Lower Secondary Health

201 6. Clothes, shoes, hats, gloves and other personal belongings shall be kept only in a cupboard assigned especially for such a purpose. 7. It shall be forbidden to spit on the factory floor or in working areas. 8. Waste shall be cast into waste bins. 9. Personal equipment shall be cleaned regularly. 10. Proper clothes and shoes shall be worn while working in the factory; hard hats and other safety equipment shall be used while working as necessary. 11. Any accident shall be reported to one’s supervisor immediately. 12. When feeling ill during work time, report to the supervisor promptly to be provided with immediate medical care. 13. Walk within the dedicated aisles and pathways within the factory. Do not run unless necessary. 14. Keep and arrange belongings in an orderly manner to ensure convenience and safety in walking and working. 15. It shall be forbidden to play with or to tease each other within the work place. 16. It shall be forbidden to practice driving any kind of vehicle within the factory compound. 17. It is necessary to learn how to extinguish fires and how to use the various fire extinguishing equipment. Use and storage of tools and equipment 1. Tools and equipment shall be kept in their designated place in an orderly manner and not left laying around. They shall be maintained in good condition. When in use or being prepared for use, they shall be placed so that they do not become a hazard to other people.

202 2. While working in an elevated location, it is forbidden to place tools or equipment on the scaffolding, stairs or elevated platform, unless there is a place where they may be placed safely without the risk of falling down. 3. Manual or mobile electrical tools without double insulation shall be connected via a three-wire electrical cord to a socket with ground connection. 4. Any worker shall inform their supervisor immediately if they notice any tool or equipment which could be hazardous if left where it is, or if any safety tool or equipment is not up to standard. 5. For all operations, it shall be forbidden for workers to use defective tools. Use of lifting and moving equipment 1. Lifting equipment shall not be used for weights exceeding the prescribed maximum. 2. Workers operating lifting equipment shall put on the safety protection appropriate for such work such as a hard hat, safety shoes, safety gloves, etc. 3. Working with lifting equipment requires coordination with other workers in the same area. 4. Only those who are responsible for pulleys, capstans and cranes and are authorized by their supervisors may use such equipment. 5. Each day before using pulleys, capstans and cranes, users shall ensure that such equipment is in an appropriate working condition and can be safely used, e.g. by checking for fissures, cracks, loosened knots, the hydraulic system, the operational control system, hooks, chains and ropes, etc.

203 6. Crane users shall not lift heavy matters over the head of other people unless ordered to do so by the supervisor and the people working close-by or those working under the lifting equipment shall be warned about potential falling items. 7. While the crane or other lifting machines are operating and load is being left lifted in the air, machine operators shall exercise special care and not leave the cranes or lifting machines without supervision. 8. While operating crane or lifting machines, operators shall watch for signals given by the person responsible for supervision of the operation. 9. When using pulleys, capstans or cranes in proximity to electrical wires or equipment with electrical currents, operators shall ensure that all parts of the pulley, capstan or crane are equipped with a safety protection and the operating distance as prescribed by law is observed. 10. Slings used with the various lifting equipment shall be made of wire, iron chain or Manila rope. 11. Each sling shall be strong enough to hold weights not less than 8 times the weight of the matter to be lifted. 12. Before using a sling, it must be thoroughly checked to ensure that it is safe for use. It is forbidden to use slings which are crooked or have broken strands resulting in the violation of point 11. 13. When matters with a sharp edge are lifted, the sling shall be protected with a piece of wood or other appropriate supporting matter to prevent damage to the sling.

204 Use of lathe 1. It is forbidden to place tools and other material on the moving parts of a lathe except for tools which are required for the work to be done. 2. A box, a bin or any other appropriate recipient should be provided to collect material scraps. 3. All operators working with lathes shall wear safety glasses to protect against hazards to the eye. In addition, an apron made of cloth with a minimum content of artificial fiber shall be worn to protect the chest from hot metal scraps which may be thrown out and come into contact with the skin or the clothes being worn. 4. It is forbidden to measure the size of the work piece while the lathe is still turning. 5. It is forbidden to pull out manually metal scraps from the work area while the lathe is turning. Use of grinding machines or polishing stones 1. The grinding machine or the polishing stone shall be firmly installed on a table or other strong base. 2. The grinding machine shall have a safety cover to prevent metal scraps from being thrown out while grinding. 3. Never operate grinding wheels at speeds exceed in excess of the by the machine producer recommended speed.

205 4. The work rest shall be appropriately adjusted to not be farther than 1/8 inch from the grinding plate. 5. An eroded grinding plate shall be replaced immediately. 6. Damaged grinding plates shall be thrown away and not be re-used in any way. 7. Operators working with grinding machines shall wear safety glasses, air filter masks, and protective gloves during operations. Use of cutting machines 1. When working with cutting machines, operators shall wear personal protective equipment such as safety glasses, safety gloves, safety shoes, and cloth or leather aprons. 2. The cutting machine shall be equipped with safety devices such as a transparent safety cover or shield, and protective cover over the wheel ring. 3. There shall be a sufficient ventilation system within the work room to eliminate metal dust arising from the operations. If there is no ventilation system, operators shall wear dust masks throughout the operating time. Use of metal molding machines 1. Molding machines shall be in safe condition for use and be equipped with the necessary safety devices. 2. In case of small moldings or complicated piece of work, a holding tool should be used.

206 3. When installing, moving or adjusting molds, a safety block shall always be used. 4. All mold installations, relocations or adjustments shall only be done by trained personnel. Use of machinery in general 1. Eliminate all hazardous parts from the machinery or establish a protective area by using safety features such as a protective cover. 2. Follow strictly any operational rules and procedures. 3. Wear adequate clothes, tuck in the shirt, and button up long sleeves. 4. Wear safety gear and use appropriate tools for the work being done. Choose the right gloves because some gloves may not be suitable for some kinds of work. 5. During machine maintenance, it is necessary to shut down the machine and to put up a sign indicating: ‚Do not turn on the machine‛. 6. Check machines regularly before turning them on. Be careful of hazards while checking the machine and prior to turning them on. 7. If several people work together, make sure that everybody understands communication signals clearly, correctly and in the same manner. 8. It is prohibited to enter into the hazardous or moving parts areas of the machines at all times. If it should be necessary to enter into such areas, make sure that the machines have been turned off.

