ??? ???????????. ???????? ????? ??? ???????????. (??????????? ???????)","?????????? THE GRAND DESIGN Stephen Hawking, Leonard Mlodinow (???????????) THE GRAND DESIGN ??????? ??????? In this publication we have described ? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????, ??? how regularities in the motion of as- ?????????????? ? ???????? ?????????- tronomical bodies such as the sun, ?????? ???, ????? ??? ??????, ???? ? the moon, and the planets suggested ??????? ??????? ?? ?????, ??? ??? that they were governed by fixed laws ??????????? ???????????? ??????? ???- rather than being subject to the ar- ??, ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????????? bitrary whims and caprices of gods ???????? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?????- and demons. At first the existence of ??. ? ?????? ????????????? ??????? such laws became apparent only in as- ???? ???????? ?????? ? ?????????? tronomy (or astrology, which was re- (??? ??????????, ??????? ???????????- garded as much the same). The behav- ???? ??? ?? ?? ?????). ???????? ??? iour of things on earth is so compli- ?? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ? ??- cated and subject to so many influ- ????? ?? ?????? ????????, ??? ?????? ????- ences that early civilisations were ??????????? ???? ?? ? ????????? unable to discern any clear patterns ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????, or laws governing these phenomena. ??????????????? ????? ?????????. ??- Gradually, however, new laws were ????????, ??????, ????? ?????? ???? discovered in areas other than as- ??????? ? ????????, ???????? ?? ??- tronomy, and this led to the idea of ????????, ? ??? ??????? ? ???? ????- There must be scientific determinism: ???? ????????????. ??????????????,","a complete set of laws that, given ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ? ??- the state of the universe at a spe- ????????? ???? ???????, ??? ????? cific time, would specify how the ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????? universe would develop from that time ? ???????????? ?????? ???????, ????? forward. These laws should hold eve- ???? ?? ????? ???????????, ??? ???- rywhere and at all times; otherwise ?????? ????? ??????????? ? ???????. they wouldnf t be laws. There could be ??? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ? no exceptions or miracles. Gods or ?? ??? ???????, ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? demons couldnf t intervene in the run- ????????. ? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ning of the universe. ?????????? ??? ?????. ???1 ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??????????? ? ???????? ?????????. At the time that scientific determin- ? ?? ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ??????- ???- ism was first proposed, Newton's laws ??? ??????? ???????????, ?????? of motion and gravity were the only ???? ? ???????? ? ?????????? ???? laws known. We have described how ????????????? ????????. ?? ????????, ????????? ???- these laws were extended by Einstein ??? ??? ?????? ???? relativity, in his general theory of ??????? ? ????? ????? ?????? ??????- discovered ?????????, ??????? and how other laws were to ? ??? ???? ?????? govern other aspects of the universe. ??????, ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??????????. The laws of nature tell us how the ?????? ???????? ????????? ???, ??? ?? ??- universe behaves, but they donf t an- ????????? ???????????, ?? ??? ?????? swer the why? questions that we posed ??? ???????? ?? ??????: ?????? ??- at the start of this publication: ???? ??? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? \u2022 Why is there something rather than ???????? ? ?????? ??????????: nothing? \u2022 ?????? ????? ?????, ??? ??????? \u2022 Why do we exist? \u2022 ?????? ?? ??????????? \u2022 Why this particular set of laws and \u2022 ?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????, not some other? ? ?? ??????? Some would claim the answer to these ????????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????, ??? ????? questions is that there is a God who ?????????? ???, ??????? ??????? that ??????? chose to create the universe ?????????? ?????? ?????. ????????, way. It is reasonable to ask who or ???, ?? ??? ??? ??? ??????? ??????- what created the universe, but if the ???? ??????? ????? - ???, ??- answer is God, then the question has ??? ??????????? ????????? ??????, ? merely been deflected to that of who ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???- created God. In this view it is ac- ?? ??????, ?? ???? ????????? ???- cepted that some entity exists that ????? , ??????? ?? ????????? ? ?????- ??- needs no creator, and that entity is ????, ? ??? ???????? ?????????? ??- called God. This is known as the ???. ??? ??????????, ??? ??????? ?? first-cause argument for the exis- ?????? ????, ??? ??? ??????????. tence it is of God. We claim, however, that ?????, ??????, ???????? ????? ?? ???? tions ence, possible to answer these ques- ?????? ????????????? ?????? ????? realm of sci- ?????, purely within the ??? ??????????? ???????????? and without invoking any divine ???. beings. According to the idea of model- ? ???????????? ? ????? ????????- dependent realism introduced ?????????? before, ????????, ???????????????","our brains interpret the input from ????, ??? ???? ?????????????? ?????- our sensory organs by making a model ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??- of the outside world. We form mental ????????, ???????? ?????? ???????? concepts of our home, trees, other ????. ?? ????????? ?????????? ????