Moral Development and Reality

■ author index A B Abelson, R. P., 56, 141 Babcock, J., 159 Abramovitch, H., 220 Bachorowski, J. A., 163 Abrams, D., 119 Badzinski, D. M., 45 Ackerman, P., 133, 135 Baier, K., 2–3, 95, 265 Adams, E., 44–46, 58, 61 Baillargeon, R., 24 Adelson, J., 70 Baldwin, M. W., 77, 142 Agee, V. L., 177–178, 183–184, 204 Balota, D. A., 53 Ahlborn, H. H., 190 Banaji, M. R., 26 Aldeguer, C. M., 116 Bandura, A., 118, 144, 160, 166, 277 Aleva, A. E., 154 Barbaranelli, C., 166 Alexander, E., 253 Bargh, J. A., 22, 145–146 Alexander, R. D., 67 Baron, R., 265 Ali, A. H., 5, 266 Baron, R. M., 160 Alibali, M. W., 40 Baron, R. A., 25 Al-Krenawi, A., 69 Barrett, 53, 145, 284 Al-Krenawi, S., 69 Barriga, A. Q., 141, 153, 156–157, 159–160, Aloise, P. A., 43 Aloniz, V., 161 163–167, 183, 203 Alvarado, C. S., 217 Barriga, K. T., 159 Alvarez-Saunders, C., 203 Barry, B., 8, 64 Ames, G., 52–53, 78 Basinger, K. S., 39, 72–73, 75–76, 95, 116, Amsel, E., 54 Anderson, C. A., 146, 171 154–155, 271, 273 Anderson, D., 203 Bates, J. E., 152, 163 Anderson, R., 140 Batson, C. D., 9, 34, 98–99, 102, 112, 114, Anderson, S., 69 Andrews, E. L., 140 116, 136, 165, 265, 274 Andrews, G., 53 Batson, J. G., 116 Antoni, G., 273 Baumeister, R. F., 9, 142, 146, 158, 166, 270 Appiah, K. A., 5, 7, 28, 30, 34, 165, Baumrind, D., 126, 127 Bavelas, J. B., 103 266, 269 Beah, I., 271 Aquino, K., 141, 159–160 Beauchamp, T. L., 4, 8, 9, 117, 268 Arbuthnot, J., 190–191 Beauregard, M., 253 Archer, M. A., 177 Bebeau, M. J., 5, 70, 72, 77, 84, 146 Arnold, K. D., 72, 190, 273 Becchio, C., 110 Arnold, M. L., 142 Beck, A. T., 148 Aronson, E., 56, 141, 159 Beck, R., 194 Arsenio, W. F., 44–46, 58, 61, 158 Begue, L., 114 Aspect, A., 249 Behne, T., 21 Atkins, R., 141, 178, 190 Beilin, H., 40 Ayal, S., 142, 165, 207 Bell, J. S., 249 Ayer, A. J., 26 Bell, R., 24 Belluck, P., 266 Bem, D. J., 222 329

330 ■ Author Index Benatar, D., 266 Brendtro, L. K., 161, 176–178, 183–184, Benz, G. R., 211, 212, 254 186, 198 Bereby-Meyer, Y., 159 Bergman, R., 142, 272 Brenner, J., 62 Bering, J. M., 42 Brewer, M. B., 6, 18, 276 Berk, L., 44, 60, 111, 128 Bricmont, J., 265, 270 Berkowitz, L., 25 Bromley, D. B., 42, 45 Berkowitz, M. W., 39, 58 Bronfenbrenner, U., 139, 152 Bernhard, H., 23 Brooks, D., 281 Bernstein, S., 60 Broome, K., 227 Berntson, G., 62 Brosnan, S. F., 24 Bidell, T. R., 76, 78, 83 Brothers, L., 101 Bierman, D. J., 222 Broughton, R. S., 222 Bigler, R. S., 42 Brown, J. D., 276 Birbaumer, N., 229 Brown, P. M., 190 Birch, S. A. J., 46, 48 Brown, R., 32–33, 37, 48, 53–54, 81, 116, Birnsbaum, J. J., 162 Bixby, F. L., 177 245, 247, 249, 270, 271 