207 Use of tools 1. Choose appropriate tools for the work to be done. 2. Always keep tools in a good condition and check their condition prior to use every time. 3. Repair or replace damaged or broken tools immediately. 4. Clean oil off the tools or the work pieces to prevent accidents from slipping. 5. Check and follow the instructions on how to use the tools. 6. Hold or grasp tools firmly. Holding tools loosely may cause accidents. 7. Do not start working without checking conditions all around the working area first. Use of conveyer belt 1. The conveyer belt shall be equipped with an emergency stop switch. Before using the conveyer belt, it is necessary to locate and memorize the location of the emergency stop switch. 2. The rotating parts of the conveyer belt such as rollers, pulleys, etc. shall be covered or guarded. 3. In the case where matters being conveyed have a risk of falling, the danger zones shall be enclosed in fixed guards. 4. Do not walk or jump over the conveyer belt while it is in use.

208 5. If it should be necessary to repair or to examine the conveyer belt due to faulty operations, the main power to the conveyor belt must be turned off before any repair or examination can be done. Metal welding 1. While arc welding with electricity in buildings, an area screen shall be used to protect other operators or people who are close-by against hazards. 2. While welding or cutting with gas or electricity, the welder or cutter shall use a welding shield with appropriate filter lens to protect the eyes according to the type of welding or cutting. An operator has to wear leather gloves. 3. There shall be a sufficiently sized and appropriate fire extinguisher within the area, ready to be used in case of fire. 4. When an electrical welding machine is to be used, the welder shall make sure that he is not standing in a wet or humid area. 5. It shall be prohibited to touch the welding machine with oil or grease soiled gloves. 6. The oxygen and acetylene tanks shall be firmly attached to the transportation cart to prevent them from falling down. Under no circumstances shall the acetylene pipe be placed flat on the floor. 7. A pressure regulator shall be used to guide the oxygen and acetylene flow to the welding flame regularly. 8. While opening the oxygen tank valve, it shall be forbidden for any operator to stand in front of the oxygen regulator.

209 9. It shall be forbidden to weld, cut or solder close or above to a tank or any other container which used to hold an inflammable or explosive material until the area has been well ventilated or the tank or container has been cleaned. 10. A sufficient ventilation system shall be arranged for the case where smoke may arise from welding, burning or heating activities involve lead, cadmium, galvanized steel or any other materials to prevent operators from inhaling toxic fumes. If it is impossible to install such a ventilation system, operators shall always wear a certified respirator while working. 11. If welding is being done in a stuffy place, there must be an efficient ventilation system. 12. When storing great quantities of oxygen and acetylene tanks, such tanks shall be kept separately in different places. 13. If arc or gas welding is being done near a battery, the battery shall be removed to a safe distance from the welding area. Spray painting 1. Chemical resistant lamps, ventilators and electrical wires shall be used in the painting room. 2. Lamp switches, plugs or other equipment which may cause sparks shall not be installed in the paining room. 3. It shall be forbidden to smoke, light a fire or cause a spark in the painting room. 4. While working in the painting room, all operators shall wear a respirator, a cap, a long-sleeve shirt with the sleeves buttoned down, gloves, long trousers and safety shoes.

210 5. While painting, everybody in the room shall wear a respirator or filtered mask. Work relating to batteries 1. It is forbidden to smoke, light a fire or cause a spark in a battery charging room or in a room where batteries are stored to prevent a hydrogen explosion. 2. When working with acids, operators shall wear acid resistant gloves, safety glasses, rubber aprons and shoes. 3. If acid is spilled or splashed on any part of the body, that part of the body shall immediately be washed with large quantities of clean water before rushing to see a doctor. 4. Cut off the electric circuit been before proceeding with the work or taking out the battery pole line. 5. In lifting or moving a battery or a box containing a battery, do not tilt or turn it sideways to prevent the acid from being spilled or splashed. 6. The main battery poles shall be covered with an insulation cap to prevent short circuits. 7. When moving batteries, prevent batteries from hitting each other or any other matter which may cause them to break or become damaged. It is also strictly forbidden to stack batteries on top of each another.

211 Use of eye and ear personal protective equipment 1. When working in areas which may be hazardous to the eyes, it is necessary to wear standardized eye protection gear. 2. Workers who are involved with installations or repairs and whose work is of the nature which may cause electrical sparks or scrap scattering shall wear safety glasses to protect their eyes. 3. All workers who have to work under very loud and noisy conditions shall be required to wear hearing protection such as ear plugs or ear muffs. 1.2 Safety in working with electricity General rules and regulations 1. Workers who are involved with electrical equipment repairs, modifications and installations shall wear dry cloths and shoes with rubber soles. They shall also cut out electricity current at their work point while doing the electrical work. 2. Handles of tools used for working with electricity shall be provided with an insulator grip in good condition. 3. When an electrical maintenance, repair or installation related to a production area is being undertaken, the related switch shall be turned off and key-locked to prevent against being switched on accidentally.

212 Electrical equipment and machine 1. Motors used in areas with inflammable materials shall be of the anti-explosion type. 2. Light bulbs or lamps used in inflammable areas shall be well covered with a metal grill providing another external layer of protection. 3. Electrical switches in inflammable areas shall be well covered with a metal box and the electrical outlets shall have a cover lid. 4. All the switches installed shall be sufficiently resistant to high electrical current as to be able accommodate the highest electrical current of the circuit. 5. The switchboard shall be installed in a well closed box and shall be located at a safe distance from the machine. Any metallic part of the switchboard shall be earth-grounded. 6. When all electrical equipment of the circuit is used simultaneously, the total electrical current shall not exceed the highest acceptable current for the electrical circuit. 7. The installation, repair or modification of a high voltage electrical transformer shall be subject to approval and assistance or advice from an official of the electricity authority. 8. The emergency electricity generator shall be examined and tested regularly to ensure proper functioning and safe condition for use. 9. It is forbidden for workers to operate electrical transformers with a voltage of 380 volts or more without prior authorization from the repair and maintenance division head. 10. Repair, modifications or corrections of electrical equipment and machines shall be the duty of the personnel of the repair and maintenance division only.

