Art Education WS 31003

51 Types on international music There are many types of international music categorized by the different sound creation or method of play. The 5 types are. 1. Stringed instrument This type of music creates sounds through the vibration of strings. The strings are made up of metal or cord. Stringed instrument are divided into two categories according to how it is played. 1) Plucking such as guitar, banjo and harps Banjo 2) Bowing such as violin and viola Viola 2. Woodwind instrument This type of instrument is divided into 2 categories. 1) Blowing through a wind tunnel such as recorder, piccolo and flute

52 Piccolo 2) Blowing through a tongue such as clarinet and saxophone Clarinet 3. Brass instrument This type of instrument produces sound by sympathetic vibration of air in a tubular resonator in sympathy with the vibration of the player's lips such as trumpet and trombone. Trumpet

53 4. Keyboard type instrument This type of instrument produces sound by the use of fingers pressing on to the keyboard. Examples are melodeon, electronic keyboard and electone. Melodeon 5. Percussion can be divided into two groups. 5.1) Tuned instrument such as xylophone, bell lyre and carillon Bell lyre 5.2) Untuned instrument such as timpani drum, large drum, track drum, tumba, set drum, cymbal, rhythm clapper, maracas Timpani

54 Activity Students are divided into groups to research on all categories of international music. 2 or 3 types per each categories and keep them in the student’s portfolio.

55 Topic 3 Values and melodious of international music Music is a refine, aesthetic and delicate medium that is an important part of human’s body and mind. When we hear music, we have peace of mind and put us in a good mood. When we hear a song that entertained, we feel very cheerful. Music is an aesthetic medium that create happiness and entertainment for human. It acts as a stress reduction tool and help build concentration. It also help refined the soul to be prudent and create a good mood without wasting time or money. As mentioned, music is very valuable to human being. Sawanee Sangkasopol cited an international research to inform us that music has an impact on the nervous system, muscular system and mental status. It caused the brain to release a stimulant of happiness to reduce pain, to build conscious and good thought which can be used for stress reduction. Reduction of worry, fear, pain and the increase in stamina and movement of the body which resulted from music are used as physical therapy for both normal, physically and mentally challenged people, and also for children with special needs. An increase in the standard of living is also a result of music. Because music is an art that express emotions to the listeners and also is easy to sense, therefore it creates happiness and pleasure for human being. Music is a universal language because it conveys the feelings of every race of people. People who are fortunate to have the sense of hearing can find happiness through the music. Listening to music with soft and smooth rhythm can help reduce tension. Because of that reason, when we listen to music that we selected we have an improved mental health which is good for the body. Music can be considered as medicine when we surrounded our home with music, it is like we have food and vitamin that help people to be strong and healthy. Values of music are usually mentioned in terms of the impact that it has on the body but in reality music is about the mind which are then transmitted to the body. It is of no surprised to hear the saying that music can help shape the mind, can create happiness, can reduce pain and etc. Music is an aesthetic medium that expressed through the sound of music as the last medium of expression. The topic on “Aesthetics of music” can be concluded from the study of the beauty of music that the listeners have to choose whether they will be just a “listener” or a “recipient of the

56 benefit of listening” because music is beautiful through the use of sound as a medium. The important step of the transmission of music is how the musician transmits the music through the mind and the listener received that medium through the mind. The mind can sense the different emotions and the result to the reception through the mind; it created the song that is calm and smooth. The mind will be empty and will be without lust. The listener will have pleasure; worry free, less sorrow and pain. They will have concentration which allows the brain to function with efficiency. Components of international music Music regardless of race and language has its fundamentals from all of these factors. The differences in the details of each component, tradition and culture of each society are a direct determinant on the taste of music from each culture. We can then differentiate music from one race to another. Components of international music are composed of 1. Tone Composers are the creator of music and uses sound to create and produce art to serve the society. Composer can create a variety of sound through the different sources of sound creator such as flicking, rubbing, striking or blowing. Sound is created from a consistent vibration of the air whereas noise is created from the inconsistency of vibrations. The characteristics of sound depend on 4 factors such as pitch, duration, intensity and quality. 1.1 Pitch means the level of the sound (high-low) which is a result of a frequency of vibration. In other words, sound that have high frequency, the vibration will be fast resulting in a high pitch. If the frequency is low, the vibration will be slow resulting in a low pitch. 1.2 Duration means the characteristics of the length of sound (long-short) which is a very important quality to determine the rhythm and style of music. In western music, the determinant of the duration can be seen through the characteristics of the note such as round note, white note and black note. In Thailand, note was not recorded in the past but the duration of the

57 sound can be seen in the style of xylophone and gong. In the case of a fiddle, the duration is in the form of pulling the fuddle bow in long length. 1.3 Intensity. Intensity of sound is related to the weight of the sound (heavy- light) Intensity is a characteristic that is beneficial in supporting the completeness of a style. 1.4 Quality is created from the quality of the different sources that created sounds. The factors that create the differences in the sound quality can be from various factors such as the approach of sound production, shape and source of sound and materials used to generate the sound. These factors created the characteristics of sound quality which is important for the listeners to clearly differentiate the tone color between one musical instrument to another. 2. Element of time Is an art of organizing the sound that relate to the speed, intensity and duration. These components when organize based on the theory of music will create a variety of style and rhythm. In psychological terms, the influence of a rhythm to the listeners is witness through the physical body response such as when listeners snap their fingers or clap. 3. Melody Melody is the organization of sound that relates to pitch, duration and loudness. These qualities if used continuously on the basis of speed will be a component that listener can understood the easiest. In a psychological sense, melody arouses listener’s intelligence. Melody is an important part that creates impression, memory, and differentiates from one song to another. 4. Texture “Texture” is a common word in the academic of visual arts. It means the characteristics of a surface of an object such as a surface that is rugged or smooth and clean which can be made from a different material. In the context of music, “texture” means the form or characteristic of sound that either harmonized or not harmonized. It can come from playing the sounds simultaneously or overlapping both vertically and horizontally via the process of composition. The sum of the

58 overall sound orange is considered to be the texture of music. The characteristics of texture have many different types. 4.1 Monophonic Texture is a characteristic of a texture that has one rhythm without harmonizing. This type of texture is considered to be the earlier usage of sound in the earlier stage of music in every culture. 4.2 Polyphonic Texture is a characteristic of a texture that has 2 or more rhythm. Each rhythm has its own freedom and significance but is harmonizing together. The characteristics of a Polyphonic Texture evolve from a Chant which has a monophonic texture and later added a range. The additional range uses the double phase of 4 and 5 and proceeds in the same way as the original Chant. This proceeding of this type of rhythm is called Organum. The polyphonic texture was originated after the 14th century onward. This type of rhythm has been developed with great advance which is the period where Counterpoint started to play bigger roles in the decoration of a Polyphonic Texture. 4.3 Homophonic Texture is a characteristic of a texture that harmonizes in one rhythm with Chords acting as a support in this type of musical composition. The rhythm usually moves into the level of the highest pitch within the particular group. In some instance, the rhythm can also move within the lower pitch as well. Even though this type of musical composition has only one outstanding rhythm, the chords play just as important role. The movement of the rhythm will be in a horizontal line whereas the chords will move in a vertical line. 4.4 Heterophonic Texture is a format of sound range with many rhythms. Each of the range is of equal importance. The Greek word, Heteros, means different or variety. The characteristic of the mixed of this range is in the form of a choir. 5. Tone color “Tone color” means a quality of sound that originates from a different source. The source of sound can come from people singing or from various musical instruments. The difference in the singing voice regardless or within the gender has the fundamental of the different in the body such as the larynx and voice box.