Bjorklund, D. F., 3–5, 20, 22, 42, 62, 65, Brownrigg, S., 36 Brugman, D., 63, 79, 153–154, 167, 203 134, 208, 268, 269–270, 275, 279 Brummelman, E., 158 Black, A., 103 Brummeth, B. H., 116 Blackmore, S., 215, 219–220, 222–223, Bruneau, E. G., 16 Bruni, P., 266 227, 237 Buchner, A., 24 Blair, R. J. R., 101 Bugental, D. B., 126 Blanke, O., 215, 227 Bukowski, W., 59 Blasi, A., 32–35, 141–143, 146–147, 154, Burger, J. M., 140, 143–144 Burgess, R. L., 67 160, 269 Buriel, R., 124 Blason, L., 110 Burkhart, J. E., 273 Blatt, S. J., 68–69 Bush, N., 218 Bloom, P., 7, 19, 24, 30, 33–34, 44, 46, 48, Bush, N. E., 218 Bushman, B. J., 146, 158, 162, 171 116, 119, 136, 145–145, 266 Bussey, K., 41 Blount, M. R., 157, 176, 183, 189, 192–193, C 198, 202, 278 Calitri, R., 137 Bogestad, A. J., 167 Call, T., 21 Boom, J., 63, 79 Callanan, M., 225 Borduin, C. M., 190 Caltran, G., 107 Bornstein, M. H., 68, 128, 152 Camelia, C. R. T., 164, 167 Bosch, J. D., 163 Camerer, C., 34 Bouwmeester, D., 249 Campbell, D. T., 99 Bower, T. G. R., 107 Campbell, R. L., 3 Bowlby, J., 77 Candee, D., 141–142, 144, 146 Bowles, S., 34, 67 Cantor, J., 45 Boyd, D. R., 273 Caprara, G. V., 157,166 Boyd, R., 34, 67 Carducci, D. J., 152–153, 155, 160, Boyes, M. C., 87–88 Boysen, S. T., 62 167–168, 183–184, 186 Brabeck, M., 143 Carducci, J. B., 186 Braeckman, J., 67 Carlo, G., 143 Brandt, R. B, 97 Brehl, B. A., 42, 58, 61

Author Index ■ 331 Carlson, R., 137 Comunian, A. L., 71, 139, 143, 273 Carnevale, J. J., 147 Conquest, R., 166 Carpendale, J., 34, 45, 47 Cook, E. W, 218, 224, 227–228 Carpendale, J. I. M., 45 Cooper, S., 224, 253 Carpendale, J. I., 76 Corby, B. C., 160 Carpenter, J., 20 Correll, J., 119 Carr, D., 245 Corrigan, M. W., 190 Carr, M. B., 157 Corriveau, K. H., 19 Case, R., 44, 50, 53 Cosmides, L., 61 Cason, D. R., 77 Cowan, C. P., 272 Castiello, U., 110 Cowan, P. A., 49, 135, 268, 272 Cauff man, E., 157 Cox-Chapman, M., 216, 220 Chabrol, J., 167 Craig, R. K., 271 Chagnon, N. A., 69 Crick, N. R., 145 Chaiken, S., 24 Cullen, D., 159 Chalmers, D., 253 Cunningham, M. R., 25 Chambers, H. J., 162, 166 Cunningham, P. B., 190 Chandler, M., 45, 87, 88 Custer, W. L., 54–55, 245, 271 Chang, L., 128 Czikszentmahlyi, 272 Chapman, G. L., 202 Chapman, M., 53, 216 D Charbonneau, L., 167 Dadds, M. R., 277 Chartrand, T. L., 22 Dahl, M., 24 Chase, K. A., 158 Dahlen, E. R., 194 Chatham, C. H, 43, 48, 50 Daigle, M. S., 167 Chaudhary, N., 111, 208, 215, 221 Damasio, A., 25, 122, 274 Cheesman, F. L., 190 Damon, W, 1, 4, 7, 13, 23–24, 40, 42–44, Childress, J. F., 4, 8–9, 117, 267–268 Chiong, C., 23–24 46–47, 52, 54, 56, 58–59, 61–62, 64, Chovil, N., 103 69, 