213 Prevention against electrocution 1. Those who work with electrical equipment shall have a good understanding of electricity. 2. Supervisors shall be informed immediately if any anomaly in the electrical wiring should be detected. 3. Only experts in the field shall be used for work involving electricity. 4. The electrical switch box shall always be closed and no obstacle shall be placed in the area of the electricity box. 5. The earth-ground wire shall always be installed. 6. The electrical shock prevention device and the earth leakage breaker shall always be checked before using the electrical equipment. 7. Be sure that it is safe before turning on or shutting off the electrical system. 8. Always store electrical equipment at its assigned place after it has been used. 9. When working close to an electrical system such as having an electricity wire over one’s head, care must be taken to avoid being in contact with the said wire. 10. It is strictly forbidden to work without wearing anti-electrical shock gear.

214 1.3 Safety in working with hazardous materials Hazardous materials Hazardous materials mean materials which may burn, catch fire or explode. All hazardous materials are subject to control under special laws and there are regulations to ensure against accidents while working with such materials. Hazardous materials are classified as follows: 1. Explosive substance These substances are easily inflammable and may explode when heated, knocked into or rubbed. They have various brand names but those who work with such substances should remember their names. These materials have to be labeled to indicate that they are hazardous explosive substances or materials. It is also essential for such people to know how to use them correctly. 2. Combustible substance Combustible substances are such as red and yellow phosphorus which may catch fire when in contact with air. Examples of combustible substances are carbides and sodium compounds which are combustible when in contact with air. 3. Inflammable substance Inflammable substances are coal, acetylene, propane gases, inflammable solvents, thinner, oil, etc. These substances are inflammable and may explode when mixed with air at an appropriate ratio.

215 Such substances can easily lead to accidents if they are moved incorrectly. Therefore, people handling these substances shall have to be trained in the correct ways of handling them. Dangers of hazardous substances 1. Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide comes from an incomplete combustion and may be emitted at factories and the work place. Carbon Monoxide is a colorless, odorless gas with no irritation effect. It is slightly lighter than oxygen. It is, therefore, a gas which is hazardous for our physical health as it can cause blood to carry less oxygen and lead to suffocation. When working in areas where there is carbon monoxide, care must be taken as follows: 1. Before starting to work, the carbon monoxide concentration must be measured with a gas detector. 2. The air must be ventilated until the carbon monoxide concentration is less than 50 ppm (0.005%). 3. An appropriate respirator must be worn. 4. If the carbon monoxide concentration is too high or the oxygen concentration too low, a supplied air respirator (SCBA) must be used. 2. Organic Solvents Many organic solvents are used at work and at home. Such substances can infiltrate the body in several ways, either through the respiratory system in the form of a vapor as it can evaporate at a normal temperature or through the skin as it destroys the protective oil film

216 of the skin. In addition, it can also cause us to lose consciousness, affecting the functioning of the central nervous system. It is, therefore, necessary for us to know about the properties of organic solvents we have to use and to know how to use them correctly to minimize hazards. Working safely with organic solvents 1. Avoid spilling organic solvents. 2. Always close the lid of organic solvent containers. 3. Never wash hands with organic solvents. 4. Check the ventilation system regularly and do not let ventilation channels be obstructed. 5. Never use organic solvents close to open fire or a place where there may be sparks of fire. 6. Always wear appropriate safety gear while using organic solvents. 7. Always put on the ventilation system when using organic solvents. 8. Avoid being in contact with organic solvents as much as possible. 3. Dust Generally, the lung disease caused by inhaling dust is called Pneumoconiosis. The dust being inhaled is embedded into the lung which cannot clean itself of this foreign matter. When accumulated to a certain extent, a feeling of discomfort is felt at the lung and breathing starts to be difficult. The best way to solve this problem is to prevent this disease by improvements in the work place environment and changes to the working methods by eliminating dust from the work place or wearing an anti-dust mask.

217 Correct use of the anti-dust mask 1. The mask must exactly fit one’s face so that dust will not infiltrate through the gaps between the mask and one’s face. 2. Although the overall condition of the work place may be clean but there may be small dust particles. It is, therefore, recommended to wear an anti- dust mask to prevent problems which may be caused by small dust particles. 3. Anti-dust masks shall not be used in stuffy places or in areas where there are toxic gases. 4. Masks shall be stored correctly and in well ventilated places. The filter must also be changed regularly. 5. Anti-dust masks are generally used for temporary kinds of work only. 4. Specific chemical substances Many chemical substances are classified as hazardous chemicals as they may cause health hazards such as cancer, skin problems, nervous system deficiencies, etc. Today, chemical substances are widely used in various industries and extreme care must, therefore, be exercised. Prevention against hazards from chemical substances 1. Do not spill or scatter the substances onto the floor. 2. Before starting to work, put on the personal protective equipment and install and put on an air ventilation system. 3. Organize work in accordance with legal rules and regulations.

218 4. Chemical substances to be moved or stored shall be packed in appropriate containers. 5. It is forbidden to smoke, eat or drink while working with chemical substances. 6. It is forbidden to touch cloths soiled with chemical substances. 7. Arrange for preventive clothing and safety equipment to be worn to prevent against chemical substance hazards. 8. It is forbidden to take chemical substances out of the work place or to take them to other work units without authorization. 9. Clothes worn while working will be soiled with chemical substances, it is recommended to clean oneself and to change clothes before eating or going home and to have the work clothes washed or cleaned immediately. 10. 5. Condition of asphyxiation or lack of air for breathing Accidents arising from the lack of air for breathing can happen in areas under buildings, in tanks or in tunnels being dug, etc. Lack of air has a direct effect of the functioning of the brain and often leads to a loss of life. This is because very few people would venture into such areas which are narrow and stuffy. If somebody has fallen victim to an accident there, it will be difficult to find that person and save him or her in a timely manner. Method to prevent against lack of air for breathing 1. Check the oxygen concentration before starting to work. 2. Arrange an appropriate ventilation system. 3. Have the correct and appropriate primary medical care prepared.

219 General conduct when working in an area lacking air or a stuffy place 1. Before going into a dangerous area with little oxygen such as in a well or a tank, it is necessary to arrange for a good ventilation system (however, it is also very dangerous to have only pure oxygen as well). The appropriate oxygen concentration must be not less than 18%. 2. It is forbidden to enter into an area lacking oxygen except for authorized persons. 3. A person entering into an area lacking air shall be watched and monitored by his supervisor or colleague. A ventilation system must be arranged to ensure that there is at least 18% of oxygen. 4. If the type of work does not ensure that a ventilation system can be provided, an appropriate respirator such as a supplied air respirator (SAR) or self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) shall be used. 5. If the work place condition lacks air, safety equipment such as a safety belt shall be worn while working in the said area. 6. Always check the protective equipment before starting to work. 7. In case of an accident and insufficient air for breathing, the rescuers shall wear respiratory equipment with a good ventilation system as explained in point 4 above (an air-filter or air-purifying mask is not meant for the case where air is lacking. The affected person shall be moved to an open air space as soon as possible while being given mouth-to-mouth breathing assistance, etc.)