59 In the relationship with the musical instrument, the variety of the tone color is composed of many different factors such as the method of play, the material used to create the instruments, shape and size. These factors have a direct effect on the tone color and create a different sound quality. 5.1 Method of play through flicking, rubbing, striking or blowing. These methods of play are the factors that affect the quality of sound. 5.2 Materials used to create an instrument. Materials used in any cultures are different depending on the environment and the society. This is one of the important factors on the tone color. 5.3 Shape and Size Musical instruments have different shapes and sizes and create differences in the relationship in the area of sound. 6. Forms Forms or the pattern of song is in comparison to the fusion of melody, time element, texture and tone to move into the same direction. Songs that are short and long and recurrence are the essence of this form. Music has a different nature compare to the different branch of art which can be summarize as follow. 1. Music is the medium of emotion which can be perceived through the ears. In other words, ears are important parts that help us to sense the music. A deaf cannot perceive what music is all about. 2. Music is a part of a culture. People have their own culture and the differences in the culture have caused the people to appreciate and satisfy a various type of musical characteristics. For example, Thais will be familiar to Thai folk music and international music. Thais might not appreciate an Indian folk music even though an Indian would consider their song as melodious. 3. Music is an aesthetic form of a melodious sound. The melodious of the music is something that everyone appreciates and could happen anywhere and to anyone in every level, class and experience.

60 4. Music is an expression of an emotion. How the sounds of music are expressed depends on the emotion of the player. The player is therefore expressing the emotion that the composer has put into the music through the musical instrument. The impact on the listeners depends on the ability of the composer coupled with the ability of the player to express the emotion beautifully. 5. Music is both an art and an academic. The knowledge of music is associated with sound and the organization of the melody and rhythm. We can learn about “the knowledge of music” by memorizing, reading, listening, imitating or rationalizing by ourselves. Learning “The knowledge of music” might not necessary create an appreciation and beauty of the music because to appreciate a music is about art and not only knowledge. Knowledge can only make it easier for listeners to see the beauty of the music. Activities - Students work in group and prepare music with slow and fast rhythm to present and then express the feeling to the classmates. - Students work in a group and prepare an international music to play and then write about their own feelings and imagination from hearing the music.

61 Topic 4 History and wisdom of international music International music has a long history of development and almost all the development is from the European continent. The late advance development is from the North America continent. The development can be classified into the following period. 1. Medieval European Music 1019-1943 B.E. - Classical music in the Medieval European period or Medieval music are considered as the origin of the classical music which started approximately in 1019 B.E. or the year 496 which is the year of the fall of the Roman Empire. Music from this period has the main purpose for religion rituals which has the origin from the Ancient Greek era. Classical music of the medieval period 2. Renaissance Music 1943-2143 B.E. - Started in the year 1943 B.E. (1400) during the time of change and recovery of the Roman and Greek art. Music still concentrated heavily on religion but only with more varieties of musical instruments. Music during the Renaissance period

62 3. Baroque Music 2143-2293 B.E. - This period started with the birth of opera in France in the year 2143 B.E. (1750) and sometimes considered ended in the year 2273 B.E. (1730). During this period, music is played increasingly for the people of higher social status. Organ typed instrument gained the popularity but focus strongly on the religion. Famous musicians are Bach and Vivaldi. Music during Baroque period 4. Classical Period Music 2293-2363 B.E. - This is a period with a clear change of rule, tradition, format and principle of music. The center point of music in this era is in Vienna, Austria and in Mannheim. Famous musician in the Classical period is Mozart. Music during the Classical period

63 5. Romantic Music 2363-2443 B.E. - This is the period where there is an insertion of the mood of music which is different than the previous period where there is no insertion of mood into the rhythm. Beethoven, Schubert, Chopin and Tchaikovsky are examples of famous musicians. Ludwig Van Beethoven 6. 20th Century Classical Music 2443-2543 B.E. Musicians stated to find a range of music that doesn’t rely on the previous period. The pattern of sound started to be different. There are no creations of new note, the distance between the different sounds was reduced and there was no melody. Famous musician is Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky. Igor Fedorovich Stravinsky

64 7. Modern music (after 20th century until present), Pop music period - 50s era. Rock and roll gained its popularity with the famous artist such as Elvis Presley. - 60s era. The era of teen idol such as The Beatles, The Beachboy, Cliff Richard, Rolling Stones and Sandy Shaw. - 70s era. The era of disco with the famous artists like ABBA and Bee Gees. Country music such as The Eagles has also gained its popularity and also pop music that has influence from rock music such as The Carpenters, Rod Stewart, Carry Simon and Cher. - 80s era. Famous pop artists like Michael Jackson, Madonna, Tiffany, Janet Jackson, Phil Collins and Wham. The characteristic of the music has an integration of a synthetic music. Songs in this era involve dancing and has a big influence on fashion. - 90s era. Has an influence from R&B music like Mariah Carey, Destiny’s child, Boyz 2 Men, En Vogue, TLC. Boy bands such as New Kids on the Block, Take that and Back Street Boys are very famous. - 20s era. Has many highly successful artists such as Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Beyonce, Black eyed peas and Justin Timberlake. Other types of pop such as pop-punk like The Simple plan, Avril Lavigne together with the famous TV show, American idols. American idol TV show has created famous artists such as Kelly Clarkson and Clay Aiken. Pop and R&B begin to merge. Pop music has an increase in the characteristic of an R&B like Nelly Furtado, Rihanna and Justin Timberlake. Activity Student will do a research on the history of an international musician both in Thailand and abroad then write a report of no less than 5 pages of A4 paper. Student will present it in front of the class and keep it in the portfolio.

65 Chapter 3 Dancing art Main essence Understand the values of the dancing art. Able to analyze, criticize and express the thought freely. Appreciating and applying art to everyday’s lives. Expected learning outcome Explain the meaning, importance, and history of dancing art. Understand the different types dancing art and its wisdom. Scope of content Topic 1 Dancing Art definition Topic 2 Aesthetic of dancing art Topic 3 International art of the neighbors of Thailand Topic 4 Drama that has influence from the western culture Topic 5 Types of drama Topic 6 Drama and international intellectual Topic 7 History and evolution of international dance sport

66 Topic 1 Dancing Art definition Dancing art definition means the explanation, definition scope, role and appearance of dancing art which represent the various meaning of dancing art. It is an indicator of the importance of dancing art to human life since the history. Definition In this part, the definition of dancing art or dancing which the important philosophers and academics has attempt to define it in a different angle as follow. Prince Damrong Rajanubhab explained the origin and evolution of dancing art that relates to human being as such. “Dancing is a tradition of human being of every language regardless of where in the world they are in. Not only human, animals also has their dances such as when dogs, cats or crows are pleased they will dance and behave in a variety of manners. This is considered as dancing in animal’s nature. Philosophers of dance saw that dancing has the root in the emotional commiseration of animal’s disposition for both happiness and sadness. If the emotions are very strong the behaviors will be visible just like a baby. In the emotion of happiness, the compassion will be fun and throbbing. In the emotion of sadness, the compassion will show the emotion that reflects on sadness. The passion and despite are also a behavior that are considered the beginning of a dance. In the next step, people realize the meaning of the different conducts and use it as one of the language. When trying to express owns emotion with honesty or delusion, the conduct that represents each of the emotions are expressed. For example, showing affection through smiling, showing fun and happiness through dancing, threatening others through intimidating and scary facial expression. With that, the tradition that shows different expressions are formed which is the beginning of a dance and is considered as the second step of dance. The tradition of dancing is not only used to train those who will pursue a profession in dancing such as Khon but it is a tradition for people of every social status even in operations manual and other different rituals. An example of a dancing ritual in Thailand is in the branch of