- people, the electricity that flows ????????? ? ????? ????, ????????, from wall sockets, atoms, molecules, ?????? ?????, ????????????? ? ?????- and other universes. These mental ???, ??????, ????????? ? ?????? ???- concepts are the only reality we can ?????? . ??? ?????????? ????????????? know. There is no model-independent ???????? ???????????? ???????????, test of reality. It follows that a ??????? ?? ????? ????????. ?? ??????- well-constructed model creates a re- ???? ???????? ???????????? ???????- ality of its own. An example that can ?????? ??????????. ?? ????? ???????, help us think about issues of reality ??? ?????? ????????????????? ?????? is the Game of Life, ??????????. and creation in- ??????? ???? ??????????? mathemati- vented in 1970 by a young ???????? ????, ??? ????? ?????? ??? John Conway. cian at Cambridge named ?????? ? ?????????? ? ????????, ????- ???? ???? ?????, ???????????? ? 1970 ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????. The word \\\"game\\\" in the Game of Life ????? \\\"????\\\" ? ???? ????? ???????? is a misleading term. There are no ?????????? ????????. ??? ??? ?? ????- winners and losers; in fact, there ??????? ?? ???????????, ??????????, Life is are no players. The Game of of laws ??? ??? ???????. ???? ????? - ?? ??- not really a game but a set uni- ??????? ????, ? ????? ???????, ????- uni- that govern a two-dimensional ??? ????????? ????????? ?????????. verse. It is a deterministic ??? ????????????????? ?????????: ???- verse : Once you set up a starting ????? ?? ?????????????? ????????? or initial condition, configuration, ???????????? ??? ???????, ? ?????? what happens the laws determine in ??????? ????? ??????????, ??? ???- the future. ??????? ? ???????. The world Conway envisioned is a ???????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ?????????? square array, like a chessboard, but ????????, ?? ???? ??????- ??? ?????, extending infinitely in all direc- ?? ?????????????? ?? ???? ???????? tions . Each square can be in one of ??????????. ?????? ?????? two states: alive (shown in green) or ????? ?????????? ? ????? ?? ???? ??- ????? dead (shown in black). Each square ???????. (??????? ????) ??? the up, has eight neighbors: down, ??????? (??????). ?????? ?????? ????? left, and right neighbors and four ?????? ???????? ??????: ??????, ???- diagonal neighbors. Time in this ??, ?????, ?????? ? ?????? ?????? ?? world is not continuous but moves ?????????. ????? ? ???? \\\"????\\\" ?? ??- forward in discrete steps. Given any ?????????, ? ??????????. ?????? ??- arrangement of dead and live squares, ??????? ????????? ???????????? ????- deter- the number of live neighbors ??? ? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??- mine what happens next according to ?????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ???- the following laws: ??????? ?????? ? ???????????? ?? ???- 1. A live square with two or three ??????? ????????: survives 1. ????? live neighbours (sur- ??????, ????? ? ??????? ????- vival) . ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ??- 2 . A dead square with exactly three ?????? . live neighbours becomes a live cell 2 . ??????? ??????, ??????? ????? ??? ????? (birth). ????? ??????, ?????????? 3. In all other cases a cell dies or ??????? (?????????).","remains dead. In the case that a 3. ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????, ???? ? live square has zero or one neigh- ???????? ????????. it is bour, said to die of loneli- ??????, ???? ????? ?????? ????? if it ness; has more than three ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????, ???- neighbors, it is said to die of ??????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ???????- ????; overcrowding. ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????, ?? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????????. Thatfs all there is to it: Given any ??? ??? ???????, ?????????. ?????? initial condition, these laws gener- ????????? ???????, ? ?????? ???????? ate generation after generation. An ????????? ????????? ?? ??????????. isolated living square or two adja- ????????????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? cent live squares die in the next ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? generation because they donf t have ????????? ?????????? ???? ???????, enough neighbors. Three live squares ????????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ??- along a diagonal live a bit longer. ???????? ????? ???????. ??? ????? After the first time step the end ??????, ????????????? ?? ????????? ????? ??????? squares die, leaving just the middle ???? ??????. ????? ???- square, which dies in the following ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????, generation. Any diagonal line of ?? ????????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? squares \\\"evaporates\\\" in just this ??????. ????? ???????????? ????? ??- manner. But if three live squares are ??? ?????? \\\"??????????\\\" ????? ??? ??- placed horizontally in a row, again ?????. ?? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ???- the center has two neighbors and sur- ?????????? ????????????? ? ???, ????? vives while the two end squares die, ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? but in this case the cells just above ? ????????, ? ??? ???????? - ???????, and below the center cell experience ?? ? ???? ?????? ??????, ??????????? a birth. The row therefore turns into ???? ? ???? ??????????? ????????? ??- a column. Similarly, the next genera- ?????? ??????. ??????? ??? ????????