220 Provision of a ventilation system An appropriate ventilation system shall be provided in all work places for the purpose of ensuring good and healthy air quality, especially in places with high temperatures and a lot of heat or with gas or vapor caused by an organic solvent or any other chemical solutions. The lack of proper ventilation can lead to headaches and vertigoes followed by various ailments due to toxic chemical substances. Generally, the normal way to ventilate an area is to open the window or the door. The installation of air-conditioning in a specific area or a place shall be done based on the consideration of the toxic chemical substance to be used. It is also necessary to be aware that sometimes the opening of a window may have the opposite effect to the one desired. 1.4 Safety in working with chemical products General conduct when working with chemical products 1. Before working, workers have to know about the type of chemical and the hazards involved. Supervisors concerned shall be consulted should there be any doubt at all. 2. Before moving chemicals, the packaging condition must be observed to ensure that it is not broken or damaged which may cause chemicals to spill. 3. Avoid direct contact with chemicals and wear protective gear such as gloves, overalls, air filters, caps, glasses, etc. 4. It is forbidden to eat, drink or smoke while working with chemicals. 5. While working with chemicals avoid rubbing one’s eyes or touch one’s mouth until hands have been washed.

221 6. Before eating, smoking or going to the toilet, all protective equipments shall be taken off and hands washed. 7. It is forbidden for unauthorized people to work with chemical products. 8. The supervisor shall be informed immediately in case of an accident or a chemical container is broken or damaged. Also, the area must not be left spoiled but must be swept and cleaned according to the recommended procedure (MSDS). 9. Stop work immediately if feeling ill or dizzy and inform the supervisor responsible immediately of the matter and provide the correct medical first aid before rushing to see a doctor with the relevant label or product sample. 10. Used safety equipment must be cleaned or destroyed according to the recommended procedures. 11. Wash hands, take a bath and change to clean clothes every time when work is finished. Safety in the use of chemical products for production 1. Workers shall read instructions on chemical product packaging carefully before bringing them into the factory. 2. All chemical product packaging to be brought into the factory shall be in good condition and not be broken or leaking. 3. Workers shall wear gloves, long-sleeved overalls, masks and covered shoes before opening containers of the chemical substance to be used in the production process. 4. Special care shall be taken in packaging chemical products to ensure that there shall only be a minimum of chemical substance dust or particles scattered.

222 5. After use, empty chemical containers shall be stored in a safe place (locked with a key if necessary) before being destroyed, incinerated or buried. 6. When finished working, workers shall wash their hands, take a bath and change to new cloths before eating or smoking. 7. Workers shall not smoke while working with chemicals. 8. It is forbidden to eat or to drink in production or packaging areas where chemicals are used. Safety in storing chemical products in the storeroom 1. Workers shall read material safety data sheets of chemical products every time before storing them in the storeroom. 2. Some chemical products have to be kept in dry, clean, and well ventilated places and at a temperature not exceeding 46° C. 3. Chemical products shall be kept away from food and food containers. 4. Chemical products shall not be stacked up exceeding a height of 5 meters. 5. It is forbidden to smoke in the storeroom except in designated smoking areas. 6. Workers shall wear gloves, masks, shoes and long-sleeved shirts while working and being in contact with chemical products. 7. Chemical products which may have fallen on the floor shall be carefully swept into bins and destroyed or stored in specified areas for disposal. If chemical solutions are spilled, they shall be covered with sand before the area is being swept clean. It is important not to clean with water. 8. Containers of chemical products shall be labeled appropriately before being stored in the storeroom. 9. The chemical product storeroom shall be locked with a key after work.

223 Inflammable chemical vapor When a lot of inflammable chemical vapor in the factory has been emitted, it means that this inflammable chemical vapor may catch fire or explode if there is a source, creating sparks or flames. The flash point of a chemical solution is the lowest temperature where it will evaporate enough fluid to form a combustible concentration of gas and will ignite if there is a source of heat, sparks or flame. The flammability limit is the range between the lowest and the highest concentrations of a chemical vapor mixed in air at which the mixture is inflammable. The mixture of the chemical vapor and air at a lower concentration than the flammability limit is too thin to be inflammable while if the concentration is higher than the flammability limit it is too high to be inflammable. If there is a lot of chemical vapor in an area, it shall be forbidden for employees to go into that area. The fire fighting unit of the factory shall be informed without delay of the matter and provide immediate assistance. Conduct in case of chemical vapor 1. First of all, keep safe when a lot of chemical vapor is found, whether it is due to spilling on the floor or from leakage of the chemical substance pipe or container. When in doubt about the nature of the chemical it shall be assumed that it is a case of inflammable chemical vapor. At this time, it is of no use trying to find the measuring equipment for chemical vapor estimation because by the time we are able to get an estimate, there may be sufficient vapor in the air to start a fire or explosion. Unfortunately, you will be in the midst of the inflammable chemical vapor by that time.

224 2. Get out of the area where there is inflammable chemical vapor and inform your supervisor or the manager immediately concerning the matter. 3. Lightly spray water into the area to wash the chemical vapor out, using the nozzle of the fire fighting hose. However, if the inflammable chemical vapor is near the reactor, open the valve to the automatic sprinkler nozzle which is above the reactor to drive out the chemical vapor. 4. If an inflammable chemical vapor is on fire, spray water on tools and equipments as well as tanks in the area to prevent the fire from spreading and an explosion to occur. Do not try to put out the fire at its point of origin but rather try to find the source of the chemical vapor to eliminate it without going into its midst. After eliminating the vapor source, try to put out the fire. 1.4 Safety against fire Prevention against fire in the factory compound All employees shall abide by the following rules: 1. Know the property of all types of fire extinguishers used in the factory to be able to use them immediately and appropriately according to the type of fire. 2. It is forbidden to use the fire extinguisher for spraying or playing. 3. Focus on the fire extinguisher in one’s department and check its condition regularly. Report the matter to line supervisors immediately if any fire extinguisher should be found to be or suspected of being out of order or not fully charged.

