Health and Physical Education WS31002

The Essence of Way of Life Skills Textbook Health and Physical Education (WS 31002) Upper Secondary Education Level (Revised Edition of B.E. 2554) Non-Formal and Informal Basic Education Curriculum of B.E. 2551 Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education Office of the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Education Not for sale This textbook is published with a national budget allocated for the purpose of people’s lifelong learning. Copyright owned by the Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education. Academic Document No. 13/2555

2 The Essence of Way of Life Skills Textbook Health and Physical Education (WS31002 ) Upper Secondary Education Level (Revised Edition of B.E. 2554) Copyright owned by the Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education, Office of the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Education. Academic Document No. 13/2554

3 Preface The Office of the Non-Formal and Informal Education (ONIE) announced on 18 September B.E. 2551 the replacement of the criteria and method of non-formal education management in accordance with the Curriculum of Basic Education of B.E. 2544 with the Essences of Non-Formal Education Basic Curriculum of B.E. 2551 which has been developed in line with the philosophical principles and basic beliefs of the non-formal education that the target group of such an education is basically adults who already have experience in learning and have been accumulating knowledge and expertise on a continuous basis. In the fiscal year of B.E. 2554, a strategic educational policy plan was developed by the Ministry of Education with the aim to increase people’s potential and competitiveness so as to enable them to have occupations and allow them to have a good and stable income, be disciplined, have moral principles and ethics and a sense of accountability towards oneself and others. With this view in mind, the ONIE undertook the revision of the principles, objectives, standards, expected learning outcomes and the contents of all of the five groups of the Essences of Non-Formal Education Basic Curriculum of B.E. 2551 in line with the Ministry of Education’s policy. This endeavor led to the revision of the textbooks with the addition of contents relating to occupations, moral principles and ethics, and preparations for the establishment of the ASEAN Community in all of the subjects concerned. Efforts have, however, been made to maintain the former principles and methods of developing textbooks which would allow learners to undertake a self-directed study and then to do activities and exercises to verify their knowledge and understanding as well as to have the opportunity to increase their knowledge through group exchanges or to further their learning by studying local wisdom as well as learning from other sources of knowledge. The compilation of these textbooks is the result of the kind cooperation which the ONIE has received from academic subject experts and other resource persons involved with teaching who have studied and done researches, compiled information and knowledge from various sources and written the content in a manner which has enabled us to have courses in accordance with the standards, expected learning outcomes, learning indicators and content scopes of each subject matter. The ONIE would, therefore, like to express its gratitude to all those concerned and hopes that these textbooks will duly

4 benefit learners, teachers and all those involved at all levels. The ONIE would also like to express its appreciation should there be any recommendations for improvement. (Signature) (Mr. Prasert Boonreung) ONIE Secretary General November B.E. 2554

Contents 5 Preface page Introduction on the use of textbook Course Structure 9 Chapter 1 The Mechanisms of Body Systems 10 13 1. The Mechanism of the Digestive System 18 2. The Mechanism of the Excretory System 21 3. The Mechanism of the Nervous System 24 4. The Mechanism of the Reproductive System 32 5. The Mechanism of the Endocrine System 36 6. Awareness of Symptoms of the Body Systems 37 Chapter 2 Sex Education Problems 38 1. Sexual Problem Management Skills 43 2. Sexual Problems in Children and Teenagers 44 3. Dealing with Emotions and Sexual Desire 47 4. Sexual Misunderstanding 53 5. The Law relating to Sexual Abuse 54 Chapter 3 Food and Nutrition 60 1. Malnutrition Diseases 65 2. Food Sanitation 73 3. Diet Programs suitable for members in the family 74 Chapter 4 Enhancing Health 77 1. Enhancing Community Health 91 2. Health Exercises 91 Chapter 5 Genetically Transmitted Diseases 93 1. Genetically Transmitted Diseases 2. Significant Genetic Diseases

Chapter 6 Safety in Medicine use 6 1. Principles and Methods of Proper Medicine Use 2. Potential dangers of Medicine Use 105 3. Myths about Medicine Use 106 108 Chapter 7 Effects of the Narcotics 111 1. Present Problems of the Spreading of Narcotics 118 2. Prevention of the Narcotics Spread 119 3. Laws about Narcotics 122 125 Chapter 8 Life Skills for Mental Health 129 1. The Meaning and the importance of Life Skills 129 2. Skills of Self Awareness 132 3 . Skills to deal with Emotions 136 4. Skills to deal with Stress 139 140 Chapter 9 Career Opportunities with Sanitary Readymade Food 144 Food Preservations by Heat 145 Food Preservation by Frost 148 Food Preservation by Drying 148 Food Preservation by Fermentation 150 Food Preservation by Radiation 154 Career Opportunities with Sanitary Readymade food 160 Restaurant Decoration and Preparation of Sanitary Readymade Food 162 Consumers’ Behavior and Distribution of Readymade Food 164 Business Management 166 Pricing 168 Career Morality 170 Promoting and Supporting Agencies in Thailand 173 Bibliography

7 Introduction on the use of textbook This textbook on the Way of Life Skills, Health and Physical Education code WS31002 for Upper Secondary Level is printed for the Non-Formal Education Learners. To study this subject, learners should proceed as follows. 1. Carefully study and understand the subject structure, learning expectation, and subject content. 2. Carefully study the details of the content in each lesson and do the assigned activities, then check the answer of the activities. If the answers are wrong, go back to restudy the content. Make sure the content is understood again before continuing to the next chapter. 3. Practice doing the activities at the end of each part to verify understanding of the content. Recheck content and exercises with teachers and friends. 4. This textbook has 8 chapters. Chapter 1 Mechanism of the body systems Chapter 2 Sex education Problems Chapter 3 Food and Nutrition Chapter 4 Enhancing Health Chapter 5 Genetically Transmitted Diseases Chapter 6 Safety in Medicine Use Chapter 7 Effects of Narcotics Chapter 8 Life Skills for Mental Health Chapter 9 Career Opportunities with Sanitary Readymade Food

8 The Course Structure of Health and Physical Education High School Education (WS31002) Syllabus Study, practice, and apply the content of the health and physical education which includes the body systems, life goals, sex education, food and nutrition, health enhancement, transfer of genetic diseases, medication safety, effects of narcotics, and mental health. All these can be used for planning and developing our and our families’ health and can be applied to our daily lives properly and safely. Learning Expectation 1. Able to explain the mechanisms of the body systems. 2. Planning life goals along with sex related problems. 3. Learning and planning to improve health and nutrition. 4. Able to explain transmission of genetic diseases. 5. Prevention of accidents and casualties. 6. Development of life skills. Scope Chapter 1 Mechanism of the body systems Chapter 2 Sex education Problems Chapter 3 Food and Nutrition Chapter 4 Enhancing Health Chapter 5 Genetically Transmitted Diseases Chapter 6 Safety in Medicine Use Chapter 7 Effects of Narcotics Chapter 8 Life Skills for Mental Health Chapter 9 Career Opportunities with Sanitary Readymade Food

9 Chapter 1 Mechanisms of Body Systems Syllabus A human being will be growing perfectly if the mechanisms of the body systems are working efficiently without sickness. It is necessary for us to learn how the processes of the body mechanisms work, and how we can protect and nourish them. LEARNING EXPECTATIONS 1. Understanding the Body Mechanisms 1.1 The Mechanism of the Digestive System 1.2 The Mechanism of the Excretory System 1.3 The Mechanism of the Nervous System 1.4 The Mechanism of the Reproductive System 1.5 The Mechanism of the Endocrine System 2. Be able to take care of the body systems, prevent the 5 abnormal signs of these systems and develop and maintain them. CONTENT AREA 1. The Mechanism of the Digestive System 2. The Mechanism of the Excretory System 3. The Mechanism of the Nervous System 4. The Mechanism of the Reproductive System 5. The Mechanism of the Endocrine System 6. Awareness of Failures of the Body Systems

10 The Mechanisms of the Body System The Mechanisms of the systems in our body are working automatically and consistent with one another. We have to learn and understand how to manage and maintain the efficiency of the mechanisms of the body to last as long as possible. Each body systems has a different function but work systematically together. The 5 significant systems in our body have the following functions and associated organs: 1. The Digestive System Human beings consume food so that the body can grow, maintain and reconstruct damaged organs. Humans thus have a digestive system to transport nutrient and water and convert it into energy for the body to use. Digestion is the process of changing larger food particles into smaller ones which the body can absorb and use. The digestive system can be divided into 3 sections. 1. Digestion within the mouth. This is the first step in the process of digestion. The body organs related to this step are the teeth and salivary glands. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of the body begins with the mouth and the teeth for chewing food and the salivary glands to digest starch. The saliva has a slimy consistency to help swallowing any food substances easier. The amount of saliva produced depends on the taste and smell of the food. After the food has been ground in the mouth, it can be swallowed through the GI tract. 2. Digestion within a stomach. The next organ in the GI tract is the stomach. It is under the left diaphragm and above the small intestine It is a bag in the shape of the letter J. Its wall is a smooth and flexible muscle. The strong stomach muscle is very flexible and can be expanded to hold 1,000 – 1,200 c.c. There are 2 sphincter muscles, one is connected to the upper GI tract; the other is connected to the small intestine. Glands within the stomach wall secret enzymes and acids to aid in the digestion of food. Whenever food passes into the stomach, the glands will be given an impulse to produce the enzymes and acids. The hydrochloric acid can change pepsinogen and trirennin secreted from the stomach wall into pepsin and rennin which digest protein. The acid in the stomach also destroys bacteria in the food. Depending on the kind of food digestion will last from about 30 minutes to 3 hours. Proteins will be digested within the stomach by the pepsin enzyme. The stomach absorbs some nutrients; for example, it can absorb 30 – 40 percent of alcohol present in the food.