- tion the turns into a column back ???? ? ???????. ??????????, ??? ???- row, and so forth. Such oscillating ?????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ? called configurations are blinkers. ??? ? ??? ?????. ????? ???????????? ???????????? ?????????? ???????. Blinkers. Blinkers are a simple type ???????. ??????? ???????? ?????????? ? ???? of composite object in the Game of ????? ???????????? ??????? Life. ?????.","If three live squares are placed in ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??- the shape of an L, a new behavior oc- ??? (? ????? L), ?????????? ??????- curs . In the next generation the ??? . ??? ????????? ???? ????????? ??- ?? ???????? ? square cradled by the L will give ????????? 2x2 ?????? birth, leading to a 2x2 block. The ?????????? ???????. ????, ??????????- ???? block belongs to a pattern type ??? ? ?????? ?????????? \\\"?????- called the still life because it will ???\\\" , ?????????? ????, ?????? ??? ?? pass from generation to generation ? ???????? ??????? ????? ??????????. unaltered. Many types of patterns ex- ?????? ???? \\\"????????\\\" ???????? ist that morph in the early genera- ??????????????, ????????? ?? ???????? tions but soon turn into a still ?????? ?? ???????, ?? ?????????, ?? life, or die, or return to their ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ??- original and then form repeat the ??? \\\"???????\\\" ????????? ???? ???????- process. ??????? ?????. t me = time 2- time 3- time 5- ???????? ? ????????? ?????. ????????? ??????? Evolution to a Still Life. Some com- ??????????? ? ???? ????? ???- the Game posite objects in of Life ?????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???- that the evolve into ? form rules ??. dictate change. will never There are also patterns called glid- ?????????? ??? ?? ??????, ????????? ers , which morph into other shapes \\\"?????????\\\", ??????? ?????? ???? ???- and, after a few generations, return ?? ? ????? ?????????? ????????????? to their original form, but in a po- ????????? ???? ?????????????? ?????, sition one square down along the di- ?? ? ???????, ????????? ???????????? agonal . If you watch these develop ?????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???- over time, they appear to crawl along ??????. ???? ?? ???????????? ??????- the array. When these gliders col- ??? ?????, ?? \\\"???????\\\" ????? ??????- lide, curious behaviors can occur, ?? ?????? ?? ?????????. ????? \\\"????- depending on each gliderf s shape at ????\\\" ????????????, ????? ????????? the moment of collision. ?????????? ????, ? ??????????? ?? ????? ??????? \\\"????????\\\" ?? ?????? ????????????. What makes this universe interesting ?????? ??? ????????? ???? ??????????? is that although the fundamental ???? ???? ??? ??????????????? \\\"????- \\\"physics\\\" of this universe is simple, ??\\\" ????? ??????, ??? \\\"?????\\\" ????? the \\\"chemistry\\\" can be complicated. ???? ???????? ??????. ???????????","That is, composite objects exist on ??????? ????? ????????????? ? ?????? smallest different scales. At the ???????. ?? ?????? ?????? ????????- scale, the fundamental physics tells ??????? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ??- us that there are just live and dead ???????? ?????? ????? ? ??????? ????- squares. On a larger scale, there are ??. ?? ????????? ?????? ?????????? gliders, blinkers, and still-life \\\"????????\\\", \\\"????\\\" ? \\\"???????\\\". ?? ??- blocks. At a still larger scale there ????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? such are even more complex objects, ??? ??????? ???????, ????? ??? \\\"???- as glider guns: stationary patterns ?????????? ?????????\\\": ??????????? that periodically give birth to new ???????, ??????? ???????????? ?????- gliders that leave the nest and ???? ????? \\\"????????\\\", ??????? ????- stream down the diagonal. ???? ???? \\\"??????\\\" ? ???????????? ???? ?? ?????????. Gliders Gliders morph through these ????????. ???????? ???????????????? ? to ?? intermediate shapes then return ????? ????????? ?????????????? ?????, by one their original Form; displaced ?????????? ?????????? ?? ????????? square along the diagonal. ???? ??????. If you observed the Game of Life uni- ???? ?? ???????????? ?? ??????????? verse for a while on any particular ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??????, scale, you could deduce laws govern- ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ?? ing the objects on that scale. For ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ??????. example, on the scale of objects just ????????, ?? ???? ?????? ???- a few squares across you might have ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????, laws such as \\\"Blocks never move,\\\" ??? \\\"????? ??????? ?? ?????????\\\", \\\"Gliders move diagonally,\\\" and vari- \\\"???????? ???????????? ?? ?????????\\\" ous laws for what happens when ob- ? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????, jects collide. You could create an ????? ??????? ????????????. ????? entire physics on any level of com- ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? posite objects. The laws would entail ?????? ??????????? ????????. ??? ??- ???????? entities and concepts that have no ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????? place among the original laws. For ? ?????????, ??????? ?? ???? ????? example, there are no concepts such ?????????????? ???????. ????????, ? ?????????????? ??????? ????? as \\\"collide\\\" or \\\"move\\\" in the origi- ?? ???? nal laws. Those describe merely the ???????, ??? \\\"????????????\\\" ? \\\"?????- life and death of individual station- ???