225 4. No machinery, equipment, tools or other material should be installed or placed in a position which could obstruct or make it inconvenient for users to access the fire extinguishers when needed. 5. Inflammable matters or fuel containers shall be well closed after use and the containers shall be labeled to indicate that they contain inflammable substances. 6. It is forbidden to use fuel or any other inflammable chemicals for washing and cleaning clothes. 7. All employees shall be made to understand the operational procedure in case of a fire. Every employee shall participate in fire drills. 8. Whatever the cause of fire, if it should break out close to an electrical wire, electrical tools and equipment or an electrical switchboard, the switch shall be shut off immediately to ensure that the electrical circuit is cut off. When a fire breaks out 1. When a fire breaks out in the work place, do not panic. Try to keep yourself and your spirit firmly under control. Panic to the point of losing control may make matters worse. 2. Advise all your colleagues who are in the area of the fire and inform the fire department. They will proceed to put out the fire and inform the relevant authorities of the fire. 3. Employees who are not involved in firefighting shall leave the building rapidly adhering strictly ot the evacuation plan and assemble at the factory’s designated assembly points to await orders from the fire coordinator.

226 4. Employees assigned to the fire fighting unit of the factory shall ready the fire extinguishers and the fire hoses to be in a state of readiness soonest. In case where the fire is located in a place reachable by the main nozzle, it may not be necessary to use the anti-fire water-pipe together with the small nozzle but the matter shall be at the discretion of the factory’s fire department. Prevention against fire in the work place 1. All employees shall be well aware of the safety regulations within the work place. 2. All employees shall practice and be able to use a fire extinguisher. 3. All employees shall strictly comply with safety rules and regulations within the work place, e.g. not to smoke except in a designated smoking area. 4. The company will hold fire drills to practice fire or emergency evacuation at the work place together with official authorities. All employees are required to participate in these drills. 5. It is forbidden to obstruct any emergency exit. When a fire breaks out 1. Any employee who detects a fire shall immediately try to extinguish the fire as well as inform the fire coordinator immediately. 2. The coordinator shall set the fire alarm and inform the company’s executives. 3. At the sound of the fire alarm everybody shall stop working immediately and quickly leave the work area in the opposite direction of the fire area following the evacuation routes. 4. When leaving the building, do not run or use the lift.

227 5. All employees who have left the building shall assemble at the designated assembly point to have their number checked and to await further instruction from the coordinator. 1.5 Safety at the office Office floor, corridors and doors 1. The office floor shall always be kept clean. 2. The office floor shall be flat without any inclinations or difference in levels. If such features should be unavoidable, mark the differences with floor colors to clearly indicate them. 3. Use anti-slipping materials to cover over slippery tiles or shining floors. 4. While working, it is forbidden to run or slide instead of walking. 5. While the floor is being scrubbed or cleaned, warning signs should be observed and workers shall exercise special care in walking and working. 6. If there is water, oil or any other slippery matter on the office floor, the persons in charge shall be immediately informed of the matter and a warning sign shall be placed in the slippery area. 7. Any office material or supply such as pencils, paper clips, rubbers or any other matters found on the floor, shall be immediately picked up as it could lead to an accident. 8. When walking around a building corner, walk on the right side slowly and carefully so as to avoid colliding with other people coming from the other side of the corner. 9. A mirror shall be set up at corners with bad visibility to prevent accidents which may happen easily.

228 10. Telephone, calculator or electric wires shall be well installed and not obstruct the walkways. 11. Avoid standing or walking near a closed door because the door may be opened and hit you. 12. When passing through a screen or opening a glass door, walk or open it carefully and slowly. If the screen or the door is a double door, use the right side to open the screen or the door. 13. For double screens or doors, a ‚Pull‛ or ‚Push‛ signs shall clearly indicate the direction to move the door. 14. Materials and equipment shall not be kept or be left on walkways or doorways. Use of stairs Safety in using stairs 1. Before going up or down staircases, observe any possible hazards. 2. If there is insufficient lighting in the staircase area or if the handrails or steps are damaged, inform the persons responsible so that such problems may be rectified. 3. Do not leave small material scraps on the stairs which may have fallen down such as pebble, glass scraps, etc. 4. Objects which may draw people’s attention such as mirrors, posters, all kinds of decoration should not be put in the stair area. 5. A carpet or a doormat should be placed at the bottom of the stairs to ensure safety. 6. Do not run up or down stairs but rather walk carefully. 7. Do not play or tease each other while going up or down stairs.

229 8. In going up or down stairs, always walk on the right side and hold on to the handrail. 9. Do not take your hand off the handrail until you have reached the top or the bottom of the staircase. 10. While going up or down stairs, look at the next step and do not do anything which may be hazardous such as reading or searching in your bag, etc. 11. Do not go up or down stairs as a big group at the same time. Safety in using a ladder or stepladder 1. Before using a ladder or stepladder, check that it is generally strong and not broken or damaged, and that it is equipped with anti-slip rubber. 2. When used against a wall, the ladder shall be placed at an angle of 70 degrees and should be at least 60 centimeters from the work point. 3. If possible, the top and bottom parts of the ladder should be fixed with a rope. However, if it is not possible to do so, the ladder should be supported by a helper. 4. The ground onto which the ladder is placed shall be even and devoid of holes, pools or bumps. 5. Look ahead when going up or down the ladder and do not work in awkward positions while on the ladder. 6. If there is a standing support placed onto the stepladder, the legs of the ladder shall be not more than 1.8 meters apart and the supporting base shall not be higher than 2 meters above ground. 7. The stepladder shall be equipped with spreaders to lock the extended position of the legs.

230 8. If the stepladder is used in a place which may be unsafe, there must be a helper to support the stepladder. 9. Do not stand on the standing support if you have to be above 1.2 meters. Working desk – Chair - Cabinet 1. Desk drawers, document cabinet drawers or those of other cabinets shall not be left open while working, and shall be closed whenever they are not in use. 2. It is forbidden to put packages, objects or boxes underneath the working desk. 3. It is forbidden to rest or to lean against the back of the chair because the weight put on just one side may trip the chair over. 4. Space shall be provided for moving chairs to facilitate access in and out of chairs. 5. It is forbidden to put packages and all kinds of things on top of the cabinet because they may fall and could be hazardous. 6. Do not open more than one document cabinet drawer at the same time. 7. Fill cabinet drawers starting from the lowest drawer upwards to have a counterbalance. Avoid putting in too many documents in the drawers. 8. Always use the handle or knob to open and close drawers to avoid having your fingers nipped. 9. Cabinets shall be placed in a manner which does not obstruct walkways.