67 study that deals with elephants which considered dancing as a high level of art for a campaign on war since the ancient time. Those who learn to ride an elephant for war must also learn the dance to create an awe inspiration. The King also must practice dancing as evidence up until Rama V. When King Chulalongkorn continued with the study of elephants, Prince Bumrad Porapak also practiced dancing. It was heard that he performed a dance on the neck of an elephant that served as an offering to Buddha once visit the footprint of a Buddha as a historic rituals during the year of the monkey in 2414 B.E. Dancing in other different form of art such as in swordplay also has to be practiced. Dancing in rituals also has an example from the head province of the northwest section (Payap). When there is a big religious ceremony, the head of the state also have to perform a dance to increase the joyous of faith in the merit. The female royalty also have to practice dancing and dance in a ritual up until present. From the previous example, it is seen that dancing is a part of education that should be practiced in every rank of people. Choosing a specific person to practice dancing as for a dance or drama is for a desire to see the level of beauty of the dance process therefore, choosing a dancer must be considered with care and they must master the skill of dancing to show the limit of how beautiful the dance could be. Once mastered, the dance will appeal to the eyes of the audience which create a professional dancer. But in reality, the subject of dancing has the same pattern for both professionals and ordinary dancer”1 Royal Institute defined dancing art broadly and determined the pronunciation of the sounds according to the Glorified edition of Thai dictionary 2530 B.E. as follow. “Nard, Nard – [Nad, Nata – Nadta-] N. Actress, Dancer, Beautiful woman in Thai usage. Such as Narngnard Nuchnard Nadtagam [Nadtagam] N. Drama and Dancing Naddontree [Nadtadontree] N. Thai folk drama Nadtasilpa [Nadtasilp] N. Art of the drama or dancing Nataka [Nataka] (main), Nadtaka (principle)] N. Dancer Nadtaya [Nadtaya] V. Concerning dancing, concerning drama

68 Nadtayaveti N. Performing stage, background Nadtayasala N. Dancing room, Theater Nadtayasart N. Dancing subject, Drama subject 2

69 1 Prince Damrong Rajanubhab, “History of dancing.” In Thai drama reference in the book of civilization on Thai music and dancing art, Thammasart University (Phra Nakorn : Thammasath press, 2515), page 12-14 2 Glorified edition of Thai dictionary 2530 B.C. 3rd edition (Bangkok : Thai Wattana Panich, 2531), page 279. Thanit Yoopoh explained the meaning of dancing art from the evidence in the Indian scripture. “The word “Nadtaya” according to the Aphita-nappateepika and suji scripture has analyzed the definition as “Nadtasasetinadtaya” which mean the art of dancer called Nadtaya and explain “nojja, vatid ,keet ,it ,turiyatik ,nadtayamenujatae” which mean dancing, playing (music) and singing. Those are the 3 category of Turiya. These 3 forms are combined to be known as “Nadtaya”. As you can see, the word Nata or Nadtaya is inclusive of singing, dancing and playing music and not only limit to only dancing as most people understood. Even when the word category 3 of Turiya is used, it shows that “Turiya” means striking and blowing instruments or translated as “music”. Dancing is not a complete form of art or impossible to perform without the music or song which help provide rhythm. Without the music and song, the dancing art in itself will not be complete. Phra Bharata Muni which is widely worshipped by Khon artist through worshipping the imitation of her head called “Srisaruesri”. According to the historical record, she is a master in the art of Khon since the ancient time. She composed the Indian drama treatise which contains many chapters that refer to the rules and principles of music and singing. Another master, Sarongkathep who wrote a bible on musical treasure also appeared to lay down a lot of rules and principles to explain the art of dancing. In conclusion, the 3 forms of art, 1 dancing, 1 music and 1 singing have to be combined. The word “Nadtaya” means the combination of the 3 forms of art into one word.3 3 Thanit Yoopoh. Nadtayasungkeet. (Printed as a momento on 20 October 2499 B.C.), page 2-4.

70 Topic 2 Aesthetic of dancing art Meaning of aesthetic of dancing art Aesthetic means related to beauty, appearance that composed with beauty. (Glorified edition of Thai dictionary 2530 B.C. : 541) In addition, many people have defined the meaning of “Aesthetic” in a variety of ways. *Luang Wichitwathakarn explained it as the normal feeling of people toward the object that are in good order and of pleasant sound. The perception of these beauties follows after the individual personality and knowledge which is considered as Taste. The differences come from training, listening and carefully observing the beauty of the nature or art. (Luang Wichitwathakarn 2515: 7-12) *Aree Suthipan gave two notions on “aesthetics” as such. 1. Subject that is related feelings resulted from human perception which creates joyfulness without expecting anything in return. 2. Subject that is related to every branch of what human created. To bring about the information to showcase the values and appreciation of a hidden beauty. To create admiration in the different form of the output. (Aree Suthipan, 2534 B.C.: 82) The meaning of aesthetic is the feeling of admiration that a person sees in the beauty of goodness and the melody that are created by nature or by human production which is done with delicacy. Human feels and perceives it through different ways until they are satisfied and impressed. This creates happiness from what they see and touch. The meaning of “dancing art” is the art of drama and dance. (Glorified edition of Thai dictionary 2534 B.C.:279) In addition, many people have provided a different definition on “dancing art: *Thanit Yoopoh defined “dancing art” as the expertise in dancing. The artist must master this form of art in the utmost practical sense. (Thanit Yoopoh 2516: 1) In summary, the definition stated above refers to the art of dancing that human produce from nature with consideration on beauty, refinement and being exquisite. Dancing art other than

71 the displaying of the dance moves also composed of singing called singing art and composed of music called musical art in order to make the dancing art will be impressive. “Aesthetic of dancing art” means the beauty of the performance of an international dancing art which composed of dance and drama that uses a movement to accompany the music and lyrics according to the different types of performance. The history of Thai dancing art Dancing art has different types of performances such as in the form of dancing and in the form of drama. Each of the types has the following differences. 1. Dancing art in the form of dancing originated from the instinct of all human and animal in the world. When happy or sad, the behaviors will be expressed through the natural movement of hands, feet, eyes, and facial expression. The root of dancing art in the form of dancing is developed in the following sequence. 1.1 For religion rituals, people believed that there’s someone who inspired to create a disaster, a success, and prosperity of someone. That someone could be referred to as God or devil depending on the individual beliefs. The dance is to beg and to worship those who believe to have the power. Prince Damrong Rajanubha explained this in the dancing textbook that dancing is a part of everyone’s everyday lives and also considered as a religion rituals. In India, the dancing treatise has been developed since the ancient time. The treatise is called “Treatise on the art of dancing” 1.2 For fight and war such as in the branch that involve the study of elephant which is a high level of study for wartime in the ancient history. Those who combat on the back of an elephant must learn how to dance to create dignity. The King must also practice dancing on the back of an elephant to combat in war as well. 1.3 For pleasure and fun. Resting and relaxing are basic human needs. People will find something to do during their free time to find pleasure and joy to relieve the tiredness.

72 Since singing and dancing is natural to all human being, people group themselves together to sing and dance to their own satisfaction. The lyrics and accents are local to the different region. The rhythm to accommodate the dance movement is simple. This has developed to a dancing art performance which is localized to a different region called “Folk dance”. 2. Dancing art in the form of drama The form has its root from the human desire to express their impressive experiences or incidents that worth remembering. The objective can also for promoting religions and ethics. Creating the art in the form of drama is easy to understand but the spreading and training in other forms are difficult. The valuable and impressive events are recorded as a history in the form of drama because there is also a belief that drama can be used to teach moral lessons through personification as an analogy. We can say that the root of Thai dancing art follows the assumption stated above both in the form of dancing and drama. The two forms have gradually developed until the tradition of Thai dancing art has built its own clear identity. Questions to test learner’s understanding 1. How did Luang Wichitwathakarn define aesthetic? 2. How many notions of “aesthetic” that Aree Suthipan elaborated? What are they? 3. Who explained dancing art as“The important part of dancing art resides in the importance of drama”? 4. What is your viewpoint on the meaning of “The aesthetic of an international dancing art?” 5. What must the audience of international dancing art understand? 6. Dancing art in the form of dancing is assumed to be originated from? Approach of evaluation and assessment Method of assessment Observe the classroom behaviors and use the assessment tools no. 1,2,4,5 and 7. Assessment tool and grading criteria Select the assessment tools form the activities and questions to test the learner’ s understanding and use the assessment tools no. 1,2,4,5 and 7.