11 3. Digestion within the small intestine. The small intestine is connected to the stomach via the pyloric sphincter. The small intestine looks like a curling tube in the abdominal cavity. It is 5-7 meters long. The small intestine produces enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. For further digestion in the small intestine, the food moves from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine. Digestion in the small intestine is aided by three organs; the pancreas, the small intestine wall and the liver. The pancreas builds hormones to control the blood sugar and enzymes to digest food. The enzymes produced by the pancreas cannot be used without the enzymes from the small intestine. This mixture of enzymes is able to digest protein. The panaceas also produces enzymes to digest carbohydrates and fats. It also produces sodium hydrogen carbonate which is a base and reduces stomach acidity. The small intestine wall produces enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. The small intestine can be divided into 3 structural parts: - Duodenum - Jejunum - Ileum The liver produces bile which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile helps to disperse and dissolve fat in water. Lipase enzymes from the pancreas and the small intestine help to digest fats into fatty acid and glycerides (acylglycerols). Absorption. Most absorption of nutrients happens in the small intestine. The inner wall of the small intestine is covered with wrinkles called plicae circulares. Microscopic finger-like pieces of tissue project from the inner wall, they are called villi. At the outer area of a villus cell are some projections of

12 tissue which we call microvilli. The function of the plicae circulares, the villi and the microvilli is to extend the total area available for the absorption of nutrients. Blood and lymph vessels in each villus take the nutrients by permeation from the small intestine wall. Almost all of the nutrient including a variety of vitamins will be absorbed at the duodenum. The jejunum will absorb the fatty acids while the ileum will absorb vitamin B12 and bile salt. Most of the nutrients and water will be transported into capillaries of the villi. Monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids will pass into the capillaries and the veins and will be transported into the liver and finally into the heart. Monosaccharide, of which more is absorbed than we need, will be synthesized into glycogen and is stored in the liver and muscles. Glycogen stored in the liver will be changed into glucose and is brought to cells as energy source. Fatty acids will get into the blood. It is used as energy source and to build some parts of the cell membrane and other structures of cells. Some fatty acids are changed into glucose, glycogen and amino acids. Fatty acids not needed by the body will be kept in special cells located under our skin, inside the abdomen, in the hips and thighs. Since it is also kept in the kidneys and the heart, the efficiency of those organs will be reduced. Amino acids acquired from food will be transformed into proteins. These proteins are used as building elements for cells and other tissues, to produce new cells and assist body growth. Our body can use fats and proteins as an energy source when not enough carbohydrates are available. Unused proteins will be changed in the liver into fat and kept in body tissue. When proteins are changed into fat, amino acids will be produced as by-products. Some of these are dangerous to the liver and kidneys. Our body will have serious problems if we lack protein nutrients because by the time changes in the chemical processes are happening, cells receive only a protein enzyme. The indigestible food parts will move into the large intestine. Cells inside the large intestine wall are able to absorb water, minerals and vitamins from the waste food and move it into the blood. The waste food then moves to the rectum and finally the anus. The anus has is a very strong ring muscle and used to pass fecal matter from the body. Researchers found that food we eat will move through the digestive system and reach the rectum 12 hours after consumption. The waste food will be in the rectum until it is full then a defecation feeling occurs and the waste is expulsed.

13 Large intestine 2. The mechanism of the Excretory System Excretory System Excretion is the process of eliminating waste from our body which sometimes is called defecation waste. The organs related to the elimination of waste are lungs, skin, bladder and a large intestine. The lung is an indispensible organ in our body. We use it for breathing. The main function of the lung is to transfer oxygen from the air into the blood system and carbon dioxide from the blood system into the air. This is done by million of small and thin cells which are forming a sack like shape resembling a balloon. Besides respiration the lung performs other functions as well. Our lungs are located in sides, left and right, of the chest cavity. They are soft and the ribcage is covering and protecting them. Each lung is contained in a bag surrounding the lungs. These bags are called pleura. The pleura are like 2 thin bags put together and are called inner pleura and outer pleura. The inner pleura cover the lung and the outer pleura are attached to the chest wall. There is a cavity between the 2 thin bags called the pleura cavity. A liquid in the cavity lubricates the bags and is called pleural fluid. This liquid helps the pleura to slide smoothly without friction. The pleural fluid also ensures that the inner and outer pleura will not stick together and at the same time will be hard to separate. The left lung is smaller than the right lung because we need space for out heart on this side of the chest cavity. Mechanism of the lung The lung is used to transfer gas and to use oxygen. When we inhale, air will be sucked into the respiratory system. The lungs contain many airways and very small sacks called alveoli. At the wall of

14 each alveolus are many small blood vessels attached. The alveoli have a gas exchange surface. Thus, the oxygen from the air we inhale will be diffused into the red blood cells. At the same time, carbon dioxide from the red blood cells will diffused through the membrane into the alveoli. The air we inhale contains about 20 percent of oxygen, but we use only 13 percent of it for this mechanism. Waste Elimination from the Lung Waste in the form of water and carbon dioxide is eliminated through the lungs. Water and carbon dioxide disseminated from cells gets into blood vessels and the blood carries them to the lungs and the air sacks. Water and carbon dioxide move through our thorax and are exhaled through our mouth and nose. This process is called ‚Respiration‛. Skin Our skin is an outer tissue which wraps around our body. The area of the skin in an adult is about 3,000 square inches and its thickness is about 2 to 3 millimeter depending on the place on our body. In areas of friction such as elbows and knees, the skin is thicker than at the arms and legs. The Structure of the Skin Our skin can be divided into 3 primary layers, the epidermis, the dermis, and the hypodermis. 1. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is very thin. It consists of cells stacked as layers. The inner cells of the epidermis are attached to the dermis, will split away and move to replace the outer cells when those are sloughed off. The epidermis contains cells called ‚Melanocytes‛. The number of melanocytes varies from people to people according their skin color. The epidermis contains no blood vessels, nerves or glands but only the passage pores for hair, sweat and oils. 2. The dermis is the lower skin next to the epidermis but much thicker. This kind of skin is composed of collagen, elastin, small blood vessels, nerves, muscles, oil glands, sweat glands, and hair follicles. Functions of skin 1. Protecting and covering internal organs in the body. 2. Keeping harmful chemicals and pathogens out of the body. 3. Expelling waste from our body via the sweat glands.

15 4. Regulating the body temperature via the small blood vessel systems and by sweat evaporation. 5. Perceiving heat, cold, or pain. 6. Producing vitamin D by transforming fat under the skin to vitamin D with the help of sunlight. 7. Oiling the hair to make it shine and strong. How to take care of the Skin Everybody prefers to have clean, beautiful and uncontaminated as well as wrinkleless skin. The best ways to take care of our skin is: 1. Cleaning our body by 1.1 Taking a bath at least twice a day, in the morning and in the evening, to wash away all dirty from the skin. 1.2 Using soft alkaline soap to clean the body. 1.3 Cleaning the whole body thoroughly especially under the armpits, groin, foldable joints, sexual organ, fingers, toes, under the chin and behind the ears. 1.4 Using fingers or palms to rub the body while bathing not only to clean it but also to increase blood circulation. 1.5 Drying the body after bathing with a clean towel before putting on clothes. 2. Wearing clean clothes suitable for the weather and the task; for example, if it is warm, thin clothes are suitable so the body does not overheat etc. 3. Consuming good nutritious food, especially food containing vitamin A such as fish oil, liver, butter or cheese, milk, egg yolk, gizzard, tomato, papaya and green or yellow vegetables. Vitamin A helps to moisturize the skin, hardens finger and toe nails and prevents sloughing. 4. Drinking a lot of water to freshen the skin up. 5. Getting regular exercise for better blood circulation. 6. Getting the morning sunlight and avoiding staying under strong, bright sunlight which may burn the skin. 7. Using cosmetics with care because we may get allergic to it; inflammations may occur as well. It is advisable that use of any cosmetics producing adverse reaction should be discontinued.