231 Electrical wiring and power plugs and sockets 1. Electrical wires with traces of tear or broken plugs shall be immediately changed. It is forbidden to wrap them with insulating tape to repair them. 2. Damaged power plugs shall be repaired immediately. While awaiting repair they shall be covered to prevent other people from using them. 3. All electrical tools and equipment used in the office shall be placed in close proximity to a power socket to avoid having electrical wires spread out on the floor or having to use extension cords. If it is not possible to place them in close proximity to a socket, electrical cords shall be clearly marked to prevent people from stumbling over them. 4. When using electrical equipment, make sure that the electrical voltage used is in accordance with the voltage rating of the equipment. 5. When placing or moving office supplies, care must be taken not to place them or to move and pile them over electrical wires. Use of office equipment and supplies 1. When moving papers, care must be taken to prevent cuts which may be caused by paper. 2. Pens or pencils shall be kept with the tip pointing downwards or lying flat in the drawer. 3. Scissors, letter cutters, cutters or other sharp tools shall be closed before being put away. 4. When using paper cutters, care shall be taken to ensure that the fingers are far from the blade while cutting paper. Avoid cutting too many sheets of paper at

232 the same time. When not in use, retract the blade and do not leave the blade in a working position while lifting up the cutter. 5. Do not use hands or finger nails when removing paper staples. Instead, always use the stapler. 6. Corners of all metal furniture shall be rounded for safety. 7. Use a ladder or stepstool to get something which is highly placed. Do not stand on a box, table or chair. 8. Turn off all electric lights and electrical equipment in the work place every day after work. 9. When using office equipment which may cause injuries such as conveyor belts, rollers, gears, gear wheels, wheels, etc., install safety devices before using them if they are not already equipped with such safety devices. 10. It is forbidden to clean, adjust, fine-tune or to change any parts of the office equipments which may cause hazards when working. 11. Read and understand the instructions and warnings relating to office equipment which may cause injuries before proceeding with any adjustments. 12. If there are two operators or more who work with the same hazardous office equipment, each one of them will have to be mindful of the other. 13. It is forbidden to remove safety devices or to open the panel of hazardous office equipments. If there is a problem with equipment, a technician shall be contacted to repair the equipment. 14. Electrical office equipment with no double insulation shall have a ground wire connected to the metal cover and the socket. It shall be forbidden to alter the plug to cut out the ground connection. 15. The electric current feeding office equipments shall be turned of every time it is not in use or when the equipment is to be adjusted.

233 Lift 1. When there is a fire, it is forbidden to use the lift. Only the fire escape may be used. 2. Before using the lift, always observe whether the lift is level with the floor. If the lift is not level with the floor, care must be taken not to stumble when entering the lift. Women who wear high-heels or thin high-heel shoes must step over the level difference to avoid slipping or falling. 3. When using a lift, enter the lift quickly but carefully without hesitation. 4. Do not smoke in the lift. 5. Once the lift has reached the desired floor, wait until the lift door is fully opened and step out quickly from the lift. 6. It is forbidden to use the hand to hold or to push the lift door to wait for other people who want to take the lift as well. Instead, use the control button located in the lift to keep the door open. 7. In case of an emergency while in the lift, comply with the instruction posted in the lift. Try to be in control of yourself and do not panic.

234 Safety with 5-S activities Work places will be safe with 5-S activities. Establishments where 5-S activities are exercised are safer, healthier and more productive. In order to make the work place nicer to work at, nicer to look at, more comfortable and safer, all the items which are not necessary shall be eliminated and all the remaining items shall be arranged into groups to make it easy to use, clean and nice to look at. 5-S activities Clear up: Separate items which are necessary and those which are un- necessary. Recycle as many as possible of un-necessary items. Convenience: Keep all tools and equipment in a place where they are easy to use and where conditions are safe for keeping. Clean: Set up a procedure to ensure cleanliness of the work place such as elimination of dust. Health: Take care of clothes and ensure that the work place is clean and orderly. Do not leave the work place dirty and messy.

235 Character: Practice the 5-S activities until they become habits. 1.6 Safety in agricultural occupations Currently, machinery such as tractors, ploughs, harvesting machines, pulleys, etc. and chemical substances such as fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides are widely used in agricultural occupations to increase productivity. However, if used incorrectly, such matters can be harmful for both our health and our life. Hazards relating to agricultural occupations can be classified into 5 kinds as follows: 1: Chemical hazards originating from fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, weed- killers, anti-fungus solutions, pesticides, algae elimination solution, nematodes, snails, etc. All these chemical substances are beneficial if correctly used but if wrongly used they can be very harmful. It is, therefore, necessary for farmers to know the following: 1. How to keep and use them by reading and understanding the labels on the packaging container. 2. Once used, the packaging containers have to be destroyed by a proper way as indicated on the packaging label. 3. Smoking is forbidden while spraying chemicals. 4. Care must be taken to avoid contact of the skin with the chemical substances as they may enter the body through the skin. 5. Care must be taken in inhaling them. 6. Avoid standing leeward while spraying chemical substances. 7. Ensure that spraying tools are not deteriorated or leaking. 8. It is forbidden to use the bare hand in mixing chemical substances.

236 2: Dust hazards resulting from agricultural activities. A lot of dust comes from rice threshing and other activities in the rice field. The problem is that such dust collects fungi, flower pollen and spores which can be hazardous to people’s health who may contract fungi, byssinosis, and occupational tuberculosis as a result of working with bagasse and in the fields. Ways to protect from such hazards are as follows: 1. Wear anti-dust masks. 2. Ensure that the skin is clean after finishing work. 3. Spray water to reduce dissemination of dust. 4. Learn about one’s own safety as well as understand the hazard potentials such as disease symptoms to be able to avoid the contamination with diseases. 3: Hazards from contact with animals, especially horses, cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, pigs, dogs, carnivorous wild animals, birds, ducks, chicken, etc. The main infectious diseases are anthrax, rabies, tetanus, leptospirosis and dermatophytosis. Ways to protect against such hazards are as follows: 1. Understand the sources of such diseases and how they spread. 2. Burn or bury diseased affected animals to eliminate germs. Also, vaccinate animals against diseases. 3. Ensure that the skin is clean and avoid contact with the skin of animals affected by diseases. 4. Clean all wounds immediately.