73 Topic 3 International art of the neighbors of Thailand Asian countries have its own tradition that represent the identity as well as act as a medium to build good relationship with other countries. The characteristics of dancing art in the neighboring countries such as Myanmar, Lao, Cambodia, Malaysia, China, Tibet, Korea and Japan are all focusing on beauty and don’t put a lot of emphasis on the use of feet. This is different from the dancing art in the west that usually has a strong emphasis on an assertive rhythm combined with speedy and agile dance. The dancing art of our neighboring country that are worth knowing are the following. 1. Dancing art of Myanmar 2. Dancing art of Lao 3. Dancing art of Cambodia 4. Dancing art of Malaysia 5. Dancing art of Indonesia 6. Dancing art of India 7. Dancing art of China 8. Dancing art of Tibet 9. Dancing art of Korea 10. Dancing art of Japan Dancing arts of Myanmar After the 2nd fall of Krung Sri Ayutthaya, Myanmar has a large influence on Thai dancing art. Previously, the dancing art in Myanmar are more localized and has less influence from the international factor compare to other countries. Dancing art in Myanmar started as religion rituals. After their interaction with India and China, the influence of dance moves from those countries start to penetrate into Myanmar folk art. Dance moves in Myanmar has an own identity and are not related to Ramayana or Mahaparata like other Asian countries. Dancing art and drama in Myanmar can be divided into 3 periods.

74 1. Period before Buddhism This period is the period that worships ghost and dances are for raising the spirits of the death and worshiping ghost and the descendants. Later, the dance is used in various rituals such as during the shaving of the topknot. 2. Period of Buddhism belief Burmese believe in Buddhism after the year 1559. The dance for worshipping the ghost still exists and dancing also became part of the worship of Buddhism. After the year 1800, a form of drama called “Nipatkin” was originated. It is a form of a road show. The drama is about the history of Buddhism which is used to spread the teaching for the ease of understanding to the commoners. 3. Period of Thai drama influence After losing Krung Sri Ayutthaya to Myanmar in 2310 B.C., large number of Thais are taken as slave. Drama and music are brought into the royal office. The popularity of Thai drama increases during that period. The Burmese drama during this period is called “Yodhyasattakayee” or Yodhya drama. Dance moves, music and stories are Thais. There are two performances which are Ramayana which played as Khon and Inao which played by female. In 2328 B.C., Myowaddy, a Burmese government officer developed a new form of drama called “Inong” which closely resembled the “Inao”. The difference lies in the character of the actors which are normal human being with greed, and with good deed and bad deed. This drama inspired a lot of other similar types of drama. Later, a drama in the royal office loses its popularity. When it became a drama for a commoner, it then deteriorates until it became something disgusted. However, Nipatkin became prosperous but the standard has been lowered until it became only a comedy. When Myanmar became a colony of England in 2428 B.C., royal drama and folk drama became dull and was substituted by a drama that was brought in from England. At present, the traditional drama of Myanmar is very difficult to find and is not well preserved. There is also no restoration of the traditional drama due to the lack of peace in the country.

75 Dancing arts of Lao Lao is a country with a National School of Art since 2502 B.C. by Blanchat de la Broch and Sathienna Jumpasak under the Ministry of Education. The teaching focuses on folk art (national art). After the overthrown of the government in 2518 B.C., the school merged with the school of musical art of Thao Prasert Sisarn and changed the name to “National school of musical art” under the Ministry of information and culture. The school made up of 52 teachers, 110 students and the graduates will receive a middle level certificate. Those who have special abilities will be supported to further their study abroad or perform duty as a teacher or a performer. The subjects taught are dancing art, music, and singing. In dancing art, the folk dance, tribal dance and international dancing art are taught similarly to singing which is taught in both basics and international level. Dancing arts of Cambodia Cambodian dancing art is considered as a high level of dancing art (Classical Dance). The origin is not yet concluded. Some experts said that it came from India during the start of the A.D. century and some said that it came from the land of Khmer-Mon during the ancient period. From the information on the stone inscription, we can see that this high level of dancing art was originated 1,000 years ago that is. During the 7th century from the stone inscription of Phra Tabong During the 10th century from the stone inscription in Lopburi During the 11th century from the stone inscription in Sdok Kok Thom During the 12th century from the stone inscription in Ta Prohm temple From the belief of Bramanism, the high level of dancing art must come from the dancing of goddess and angel that present offering to the god of Muang Man. Khmer’s Find Arts Department once were only an office of drama or also known as “Lakorn Nai” of the royal palace that is the personal property of all the Kings.

76 Later on, Lakorn Nai (Nai drama) of the royal palace of Cambodia was changed to the Fine Arts Department. At the same opportunity, the national treasure has become a big part of the culture and the performances also took place internationally. At present, Fine Arts Department and high level of dancing arts has gained its popularity that is considered to be a valuable national treasure. Dancing arts of Cambodia that you should know 1. Khmer drama type can be divided into the following. 1.1 Ancient Khmer drama is a traditional drama with all female actresses. The king later chooses the actress as a concubine of the king. Teachers are then escaped to the countryside. The king took care of the drama and transferred it to be a part of the crown property and changed the name to “Lakorn Luong” 1.2 Drama called Lakorn Khaol is a drama that was created from the creativity of the senior teachers that fled to the countryside. The drama uses only male actors. 1.3 Sbek Thom meaning a grand shadow play. It is a show that uses the shadow of a puppet created by an engraving onto a leather piece. 2. Dancing type can be divided into 2 categories 2.1 Dancing arts of the royal office 1) Siripornchai dance is a dance for successful wishes. 2) Thep Buntherng dance is a dance of the goddesses. 3) Ramasoon and Mekkala dance is a dance of a legend of Ramasoon and Mekkala. 4) Orachun mungkorn dance. Phra Orachun led a group of followers to a trip on a beach and met with Mekkala who was playing in the water and started a mungkorn dance (dragon). 5) Musical folk drama dance was widely spread in Cambodia. Songs and dances are an important component of the performance. Before the performance, songs as a memoir of Jani are sang.

77 6) Freindship dance is a dance to display friendship to the Kingdom of Thailand. 2.2 Folk dancing arts such as 1) Sark Buntherng dance is performed after the completion of a harvest. 2) Grub Buntherng dance. This set of dance displays the innocent closeness and bond between country folk’s teenagers. 3) Kala Buntherng dance. This dance is very common during wedding of people around the Mekong River in Cambodia. 4) Fishing dance is a new dance that was developed from students of the Fine Arts Department after seeing commoners fished in the paddy field. (Source: Sumitr Thepwongse, 2541: 156-278) Dancing arts of Malaysia It is a dancing art that closely resemble the Java, Sunton and Bali dancing arts. Sunton dancing art and Bali has an influence from Malaysia which also received influence for Brahmanism of India. Later, Bali dancing art is more into the Islamic system than Indian. Previously, Malaysia received a shadow play from Java and got some influence from Chinese opera. Only Bung Sawan drama (Malay opera) belongs to Malaysia. Around 19th and 20th century, Java has a huge influence on the southern part of Malaysia which was a colony of Mayapahid of Java. Malaga is the biggest market of spices of Java. Malaysian has 3 spoken languages which are Malayu, Java and Chinese which include Teochew, Hokkien and Cantonese. Malaysian received shadow play from Java but made an alteration until it became Malaysian including the verbal language of Malaysia. Dancing arts of Malaysia that you should know 1) Bung Sawan drama of Malaysia (Malay Opera) is a drama that assumed to exist in this current century. The story usually comes from the history of Malaysia. Bung Sawan drama has many branches but only left with 2 at present.

78 Bung Sawan drama is a spoken drama the alternates with singing and uses both actors and actresses. The story is about the history of Arab and Malaysia. At present, the story of everyday’s society is played out. The performers sing with an accompanying music. In the past, folk musical instruments are used but at present, piano, drum, guitar, violin, and saxophone are used. There is no duet in the play but a little dancing is involved but not significance. The actor dressed fashionably according to the character and wealth. If the drama is about a history, the actor will dress plentifully just like the king and will moderately use a natural make up. The drama is performed in an elevated stage which is temporarily with blinds and curtains. It is usually performed at night with the duration of 3-5 hours. 2) Manorah is a dancing art that is considered as a dance drama. The performers must dance to the role of the characters. The dance movements are very beautiful and delicate. This dance drama can only be found in the Kelantan state. From the historical record, this dance drama originated since the Ligor Empire 2,000 years ago. Communication and singing are in the language of Malay. Only male actors are used. The dressing of the characters is unique as they are wearing a mask with odd shapes. The masks are painted with dazzling colors of human, giant and devil faces. The human face is pale and looks scary. When performing the masked performers dance to the rhythm of the music. The character is similar to Khon and the popular story is about the royal family. In terms of folk drama, the music that plays during the drama are from 2 sided drum, 1 sided drum and also suspended and bowl gong, recorder and flute. 3) Magyong has the characteristics of a drama similarly to Norah and Thai’s shadow play. Magyong is a famous folk art of Kelantan and Terangganu. The performance includes a group of woman called Jong Dondang that dances as a prelude and the story will follow right after. The story is about a literature. 4) Dancing performance 4.1 Zapin dance is a group dance which is a folk art of ancient Malaysia. 4.2 Rodat dance is a folk dance which is performed during a religious ceremony.