16 8. If something is wrong with the skin, we should consult a physician. Urinary System Urinary organs are: 1. Kidneys. The 2 kidneys are at the back of the abdominal hip. There are shaped like red bean seeds. The right kidney is located a little lower than the left one. They contain about 1 million kidney tubes to filter urine from blood. The kidneys are one of the important organs of the urinary system. They filter water soluble waste such as urea, minerals and water out of the blood and transform it into urine. The urine then flows through the renal pelvis, ureter, and is stored in the urinary bladders. 2. Renal Pelvis. This is a small pipe, shaped like a cone, in the proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. The lower end of the cone funnels into the ureter. 3. Ureter. These are 2 small tubes connecting each kidney and to the urinary bladders. The length of these small tubes is about 25 to 30 cm. Urine will descend through these tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. 4. Urinary Bladder. Urine from the kidneys will accumulate here after descending through the ureter. The urinary bladder is very elastic and can hold up to 1 liter urine. However, if it contains more than 700 cm3, it may become dangerous. When enough urine has filled the urinary bladder, we feel an urge to urinate. 5. Urethra. This is a small tube connecting the urinary bladder with the genitals. In males, the urethra travels through the penis. In females, the urethra ends just above the vagina. The urethra provides an exit for urine from the body. In human males the urethra is about 20 cm long and in human females about 4 cm.

17 The process of the urination Any process within our body produces some kinds of waste in the cells, such as urea, ammonia, uric acid, etc. The blood will circulate this waste matter to the kidneys. Most blood circulates to the small blood tubes in the kidneys in a single day. The kidneys perform as a filter separating water and waste matter from blood and excrete it into the ureter. This water and waste mixture is called urine. Whenever the urine moves into the ureter, it will frequently be squeezed to move the urine into the bladder. When there is about 200-250 cm3 of urine in the urinary bladder, it will contract and urge us to urinate. The more urine flows into the bladder, the more urging is the feeling to urinate. The urine will flow through the urethra and exit our body at the end of the urethra. About 1 – 1.5 liters of urine is excreted from our blood everyday but this varies with the quantity of water we consume. The more water we have in our body, the more frequent we urinate. On the other hand, if the water in our body is lessened, caused by excess sweating, urine excretion will be lessened as well. How to strengthen and maintain the efficiency of the urinary system 1. Drink at least 6 – 8 glasses of clean water a day. This will help the urinary system. 2. Avoid consuming vegetables with high content of oxalate such as, bamboo shoots, piper samentosum, Praew vegetable, Kradone vegetable etc. All these vegetables cause accumulation of calcium oxalate in the kidneys and the urinary bladder and might develop kidney or bladder stones. We should consume beef, milk, eggs and beans because of their high content of phosphate that reduces the potential of stone development in the urinary tract especially in the kidneys, the ureter, and in the urinary bladder. 3. Avoid suppressing the urge to urinate for a long time because it might cause infections within the urinary tract. 4. Consult an urologist if unusual sensations in the urinary tract occur. Our body functions like an engine. We burn nutrients to produce energy and waste in our body. Our body needs to get rid of two kinds of the waste matter which are: 1. Toxic substances 2. Excessive and unnecessary matter The excretory system is responsible for the expulsion of waste from our body. The waste matters may be gaseous (breath), liquid (sweat and urine) or solid (stool). - The organ related to the excretion of solids is the large intestine (see digestive system) - The organ related to the excretion of gases is the lung (see respiratory system)

18 - The organs related to the excretion of liquids are kidneys and skin. - The organs for the excretion of urine are kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder and urethra. - The organ for the excretion of sweat is skin which has sweat glands producing sweat and excreting waste matters. Excretion from the large intestine Digestion ends at the point where the small intestine meets the large intestine. The large intestine is about 1.5 meter long with a radius of about 6 centimeter. Food digested in the small intestine will be in liquid form. The function of the first part of the large intestine is to absorb water, minerals and glucose still in the food. The last part of the large intestine stores the food waste, a semi solid. The large intestine uses mucilage to lubricate the stool so it passes more easily through the large intestine. As the large intestine absorbs more and more water from the stool, the stool will harden and might become too hard to defecate, we call this obstipation or constipation. In one day about 300 – 500 cm3 of food waste will go through the large intestine and produce about 100 grams of stool. Causes of Constipation 1. Consumption of food with insufficient fiber content 2. Consumption of strong flavored food 3. Delayed defecation 4. Consumption of large volumes of tea or coffee. 5. Smoking. 6. Stress and nervousness 3. The Mechanism of the Nervous System Nervous System The nervous system is a very complicated and complex system. It is associated with the muscular functions that adjusted our body to the environment both inside and outside our body. This nervous system can be divided into 3 parts. 1. Central Nervous System (CNS). This system is comprised of the brain and the spinal cord. Brain Functions

19 1. Control of memory, thought, and intellect. 2. Control of muscle movement. The left side of the brain controls the muscles of the right and the right side of the brain controls the muscles of the left side of our body. 3. Control of speech, sight, and hearing. 4. Control of the metabolism, hunger and thirst. 5. Control of eye movement, opening and shutting of the iris. 6. Control of muscles associated with body balance. 7. Control of respiratory process, heart beat and the contraction and expansion of the blood vessels. 8. The midbrain controls the motor areas and plans body movement. Finally, the motor area sends the commands to the spinal cord. Functions of the Spinal Cord 1. Transmit neural signals to the brain for interpretation and command and at the same time, transfer neural signals from the brain to the other organs. 2. Control of reflexes, enabling us to react immediately for protection and risk avoidance to our body. For instance, when we step on a sharp thorn we will step away immediately, not waiting for a command from the brain to do so. 3. Control of organ growth connected with the spinal cord, which is called the trophic function. 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). It consists of nerves and ganglia outside the Central Nervous System. One part of this system are the ‚Cranial Nerves‛ attached to the brain, the other part are the ‚Spinal Nerves‛ originating from the spinal cord. If any spinal nerve in any part is destroyed, it will affect the movement and the control of the organ connected to that spinal nerve. For example, if the spinal nerves at the hips and the bottom are damaged, both legs will be affected which may result in paralysis of the legs and immobility. 3. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). The Autonomic Nervous System controls primarily the functions of the internal organs which are beyond the control of the mind. These can be divided into 2 groups: 1) Sympathetic nervous system (SNS). The purpose of this system is to accelerate the functions of the internal organs, to work faster and harder. It also plays part in controlling emotions which accelerate the heart beat, increase the blood pressure, and increase the function of the glands. It includes

20 reflexes for fright, fear, anger, and pain or for safety of the body in emergency cases. The neurons in this system are connected to the spinal cord at the chest and hip regions. 2) Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The main function of this nervous system is to slow down organ functions while our body needs to rest. The nerve fibers of this group of nerve are connected to the CNS and spinal nerves. Both groups of nerves (SNS and PNS) work simultaneously and if either of these groups works hard, the other will work less. Sometimes they help each other control the amount of water or the temperature in the body to be normal. They also control the internal organs and the glands to work efficiently and appropriately.