76, 94, 124, 126, 128, 133, 136, Christian, S. R., 230, 236, 254 138–142, 144–146, 148–150, 155, 190, Christie, S., 47 236, 239, 241, 268, 270, 276 Christopher, J. C., 3 Darley, J. J., 100, 144 Churchland, P., 8, 136, 268 Darley, J. M., 101, 267 Cikara, M., 116 Darling, N., 130 Clare, I. C. H., 75, 202 Davidov, M., 108, 110–111, 250 Clark, C. L., 77 Davies, P., 206–207, 244, 279 Clark, M. C., 61 Davis, M. H., 2 Clark, P. M., 13, 137–138, 143 Day, J. M., 3 Clark, R. D., 107, 110 De Schrijver, J., 67 Cohen, J. D., 101, 267 de Waal, F. B. M., 3, 6, 12, 19, 20, 24, 26, Coie, J. D., 127, 158, 163 34–36, 38, 50, 61–63, 67, 69, 98, 106, Colby, A., 13, 70, 76, 78, 85–87, 89, 95, 133, 109–110, 122, 157, 159 Deater-Deckard, K., 128 136, 138, 138–142, 144–146, 148–150, Decety, J. M., 9, 12, 38, 46, 98–99, 101–103, 236, 239, 241, 266, 269, 272, 274 105–108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118, 136, Coles, R., 17–18, 21, 29, 21, 133, 137–138, 260 140, 142, 148, 240 Deff enbacher, J. L., 194 Collins, N., 77 Dekovic, M., 153–154 Collins, W. A., 68, 128, 152 DeLoache, J., 23–24, 50 Colombo, M., 24 Deluty, R. H., 167

332 ■ Author Index Dennett, D., 253 F Denton, K., 3, 20, 27, 29, 63, 67, 76, 247, 272 Fabes, R. A., 45, 95, 121, 130, 159, 273 Denzler, M., 271 Fagan, J., 157 Dernevik, M., 157, 167 Farr, S. S., 209, 213–215, 219, 222, 233, DeSteno, D., 47, 150, 160–161, 267 Devlin, R. S., 157, 159–160, 165, 167 235–236, 252 Devlin, R., 176, 202 Fazio, R. H., 26 Dewey, J., 81–86, 90–91, 97, 259, 272 Feffer, M., 44, 77 Diamond, J., 69, 271 Fehr, E., 21, 23, 34, 67 Dias, M., 26 Feigenberg, L. F., 30 DiBiase, A. M., 16, 157, 176, 183, 189, Feindler, E. L., 195–196 Fenwick, E., 279 192–193, 198, 202, 278 Fenwick, P., 215, 217, 227–230, 232, Dishion, T. J., 168, 177, 183 Dodd, J., 154 236, 254 Dodge, K. A., 126–127, 144, 148, 152, 158, Fernandez, E., 194 Fernandez, Y., 203 163–164, 171, 244–275 Ferrari, M., 139 Doherty, M. J., 45 Festinger, L., 247 Doise, W., 52 Fida, R., 157, 160, 166 Donahoe, C. P., 168 Figley, C. R., 116 Donnelly, T. M., 141, 178, 190 Fischer, K. W., 76, 78, 83 Dover, A., 54 Fiske, A. P., 63 Dovidio, J. F., 119 Flanagan, C. E., 230 Duckworth, A. L., 146 Flavell, J. H., 40–43, 45–48, 50–51, 53–54, Dunfi eld, K., 99 Dunlop, W. L., 136 76, 91, 94, 206, 270–271 Dunn, J., 23, 58, 153 Florsheim, P., 153, 157 Dupoux, E., 19 Fontana, D., 253 Durkheim, E., 5, 21, 32, 36, 37, 85, 266, Fowers, B. J., 5 Fowler, R. C., 265 268, 278 Fox, M., 215, 219, 231, 253–254 Dutton, S., 203 Frank, M. J., 43, 49–50, 52 Duvall, J., 133, 135 Franken, W. K., 8–9, 247, 250, 265 Franklin, S., 93, 202 E Frederick, S., 