79 4.3 Asyik dance is a dance that is used for blessing in the royal office to welcome an important guest. 4.4 Asli dance is the high level of dancing art in Malaysian’s royal office that expresses a fun and flirtatious action of young Malaysians. 4.5 Sumazaw dance is a folk dance of east Malaysia in Sabah region. This dance shows the joy of villagers during the harvest season. 4.6 Wau Bulan dance (moon shaped kite dance) This dance is to construct a dance and move that resemble a kite. 4.7 Jong Enai dance is a dance to celebrate the joy after the harvest with people helping out in husking and winnowing of the rice. This dance is called a winnow dance. 4.8 Kenyalang dance is a folk dance of people in Sabah region. The dance has a movement that is similar to the flight of a hornbill. 4.9 Tudang Saji or a dance that represent the cone shaped food cover. 4.10 Joget dance is a folk dance that is very common just like Thai folk dance. 4.11 Yaladan has a big influence from an Arabic merchant. The movement is similar to the Arabian night’s movies. 4.12 Inang Jina is a breast cloths dance of Malaysia. Normally, the breast cloths are covered up until the head and when during the fun time, these clothes are use as a part of the dance. 4.13 The soloing of an accordion solo and singing “Katawa Lagi” which is translated as fun and amusing. The song is very common in Malaga region. 4.14 Lilin or Malaysia’s candle dance. 4.15 Dem purong (coconut shell dance) After completed the harvest, Malays will have an event of celebration. Some will grate the coconut and pound the chili paste. They will strike and tap the coconut shells with a fun rhythm for amusement.

80 Dancing arts of Indonesia Dancing arts of Indonesia that you should know 1. Java dancing art can be divided as follow. 1.1 Yogyakarta is a performance of central Javanese which taught students to learn the important terminology of dancing art (Ragam-Ragam) first and will then teach the students to learn the dance form the easiest to the most difficult steps. It involves the use of a cloth wrapped around the waist with a loud music and a wide range of rhythm. 1.2 Surakarta is the performance of the central part with the similar teaching of the Yogyakarta with a slightly different movement. The cloths will be a silk fabric that crosses the shoulder. The music will be gentle and smooth with narrow range of rhythm. 2. Sunda dancing art. This is an art of the Sundanese that heavily relying on clothes (Sumpun) which have a very beautiful movement. Sunda dance is a well pleased standard dance of people especially in the western region and Indonesian community, Deve, Leyapon, Topang Ravana, Kontjaran, Anchasmara, Samba, Kendit, Birajung and Relate. Other than that, Jainpoing dance is another popular dance among the people. The teaching is the same as Yogyakarta which is to teach the dancing arts terminology, the walking movement, and the use of clothes from the easiest to the most advanced move. 3. Bali dancing art. Bali dancing art developed differently from Java. The characteristics are more arousing and lively. In terms of an orchestra (Gamelan) the rhythm is firm and louder than the central Java which is more gentle and slow. The important part for Bali is mostly related to religion which is performed during the religious ceremony throughout the Bali Island. The teaching of the dancing art in Bali is very consistent. Teachers will manage and adjust the posture of the arms, legs, hands and fingers of their students until the students are nimble in their movement just like an imitation. This approach of teaching is still used at present both in the city and countryside.

81 Dancing arts of India In the past, dancing in India is related to the worshipping of the religion and the expression of human emotion. The origination of Indian dancing arts is evidenced by the dancing woman bronze metal statue. The techniques in the dance is related to all body parts from the eyes muscle unto arms, legs, body, hands, feet and face. The categorization of an Indian dancing art is done in two groups. 1. Classical dancing arts 2. Folk dancing arts Classical dancing art has 4 kinds, Phrata Natyam, Kathakali, Kathak, and Minipuri. The classical dancing art share 3 common characteristics. 1.1 Natya. Dance artists are promoted similarly to the drama, the stage and the scene resulted in a very beautiful appearance. 1.2 Nritya. Dance artists will broadcast or translate a tale usually about a hero from poetry. 1.3 Nrita. is a pure form of dancing art that composed only on the body movement to result as a decoration of honor and beauty. All the classical dancing arts share the same matter which is the focal point of faith in the philosophy of Hinduism. “Tandava” denotes the moral principle of male to suggest the strength, bravery and heroic. “Lasya” denotes the primary principle of female which are beauty, happiness and grace. (The special characteristics of Indian dancing art is to perform according to the principle of male and female) Dancing arts of India that you should know 1. Pharata Natyam is female solo dance which originated from the temple to offer the body as the sacrifice through the soul. The movement is beautiful and also substituted the words and music.

82 2. Kathak is a dancing art of the northern region that involves mainly with the solo dance. Kathak is different from Pharata Natyam in the tradition of using both male and female and also in the mixed between the holiness of the religion and lay Buddhist outside the temple. The origination of Kathak is from prayer and recitation for worshipping, from the performance with Kathakkara movement or from the tale of the temple in the region of Braj in Utta Pradesh. Mathura Varindavan is a place that believed to be the birthplace of Krishna therefore this dancing art is a “ baracharaach” 3. Manipuri is from the northeastern part of India which surrounded by mountains, a beautiful mountain of Manipuri. Dancing art of Manipuri are mostly about worshipping and sacrificing with a very beautiful movement, with gentle feet and with delicate hand movement. This separated the Manipuri dancing art from the rule of geometry (composed of line and circle), and from Pharata Natyam. It has a long quality movement of a Kathak. 4. Odissi. Odisha state is on the eastern coast which is a source of the dancing art “Odissi”. It is known to be filled of strong emotions and have a rhythm of joyfulness. The dance movement is clearly different from other plan of classical dancing art in India. 5. Kuchipudi. This beautiful dancing art got its name from a country side village in Andhra Pradesh which is the place of birth of this dancing art. It is similar to a dance drama with the religion them. 6. Kathakali. The most important dancing art of India is Kathakali of Kerala state (South of India) This dancing art is combining ballet, equipments, mime, ancient supernatural show and miracle of the Gods. It also serves as religious rituals training of body building. 7. Yokshagana Bayalata. Yokshagana is a drama dancing art with a firm movement and with the wording from the poetry of Indian epic which is clearly broadcasted with impression in Yokshanaga. Not only with its own distinct music and dance footstep, the makeup and costume of “Aharya Abhinaya” is considered by experts as more glamorous and lively than Kathakali.

83 8. Chhau. Chhau is a dancing art with a mixture of pure classical dance and all folk dances that doesn’t belong to any region. It is a great dancing art of the 3 states, Bihar, Odisha and Bengal. Dancing arts of China Chinese dancing art developed from the ancient dance with the evidence of dance that happened in China as follow. 1. Shang dynasty until Western Zhou dynasty. “Sao ooh” dance “Ooh ooh” started as a dance to display the good deeds and achievement of both the military and civil side of the royal government. 2. Late Western Zhou dynasty. The band of performers called “Ew” which made up of refined people and head of the region. The band is divided into Chang Ew which is an actress that perform dance and Pai Ew which is an actor who perform a comedy or sarcasm. 3. Han dynasty. There was an exchange in economics and cultures with other races which created new performances which is Paizi which is a mixed of an international art and Jiantizi which is a drama that has the characteristics of dance and gymnastic. 4. Jin Dynasty. was North and south dynasty up until late Sui Dynasty. The exchange of dance music of different races has developed to another level. 5. Tang Dynasty. This is a feudal age in China that characterized by the prosperity of the arts and culture. Many events happened during this age. 5.1 Pienwern or Zujiang is a religious tale that uses a simple language and simple pictures to narrate the story then follow by singing and conversing. 5.2 Shuanshi is a composition tale with sophisticated and unique plot. 5.3 Geroozi is a performing art that has lyrics, conversation, make up, dress, stage prop, scene, melody and commentator. 5.4 Sunjunzi. Is a play between two characters “Sun Jun” and “Chang Tu” by exchanging questions and answers with a simple plot or even live. The content is usually a sarcastic comedy.