21 4. The Mechanism of the Reproductive System Reproductive System Reproduction is the process that helps human species to survive. In humans the significant components are male and female. Both sexes have different reproductive organs. 1. Male Reproductive System. The male reproductive organs are outside the body and consist of the following significant parts: 1.1 Penis is the male copulatory organ. It is shaped like a cylinder around the pelvis region. It is composed of tight but soft and elastic tissue. Normally, the length of the penis is about 5 – 6 cm and its radius is 2.5 cm. At the tip are many nerves and blood tubes nourishing it, so it is sensitive to touch. When a man becomes sexually aroused, the penis becomes erect and can double its normal size. It becomes erect because its erectile tissue is filled with blood. When the penis is erect, small glands in the urethra produce mucilage to help in lubrication and transport for the sperms. 1.2 Testis consists of the scrotum which holds and protects the testes. It is like dark wrinkled thin skin. The scrotum hangs on a muscle and can be shrunk or flaccid depending on changes of the outside temperature. The reason for this is to regulate the temperature in the scrotum to be good for sperm production. A human male has two testicles producing sperms and androgens (testosterone). A testicle looks like a small egg and is 2 - 4 cm long. It weights about 15 – 30 grams. Often, the left testicle is a slightly larger than the right one. Both testicles are hold in the scrotum. The many small tubes winding in stacks in the testes are called seminiferous tubules. These tubules produce sperms and the male hormone. At the back of each testicle are many small winding tubes to temporarily keep the sperms until they mature. We call these small tubes ‚epididymis‛. 1.3 Vas deferens The two ducts are each about 30 cm long tubes and are connected to the epididymis. These tubes transport the sperms from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts. 1.4 Epididymis connects its testicle to its vas deferens. This tube looks like a half moon hanging from the rear of the testicle inside the scrotum. The upper part is bigger which is called ‚Head or Caput‛, then the ‚Body or Corpus‛ finally, the ‚Tail or Cauda‛. It is a

22 single, narrow, tightly-coiled tube. After the sperms have been produced, they will be stored and mature in this place before ejected through the urethra. 1.5 Prostate Gland looks similar to the betel nut covering the first part of the urethra under the bladder. The function of this gland is to secrete a slightly alkaline liquid, milky or white in appearance. This liquid will be mixed with the sperms and move to the urethra. The alkalinity of this liquid is able to neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract to protect the sperms from being damaged by vaginal acidity and increasing the change of fertilization. The male reproductive cells or sperms will be produced in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. Sperms look similar to tadpoles with a head, a midpiece, and a tail which is much smaller than the head. The long tail is used for moving. The sperm itself is about 0.05 mm long and many thousand times smaller than the ovum. After the sperms are produced in the seminiferous tubules, they will be kept in the epididymis until they are fully mature. In the meantime, the prostate gland and the other glands will produce certain liquids to feed the sperms and accumulate them to a certain quantity. Whenever men have an ejaculation, the sperms will move through the urethra and leave the body. This step is a natural decrease of the sperms in our body. The head of the sperm is the place for the nucleus with the genetic material in it. On top of the head, there are enzymes used to penetrate the ovum wall for fertilization. The tail or flagellum is the part that propels the sperm forward.

23 2. Female Reproductive System Most female sexual organs are inside the body and consist of the following parts: 2.1 Vagina is at the bottom of the abdomen. It is a muscular tubular tract of 5 – 7 cm in length. The front wall of the vagina is connected to the bladder. The back wall is connected to the end of the large intestine, near the anus. There are a lot of nerves within the vagina especially at the open end of it. The open end of the urethra a little above the vagina. 2.2 Clitoris is a small button at the open end of the vagina. It resembles a penis except that the urethra does not pass through the clitoris like it does in a penis. There are a lot of blood tubes and nerves feeding the clitoris which is flexible and sensitive for sexual stimulus comparable to the penis. 2.3 Uterus is a muscular organ building a cavity with thick wall. It is located inside the pelvis between the urinary bladder and at the end of the rectum. The ovum moves down along the ovarian duct into the uterus cavity and if the ovum has been fertilized, the embryo will settle in the thick uterus wall. There is a lot of blood feeding the embryo here. 2.4 Ovary. The ovaries are 2 glands in the cavity of the pelvic. They are of a rather small round shape and weigh about 2 -3 grams. During embryonic development, each of the ovaries will grow in the abdominal cavity and after birth will move down to the pelvis. The ovaries produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. 2.5 2.5 Fallopian Tube. After the ovum matured in the follicle, it will move into the fallopian tube. Each fallopian tube is about 6 -7 cm long. The end close the ovary is shaped like a cone. The other end of the tube is linked to the uterus. These tubes transport the ovum to the uterus. The egg is caught by the fimbriated end of the tube and travels down the fallopian tube towards the urerus aided by the activity of the tubal muscle.

24 Female Reproductive Cells or ova are produced by the ovary. An ovum begins to mature by stimulation with the pituitary gland hormone to become ready for reproduction. Each ovary will take turns producing only one ovum every 28 -30 days. After the ovum has matured in the ovary, it will move into the fallopian tube. During this time, more blood is circulated in the endometrium of the uterus wall readying to receive the fertilized ovum which will be immersed in the endometrium and grow into an embryo and into a fetus until childbirth. If the ovum has not been fertilized, it will be disposed together with the endometrium and blood. This process is called menstruation. 5. The mechanism of the Endocrine The Endocrine System Two types of glands in our body are as follows: 1. Exocrine glands produce chemical substances which are sent to activate other organs via their own ducts. Examples of exocrine glands are the salivary glands, gastro-intestinal glands, lacrimal glands, sweat glands or sudoriparous gland. 2. Endocrine glands produce chemical substances which are sent to activate other organs through the bloodstream since they do not have their own ducts. These chemical substances are called hormones and are steroid amino acids. Endocrine glands can be found all over our body. They produce many types of hormones each for different tasks. These hormone control specific organs for body growth and may hormones stimulate or restrain organs. Seven significant endocrine glands are: 2.1 Pituitary gland. Pituitary gland is in the mid-lower part of the hypothalamus. This gland produces mucus like substance so it is called pituitary gland. The pituitary gland is composed of cells with different shapes. Size and general Characteristics of the Pituitary gland. The weight of the pituitary gland in males is about 0.5 – 0.6 gram while it is slightly heavier in females at 0.6 -0.7 gram.

25 The pituitary gland can be divided into 3 parts. They are the anterior pituitary, the intermediate pituitary, and the posterior pituitary. Each part has its own structure and way of producing hormones. The hormone produced by the pituitary control the body growth, the function of the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland, kidneys, and the reproduction system. 2.2 The Thyroid Gland The thyroid gland has 2 lobes to both sides of the larynx which are connected by thin tissue. The thyroid gland is the largest endocrine gland in our body. A lot of blood vessels feed this 15 - 20 gram heavy gland. Significant hormones produced by the thyroid gland are as follows: 1) Thyroxin Hormone controls the metabolism of food, stimulating the changing of the glycogen to glucose and bringing the glucose into cell membranes of the digestive tract. Hence, it helps increase glucose level in blood. Abnormalities in thyroxin hormone levels (1) Simple goiter is the enlargement of the thyroid gland because the anterior lobe produces the thyroid–stimulating hormone (TSH stimulates the thyroid glands to produce hormone under normal condition). This stimulates the thyroid gland too much until it is not able to produce thyroxin to restrain the flow of the TSH from the pituitary gland. (2) Toxic goiter happens when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone because of thyroid cancer. (3) Graves' disease or exophthalmic goiter is caused by the thyroid gland producing too much hormone because it is over stimulated by TSH. A patient will have a high metabolism of food. A patient becomes exhausted, loses weight despite eating a lot, being out of breath, and reacts fast to stimulation. This may cause Graves' ophthalmopathy or exophthalmos due to increase of water and tissue at the back of the eyeball. This condition is more common in females than in males.

26 (4) Cretinism is a condition of stunted physical and mental growth caused by the malfunction of the thyroid gland before or after childbirth. It reduces the growth of bones and the body will stay undersized. Other effects are mental deficiency, retardation, rough and dry skin, and bald head. (5) Myxedema occurs in adults because the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Significant symptoms are slow development of body and mind, convulsions, rough and pale dry skin, low effectiveness of heart and the kidney, inactivity, depression, weakened memory, too much fat, body weakness, and easily infection by disease. This illness is more common in women than in men. 2) Calcitonin is a hormone from the thyroid gland and functions as a regulator for the calcium level in blood. Excess calcium pulled from the blood and deposited into the bones; the calcium level in the blood controls the flow of the hormone. This hormone functions together with the hormone from the parathyroid gland and vitamin D. 2.3 Parathyroid Gland The parathyroid glands are very light endocrine glands attached to the back of thyroid tissue. Human have 2 glands on each side of the thyroid glands. They are shaped like small brown-red or brown-yellow eggs with a total weight of just 0.03 -0.05 gram The significant hormone produced from these glands is the parathyroid hormone. The function of this hormone is to maintain the balance of calcium and phosphorus in our body. It works closely together with calcitonin. Since the level of calcium in the blood is essential for the functionality of muscles, nerves and the heartbeat, the parathyroid hormone is an indispensable endocrine for life. 2.4 Adrenal gland The Adrenal glands sit on top of the two kidneys. The right gland looks like a triangle and the left gland is shaped like a half-moon. Each gland has two distinct structures, the outer adrenal cortex and the inner medulla, both of which produce many types of hormones. 1) Adrenal cortex. The adrenal cortex is one of the endocrine glands which can produce more than 50 hormones. The hormones produced by this gland can be divided into 3 groups: (1) Glucocorticoids. This hormone plays a major role in the regulation of the metabolism of glucose. It also regulates the metabolism of proteins and fats including the balancing of minerals. If we have too much glucocorticoid hormone, we might develop Cushing’s syndrome. A common sign of Cushing’s syndrome is the growth of fat pads along the collar bone and on the back of the neck (buffalo