237 4: Hazards due to heat, light, noise, and tremor. Farmers may be affected by cramps, fatigue or strokes as a result of solar heat or machinery noise which may affect their mental health as well. They may also suffer from hearing loss or become deaf. The dazzling light they often see may cause them to have cataract in the eye or loss of eye sight. The use of machinery such as tractors, rice harvesting machines, ploughs, drilling machines, electric saws causing tremors may lead to problems of the hands and arms such as joint ache, fatigue, digestion anomaly and osteitis. Such dangers can be prevented as follows: 1. Wear personal protective gear such as gloves, ear plugs, etc. 2. Protect oneself against heat by wearing thick and long-sleeved clothes made of airy materials. 3. Drink water mixed with about 0.1% of salt. 4. Rest more often if the weather is very hot. 5: Agriculture related accidents such as incised wounds caused by knifes, axes or sickles. Farmers often do not have the opportunity to have wounds cleaned or get primary medical care immediately and risk, therefore, infections such as tetanus which constitutes a major cause of death. The use of electrical machinery may lead to electrical shock or burns of the skin. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the correct use of electrical equipment. Other hazards may arise from the use of motors, clamps, ropes, chains or conveyers, causing accidents mostly to fingers. The most common work related illness to farmers is back-ache due to wrong body postures resulting in muscle aches. Muscle aches suffered repeatedly every day are called repetitious or repeated aches which may actually be cured. It is, therefore, important to understand how to use labor-saving devices or working method adjustments to help mitigate such pains such as by using seeders instead of the standing-up and bending-down positions used for planting seeds. Such changes could render the work-life of farmers a happier one.

238 Topic 2: Primary medical care Primary medical care consists of providing elementary assistance at the place of occurrence to people who are victims of injury or are taken ill before being able to reach a doctor or a hospital to prevent undue death or infirmity. Primary medical care objective 1. To save lives. 2. To prevent against worsening of the case. 3. To ensure fast recovery. General principles of primary medical care 1. Do not panic and do not let people crowd around because those people would compete with the victim for breathing air. 2. Check to see if the victim is still conscious. 3. Do not pour medicines or water into the victim’s mouth while the victim is unconscious. 4. Provide primary medical care to treat wounds or symptoms which could be fatal and leave other wounds or symptoms which are not as severe to the next steps of primary medical care. Wounds or symptoms requiring urgent assistance are the following: 1. Lack of breathing air. 2. Loss of blood to the point of having shock symptoms. 3. Been in contact with or having absorbed a toxin.

239 Primary medical care in the case of injury Sprain Cause Due to tissue, muscle or joint tendon avulsion or contraction. Symptom - Aches around the affected joint when moving. - The joint area is swollen and red. Primary medical care - Avoid moving the affected joint. - Do not put any thing heavy over the affected joint area. - Start applying a cold compress. - Visit the doctor if the pain is severe. Cause Strain Symptom High muscle contraction due to a violent or fast movement. The affected area is painful and swollen.

240 Primary medical care - Let the patient sit or lie down comfortably and safely. - To alleviate the great pain, first apply cold compress followed by warm press. Eye injury Primary medical care for the eye should be given only for slight eye injuries. If the injury is serious, place clean gauze loosely over the eye and take the patient quickly to the hospital. Dust in the eye Cause - Small particles entered the eye. - The eye is irritated, itchy or strained. Primary medical care - Rinse the eye thoroughly with clean water or eye wash solution. - If dust is not eliminated, place clean gauze loosely over the eye and bring the patient to see a doctor.

241 Cause Eye sore due to a chemical solution Symptom Some acid or base liquid or vapor got into the eye. - - The eye is irritated. The eye hurts terribly. Primary medical care - Rinse the eye with clean water by letting water flow over the eyeball until the chemical solution is washed out. - Place clean gauze loosely over the eye and take the patient to see the doctor as quickly as possible. Burn or scalding Cause The injury may have been caused by a fire or a spark, electricity, something very hot, boiling water, a chemical solution such as an acid or a base. Symptom Can be classified into 3 aspects, i.e. - Aspect 1: The skin is red.

242 - Aspect 2: The skin is swollen. - Aspect 3: The epidermis is damaged and the tissue under the skin is affected. Sometimes, the patient may go into a shock. Primary medical care Injury as per aspects 1 and 2 are not severe and should be treated in primary medical care as follows: - Apply a cold compress immediately. - Use a clean cloth to cover the wound. Then, use gauze to loosely bandage the area. In the case of wounds as per aspect 3, primary medical care shall be given as follows: - If the patient is shocked, treat this symptom first. - Do not pull out burnt pieces of cloth which are struck to the body. - Take the patient to the hospital as soon as possible. Bone dislocation Cause This is caused by the dislocation of one end of the bone which is at the joint and displaced from the tendon enveloping the joint. Symptom - Feeling extremely stretched and painful at the dislocated joint. - Change in the joint’s previous shape and position.

243 Primary medical care - Arrange for the patient to be in a comfortable position. - Do not press or move the joint. - Take the patient to the hospital as soon as possible. - Use a stretcher to transport the patient. Symptom Bone fracture - There are 2 kinds of bone fracture, i.e. - 1. An ordinary bone fracture or a closed fracture is a fractured bone which is not - protruding out of the skin. 2. An open bone fracture when the fractured bone is protruding out of the skin or when the bone is fractured by an external element protruding into the bone, causing the fracture. Swelling Pain at the fractured area when moving. - Feeling of looseness when touching the affected area. There might also be the sound of fractured bones rubbing against one another. Deformation at the affected area.