30 Eagleman, D. M., 25, 253, 281 Fredmore, S. C., 160 Ecton, R. R., 195–196 Freedman, B. J., 168 Edelstein, W., 143 Freeman, D., 141, 159–160 Edgerton, R. B., 5, 69, 276–277, 279 French, C. C., 227, 279 Edwards, A., 143 Fried, R., 25 Edwards, C. P., 70 Frimer, J. A., 136, 141 Eibl, M., 249 Fromm, E., 69, 91, 94 Eisenberg, N., 45, 95, 98, 108, 112, 121, Frost, A. D. J., 277 Fujita, K., 147 130, 143, 159, 236, 269, 273 Fuller, D., 72, 73, 76, 95, 153, 168, 190, 203, Eisenberg, P. R., 216–217 Eldar, O., 159 269, 271 Elff erich, I., 209, 226, 231 Ellis, A., 156, 218–219 G Engle, 53, 145, 284 Gachter, S., 21 Enright, R. D., 252–253 Gackenbach, J., 222 Epstein, S., 77, 159 Gaertner, S. I., 119 Evans, J. St. B. T., 267 Gaines, B., 160

Author Index ■ 333 Gannon, T. A., 163 Gregg, V. R., 154–155, 273 Garbarino, J., 165, 205, 278 Greyson, B., 16, 208–209, 215–219, 221, Garber, J., 164 Garmon, L. C., 273 224–230, 236, 254, 263, 279 Gaumont, C., 167 Griffi n, J. J. Jr., 160 Gentner, D., 47, 49 Grim, P., 147 Geraci, 24 Grime, R. L., 13, 39, 72–73, 75, 95, 154, Gergen, K. J., 3 Gerris, J. R. M., 127, 129, 275 271, 272 Gershoff, E. T., 128 Grogan-Kaylor, A., 128 Gibbs, J. C., 3, 8, 12–13, 16, 39, 58, 64, 67, Gross, P., 265, 270 Grossman, D. L., 166 70–76, 87, 89, 95, 127–129, 137–138, Groth, A. N., 162 141, 143, 153–157, 159–161, 163–168, Gruber, E., 177 176, 183, 186, 189–191, 193, 197, Grusec, J. E., 126 199–203, 215, 221, 251, 254, 257–266, Gruselier, J., 229 269, 271–273, 275–276, 278 Guerra, N. G., 164–165 Gielen, U. P., 71, 139, 143, 273 Guisinger, S., 68–69 Giesbrecht, N., 141 Gustafson, P., 77 Gill, M. B., 267 Guthrie, I. K., 130 Gilligan, C., 98, 273 Gino, F., 165 H Gintis, H., 34, 67 Haaga, D. A., 276 Girgis, Z. M., 140, 143–144 Habermas, 3 Glachan, P., 52 Hafer, C. L., 114 Glazer, M. P., 140 Hagan, M. P., 167 Gleichgerrcht, E., 116, 118 Haggbloom, S. J., 81 Glick, B., 176, 184, 186, 193 Haidt, J., 2–8, 10, 12, 14–39, 47, 54, 56, Gnepp, J., 45 Gold, J., 44–46, 58 58, 62–63, 65, 67, 73, 79, 81, 89, 92, Golding, W., 59 98, 111, 117, 119, 130, 132–135, 139, Goldstein, A. P., 157, 161, 165, 168, 176, 145, 152, 159, 208, 238, 241, 243–245, 186, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 200–202 247–248, 252, 257–258, 260, 263, Goleman, D., 159 266–270, 272–276, 278–279 Gollwitzer, M., 30, 145, 271 Halford, G. S., 53 Gollwitzer, P. M., 30, 145, 271 Hambrick, D. Z., 53 Goodall, J., 100 Hamilton, V. L., 161, 165–166, 277 Goodenough, D. R., 139 Hamilton, W. D., 100 Goodrick, T. S., 13, 137–138, 143 Hamlin, J. K., 19, 24 Gopnik, A., 33, 45, 50, 64, 77, 112, 117, Hammock, G. S., 60 253, 267, 270 