27 hump) and a round face often referred to as a \"moon face\". This syndrome is associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. (2) Mineralocorticoid hormones. These hormones are involved with the retention of sodium, a mineral, in our body. Aldosterone is a significant hormone which controls the function of the kidney when reabsorbing water and sodium back into the blood vessels. It also controls the secretion of potassium in our body to regulate blood pressure. (3) Androgenic hormone or testoid is a common name for many hormones such as testosterone, androstenedione, and androsterone. 2) The adrenal medulla produces two significant hormones, adrenalin or epinephrine and noradrenalin or norepinephrine. The adrenal medulla produces about 70% adrenalin and 30% noradrenalin. Both hormones can be found in adults but only noradrenalin is found in children. (1) Adrenalin or epinephrine. Adrenalin is the hormone which increases blood sugar, blood pressure and heart beat. It also stimulates the small arteries in organs to enlarge but the small arteries in the skin and the abdominal cavity to contract. (2) Noradrenalin or norepinephrine. The noradrenalin hormone has a similar effect on our body to the effects of adrenalin. However, adrenaline causes the better effects. This hormone will also flow from the sympathetic nerve endings and increases the blood pressure by constricting the arteries to the organs. 2.5 Pancreas Within the pancreas tissue are about 2,500,000 small glands called Islets of Langerhans which accounts for only one percent of the whole pancreas. 2 types of hormones are produced by the Islets of Langerhans which are: (1) Insulin which is released from beta (β) cells at the center of the islets of Langerhans. The significant function of this hormone is to normalize the sugar level in the blood. When our body has a high level of blood sugar, the insulin will stimulate the liver cells and the muscle cells to bring more glucose into the cells and change the glucose to glycogen which can be stored there. Moreover, insulin increases the rate of glucose uptake in the cells and normalizes the blood sugar level. If the cell group which produces the insulin is destroyed, the blood sugar level will be higher than normal and will cause diabetes.

28 (2) Glucagon is the hormone produced from the Alfa (α) cells which are a type of cells in the Islets of Langerhans. The glucagon will stimulate the release of glucose from the liver and muscles into the blood so that the blood sugar level rises. 2.6 Ovaries: The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. The significant hormones produced by the ovaries are estrogen and progesterone. The estrogen controls the feminine appearance such as, high-pitched sound, full hips, reproductive organs, breasts, pubic hair and armpit hair. It also takes part in promoting the menstrual changes at the ovaries and the endometrium. Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteum inside the ovaries, during pregnancy some of it is produced in the placenta. A small amount is also produced in the adrenal glands. This hormone is the most significant hormone in preparation for pregnancy and during pregnancy. This hormone influences directly the changes to the endometrium, the ovaries and the uterus. Progesterone is controlled by the luteinizing hormone (LH) produced in the anterior pituitary gland. 2.7 Testes: The testes are part of the male reproductive system. The most significant hormone produced by this gland is testosterone which is produced since young age. Secretion of the interstitial cell stimulating hormone or ICSH will be stimulated by the hormone from the anterior pituitary gland (LH or ICSH). Other than producing testosterone, the testes also produce minute amounts of estrogen which is the female hormone. Testosterone controls the development of male reproductive tissues (testes and prostate) and the development of secondary sexual characteristics such as cracked voice, pointed Adam’s apple, mustache at lips, body hair at legs, arm pits and pubic hair, and increased bone and muscle mass at the shoulders, arms and legs which are much stronger than those of the opposite sex. Abnormal levels of testosterone may result in: (1) If the testes are physically injured it may result in castration and sterility. The following absence of testosterone affects sexual appearance and body growth. (2) A high level of testosterone or premature production during young age, maybe because of a tumor in the testis, might trigger a precocious puberty and premature development of both the secondary sexual characteristics and the reproductive organs.

29 Significant Endocrine glands their names, hormones and functions Endocrine gland Functions Pituitary gland Control the function of the thyroid. Thyrotrophin Control the amount of the adrenal gland substance. Corticotrophin Control the reproductive organ gland substance. Gonadotrophin Control the body growth. Growth hormone Control the amount of water derived from the kidney. Vasopressin Stimulate milk production. Prolactin Stimulate the contraction of the uterus muscle while giving Oxytocin birth. Thyroid gland Control the metabolism rate in changing food to heat and Thyroxin energy to control normal growth condition and the functions of the body system.

Endocrine gland 30 Parathyroid Parathormone Functions Adrenal gland Stimulate the bones to release calcium and control the level cortex and medulla of calcium in the blood. Adrenalin and Noradrenalin Produced from the medulla. This hormone will increase the Cortisone power to the sympathetic nerve system for the sensation of Aldosterone awareness, angriness, and excitement. Pancrease A steroid produced in the cortex; helps to prevent fright. Insulin Produced in the cortex, helps to control the balance of Ovary (female reproductive gland) minerals and water in the body. Estrogen Controls blood sugar levels Progesterone Controls adolescent female appearance, stops bone growth Testes (male reproductive gland) and stimulates the uterus to be ready for the ovulation. Testosterone Prepares uterus for pregnancy, during pregnancy, produces placenta for infant growth and adjusts mother for the pregnancy. Control adolescence male appearances.

31 Table of functions and organs relating to the systems of our body System function Related organs Body covering system Covering and protection body. Skin, hair, finger nail Digestive system Digesting food until being Mouth, teeth, tongue, salivary gland, absorbed into the bloodstream. esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus, liver, pancreas, gallbladder Endocrine system Producing hormone Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovary, testes Blood circulation and Moving gasses, minerals, waste, Heart, blood vessels, spleen, lymph duct, lymph hormones, and chemicals in and and lymph node out of the body. Nervous system Transferring and receiving Brain, nerve tissue, sensation organs sensations and controlling the (eyes, ears, nose, mouth, tongue, teeth, functions of organs skin) Respiratory system Taking oxygen into our body and Nose, trachea, lung releasing carbon dioxide out of the body. Muscular system Body movement both inside and Muscles – smooth muscles, striated outside the body. muscles and cardiac muscles Body structure system Being the body structure. Bones - composed of body core and body system, together with the muscular system it makes ‚the movement system‛. Reproductive system Producing reproductive cells and Testes, prostate gland, ovaries, uterus, controlling the reproductive sex organs mechanism. Excretory system Eliminating and filtering waste Lung, kidney, ureter, bladder, skin, large products out of the body. intestine,

32 Activities 1. Watch video clips showing how each organ works and conclude main ideas (write 10 sentences) 2. Identify the three most important systems of the body and explain the reasons of your choice. 6 . Taking care of our vital body systems If all of our body systems work perfect, we will have a happy life. However, if any of our body system does not work properly, we will be sick and suffer and have a hard time doing our jobs well. We should always take good care of our body systems in order to remain strong. Ways of taking care of our body systems: 1. The Digestive System 1.1. Having a clean meal with good nutritive value. 1.2. Avoiding strong flavors or spicy hot food. 1.3. Chewing food thoroughly. 1.4. Drinking enough water, at least 6 -8 glasses a day. 1.5. Not exercising or doing hard work immediately after having a meal. 1.6. Having enough rest. 1.7. Excreting regularly (every day). 1.8. Avoiding stress. 1.9. Being in good mood 1.10 Exercising regularly 2. Excretory System 2.1. Having a clean meal with good nutritive value. 2.2. Avoiding strong flavored food. 2.3. Eating fibrous food such as vegetables or fruits. 2.4. Drinking enough water, at least 6 -8 glasses a day. 2.5. exercising regularly 2.6. Having enough rest. 2.7. Avoiding stressful factors. 2.8. Keeping the body clean. 2.9. Excreting regularly (every day)

33 2.10. Being in good mood. 3. Nervous System 3.1. Having nourishing food for nerves. Such foods contain a lot of vitamin B, e.g. coarse rice, rice bran, egg, liver, yeast, green vegetables, fresh fruits and fruit juice. Avoid alcoholic drinks, tea and coffee. 3.2. Resting sufficiently according to the needs of each age. Avoiding stress or any situation being uncomfortable. 3.3. Regularly exercise. This is a good way to relax. 3.4. Don’t use any organ for a prolonged period of time or too hard work, such as working in front of a computer screen because it might deteriorate optical nerves. 3.5. Use the brain to practice solving problems, this can increase intellectual power and prevent Alzheimer’s disease. 4. Reproductive System 4.1. Male 1) Shower at least twice a day and use soap to clean the body and sexual organ thoroughly. Dry the body afterwards. 2) Wearing clean clothes especially underwear, not too tight. 3) Don’t use unsanitary toilets or urinals. 4) Don’t be promiscuous or have sexual intercourse with a prostitute. 5) If there is any suspicion of venereal disease infection or just an abnormality of the sexual organ, consult a physician immediately. Don’t buy medicine for treatment on your own. 6) Don’t use medication or chemicals to stimulate sexual arousal. It might be dangerous. 7) Don’t get immersed in a sexual relation as it might be dangerous to your health both physically and mentally. Having recreational activities such as playing sports, or having any hobbies in order to concentrate on such activities. 8) Beware the sexual organs, avoiding hitting or bumping into something. 4.2. Female 1) Always clean the sexual organs when taking a shower. Take special care during menstruation, use warm water to clean the blood and dry the body thoroughly.