\\\" . ?????????????? ?????? ????????? ary squares. As in our universe, in ?????? ????? ? ?????? ????????? ??- the Game of Life your reality depends ????????? ??????. ? ????? ???????????","on the model you employ. ????, ? ???? ?????, ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??????, ??????? ?? ??????- ????? . Initial Configuration of the Glider ????????? ???????????? ????????????? Gun. ten ????????????? times The glider gun is roughly ?????????. ????????? glider, ?????????????? ? ?????? ??? ?????? as large as a ????????. Conway and his students created this ?????? ? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? world because they wanted to know if ???, ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, a universe with fundamental rules as ????? ?? ????? ??????????? ??? (? ??- simple as the ones they defined could ???????? ???????? ????????, ??????? contain objects complex enough to ??? ??????????), ????????? ?????????? replicate. In the Game of Life world, ??????? ???????, ????????? ? ??????- do composite objects exist that, af- ?????????. ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??- ter merely following the laws of that ???????? ?? ??????????? ???????, ??- world for some generations, will ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ????- spawn others of their kind? Not only ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???- were Conway and his students able to ??????????? ????? ???????? ?????? ? demonstrate that this is possible, ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????- but they even showed that such an ob- ??????, ??? ??? ????????, ?? ??? ???? ject would be, in a sense, intelli- ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????, gent! What do we mean by that? To be ? ????????? ??????, ????????! ??? ?? precise, they showed that the huge ????????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????,","conglomerations of squares that self- ?? ??? ????????, ??? ???????? ??????- replicate are \\\"universal Turing ma- ??????? ??????, ??????? ????????????- ???????, chines .\\\" For our purposes that means ???????? ????????????? ???- ???????? that for any calculation a computer ???????. ??? ??? ??? ????? in our physical world can in princi- ????????, ??? ????????? ?????????? ????????? ple carry out, if the machine were ? ????? ?????????? ???? ??- fed the appropriate inputt\u2014 hat is, ??? , ? ????????, ?????????, ???? ??? supplied the appropriate Game of Life ???????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? - world environmentt\u2014 hen some genera- ?????????? ??????????????? ????????- tions later the machine would be in a ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? - ????? state from which an output could be ????? ????????? ????? ???????????? read that would correspond to the re- ??? ????? ?????????? ? ??? ?????????, sult of that computer calculation. ??????? ????? ???????? ? ??????????- ???? ???????????? ????????????? ???????. ????????????? ????????? ????? 116 ??- The Glider Gun After 116 Generations ??. ?? ???????? ????????????? ??????- With time, the glider gun changes ??? ?????? ?????, ????????? ??????? ? emits a glider, shape, and then re- ????? ????????? ???? ?????????????? to its original turns form and posi- ????? ? ?????????. ??????? ?????????- process tion. It repeats the ad infi- ?? ?? ?????????????. nitum. To get a taste for how that works, ????? ?????????????, ??? ??? ??????-","consider what happens when gliders ??, ?????????, ??? ??????????, ????? are shot at a simple 2x2 block of \\\"???????\\\" ???????????? ? ??????? 2x2 live squares. If the gliders approach ?????? ????? ??????. ???? \\\"????????\\\" in just the right way, the block, ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ?? which had been stationary,, will move ????, ??????? ???????? ????????????, toward or away from the source of the ?????? ????????? ? ????????? \\\"??????- gliders. In this way. the block can ??\\\" , ???? ?? ????. ????? ???????, simulate a computer memory. In fact, ???? ????? ??????????? ???????????? all the basic functions of a modern ??????. ??????????, ??? ???????? computer, such as AND and OR gates, ??????? ???????????? ??????????, ??- can also be created from gliders. In ??? ??? ?????????? ???????? AND ? OR, this manner, just as electrical sig- ????? ????? ???? ?????????????? nals are employed in a physical com- \\\"??????????\\\". ????? ???????, ??? puter, ployed streams of gliders can be em- ????????????? ??????? ???????????? ? tion. to send and process informa- ?????????? ???????????, ????? \\\"????- ?????\\\" ????? ?????????????? ??? ??- ????? ? ????????? ??????????. In the Game of Life, as in our world, ? ???? ?????, ??? ? ? ????? ????, ??- self-reproducing patterns are complex ??????????????????? ??????? ???????? objects. One estimate, based on the ???????? ?????????. ?? ??????, ????- earlier work of mathematician John ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? von Neumann, places the minimum size ????? ??? ???????, ??????????? ?????? of a self-replicating pattern in the ?????????????????????? ??????? ? ???? Game of Life at ten trillion squares\u2014 ????? - ?????? ?????????? ?????? - in roughly the number of molecules a ?????????????? ????? ?????????? ????- single human cell. ??? ? ????? ???????????? ??????. One can define living beings as com- ????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????????- plex systems of limited size that are ??? ??????? ????????????? ???????, stable and that reproduce themselves. ??????? ????????? ? ????????????? ??- ??