Hardy, S. A., 143 Gordon, D., 145, 190–191 Hare, B., 63 Gottman, J. M., 159 Hargreaves, D. J., 25 Gottschling, V., 17 Haritos-Fatouros, M., 165 Gouldner, A., 55–56, 62 Harkness, S., 70 Graham, J., 18–19 Hassin, R. R., 30, 34 Grangier, P., 249 Harris, B., 254 Green, B., 94 Harris, P. L., 19, 50 Green, J. L., 13, 70, 137–138, 143 Harris, S., 8, 15, 21, 32, 34–35, 79, 248 Green, J. D., 101, 266–267 Hart, D., 42, 141, 178, 190 Greenwald, A. G., 26 Harter, S., 18, 33, 42, 44, 46, 58, 77, 139, 141, 158, 190 Harvey, O. J., 20, 69

334 ■ Author Index Hassin, R. R., 30, 34 Hurley, D., 176 Hastings, P. D., 127, 130 Husain, E., 276 Hauser, M. D., 7, 67, 99, 269 Huston, T. L., 67 Havighurst, H. J., 137 Hyde, J. S., 273 Hawes, D. J., 277 Hyman, R., 227 Hawkins, M. A., 164, 167 Hay, D. F., 108 I Hayne, H., 24 Imuta, K., 24 Heide, K. M., 203 Inhelder, B., 281 Heider, F., 56 Inzlicht, M., 146 Helmond, P., 167, 203 Irwin, H. J., 222 Helwig, C. C., 3, 41–42 Irwin, M. J., 186 Henggeler, S. W., 190 Isen, A. M, 25 Hennig, K. H., 77, 125 Henrich, J., 34, 67 J Herbeck, D., 148–151, 169–178, 178 Jackson, P. L., 102–103, 105, 107 Herbert, N., 67, 249, 252 Jacobson, D., 5–6, 36 Herrnstein, R. J., 32–33, 37, 81, 162 Jacobson, N. S., 159 Hersh, M. A., 26 Jaff ee, S., 273 Hetherington, E. M., 68, 128, 152 Jakubowski, P., 167 Heyert, M., 66 James, S. A., 266 Heyman, R. E., 158 James, W., 221 Hickling, A. K., 114 Jamieson, G. A., 229 Higgins, A., 177 Janssens, J. M. A. M., 127, 129, 275 Higgins-D’Alessandro, A., 190 Jaycox, C., 168 Hildebran, D., 203 Jensen, L. A., 67 Hill, T. E. Jr., 10 Johansson, P., 157, 167 Hilton, N. Z., 203 Johnson, J., 119 Hodges, E. V. E., 160 Jones, M., 177 Hoff man, M. L., 1–2, 8–10, 12–17, 19, 22, Jones, V. K., 81 Joseph, C., 8, 24, 268 25, 30, 36–38, 40, 59, 67–68, 78, 85, Joseph, J. A., 13, 137–138, 143 93, 95, 98–135, 142, 149, 151–152, 157, 159, 161, 173–175, 192, 198, K 205–206, 208, 234, 236, 239–41, 244, Kahn, J., 159, 277 246–248, 250, 253–254, 257, 259–265, Kahn, T., 162 267–268, 273–275, 281 Kahneman, D., 30, 46 Hoff ner, C., 45 Kane, R., 2, 4, 14, 120 Holden, J. M., 217, 223, 230, 236, 254 Kardes, F. R., 26 Hollander, P., 166 Kartner, J., 111 Hollin, C. R., 154–155 Kasachkoff, T., 35 Holst, U., 153, 160 Kaufman, K., 157, 159–160, 165, 167 Hood, W. R., 20, 69 Kazdin, A., 152–153, 155, 168, 176 Horn, M., 176, 186, 203 Keasy, C. B., 71 Howard, L. H., 101 Keenan, T., 77 Hudson, J. A., 123 Kegan, R., 66, 91 Hudson, S. M., 166 Kellehear, A., 216–217 Huerta, S., 143 Keller, H., 111, 208, 215, 221 Hughes, C., 58, 153 Kelley, E., 99 Hummel, R. C., 90 Kelley, P., 225 Hunter, N., 168