34 2) Use clean water and dry the area every time after urinating or defecating. 3) Wear clean clothes especially clean underwear which should not be too tight and should be changed every day. 4) Save the virginity and do not have premarital sex. 5) Do not use any medicine to arouse the sexual desire. 6) When using the toilet, cleanliness and hygiene are most important. 7) Always consider the cleanliness and sanitation of the toilet before using it. 8) Do exercises or have hobbies to draw your attention away from trouble. 9) During menstruation, use enough sanitary napkins and change them regularly. Do not leave them on for too long. 10) During menstruation, avoid dangerous or strong exercise. Light exercise can relieve pain and discomfort. Have enough rest and sufficient sleep. 11) Record the first and last day of menstruation every month. Small variations in those days are not unusual but if menstruation is 7 -8 days earlier or lasts longer, consult a physician. 12) When having pain in the underbelly during menstruation, keep it warm with a hot water bag or a blanket, use aspirin to relieve too strong pain. 13) If anything unusual happens during menstruation, for example, if the pain becomes too much, there is too much bleeding or bleeding happens outside the menstruation cycle, immediately consult the physician. 14) Beware of any strong bumping to the sexual organs because it might get bruised or inflamed. 15) If there is any unusual change in the sexual organs or suspicion of infection with venereal disease, immediately consult a physician. 5. Endocrine system 5.1. Eating clean food with good nutritive value. 5.2. Drinking enough clean water. 5.3. Regularly exercise. 5.4. Getting enough rest. 5.5. Avoiding stress. 5.6. Avoiding dirty environment of the shelter or congested community. 5.7. If having a sore throat or inflamed tonsils, immediately have it checked by a physician.

35 5.8. When feeling tired or exhausted or having chest pain for a longer period of time, contact a physician because there might be something wrong with the heart. Activities 1. Conclude the importance and explain the duty of 4 organic systems with diagrams. 2. What should be done to the care of our digestive systems? Why? Explain the reasons.

36 Chapter 2 Sex Education Main points Understanding and knowledge of sexual problematic. Ability to communicate and negotiate for help with sexual problems. Being able to properly handle feelings and sexual desires. Knowledge about the misconceptions of sex which affect the sexual health. Knowledge about the laws relating to sexual abuse and harassment and the laws protecting children and women. Expected learning Outcomes 1. Having communication and negotiation skills necessary to ask for assistance about sexual problems. 2. Dealing with feelings of sexual desire and resolving sexual problems. 3. Being able to analyze the beliefs concerning sex which affect the sexual behavior. 4. Being able to analyze the influence of mass media which affect sexual behaviors. 5. Being able to describe laws related to the sexual abuse and harassment. Content 1. Skills to deal with sexual problems 2. Sexual problems during childhood and adolescents 3. Management of emotions and sexual desire 4. Myths about sex 5. Laws on sexual abuse and harassment

37 1. Sexual problem management skills The sexual development of children and teenagers is fostered by adults. They may naturally learn about sex, but adults can help them to understand what is true and develop a good attitude. So they can properly adjust themselves to the development of life. Right sexual behavior can be taught since they are children and it intertwines with other developments. Parents should be teaching the basics in sexual behavior. When they go to school, their sexual education will continue. When they are teenagers, they should be prompted to learn the right sexual behavior and be able to cope with sexual desire to prevent problems that may follow. Sexual development and personality Sexual development is one part of the personality development which already begins when they are only children and continues until they are fully developed teenagers. Sexuality will be part of their personality for the rest of their live. Being teenagers they will: 1. Have knowledge about the sexual body changes and developments, both physically and mentally, for themselves and for others. 2. Have their own sexual identity such as understanding their own sex, gender role, sexual behavior, satisfaction of sexual desires to the opposite or the same sex. 3. Have hygiene behavior, know their own body and sexual organs, caring, cleaning and preventing any injury or infection to the sexual organs. Moreover, understand and prevent sexual abuse and harassment and avoid sexually risky behavior. 4. Have the skills to build a relationship to their desired spouse, to choose a spouse and maintain the relationship, solve common problems together, communicate a happy sexual relation, and plan a family properly. 5. Understand family roles such as, the role of being a son or a daughter, a sister or brother as a member of the family, the responsibilities and duties of a father and a mother as prescribed by tradition, custom, morality of the society and the law. 6. Have a good sex attitude and be proud and satisfied with their sex. No need to be ashamed or hide when knowing how to control sexual desire. Honor others by not committing any sexual abuse or harassment. Understand the dangers of having sexual relations before the proper age.

38 2. Sexual problems in children and teenagers Sexual problems in children and teenagers can be divided as follows 1. Unusual sexual identity Transgender children think that they are of the opposite sex than the sex they are born with and do as follows.-  Prefer to cross-dress. Boys prefer to wear skirts and dislike wearing pants. Girls dislike skirts but like to wear pants. Boys put on make-up, like to see their mother dressed up and imitate her.  Imitate the opposite sex and play with opposite sex groups. Boys do not like to be violent and join other-sex groups.  Imagine being of opposite sex while playing. Boys imagine themselves as princess or angle.  Not being satisfied with their sexual organs. Some dislike or pretend that they do not have sexual organs or even want to get rid of them. The boys sit to urinate imitating the opposite sex intentionally or unintentionally. All these manners will continually happen. The boys may be teased or kept away from the same sex group. As a result, the boys prefer to join the opposite sex and gradually imitate the opposite sexes’ behavior and until it becomes their own behavior. When they become teenagers, they feel even more uncomfortable about their own sexual organs and need them to be changed and thus become their own personality. 2. Homosexuality The manners of homosexual people are clearly seen when they become teenagers and develop sexual desires and having a sexual orientation that makes them desire sexual intercourse with a same sex partner. Homosexual people are very well aware of their own sexual organs. Male homosexuals understand themselves as males, and female homosexuals as females. The desire towards a same sex can be shown clearly or be hidden. The appearance of outer action might be shown clearly or be hidden depending on their personality and social acceptance. A male homosexual is called gay (or tood – tav). A gay person can be a gay king or gay queen. A gay king plays his gender role as a male und not as a female, so they will be perceived as normal

39 males. But the appearance of a gay queen, such as the way of speaking, interests, and activities will be like a female’s preferences. Female homosexuals are called lesbians. A lesbian person can be a tom or lady or dy. A dy’s gender role is the same as that of any other woman, while a tom’s gender role is like that of a man wearing short hair and not wearing skirts. A third group of homosexual people are the bi-sexual people; their sexual desire draws them to both sexes. They have sexual feelings towards both two sexes. Causes. At present, there is some evidence supporting that homosexuality results from biological, heredital, educational or environmental influences. Assistance. If homosexual behavior is shown in childhood, it might be changed by getting more attention from the parent of the same sex. This might realign them to the right sexual behavior but parent and child must have a good relation with each other. Encouraging suitable activities for each sex such as motivating a boy to play sports for the strong body and having him join a same sex group can assist him. If it is known that they are the homosexual when teenagers and cannot be changed, help them by giving advice as how to spend a homosexual life with least problems. Also advise their parents to accept this situation by continuing giving them good relations. Prevention. When they are young, their parents should have a good relationship to to them. The parent of the same sex as the child should have a closer relationship to them. They should advise them how to make friends and encourage activities suitable for their own sexes. 3. Sexual self-stimulation of a child and playing with the sex organs Sexual self-stimulation is the action when children rub their sexual organs with a pillow or on the floor. This behavior might result from being lonely, feeling abandoned or being emotionally sick. Children may discover by accident that when their sexual organs are stimulated they feel happy and satisfied. They might repeat this action until it becomes habitual. Assisting 1. Stop this behavior gently by telling them to keep their hands off the sexual organs, lie down on the back and say ‚don’t do this‛, and give the suitable reasons to motivate them. 2. Attract their attention and let them change their manner by persuading them to talk. 3. Find replacing activities to make them to move, enjoy, and be happy with the social activities.