84 6. Song dynasty. Literature art is very prosperous and many performances were created. 6.1 Hwapern or books that tell the story of a folk literature 6.2 Hwarzer is an amusement zone in different city. 6.3 Zuhui is a drama composer that was originated during this time. 6.4 Jajiew drama in the north or north Chinese opera can be divided into 2 types, rich in conversation or rich in singing. This is an opera. 6.5 Larnli drama or south Chinese opera applied an art of singing with folk tales. 7. Yuan dynasty is an age when Nanli is widespread and gains its popularity until Jajiew have to adjust their performance to a Nanli instead. Nanli drama is an evolution of the construction of an identity of Chinese opera. It also reflected on the later period of Chinese opera. Modern day Chinese opera. Chinese opera plays a role in the general society of China especially with Thais with Chinese heritage living in different provinces. The Chinese opera can be divided into the following types. 1) Jingjvi, Pingjvi or Nguagung opera is the high level of Chinese opera and act as a standard of other Chinese opera. 2) Teochew Chinese opera or Paijuezi is casted with children and adults actors and are the most popular at present. 3) Hainan Chinese opera is conversing in Hainan. The performance is similar to Hguagung opera. 4) Cantonese Chinese opera is conversing in Cantonese and usually performs at the shrine. Characteristics of Chinese opera. Chinese opera that Thai people see at present has these following characteristics. 1) Usually are playing in front of the shrine in many important festivals of each region and organized by Chinese. 2) The mentality is a mixture of Taoism and Confucius.

85 3) Emphasizing on the relationship and the responsibility within the family. 4) Emphasizing on the importance of the society over an individual. 5) Considering happiness as a blessing and death as a way to wash away the sin. 6) The leading actor must die and the wrongdoer will get punished at the last scene. 7) The death scene is the climax of the story. 8) The story always ended with a thought. 9) Type of the drama is a mixed of happiness and sorrow. 10) Women always a victim of karma. 11) Using men to play a female character in the past but uses the right gender at present. The performer or Ancient Chinese opera specified the character differently as follow. 1) Sheng or leading actor. 2) Dan or leading actress. 3) Chow or Plawtew is a comedian. 4) Jing or Umian (black face) is a villain such as Cao Cao 5) Mer or Mernee or Ocha plays the role of old people. 6) Ja or Chowkia is a miscellaneous supporting cast like soldiers, servants and such. Dancing arts of Tibet Dancing arts of Tibet emphasize dances that are related to the appeasing of god and spirit or related to Tibetan’s Buddhism. The story usually follows the legend of the ancient time and will be performed in the sacred place such as the temple. The performance consists of dance to the rhythm of the music where the performer put on a mask to assume the role in the story. The performer needs to be highly trained as the mistake will reduce the sacred of the ceremony. Important ceremony such as Lasang which is a sacrificing ceremony organized in front of a temple on New Year occasion. This ceremony is considered as a sacrificing dance in the form of a shadow play and a masked play. In the center of the play, human statue made from barley, paper and yak (hairy cow) are positioned. The sacrificing ceremony is to please the devils so that

86 they will not disturb and the spirit can reach heaven. It can be considered as to chase away the devils or the evilness from the past year to start the New Year. There are two groups in the performance. One group wears a tall shaped hat called black hat dancer and the other group wears a mask playing as Satan wearing a mask with a shape of a cow with horn. Performer playing the role of a devil is wearing a mask that looks like a skull. Characters wear premium silk clothes from China. The dance and drama in various ceremonies are usually following the legend of the Buddhist history of the historic religion leader of Tibet, hero, heroin as well as sacred saint who perform miracles. In the past, the performances are popular among the Tibetans. It is considered to provide merit and blessing for the audiences. For this reason, watching the performance is full of respect and adherence. Dancing arts of Korea The evolution of Korean dancing art is similar to that of other nations. It usually started with an arousal dance to lift the spirit of a warrior, a Buddhist ceremony, a dance among the labors or a group dance performance. The existence of dancing art in the royal office also can be traced back to the history. The Korean dancing art is the most complete edition of drama with proper rituals which is known as Masque (Korean masked dance). Characteristics of Korean dancing art The beautiful and delicate movement of Korean dancing art depends on the body movement especially the waist. According to the history, the dancing art are of 2 types. 1. The type that demonstrate happiness and joy, generosity and the gentleness of emotions. 2. The formal type which modified from the culture and tradition of Buddhism. The prominent point of Korean dancing art is similar to the Spanish dancing art which requires the movement of both upper and lower body.

87 Dancing arts of Korea that you should know 1. Korean masked dance. The story is quite similar. The movement in the performance is by putting different types of dancing art together. 2. Witch dance is another form of dance and the singing is in a very lively country music. 3. Sacrificing dance in different rituals and a dance with accompanying music used in the royal office with a very beautiful and spectacular environment. Dancing art of Japan The history of Japanese drama started around the 7th century. The forms still remain and are clearly apparent at present. Examples are Noh, Kabuki, Bu-ngug-ku, Bunraku puppet drama, Shinpa and Takarazuka drama. The birth of Japanese drama is said to be originated from the primary native area. The development comes from the sacrificing dance to the God of volcano. Later, the Japanese received the performance custom from China which passes through by Korean at one point. Dancing arts of Japan that you should know 1. Noh drama is an ancient drama with a lot of rules and customs in the performance. At present it is considered a high level of Japanese national art that must be preserved. In the year 2473 B.C., The field of Noh drama has moved into making it to become more modernize. The objective is to apply the composition of the story to include a more modern story by using the present language including the modern costume for the performers. Other new addition such as opera, music playing of the royal office Nga-ngug-ku and the use of stringed instruments are also applied. This applied form of drama is called “Shinshaguno”. Script of Noh drama. In terms of the script, it is called “Utai” (Noh music in the form of singing) Utai tries to avoid the excessive use of words but instead will demonstrate the meaning through beautiful melody that accompanies a well considered lyrics.

88 Noh script past and present has approximately 1,700 stories but only 40 of them are performed seriously. The plot made up of different stories which are tale of the warrior or the sorrow of the leading actress according to the pattern of play. Characteristics of Noh drama 1) Mugen-No. The leading actor (Shite) of Mugen-No will perform a role of those who deceased or perform from an imagination. The actor will appear in the village or the location where those situations happened. The performance will be solo and is about the story of the past. 2) Genzai-No. The leading actor (Shite) of Genzai-No will perform the role of a real person. The plot of the drama is not from an imaginative world. Stage of Noh drama The stage is 5.4 meters and square shaped. There are poles on all corners and the stage and roof are made from a Japanese pine tree. The construction that strikes the eyes most is the balcony on the right side of the stage leading to the backstage. The background of the stage is movable and on the scene is a beautiful drawing of pine tree which is a famous drawing art called Kano school. According to the history, the oldest Noh stage still exist which is Noh stage of the north which was built in the year 2124 B.C. in Nishi Honganji, Tokyo and considered as Japan’s natural treasures. Musical instrument. Musical instrument that are used in Noh performance are few of the percussion type such as small drum, Kotsuzumi, large drum, Otsuzumi and Taiko drum. One woodwind instrument is also used which is a flute (Fue). 2. Kabuki drama is another form of drama that is more popular than Noh. It characterized by the merging of ancient and modern entertainment. “Kabuki” means the mixture between opera, ballet and drama which include singing, dancing and acting.