Author Index ■ 335 Kelly, C. K., 168 Lacayo, R., 140, 162 Kelly, D. R., 146 Lacey, M., 5, 266 Kelly, E. F., 208, 215, 221 Lamm, C., 114 Kelly, E. W., 208, 215, 221 Landau, J. R., 157, 164 Kelly, G., 141 Landau, J., 203 Kelman, H. C., 139, 160–161, 165–166, 277 Landenberger, N. A., 202 Kenwood, B., 24 Landenberger, N., 202 Kerr, D. C. R., 127 Landis, T., 215, 227 Kesebir, S, 3, 6, 17–20, 24–27, 32, 34, 268 Langdon, P., 75, 201 Kettler, R. J., 137 Langdon, P. E., 75, 201–202 Kielburger, C., 239, 241–242, 249, 255, 281 Lange, A. J., 167 Kielburger, M., 240 Langstrom, N., 153, 160 Killen, M., 59, 119 Lansford, J. E., 126, 128, 275 Kinzler, K. D., 19 Lapsley, D. K., 3 Klahr, D., 272 Lapsley, D. R., 141 Kletti, R., 233 Larden, M., 153, 157, 160, 167 Knafo, A., 110, 111 Laszlo, E., 281 Kochanska, G., 126 Latane, B., 100, 144 Koenig, M. A., 50 Laupa, M., 245, 271, 275 Kohlberg, L., 1–2, 10, 12, 13–14, 16–17, Lawrence, J. A., 125, 221 Lazarus, R. S., 26 35, 37, 39–41, 59–61, 63–64, 68–71, Leavitt, N., 265, 270 73, 73–76, 78, 80–95, 97–98, 107, 113, Leeman, L. W., 153, 168, 190, 203 120, 130–133, 135, 138, 141–142, 144, Leeman, R. F., 265 146–147, 151–152, 154, 169, 173–175, Lemery, C. R., 103 177, 186, 205–208, 216, 230, 234, 236, Lepage, J.-F., 110 239–241, 243–244, 248, 250–251, Lerner, M. J., 114 257–260, 262–264, 269–274, 278 Levin, P. F., 25 Koller, S., 26 Levine, C., 273 Komolova, M., 153, 157 Levitt, M. J., 61 Konopisos, M., 166 Lewis, C. S., 60, 207, 236–237, 271 Koopman, R., 155 Lewis, J., 45, 47 Koops, W., 163, 203 Liau, A. K., 141, 153, 156–157, 159, Kopelman, L. M., 5, 266 Kotchoubey, B., 229 163–164, 166, 183, 203 Kotlowitz, A., 278 Liben, L. S., 42 Kramer, R., 86–87 Liberman, Z., 19 Krebs, D. L., 3, 20, 27, 29, 63, 67, 76, 247, 272 Lickona, T., 63,129,138,155 Krettenauer, T., 58, 125, 141, 143, 153 Lieberman, M., 76, 87, 89 Krevans, J. A., 12, 127–128, 143, 275 Lift on, R. J., 119 Kruger, A., 58, 70 Light, M., 52 Kruger, A. C., 52, 57–58, 62, 91 Light, S., 99,107,110 Kubler, A., 229 Lillard, A. S., 43 Kuhmeier, V. A., 99 Lindenburger, U., 53 Kuhn, D., 65, 93, 271 Lindley, D., 281 Kunda, Z., 26 Ling, L., 280 Kushner, H., 94 Lipsey, M., 202–203 Lipsey, M. W., 202–203 L Litwack, S. E., 185 La Taillade, J. J., 159 Livesley, W. J., 42, 45 LaBerge, S., 222 LoBue, V., 23–24