- The objects described above satisfy ?? ????. ???????, ????????? ????, the reproduction condition but are ??????????? ??????? ????????????????, ?? ???????? probably not stable: A small distur- ???????????. ????????? ??????????? bance from outside would probably ?? ???????? ????, ??????- ??, ???????? wreck the delicate mechanism. How- ???? ?????? ????????. ever, it is easy to imagine that ??????, ????? ???????????, ??? ?????- ???????? slightly more complicated laws would ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??- allow complex systems with all the ?????????? ??????????? ???????? ?? attributes of life. Imagine a entity ????? ?????????? ?????. ??????????? of that type, an object in a Conway- ???????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ? type world. Such an object would re- ???? ??????. ????? ?????? ????? ???- ?, spond to environmental stimuli, and ???????? ?? ??????? ???????????, hence appear to make decisions. Would ?????????????, ????????? ???????. ??- ????????? such life be aware of itself? Would ??? ?? ????? ????? ????? it be self-conscious? This is a ques- ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??????, ?? ?????? ???????????. tion on which opinion is sharply di- ??????? ????? ??- vided. Some people claim that self- ??????? ???????, ??? ???????????? ??- ???????? awareness is something unique to hu- ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????. ??? ??- ????, mans. It gives them free will, the ??????? ??????????? ??- ability to choose between different ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. courses of action. How can one tell if a being has free ??? ????? ??????????, ????? ?? ????-","will? If one encounters an alien, how ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???-?? ??- can one tell if it is just a robot or ????????? ?????????, ??? ?????? ?? it has a mind The behav- of its own? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ior of a robot would be completely ?? ??? ? ???? ???? ?????? ????????? determined, unlike that of a being ?????? ???????? ????????? ?????????- with free will. Thus one could in ????????, ? ??????? ?? ??????????? principle detect a robot as a being ????????? ?????. ???? ?????, ? ????- whose actions can be predicted. As we ????, ???? ??????????? ??????, ??? said above, this may be impossibly ????????, ??? ???????? ????? ???????- difficult if the being is large and ???? . ??? ?? ???????? ????, ??? ????? complex. We cannot even solve exactly ???? ??????????? ??????????, ???? ??- the equations for three or more par- ?????? ???????? ??????? ? ???????. ?? ticles interacting with each other. ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? Since an alien the size of a human ??? ???? ? ????? ??????, ???????????- would contain about a thousand tril- ?????? ???? ? ??????. ??? ? ? ???- lion trillion particles even if the ??????, ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ??- alien were a robot, it would be im- ???? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ? possible to solve the equations and ???? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ???????, predict what it would do. We would ???? ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? any com- therefore have to say that ? ??????????? ??? ?????????. ??????? as a plex being has free will\u2014not ????? ???????, ??? ????? ??????? ??- as an effec- fundamental feature, but ?????? ????? ????????? ???? - ?? ??? tive theory-, an admission of our in- ???????????????? ???????????, ? ??? do the calculations ability to that ??????????? ???????, ????????? ???? enable us to predict would its ac- ????????????? ????????? ??????????, tions . ??????? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ????- ????? . The example of ConwayT s Game of Life ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????, shows that even a very simple set of ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? laws can produce complex features ????? ???????? ??????? ?????????, similar to those of intelligent life. ????????????? ? ???????? ?????. ????- There must be many sets of laws with ?? ????, ?????????? ????? ??????? ??- ????- this property. What picks out the ????? ? ?????? ??????????. ??? fundamental laws (as opposed to the ???? ??????????????? ?????? (? ?????- apparent laws) that govern our uni- ????? ????????? ???????), ??????? ??? ? ? verse? As in Conwayfs universe, the ????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? laws of our universe determine the \\\"????\\\" ??????, ?????? ????? evolution of the system, given the ?????????? ???????? ???????, ?? ??- state at any world one time. In Conwayfs ??????? ? ????? ?????? ???????. ? we are the creatorsw\u2014 e choose \\\"????\\\" ?????? ?? ???????? ??????????? the initial state of the universe by - ?? ???????? ????????? ????????? specifying objects and their posi- \\\"????\\\", ????????? ??????? ? ?? ????- tions at the start of the game. ????? ? ?????? ????. In a physical universe, the counter- ? ???????? ???? ????????? ????????, parts of objects such as gliders in ????? ??? \\\"????????\\\" ? ???? ?????, bodies ???????? the Game of Life are isolated ????. ???????????? ???????????? of matter. Any set of laws that de- ????? ????? ???????, ??????? scribes world such a continuous as ????????? ???????? ????, ??????? ??- our own will have a concept of en- ????, ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ergy, which is a conserved quantity, ?????????? ???????, ??????????, ??? it meaning doesnft change in time. ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?? ????????. will be The energy of empty space a ??????? ????????? ????? ??????????,","constant, independent of both time ?? ???????? ?? ?? ???????, ?? ?? ??- ???????. and position. One can subtract out ????? ????????? ??? ???????- this constant vacuum energy by meas- ?? ??????? ???????, ??????? ??????? uring the energy of any volume of ?????? ?????? ???????????? ??????- space relative to that of the same ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???- volume of empty space, so we may as ?????????, ????? ???????, ?? ????? well call the constant zero. One re- ??????? ?????????? ????. ???????????? quirement any law of nature must sat- ???????????, ???????? ?????? ??????- isfy is that it dictates that the en- ??????? ????? ???????, ???????? ??, ergy of an isolated body surrounded as- ??? ?? ?????????????, ????? ??????? by empty space is positive, which ????????????? ????, ??????????? ???- means that one has to do work to ??? ?????????????, ???? ??????????- semble the body. Thatf s because if ???, ??? ????????, ??? ?????? ???? the energy of an isolated body were ????????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??? negative, it could be created in a ????. ??? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ??????? state of motion so that its negative ????????????? ???? ???? ??????????- energy was exactly balanced by the ???, ???? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ? ??- positive energy due to its motion. If ??????? ????????, ??? ??? ??? ??????- that were true, there would be no ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ??????- reason that bodies could not appear ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? anywhere and everywhere. Empty space ????????. ???? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ??- would therefore be unstable. But if ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ???? ?? it costs energy to create an isolated ????? ?????????? ???-???? ??? ?????. body, such instability said, cannot happen, ?????? ????????????, ???????, ????? because, as we've remain the energy of ????????????. ?? ???? ????????????? the universe must constant. ??????? ??? ???????? ????????????? That is what it takes to make the ????, ????? ?????????????? ?? ????? universe locally stable\u2014to make it so ????, ?????? ???, ??? ?? ??? ??????- that where things donft just appear every- ??, ??????? ????????? ?????? ????- from nothing. ?????? ??????????. ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? - ???- ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???-???? ?? ??????. If the total energy of the universe ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?????? must always remain zero, and it costs ?????????? ???????, ? ??????- energy to create a body, how can a ???? ????????? ???????, ????? ??????? ????, ???? whole universe be created from noth- ??? ????? ??? ????????? ing? That is why there must be a law ??????? ?? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? like gravity. Because gravity is at- ???????????? ????? ?????, ??? ?????- is tractive, gravitational energy ?????. ??? ??? ?????????? ?????????- negative: do work to sepa- One has to ??, ?? ??????? ?????????? ???????? rate bound system, a gravitationally ?????????????. ?????????? ?????????? ????????????? such as the earth and moon. This ??????, ????? ????????? ??? ????? negative energy can balance the posi- ????????? ???????, ????? ? tive energy needed to create matter, ????. ??? ????????????? ??????? ????? ????????????? but itfs not quite that simple. The ???? ?????????????? negative gravitational energy of the ????????, ??????????? ????? ??????? earth, for example, is less than a ???????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????. ????- billionth of the positive energy of ????????? ?????????????? ??????? ???- the matter particles the earth is ??, ? ???????, ??????, ??? ??????- made of. A body such as a star will ??????? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ?? have more negative gravitational en- ??????? ??? ???????. ????, ????? ??? ??????, ????? ergy, and the smaller it is (the ????? ?????? ??????-","closer the different parts of it are ??????? ?????????????? ???????, ? ??? to each other), the greater this ?????? ??? (???????, ?? ??????? ??? negative gravitational energy will ???????, ????????? ????? ???? ? ???- be. But before it can become greater ??) , ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????????- than the positive energy of the mat- ??? ?????????????? ???????. ?? ????- ter, the star will collapse to a ??, ??? ????????????? ?????????????? black hole, and black holes have ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????- positive energy. Thatfs why empty ??????? ??????? ????????, ?????? space is stable. Bodies such as stars ????????????? ? ?????? ????, ? ?????? ????? or black holes cannot just appear out ???? ????? ????????????? ????- ?????? of nothing. But a whole universe can. ???. ??? ?????? ???????????? ????, ?????????. ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??- ???????? ?? ??????. ?? ????? ??????- ??? ?????! Because gravity shapes space and ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???- time, it allows space-time to be lo- ????????? ? ?????, ??? ????????? ???- cally ???????? stable but globally unstable. ?????????-??????? ???? ???- On the ????????????. scale of the entire universe, ???????, ?? ????????? ? the positive energy of the matter can ????????? ????? ?????????, ??????- re- be balanced by the negative gravita- ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? tional energy, and so there is no ?????????????? ????????????? ???????