40 4. Do not leave them alone, abandoned, or feeling lonely. They might be back to self- stimulation again. 5. Avoid aggressiveness and violence while asking them to stop the behavior. Otherwise it may result in bad attitudes towards sex, or causing them to get depressed and dissatisfied with sexuality when they grow up. 4. Sexual self-stimulation of adolescents, masturbation. The cause. Sexual self-stimulation among adolescents is a normal behavior. It is acceptable and not harmful if it is not too frequent or too obsessed. It is frequently found in children with psychological problems, retardation, loneliness, sexual pervertness and in a sexual stimulating environment with too much temptation. Assistance. Giving the right knowledge about sex and stating their masturbation properly, not too frequently, reduce improper sexual stimulation by activities that attract their attention, encourage them to get exercise, and have them control their behavior. 5. Paraphilias Symtoms. Paraphiliacs cannot have the feeling of sexual desire from normal sexual situations. They can have such sexual desire only when aroused by a peculiar condition which will not happen to ordinary people. They usually use a particular thing to arouse themselves; paraphiliacs cannot be sexually tempted like normal people. This results in abnormal sexual behaviors which are as follows: Paraphilia Types 1. Sexual arousal from touching, groping, sniffing underwear is called ‚Fetishism‛. 2. Sexual arousal from showing their own sexual organs is called ‚Exhibitionism‛. 3. Sexual arousal from rubbing and external touching is called ‚Frotteurism‛. 4. Sexual arousal from spying on people is called ‚Voyeurism‛. 5. Sexual arousal from hurting others physically, mentally or emotionally is called ‚Sadism‛. 6. Sexual arousal from hurting oneself physically, menatally or emotionally is called ‚Masochism‛. 7. Sexual arousal with a child is called ‚Pedophilia‛. 8. Sexual arousal with animals is called ‚Zoophilia‛. 9. Sexual arousal by wearing clothes of the opposite sex is called ‚Transvestism‛.

41 The causes of sexual abnormality 1. Education. Parents teach them wrong attitude towards sex. Children learn about sex as a forbidden, hidden or sinful behavior. They suppress sexual stimuli and do not show off their sexual response when stimulated. 2. Experience. When children begin to have sexual feelings but cannot have a usual sexual response, they experiment and discover by themselves some situation to stimulate and satisfy their sexual desire. Assistance Using the following behavior therapy patterns: 1. Setting the environment by eliminating the original stimuli which are inappropriate. Providing compensating activities to deviate their interest. Do not isolate them but try to change the sexual attitudes in the family, telling them that sex is not prohibited and it can be talked about and learned. Parents should teach their children about sex. 2. Training children to control their sexual desires when they are aroused. Try not to use unusual stimuli. 3. Using usual stimuli such as nude pictures, or suggest how to suitably masturbate. 4. If the unusual behavior continues, take note of the incident and observe the frequency of such action, the cause of the stimulation; control their behavior, provide rewards if such behavior decreases. Protection. Provide sexual education, focusing on good attitudes, while they are children. 6. Sexual relations in teenagers Problems: Improper sexual behavior among peers or having sex premature. The Cause: 1. Children lack love and warmth in the family. 2. Children underestimate themselves which may result from unsuccessful studying, and therefore seeking acceptance, happiness, and complacency from their lovers. 3. Children lack knowledge about problems that might arise after having sex, about self- protection, and lacking the skills of dealing with their sexual feelings. 4. Parents do not have sufficient sexual knowledge and are not able to explain sex to the children, so children seek knowledge from friends. 5. The peer influence creates the attitude that sexual relations are commonly with no risk and do not cause any problems.

42 6. Some sexual stimulation caused by parents, the family, and friends, or from improper sexually provocative media. Prevention Prevention of sexual relations among teenagers can be divided into the following levels: 1. Basic prevention. Before the problems occur, try to eliminate any risks by treating the teenagers with warmth and love in the family, creating self-value and providing a positive attitude towards sex, and finally in setting good examples. 2. The second levels of prevention. Try to prevent or decrease risky sexual relations among teenagers by having them realize not to have sexual relations while studying or pre-marriage. Find a way to divert their attention to creative activities. 3. The third level of prevention. For those who cannot stop having a sexual relation, provide them with sex education to prevent pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. Also divert their attention to compensating activities.

43 3. Dealing with emotions and sexual desire Sexual desire is a type of emotion which comes and goes. If we do not know how to deal with it, it might cause undesirable actions and may cause damage and trouble to ourselves and to others. Therefore we should learn how to deal with sexual desires properly and not to be bonded by sexual emotions. Dealing with sexual desire may be presented in three levels: Level 1 Controlling sexual desire can be done in two ways: 1. Mentally self controlling by trying to restrain ourselves from sexual desire or to reduce this desire until it becomes normal. 2. Avoiding any external stimulation which might provoke sexual desire. We should avoid stimuli such as pornography or nightlife. Level 2 Deviating sexual desire If there is uncontrollable sexual desire, try to deviate by paying more attention to something other than the sexual emotion such as exercising, recreational activities, concentrating on the work at hand or just talking to others. Level 3 Relieve or release sexual desires If the sexual desire is too strong and one cannot deviate, release or relieve the sexual emotion in an appropriate way for teenagers. These can be done as follows: 1. Teenagers might experience nocturnal orgasm commonly called ‚Wet Dream‛. We cannot control such dreams to make it happen or not. Men experience ‚wet dreams‛ as erection and/or ejaculation, while women experience a lubrication of the vagina. 2. Masturbation can be done by both males and females. Most males have this experience but only some females do. Masturbation is a natural act whenever one has an unstoppable sexual desire. Masturbation does not cause trouble to anyone or others. However, masturbation should not be too frequent.

44 4. Sexual misunderstandings There is nothing wrong with a misunderstanding as long as it is only in our thoughts and does not result in action. If we think about it thoroughly, it will not be harmful to our daily life. Sex has been tabooed for a long time and the words and false beliefs from the old days are still being told today. Misunderstandings and false beliefs about sex have been collected by the World Health Organization (WHO): 1. A man should not express emotion and love. The belief is that a man who expresses emotion or love to anyone might not be a gentle man. Therefore, a man will express love only by the sexual relations and it seems that a man is born for having sex only to express love. Actually, a man can express his love by face and eyes, and even by actions just as a woman does. Sexual relations are a part of showing love physically. 2. Touching Leads to have sexual relations It is our belief that if a woman lets a man touch her, she gives him her heart and the man than will try hard to have sexual intercourse with her. This is wrong because sometimes a woman needs the warmth and attention from the one she loves without thinking about sexual intercourse. Holding hands, embracing and touching each other are the innocent transactions showing love. It is not necessary to have sexual intercourse. 3. Having violent sexual intercourse provides more pleasure. It has been a misunderstanding for a long time that a strong man can have fast and intense sexual intercourse and can easily bring a woman to the climax. It’s also believed that only a big penis can make a woman happy. Actually, having a warm and understanding sexual intercourse can bring the lovers to the climax. Hence, sexual intercourse should happen in a relaxed and romantic atmosphere. 4. Making love involves only sexual intercourse. This is another total misunderstanding. Sexual intercourse is not the only way to make love. Love can be expressed and transmitted by touching every part of the body, not only specific parts. 5. A man should be the leader when making love Here is another misunderstanding. Conservative men and women think that a man is the one who takes the action and the woman only supports such action. Actually, making love is a process equal for both because each of them can take turn in being the leader.

45 6. Woman should not be starter From the above mentioned, we can see that sex is a communication between two people by cooperatively making love for their happiness. They can take turns or change roles to be the leader or to support the leader and finally reach happiness from the action. 7. A man thinks about sex all the time It is a misunderstanding to believe that a man thinks about having sex all the time. Of course, he doesn’t think about sex only but thinks about work and family as well. Apart from that he is always ready to have sex, but that doesn’t mean that whenever he is ready for sex he must get it immediately. 8. A woman has to be ready to have sex whenever her husband needs Nowadays, it’s not necessary to be like this because a man and a woman are equal. Having sex is one of the activities when both of them are ready. This means that the desire of only one does not force the other one to have sex. 9. Sex is natural and does not need to be learned Many elderly say that sex education is not important and point out that people in the old days could live and be happy with sex without learning about it. However, good preparation is half the way to victory which is also true for the relationship of two people. They can learn how to develop happiness for each other in such situations. Influence of the media on sexual problems Nowadays, the media influences everyone’s way of life in many way including sexual problems. The media affects the decision behavior of people in the society. Everyone consumes information all the time by watching television for the morning news, reading the newspaper, or accessing the internet and obtain information through SMS. Thus, media inevitably influences our thoughts and feelings, and the decision making of people in the society. The factors mentioned show the influence of the media is transferred to every part in the society, whether to a big city or upcountry. This transfer may be for the better or worse because the media directly influences everyone in the society, children, teenagers, and adults. Media influence has a great effect on the economy status; the way the country develops to be equal to other countries. At the same time, cultures from outside are getting into Thailand via the media such as radio, television, printed material and internet. These media then influence the way of life, cause problems and affect many parts of the traditional life style of the Thai society. Some situations shown in the media like crimes, wars, movies, the violent content of dramas, and pornography influence children and consumers

46 imagination stimulate their behavior. We can see that children and especially criminals commit crimes and later confess that they were inspired by movies or other media. Even the fashions of teenagers, the commitment of crimes, people’s uprising, violence in solving problems, and sexual violence result from the influence of the media. The media thus play an important role and influence people’s way of life in the society. Changes are happening all the time, some are very fast but others are gradual. Problems are fading away and finally disappear. The progress of the communication technology provides for fast changes to urban and rural societies. Even though we cannot deny access to information and entertainment from the media, we can select the media which are useful, nonviolent, and moral.