89 Special characteristics of Japan dancing art 1) Hanamichi means “flower path”. It has a 4 feet wooden bridge on the left hand side of the stage extended all the way to the last row of the audience. The character enters and exit through this bridge. 2) Ku ro ngai means Negro. Character will dress in black and assist actors in many different ways such as picking up chair and telling script to the actors. 3) O ya ma or Ohnakata is a word for calling an actress. 4) “Ki” is a word for calling wood knocker. The wood is 3 inches thick and 1 foot long. 5) In front of the playhouse, there has to be a clear display telling the name of the cast of character and the family badge of that person. 3. Bu-ngug-ku. The style of performance is characterized by a unique style of dance which is different from other Japanese dances. 1) Bu-ngug-ku is focusing on the dances more than the content of the script which is considered to be less important. 2) Dance moves of Bu-ngug-ku are focusing on harmonization. Pairs and solo dance has the same rules. Place of performance Bu-ngug-ku has to be performed outdoor, at a big mansion or at a temple as a tradition. The stage is painted in white with rectangular green leaves designed silk clothes in the size of 18 feet in the middle of the stage as a dancing area. The stage also has a polished black staircase both in front and at the back. As of the stage, the proper pattern needs to include 2 large drums located at the back of the stage. Each drum is designed with tracery and painted in a fire red color. The circumference is 4 feet. Script Bu-ngug-ku script consisted of 60 stories descended since the ancient time and can be categorized into 2 main types according to the objectives. 1) Following the pattern of folk dance which is considered the origin of the script and can be divided into 2 categories. - “Samai” type or left dancing which combined the dance from China and India.

90 - “Umai” type or right dancing which combined the Korean style of dancing and others. 2) Following the objectives of the performance which divided the dance into 4 types. - Bumai or dances in a different ritual including “Sundeka” dance. - Boomai or warrior dance including “Biro” dance. - Hachiribai or running dance including the dance script Saimaguza and Run- ryo-oh - Dobu or children dance also including Run-ryo-oh or the left dance. 4. Bunraku puppet drama. The origination of this puppet drama can be traced back to the 16th century. The current pattern is developed during the 18th century. The performances are held in Bunrakucha Theater in Osaka with occasional performances in Tokyo. The puppet is delicate and beautiful and is half the size of the real figures. 3 puppet masters are used to control the movement. The show has Samisen music and is narrated to create an image, emotions and feelings of human. 5. Shinpa drama is a drama responsible for bridging the gap between the ancient and modern drama. Shinpa is originated in the late 19th century and has an original characteristic similar to Kabuki like using all male cast. At present, the drama pattern is natural and reflects on the way of life of a commoner and casted with both male and female. 6. Takarazuka drama is a modern drama just like Chalermthai but includes varieties of dancing and singing that are performed alternately. This kind of story is called Takarazuka. It is very popular among the population because of the funniness. The dance artists came from thousands of female. Takarazuka drama can be played as pure Japanese or as a foreigner dressed up like the west. Questions to check for understanding 1. What are the special characteristics of dancing arts and drama in Myanmar? 2. What is the name of a Burmese road show that portrait the Buddhist history? 3. What country influences the Burmese drama “Yodhyasattakayee”?

91 4. Who originated the School of dancing arts and music in Lao? 5. According to the Brahmanism, where does the higher level of dancing art come from? 6. To what name that “Nai Drama” of the royal office of Cambodia has changed? 7. Who creatively created the new drama Lakhaon Khaol? 8. Please explain the meaning of “Siripornchai dance” of Cambodia? 9. What is the name of a Cambodian dance that depicts the innocent bond of young country folks? 10. Of what type is Bung Sawan drama of Malaysia? 11. What is the similarities and differences between Manorah of Malaysia and Lakorn Nork (Nork drama) of Thailand? 12. What is the characteristic of an Arabian guitar and how it is played? 13. What musical instrument is used in Rodat dance? 14. What is the common performance in a Malaysian wedding? 15. What is the song “Katawa lagi” means in Thai? 16. What is the characteristic of a teaching of Yogyakarta? 17. What is the difference in the use of clothes between Yogyakarta and Surakarta? 18. What is the most difficult last type of a dancing art in Bali? 19. What is the characteristic of a “Wayang” of Indonesia? 20. What type of Wayang is a cinema on human? 21. What is the evidence of an origination of dancing art in India? 22. What are the 3 similarities of the Classical dancing art of India? 23. Please explain the meaning of “Tandava” and “Lasya” in India? 24. From where the dancing art “Kathak” is originated? 25. What is the name of the dance rhythm that involves a lightning fast turn? 26. What is the most important drama form of dancing art in India? 27. What is the name of the dance that reflects the good deeds of both the government and the civil side of the royal office?

92 28. In what period of feudal that the arts and culture in China were most prosperous? 29. What is the oral literature of China called? 30. What is the high level of Chinese opera that other Chinese opera refers to? 31. Why are crab, dog and cat not allowed on the opera house? 32. What is the characteristic of a Tibetan’s Lasang? 33. What is the most complete and properly ritual form of Korean dancing art called? 34. What resemble Korean dancing art with Spanish dancing art? 35. Where does Japanese drama originated from? 36. What is the applied Noh drama called? 37. What is the benefit of a “flower path” in Kabuki drama? 38. Who gave birth to Kabuki drama? 39. Which Bu-ngug-gu script is written specifically for children? 40. What is the name of a modern drama similarly to Chalermthai with alternating dancing and singing called? Approach of evaluation and assessment Method of assessment Observe the classroom behaviors and use the assessment tools no. 1,2,4,5,6 and 7. Assessment tool Select the assessment tools form the activities and questions to test the learner’s understanding and use the assessment tools no. 1,2,4,5,6 and 7. Grading criteria

93 Topic 4 - Drama that has influence from the western culture During Rama V, the western dancing art culture dispersed into Thailand which created a different type of Drama like Prehistoric drama mentioned earlier. Prehistoric drama still mainly used the Thai dances and considered as a complete form of Thai dancing art. The drama from the western culture that doesn’t use any dancing but only use the behaviors of common people in their everyday lives are as follow. 1. Musical drama is a drama that uses ordinary movement without dancing. It is performed on the stage with the change of the background according to the storyline. Singing drama can be divided into 2 types. 1) Pure musical drama uses singing throughout the story without any dialogue such as the script of Savitree which is a literary work of King Rama V. 2) Musical and dialogue drama uses both singing and speaking to run the story but focusing mainly on singing. The dialogue is only to intervene and revise the songs previously sang. This form of drama is wide spread. This form of drama is usually referred to when talking about a musical drama. The examples are Saokruafah and Tookata Yodrak. 2. Dialogue drama is using the art of communication to run the story. It is a new form of drama that was created by Crown Prince Maha Vajiravudh (later King Rama VI) during the time of King Chulalongkorn the Great (Rama V). Dialogue drama can be divided into 2 types. 1) Pure dialogue drama proceeds with the use of dialogue. Performers use natural movement through the storyline which is still very popular at present because of its being ordinary. The characters don’t need a lot of training like the musical drama and don’t need music or singing. The scene will change according to the storyline. The story can be newly composed or a modification of a foreign story. 2) Dialogue and song drama. This type of drama uses dialogue with some intervening of song like when the character is trying to express their emotion. If the song is removed, it should not ruin the story but only left it as a dialogue drama. The story such as Ploykae by Bua

94 Thong-in is an example. King Vajiravudh (Rama VI) composed a song to be use in this type of drama by using an incognito of “Sri Ayutthaya”.