336 ■ Author Index Lochman, J. E., 171 McGuire, W. J., 56, 141 Loeber, R., 168 McLoyd, V. C., 126, 275 Long, J., 209, 215, 219, 221–223, 225, 227, McWilliams, B., 204 Meichenbaum, D. H., 77 233, 252, 274, 279 Melin, L., 153, 160 Lopez, N. L., 127 Melis, A. P., 63 Lorimer, D., 95–96, 232–235, 237, 252 Mendelson, E. F., 203 Losoya, S. H., 130 Menon, M., 160 Lourenco, O., 7, 40 Menon, M., 160 Lowenberg, K., 267 Merritt, A., 160 Lupinetti, C., 157, 160, 166 Metcalfe, J., 25, 147, 268, 275 Lutjemeier, J. A., 157 Meyers, V., 209, 226, 231 Lykken, D. T., 142 Michalska, K. J., 102 Lynam, D., 127, 158 Michealieu, Q., 45 Lynch, M. P., 26, 30, 34, 269 Michel, L., 148–151, 169–73, 178 Mitchell, M. L., 186 M Miller, G., 267 Maass, P., 238–239 Miller, J. G., 42 Maccoby, E. E., 68, 119, 128, 130, 152, 200 Miller, K. F., 50 Machado, A., 40 Miller, M., 52 MacIntyre, A., 3 Miller, P. H., 41–43, 45–48, 50–51, 53–54, Maclean, P. B., 24, 101 Mahajan, N., 19 76, 91, 94, 206, 271 Mahapatra, M., 63 Miller, S. A., 41–43, 45, 46–48, 50–51, Makowski, D. G., 13, 137–138, 143 Malti, T., 58 53–55, 76, 91, 94, 206, 245, 271 Manning, C. C., 140, 143–144 Mischel, H. N., 148 Manning, T., 281 Mischel, W., 25, 147–148, 268, 275 Markus, H. R., 141 Moll, H., 21 Marshall, W. L., 166 Monin, B., 160 Martin, C. L., 141 Monshouwer, J. J., 163 Martin, G. B., 107, 110 Moody, R. A., 208, 230 Mason, M. G., 71 Moore, B., 25, 269 Mathabane, M., 119–120, 148, 255 Morelli, S. A., 267 Matthews, M. D., 146 Morgan, C., 72, 140 Mattle, K., 249 Morling, B., 77, 159 Matwin, S., 42, 58, 61 Morris, B. J., 271 Matza, D., 165 Morris, P. A, 139, 152 Maymon, Y., 69 Morrison, E. M., 141, 153, 159 McCabe, D. P., 53 Morse, M., 218–220, 223, 231–233 McCall, H. J., 186 Moshman, D., 2–3, 5, 7–8, 14–15, 22, 24, McCord, J., 177, 183 McCorkle, L. W., 177 34, 36, 39, 51, 52, 55, 57, 59, 64–65, McCrady, F., 157, 159–160, 165, 167 85, 88, 96, 141, 143, 147–148, 165, McDaniel, M. A., 53 170, 243, 246, 273, 277 McDonnell, P., 61 Moskowitz, G. B., 30, 145 McDougall, W., 32, 135 Much, N. C., 63 McFall, R. M., 168 Mueller, E., 62 McGinnis, E., 168, 200 Mugny, G., 52 McGlone, D., 271 Muller, U., 34 Mullett, J., 103 Munakata, Y., 44, 49–50

Author Index ■ 337 Munn, P., 23 Overbeek, G., 167, 203 Murphy, G. H., 75, 202 Owens, J. E., 227 Murphy, W. D., 203 Murray, F. B., 53, 78, 211, 227, 271 P Mustakova-Possardt, E., 91 Paciello, M., 157, 160, 166 Myers, D. B., 265 Palmer, E. J., 75, 154–155, 202, 222 Pan, J. W., 249 N Panak, W., 164 Narvaez, D., 3, 5, 24, 34, 70, 72, 77, 84, 141, Parfit, D, 3, 265 Paris, S., 42 144, 146 Park, L., 63 Nas, C., 203 Parke, R. D., 124 Nassau, G., 54–55, 245, 271 Parker, J. G., 59 Neisser, U., 77, 245, 254, 272 Parnia, S., 215, 217, 219, 222–229, Nelini, C., 110 Nelson, E. E., 103 233–235, 251, 254, 280 Nelson, J. R., 154 Pask-McCartney, C., 186 Nelson, K., 78, 123 Pastorelli, C., 166 Newcomb, T. M., 56, 141, 177 Patrick, R. B., 12, 129, 141, 276–276 Newcombe, N. S., 40 Patterson, G. R., 