47 5. Laws related to sexual abuse Cases of sex crimes, but especially rapes, are considered serious offenses and are frightful to many women and parents whether of boys or girls. Today, statistics show that sex abuse can occur to any person of any sex or age. Let us take a look at the laws protecting women and victims from sexual abuse. Provisions of the 9 offences concerning sex are as follows: Section 276 Anyone who rapes a woman who is not his wife whether by threatening, attacking the woman who is unable to resist or making the woman misunderstand that he is the other person, will be imprisoned between 4 years and 20 years and be fined between 8,000 baht and 40,000 baht. If committing an offence as mentioned above by using weapons or explosives or committing an offence together with others like gang-raping, will be imprisoned between 15 years and 20 years and be fined between 30,000 baht and 40,000 baht or sentenced to life imprisonment. Section 277 Anyone who rapes a girl whose age is not over 15 years and is not his wife regardless of whether the girl consented or not, will be imprisoned between 4 years and 20 years and be fined between 8,000 baht and 40,000 baht. If committing an offence as mentioned in the first paragraph with a girl not over 13 years of age, will be imprisoned between 7 years and 20 years and be fined between 4,000 baht and 40,000 baht or sentenced to life imprisonment. If committing an offence as mentioned in the first or second paragraph together with others like gang-raping and the girl does not consent or committing the offence by using weapons, explosives or other arms will be imprisoned for life. If the offence regulated in the first paragraph if committed to a girl under 13 years of age but not over 15 years of age and the girl consented and after the court permits the man and the girl to get married, the offender will not be punished. If the court permits the marriage at a time the offender is under punishment for such offence, the court will release the offender. Section 277 bis If an offence as mentioned in section 276, first paragraph or section 277, first or second paragraph is committed and it causes the victim (1) serious injuries, the offender must be imprisoned between 15 years and 20 years and be fined between 30,000 baht and 40,000 baht or sentenced to life imprisonment. (2) to die, the offender must be sentenced to death or life imprisonment.

48 Section 277 triple If an offence as mentioned in section 276, second paragraph or in section 277 third paragraph is committed and it causes the victim (1) serious injuries, the offender must be sentenced to death or life imprisonment. (2) To Die, the offence must be executed. Conclusion. To be guilty of rape the following factors must be present: 1. Raping a woman who is not his wife. 2. Raping, constraining, coercing, attacking, or pretending to be someone that the woman must obey. 3. It must be intentional Remark Rape = The male genitalia penetrates the female genitalia even a little or up to ejaculation . Raping =forcible sex without female’s consent. Raping his own wife and there is a marriage certificate, is not guilty of a crime. Sexual intercourse with a woman’s consent is not a crime unless she is under 13 years of age, even with her consent, it is still a crime Raping anyone who he is in charge of such as, his daughter, granddaughter, or students will have a more severe penalty. Section 278 Anyone who is indecent to another who is over 15 years old by coercion or by violence or impersonating someone, will be imprisoned not more than 10 years or be fined not more than 20,000 baht or both. Section 279 Anyone who is indecent to another who is under 15 years old and whether the person consents or not, will be imprisoned not more than 10 years or be fined not more than 20,000 baht or both be. If someone commits an offense listed in the first paragraph, by any coercion or violence and that person is unable to resist or impersonating someone, will be imprisoned for not more than 15 years or be fined not more than 30,000 baht or. Section 280 If committing an offense as mentioned in sections 278 or 279 and caused to the defendant- (1) Serious injury. Then the offender must be imprisoned from 5 years to 20 years and be fined from 10,000 baht to 40,000 baht.

49 (2) To die, and the offender will be executed or receive life imprisonment. The factors in which being guilty of indecency are as follows.- 1 Indecency to a person who is under 13 years old. 2 Intimidating and violating a person who is unable to resist or impersonating someone. 3 Must be intentional. Remarks Indecency = actions of indecent manners causing embarrassment to a woman by impersonating her husband or her lover. Indecency to a juvenile under 13 years old although she consents, is still a crime. If injury or death result, he or she will be punished severely. Indecency does not happen only to a woman, it can also happen to a man regardless of committed by a woman or a man. For the crime of rape and indecency, the offender will be severely punished as mentioned. If the crime is committed to: 1. A descendant, son, daughter, grandson, grand daughter , great grandson, great granddaughter within the law. 2. The students under your responsibility, not only as a teacher but also as a guardian. 3. Anyone who performing official duties. 4. Anyone who is in charge, is a guardian, or nursing legally . In addition , some related sections are as follows.- Section 282 Anyone who, for the sexual gratification of others, engages to provide, tempts to take away, leading to indecency to boys or girls whether they consent or not, will be imprisoned from 1 to 10 years and fined from 2,000 baht to 20,000 baht. If committing any offense mentioned in the first part to anyone who is over 15 years old but not over 18 years old, the offender will be imprisoned from 3 years to 15 years and fined from 6,000 baht to 30,000 baht. If committing an offense stated in the first part to anyone who is not over 15 years, the offender will be imprisoned from 5 years to 20 years and fined from 10,000 baht to 40,000 baht. Anyone who. for the sexual gratification of others, gets someone else to supply, tempt to take away, as stated in the first, second or the third parts will be punished as regulated in the first, second, or the third parts depending on the case.

50 Section 283 Anyone who, for the sexual gratification of others, engages to provide, tempts others for indecency whether male or female by deceiving coercion, violence, immoral power or leading to pedophilia will be imprisoned from 5 to 20 years and fined from 10,000 baht to 40,000 baht. If the aforementioned crime is done to anyone whose age is between 15 and 18, the punishment will be 7 to 20 years imprisonment and 10,000 baht to 40,000 baht fine. If committed to a person who is under 15 years of age, the offender will be imprisoned from 10 to 20 years and fined from 20,000 baht to 40,000 baht or sentenced to life and those who supported that crime will be punished as regulated in the first, second, or third parts depending on the case. Section 283 bis Anyone who abducts any person over 15 years old but not over 18 years old for an obscene purpose, even though that person consents , will be imprisoned not more than 5 years or fined not more than 10,000 baht or both imprisonment and fine. If they are children not over 15 years old, the offender will be imprisoned not more than 7 years or fined not more than 10,000 baht or both imprisonment and fine . Anyone who conceals any person who has been abducted by the first part or the second part will be punished by the law as stipulated in the first or the second parts according to each case. The guilt in the first part and the third part in some cases doing to the person over 15 years old is the guilt that may compromise. Section 284 Anyone who allures others by deceiving, threatening, attacking, using power or raping will be imprisoned from 1 year to 10 years and fined from 2,000 baht to 10,000 baht Anyone who helps conceal that person will get the same punishment. This guilt can be compromised. Section 317 Anyone abducting a person who is under 15 years old from parents, guardians, or care takers will be imprisoned from 3 years to 15 years and fined from 5,000 baht to 30,000 baht. Also, anyone doing anything against this section of law will get the same punishment. If getting benefits or alluring from this commitment, the offender will be imprisoned from 5 years to 20 years and fined from 10,000 baht to 40,000 baht. Section 318 Anyone abducting a person more than 15 years old but not more than 18 years old without his or her consent, will be imprisoned from 2 years to 10 years and fined from 4,000 baht to 20,000 baht. Anyone buying or selling or taking that person was abducted will get the same punishment. If getting benefit or alluring the person ,the offender will be imprisoned from 3 years to 15 years and fined from 5,000 baht to 30,000 baht. Section 319 Anyone abducting a person under 15 years old but not more than 18 years old from parents, guardians or caretakers for any benefit or alluring without getting any consent from the