244 Primary medical care - Do not move the victim unless strictly necessary because all movements may cause more damage. - Ensure that the fractured bone remains still. - The injured may fall into a shock, take precautions. - If the fractured bone protrudes out of the skin, stop the bleeding by pressing with the finger or using a tourniquet. - Use clean gauze to cover the wound or the protruding fractured bone. - Use a temporary splint if it should be necessary to move the injured. Sling, pillow and stretcher The temporary splint may be made out of any material close at hand such as a board, rolled newspaper, bundled straw or umbrella. The splint should be tied above and under the fractured area in arm or leg. Also, if possible, tie both parts of the fractured bone area together to strengthen the splint by using paper, cloth, cotton wool or any other material as a splint support. This will help to level the fractured area. This method ensured that the splint is just right and not placing too much pressure on any part of the bone. As for putting a splint on an arm or a leg, it is better to envelop the arm or leg with the splint than to place it on any one side. In so doing, use pieces of cloth or a strong rope for tying. The best material for use in an emergency case is a thin long piece of cloth. - Sometimes, prior to putting on the splint, it could be necessary to move the injured slightly. To do this, have someone hold the injured person’s upper part of the arm or leg

245 while allowing the lower part with the fractured bone to remain still while other people can assist in supporting the body weight. However, the best way to move the injured is by using a stretcher. - In case of a fractured backbone or neck bone or suspicion of any such fracture, special care must be exercised unless the primary medical care provider has experience in this field. If the injured in unconscious, it would be impossible to know where the bone is fractured. An ordinary bone fracture might also turn into an open bone fracture if care is not exercised in moving the injured. Therefore, if possible, avoid moving the injured until a doctor is there to help. Moving an injured person with a fractured neck bone - When moving an injured with a broken neck bone, use a door pane or a large board by placing it beside the injured with the upper part surpassing the injured person’s head by at least about 4 inches. - If the injured is lying on the back, have somebody kneel over his head and use both hands to hold his head still to ensure that the movement of the head and the shoulder is synchronized with the other parts of the body. Other people, it could be just one person or several persons, can assist in slowly moving the injured onto the board or the door pane by holding the clothes of the injured at the shoulder and the hip. Arrange for the injured to lie on the back without raising his head and do not let him move his neck sideways. - If the injured is lying on the stomach, the door pane or the board shall be placed at his side. Have him extend his arms up towards his head and kneel beside him to hold the side of his head with your hands over his ears and jaws before slowly moving him to the back position on the board. When turning him over, keep his head still and at the same level as the body. Both the head and the body shall be turned over at the same time.

246 - While moving the injured, use bands or bandages to tie the injured tightly to the board. If a stretcher is available, use it for moving the injured. Moving an injured person with a fractured backbone - Do not hurry to raise the body of an injured person suspected of having a fractured backbone. Ask first if the injured person can move or not. If the injured is unconscious and it is suspected that he has a backbone fracture, proceed in the same manner as in the case of a person with a neck bone fracture. - If an injured suspected of having a backbone fracture is found lying on the stomach, turn him over slowly to lie on a board or a stretcher and find something to support the lower part of his backbone. - If the injured is lying on his back, move him slowly onto the board in the same manner as in the case of a neck bone fracture. - It shall be strictly forbidden to raise a person who is suspected of having a backbone fracture to a sitting position. Broken skull and affected brain An injured person with a broken or shaken skull may bleed from the ear, the eye or the nose. There might also be a whitish liquid coming out of his ears. His pupils could be of different size and his face may be either red or pale. Primary medical care - If his face color is normal or red, place the injured into a lying position, keep the head slightly elevated with a support. If he is pale, place his head in a level position with his body.

247 - Turn his head to a position where no pressure is put upon the fractured part part of the skull. - If there is a wound, stop the bleeding, cover the wound with clean gauze and tie the bandage on the opposite side of the wound. - Ensure that the injured is constantly kept warm. Do not give any stimulant to the injured. Stop an incised wound from bleeding There are several methods to stop bleeding, such as: 1. Pressing with the finger as follows: - If bleeding is slight, cover the wound with a clean piece of cloth and tie it tightly around the wound. If bleeding continues, apply firm pressure with fingers or a hand to the wound. - In case an aorta is cut or seriously damaged and the wound is big, use the finger to press down on the wound to stop bleeding while also pressing down the area between the wound and the heart. For example, - If there is bleeding at the top of the head or any other area of the head, press on the blood vein in the area of the temple on the same side as the wound. - If there is bleeding on the face, press the blood vein under the lower part of the jaw on the same side as the wound at about 1 inch over the jaw. - If there is bleeding on the neck, press the upper part of the neck near the windpipe on the same side as the wound. However, pressing this area over a long time may cause the injured to faint. Therefore, this method should only be used when other methods have failed.

248 - If there is bleeding on the upper part of the arm, press over the upper part of the collar bone nearest to the shoulder of the wounded arm. - If there is bleeding on the lower part of the arm, press the blood vein on the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. - If there is bleeding on the leg, press the blood vein in the area of the groin on the same side as the wound. 2. Use of a tourniquet to stop bleeding In the case of bleeding from a red artery of an arm or a leg and bleeding does not stop after applying pressure, a tourniquet should be used to stop bleeding as follows: - An arm tourniquet tied around the blood vein at the upper part of the arm or a leg tourniquet around the upper part of the leg may slow down bleeding. - Do not tie the tourniquet too tightly. The tourniquet should be loosened every 10 minutes for 3 minutes until bleeding has stopped. - If no standard tourniquet is available, other flat materials may be used such as a belt, a leather band, a towel, a necktie or a piece of cloth which may serve as a tourniquet. However, do not use a rope, a wire or thread because they may produce cuts or be harmful to the skin.

249 3. Raising the wounded area above the heart level In the case of bleeding from a foot wound, arrange the injured to lie down with his feet raised up. Activities: Learners shall compile information regarding work hazards they, their family members or work colleagues have experienced as follows: 1. I have been affected by work hazards as follows:  Work/ present or past operational responsibilities: ......................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................  Hazards experienced: 1. .................................................................................................................................... 2. .................................................................................................................................... 3. ....................................................................................................................................  Preventive measures and solutions: 1. .................................................................................................................................... 2. .................................................................................................................................... 3. .................................................................................................................................... 2. My family members have been affected by work hazards as follows: .....................................  Work/ present or past operational responsibilities: ........................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................  Hazards experienced: 1. ....................................................................................................................................

250 2. .................................................................................................................................... 3. ....................................................................................................................................  Preventive measures and solutions: 1. .................................................................................................................................... 2. .................................................................................................................................... 3. .................................................................................................................................... 3. My work colleagues have been affected by work hazards as follows:  Work/ Present or past operational responsibilities: .......................................................... ..........................................................................................................................................  Hazards experienced: 1. .................................................................................................................................... 2. .................................................................................................................................... 3. ....................................................................................................................................  Preventive measures and solutions: 4. ..................................................................................................................................... 5. .................................................................................................................................... 6. .....................................................................................................................................