95 Topic 5 - Types of drama Drama can be divided into 2 large categories which are International drama and Thai drama. International drama can be divided as. 1. Tragedy is the oldest drama literature and is most valuable in the sense of both art and literature. This type of drama originated from Greece and develops to its perfection by the leadership of Aeschylus, 525-456 B.C., Sophocles, 496-406 B.C. and Euripides, 484-406 B.C.) The drama is trying to answer questions or asking important questions about life so that people can put a thought into it for example, What is life?, What is Human?, What is wrong?, What is right?, What is the mystery of the universe. This form of drama was originated from a religious ritual and considered as being very close to religion. Even at present, a perfect tragedy still create the feeling of eminence and pureness of the mind by inducing people to see the important problems in life and to reflect on the importance of human being. It also creates the bravery to seek the truth about oneself and the world as well as to see the importance of living a valuable life as a human being. Important characteristics of a Tragedy 1. It has to depict on the sorrow of human being and end with the disaster of the leading actor. 2. The leading actor in a tragedy must be more superior than others at the same time made a mistake that ended up in a disaster. 3. The scene must portrait the sorrow of people to create the feeling of scarceness and pity which leads to the understanding of life. 4. Must be excellence in both art and literature. 5. Create an eminence feeling or a feeling of realizing the purity of the truth from purifying the mind. 2. Comedy According to the well accepted principle of drama, comedy can be divided into two big categories which are the following.

96 1) Clownish comedy (Farce) is a comedy about events or incidents that are unbelievable. It is fast and boisterous. 2) Comedy with a characteristic of a literature (Comedy). Some of the high level of literature is considered to be world everlasting literature such as Romantic comedy of Shakespeare, Satiric comedy of Moliere and Comedy of Ideas of George Bernard Shaw. Comedy drama has many different types as follow. - Romantic Comedy is considered as a high level literature such as Comedy of William Shakespeare, The Merchants of Venice, As you Like it and Twelfth Night. The drama usually is full of imaginative and creative stories. The drama composed of an ideally beautiful leading actor and actress. The language is pleasant and beautiful and usually face with an obstacle in love early in the story but ended happily with a joyful wedding or celebrations. The important role that attract attention and laughter from the audience in a comedy is not a leading role but is the role of a professional comedian (Clown) that responsible for making people laugh by using sarcastic words and clownish action. - High Comedy or Comedy of Manners is a drama that mimics life in the society with sarcasm especially those in a high society which has lots of rules and limitations. The fun of the drama is seeing ingenious approaches of the character to avoid those regulations of the society. - Satiric Comedy has a similar characteristic of a High comedy but is more aggressive on the attack of the society. High comedy is mimicking the behavior of a high society but Satiric comedy focuses on the flaw of general people regardless of their societal group. This type of comedy is aiming to improve the flaws of people by making fun at those flaws to create a comedy and shame so that people can see those flaws and try to improve them due to shame. - Comedy Ideas did not use mimic and sarcasm but focusing on the beliefs of human in the mistakes and old-fashioned to create laughter. The intention is to make the audience go back and improves their own beliefs and thinking as well as on the general society. It is also known as “Intellectual Comedy” which is considered a literature class. Leading composer in this type of comedy is George Bernard Shaw.

97 - Situation Comedy is a story that is usually confusing and misfortunate. Almost all incidents are happen by accident. The performance uses more gesture comparing to the High comedy. - Slapstick Comedy is boisterous. It is common to see people running and chasing each other. Hitting to create loud noise rather than pain is common. This type of comedy is very different from High comedy but closer to a Farce. - Sentimental Comedy and Tearful Comedy. This type of comedy is considered to be pleasing and appeal to the market just like the Melodrama. It is more similar to Melodrama than Comedy because the composer is very considerate to the leading actor which is different from composer of a comedy. Leading actor is lovingly funny and the laughter is usually coming from the servants or friends of the leading actors. 3. Romance is a story that people usually find in dreams rather than in everyday’s event. This type of drama shifted from real life to a more ideal life. The format of a Romance is in flavor of a creative essence without any rules. The composer can place the plot by connecting many different incidents together as a section. In terms of picture and sound, the script usually leads to a beautiful light, color and dazzling costume. In terms of acting, Romance is in flavor of gentle, agile and beautiful movement and not trying to imitate the behaviors of everyday’s life. Creative movement that is more beautiful than real life are created and used as symbols to communicate the content to the audience. 4. Melodrama is a drama that focuses on the importance of a Plot or the fun of the how the story is played. The characters are secondary to the plot. The characters are used as a tool to tell the story that is fun and easy to understand and follow. Typed characters such as hero, heroin or villain are used. 5. Modern drama has the following approach. 1) Modern drama (Realism/Naturalism) refers to modern drama that tries to look at the middle path of life and reflect it in the realism of a drama without distorting the reality. The presentation closely resembles real life.

98 The modern drama starts in the late 19th century. The leaders in the field of modern drama addresses that “Theater is life itself” and the correct way to performance is to bring the “Slice of Life” that is realistic and place them on a stage without any distortion. 2) Modern drama (Anti-realism) This is a drama that uses symbols to present the truth other than using only pictures that imitate reality. It boastfully considered that a “Truth” that is presented through a symbol is more profound than the truth that imitates the nature through the touch. Other than objecting the composition that imitates real life and the scene that is lifelike they also object an excessive use of details of time and place in the drama. It also prefers to use the scene and costume that are more neutral regardless of any era but will focus on using emotion, atmosphere and allow the scene, light, and costume to be the symbols. - Romantic or Romantism modern drama is a drama that reflects on the imagination, dream and ideology of a human and not the inferiority and slavery of an environment. - Espressionism is a drama that looks for the truth inside the brain of a human which might be different from the visible and touchable aspect. The scene sometimes is in a twisted shape with odd size which is a picture that distorted from the thought and emotion of the charaters. This drama doesn’t use the natural or lifelike performances but will instead let the characters wear mask or move like a robot or use other movement that is appropriate. - Epic is a drama that has a lot of freedom in the performance, dialogue and the technique of presentation so that it will seems distant to the real life but still present an easy to follow story and uses pictures to reflect on the earth and human being. Bertolt Brecht is an important German writer who made Epic drama a world’s popular drama. - Absurd uses an approach of an ancient comedian to create a humorous story. The story is about the confusion of the world and the emptiness of life. The use of the language often signifies the flaw and depreciation of the language up to the point where the language can’t be communicated. Watching an Absurd is similar to seeing abstract paintings, the audience must interpret the meaning on their own by using direct feelings and experiences in order to

99 “appreciate” the drama. Therefore, the audience might interpret the meaning of an Absurd differently depending on their imagination, background and attitude. Arranging a drama Arranging a drama is to use the script or story and present it in a form of a performance at a certain location which can be a theater or anywhere that can host an audience. Audience is a person who values and acknowledges those values by using it to refine their habit, taste, or attitude toward things in life. At the same time, audience is the critic of a drama. Their reaction has a big influence to the creator of the drama.

100 Topic 6 - Drama and international intellectual American Alliance for Theater and Education defined the Creative drama as. Creative Drama means the type of drama that created from Improvisation, Nonexhibitional and Process centered. A leader will direct the participants to use the imagination and to plays an assumed role that reflects on human experience. The leader helps support and suggests the participants to explore the information and develop their expression to communicate their thoughts and feelings through dialogue and improvisation to find the meaning and truth about human experience. Activities in the Creative drama are a Process with activities that has participants as a focal point. It usually started with a simple or familiar experience which the leaders then connect the familiar experiences with newer, broader and deeper learning. The aim is to develop both side of the brain equally. In an overall picture, creative drama usually started from the use of an experience of the 5 senses (Sensory Recall), and the use of memory (Memory Recall) which leads to (Imagination) and (Creativity). This then lead to role playing (Role Play) on a pre agreed situations and rules that lead to improvisation that require the combination of imagination and wisdom in order to understand the situation. At the end, regardless of the objectives of the activities, the leader will help the participants to use their thinking and analytical skills with good judgment. Warm-up is one of the activities that the leader must begin with. Warm-up prepares the body and builds concentration for the participants. Preparing the body and mind is critical before starting any activities and the leader can’t overlook the importance. An example of a warm-up are walking, jogging, stretching, and playing games. After warming up, the next process is motivating activity (Motivation), activity to prepare the skills (Pre-drama), drama activity (Drama Playing) and (Evaluation) which has the following details. 1. Motivation is the use of questions or mediums to encourage an interest of the participants in the learning and understanding of the topic that is brought up. The step of motivation can start with a question that urges the participants to respond. This helps create