- of whole ?? ????- striction on the creation ??????? ????????, ? ??????? universes. ?????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????- ????? ?????????. Because there is a law like gravity, ?????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????- ?????- the universe can and will create it- ???, ????????? ????? ? ????? ?? ??? self from nothing in the manner de- ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? scribed above. Spontaneous creation ?? ??????? ????. ?????????? ???????? is the reason there is something ???????? ???????, ??? ????? ?????, rather than nothing, why the universe ??? ??????, ?????? ????????? ??????- exists, why we exist. It is not nec- ????, ?????? ?? ??????????. ??? ????- essary to invoke God to light the ????????? ?????????? ????, ????? ??- blue touch paper and set the universe ??????? ?????????. going. Why are the fundamental laws as we ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??- described them? have The ultimate ????, ??????? ?? ???????? ??????????- ???? ?????????????- theory must be consistent and must ??? ?????? ?????? predict finite results for quantities ?? ? ?????? ????????????? ???????? that we can measure. Wef ve seen that ?????????? ??? ???????, ??????? ?? there must be a law like gravity, and ????? ????????. ?? ??????, ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????- we saw in Chapter 5 that for a theorv ???????????? ????? of gravity to predict finite quanti- ???, ? ?? ?????? ????, ??? ??? ????, ????? ????????????? ties, the theory must have what is ?????? ?????????? called supersymmetry between the ?????????? ????????, ?????? ?????? forces of nature and the matter on ????? ?????????????? ????? ?????? which they act. M-theory is the most ??????? ? ????????, ?? ??????? ??? general supersymmetric theory of ?????????. ?-?????? - ????? ????? gravity. For these reasons M-theory ???????????? ?????? ??????????. ????? is the ?????????- only candidate for a complete ???????, ?-?????? ???????? theory of the universe. If it is fi- ??? ?????????? ?? ??????????? ??????","nite\u2014and this has yet to be proved\u2014it ?????????. ???? ??? ???????????? ?- will be a model creates of a universe that ??? ??? ???? ???????? - ?? ?-?????? this itself. other We must be part of ????? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ???- universe, because there is no ???? ???? ????. ??, ?????? ????, consistent model. ????? ???? ?????????, ????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????. M-theory is the unified theory Ein- ?-?????? ???????? ???????????? ?????- fact stein was hoping to find. The ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???????. that , selves we hnman beings\u2014who are our- ??? ????, ??? ??, ????, ??????????, mere collections of fundamen- ??????? ?? ????? ??? ??????????? ?? tal particles of natureh\u2014 ave been ??????????????? ?????? ???????, ? ??? ? able to come this close to an under- ?? ????????? ? ????????? ??????? standing of the laws governing us and ????????? ???????, ??????????? ?? ??? is But our universe a great triumph. ab- ? ?? ?????????, ???????? ?????????? perhaps the true miracle is that lead ????????! ????????, ????? ???????? considerations and stract of logic ??, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? of the to a unique theory that predicts ??????? ? ?????????? ??????, ??????? describes a vast universe full ????????????? ? ????????? ????????? amazing variety that we see. If the ?????????, ?????? ????????????? ???- theory is confirmed by observation, ?????????, ??????? ?? ?????????. ???? it will be the successful conclusion ??? ?????? ???????????? ????????????, of a search going back more than ??? ????? ?????????? ??????????????, 3?ooo years. We will have found the ? ???????? ???? ??? ????? 3000 ???. ?? ??????? grand design. ??????? ???????. GLOSSARY ????????? Alternative histories - a formulation ?????????????? ??????? - ???????????? of quantum theory in which the prob- ? ????????? ??????, ? ??????? ??????- ability of any observation is con- ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ?? structed histo- from all the possible ???? ????????? ???????, ??????? ????? ries that that ob- could have led to ?? ???????? ? ????? ??????????. servation . Anthropic principle - the idea that ???????????? ??????? - ?????? ? ???, ????????? we can draw conclusions about the ap- ??? ?? ????? ????????????? ??????? parent laws of physics based on the ?? ????????? ?????? ??????, ???????- fact that we exist. ??? ?? ????? ?????????????. Antimatter - each particle of matter ??????????? - ?????? ??????? ??????? each has a corresponding anti-particle. If ????? ??????????????? ???????????. they meet, they annihilate ????? ??? ???????????, ??? ????????- other, leaving pure energy. ???? ???? ? ??????, ??????? ?????? ???????. Apparent laws - the laws of nature ????????? ?????? - ?????? ???????, ????????? that we observe in our universe\u2014the ??????????? ???? ? ????? - laws of the four forces, and the pa- ?????? ??????? ??? ? ????? ???????? rameters that characterize such as mass and charge ??? ????? ? ?????, ??????????????? cles\u2014in the elementary parti- ???????????? ???????; ? ??????? ?? ??????? contrast to the more funda- ????? ??????????????? ?- mental laws of M-theory that allow ??????, ??? ????????? ????????? ???- with differ- for different universes ?????? ? ?????????? ????????.","ent laws. Asymptotic freedom - a property of ??????????????? ??????? - ???????? to the strong force that causes it ??????? ???????, ???????????? ?? ???- short in become weaker at distances. ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????. can ? ???????- Hence, although quarks are bound ?????????????, ???? ?????? they ??? ????? nuclei by the strong force, they ?? ? ???? ??????? ????????, ??????????? move within nuclei almost as if ????????? ? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????, felt no force at all. ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?????. Atom - the basic unit of ordinary ???? - ???????????? ??????? ??????? matter, consisting of a nucleus with ???????, ????????? ?? ???? ? ???????- protons and neutrons, ????????? orbiting surrounded by ?? ? ??????????, ?????????? electrons. ?? ?????? ???????????. Baryon - a type of elementary parti- ?????? - ??? ???????????? ???????, cle, neutron, such as the proton or ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????, ??????- that is made of three quarks. ??? ?? ???? ???????. Big bang - the dense, hot beginning ??????? ????? - ???????, ??????? ??- of the universe. The big bang theory ???? ?????????. ?????? ???????? ????- postulates that about 13.7 billion ?? ???????????, ??? ????? 13 ???????- years ago the part of the universe we ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????????, ????- can see today was only a few millime- ??? ?? ?????, ???? ???? ????????? ters across. Today the universe is ??????????? ? ????????. ?????? ?? vastly larger and cooler, but we can ????????? ??????? ?????? ? ????????, observe the remnants of that early ?? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ????? period in the cosmic microwave back- ?????? ???????? ? ??????????? ?????- ???????- ground radiation that permeates all ???????? ???????????? ????, space. ?????? ??? ????????????. Black hole - a region of space-time ?????? ???? - ??????? ????????????- gravita- that, due to its immense ???????, ??????? ????????? ???????? from the tional force, is cut off ?????????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??- rest universe. of the ??????? ?????????. Boson - an elementary particle that ????? - ???????????? ???????, ??????? carries ???????. force. Bottom-up approach - in cosmology, an ?????? \\\"?? ???????? ? ??????\\\" (?????? idea that rests on the assumption of the \\\"????? ?????\\\") - ? ?????????? - ????, start- that therefs a single history of the ??????????? ?? ?????????????, ??? ??- universe, with a well-defined from ???????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????????, ing point, and that the state ? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? universe today is an evolution ?, ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? that beginning. ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. Classical physics - any theory of ???????????? ?????? - ????? ??????- is as- ? ??????? physics in which the universe ???? ??????, ????????? ????? sumed to have a single, well-defined ?????????????? ???? ?????? ??- ?????????? ???????. history. Cosmological constant - a parameter ?????????????? ?????????? - ????????-","in Einsteinfs equations that gives ??? ? ????????? ????????? ?????????? space-time an inherent tendency to ????????????-????? ??????????? ??- expand. ?????????? ? ??????????. Electromagnetic force - the second ???????????????? ???? - ?????? ?? ??- strongest of the four forces of na- acts between with ????? ?? ???????? ???? ???????. ???- ture. It particles charges. ??????? ????? ????????? ? ?????????- electric ????? ????????. Electron - an elementary particle of ???????? - ???????????? ??????? ????- charge and matter that has a negative prop- ???, ??????? ????????????? ????? ? chemical is responsible for the ????????????? ?? ?????????? ???????? erties of elements. ?????????. Fermion - a matter-type elementary ??????? - ???????????? ??????? ??- ???????. particle. ?????????? Galaxy - a large system of stars, in- ????????? - ???????? ??????? ?? ???????????? terstellar matter, and dark matter ?????, ???????? ? ?????? ???????, ???????????? ???????- that is held together by gravity. ?????? ????. Gravity - the weakest of the four ?????????? - ????????? ?? ??????? ??? forces of nature. It is the means by ???????. ???????, ?? ??????? ??????? which each objects that have mass attract ?????????? ?????? ????????????? ???? other. ? ?????. Heisenberg uncertainty principle a- ??????? ???????????????? ??????????? ar- law of quantum theory stating that - ????? ????????? ??????, ?????????- certain cannot pairs of physical properties ???, ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ??- bitrary be known simultaneously to ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ? precision. ???????????? ?????????. Meson - a type of elementary particle ????? - ??? ???????????? ???????, ??- that is made of a quark and an anti- ??????? ?? ?????? ? ????-??????. quark. M-theory - a fundamental theory of ?-?????? - ??????????????? ?????? ??- physics that is a candidate the ?????? theory for ????, ???????????? ?? ?????? of everything. ????? Multiverse - a set of universes. ??????????????? - ????????? ??????- ???. Neutrino - an extremely light elemen- ???????? - ??????????? ?????? ??????- tary particle that is affected only ?????? ???????, ?? ??????? ????????- by the weak ???? ??????? ???????????- ity. nuclear force and grav- ???? ?????? ??? ? ??????????. Neutron - a type of electrically neu- ??????? - ??? ???????????? ????????- tral with the proton forms baryon that ???? ???????, ??????? ?????? ? ?????- of an atom. the nucleus ??? ????????? ??????? ????. No-boundary condition - the require- ???????????? ??????? - ?????????????"]
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