168 Newman, J. P, 163 Pellegrini, A. D., 62 Newton, E. K., 50, 59, 111 Penrose, R., 207, 244, 248–249, 254, Neziek, J. B., 158, 162 Nichols, S., 267 279, 281 Nickerson, R. S., 26 Perry, D. G., 160 Niles, W. J., 190 Peterson, J. L., 41–42, 46 Nishida, T., 23–24 Peterson, C. C., 41, 46,146 Noam, G. G., 277 Pettit, G. S., 152, 163 Noddings, N., 98 Phon, Y. P. L., 75 North, A. C., 25 Piaget, J., 3, 8–11, 13, 29, 36–37, 39–43, Nosek, B. A., 26 Novaco, R. W., 195 46–50, 52, 54, 56, 60, 62–65, 68, Noyes, R., 230, 233, 236, 254 70–71, 76–78, 81–85, 93–95, 97, 106, Nucci, L., 143 113, 125, 131, 149, 151, 205–207, 236, Nucci, L. P., 3 241, 243–246, 249, 258–259, 263, Nussbaum, M. C., 266 268–270, 272, 278–279, 281 Nyman, M., 45 Pierroutsakos, S. L., 50 Nystrom, L. E., 101, 267 Pinker, S., 2, 3, 5, 6–7, 11, 15, 19, 26–27, 30, 33–34, 50, 55, 69, 90, 10 3, 112, 114, O 117, 131, 157, 248, 257, 266–267, 269 O’Connell, L., 99 Piquero, A. R., 157 O’Leary, D., 158, 253 Pithers, W. D., 203–204 O’Neil, R. P., 70, 94 Pizarro, D. A., 30, 33–34, 145–146 Oliner, P., 139, 143 Plante, N., 167 Oliner, S., 139, 143 Polaschek, D. L. L., 163 Olson, S. L., 127 Polkinghorne, J. C., 281 Olthof, T., 158, 162 Potter, G. B., 16, 153, 156–157, 160, Orobio de Castro, B., 58, 135 163–164, 166, 176, 183, 189, 191–193, Ortigue, S., 215, 227 197–199, 201–202, 278 Osgood, D. W., 177 Potts, M., 215 Poulin, F., 177, 183 Powell, D., 272

338 ■ Author Index Powell, M. C., 26 Rotenberg, K. J., 112 Powell, N., 275 Roth-Hanania, R., 108, 110, 111, 250 Power, C., 92,230 Rowland, M. D., 190 Premack, A. J., 62 Rowland, S., 168 Premack, D., 24, 62 Royzman, E. B., 265 Prencipe, A., 41, 42 Rubama, I., 186 Price, J. M., 163 Rubin, K. H., 59 Rushe, R. H., 159 Q Russell, T. M., 81 Quiggle, N., 164 Rutland, A., 119 Quigley, K. S., 62 Rutter, M. L., 152 Quinn, M., 203 Ryncarz, R. A., 92–93 R S Radin, D., 222,281 Sabom, M. B., 209–212, 215, 217, 221–223, Rai, T. S., 63 Rathunde, K., 272 226–228, 230–231, 251, 280 Ratner, H. H., 52, 62, 91 Sagi, A., 107 Rawls, J., 90 Saguy, T., 119 Redl, F., 155–156, 159–160, 162 Saltzstein, H. D., 35, 128, 275 Reed, A. II., 141, 159–160 Samenow, S. E., 156, 159, 161, 165, 178, Reed, R. R. C., 273 Sameroff, A. J., 127 Rees, J., 202 Sanbonmatsu, D. M., 26 Reijntjes, 158 Sandel, M. J., 3, 8 Reiser, M., 130 Sartori, L., 110 Repacholi, B. M., 112 Sartori, P., 222 Resick, P. A., 77 Sauer, H., 267 Rest, J. R., 5, 63, 70, 72, 76, 83, 144, 146, 268 Saxe, R. R., 116 Reyes, L. S., 203 Scarf, D., 24 Richardson, D., 279 Schaal, B., 30,145 Richardson, D. R., 60 Schechtman, K. B., 216–217 Richardson, F. C., 5 Schlitz, M., 222 Riessman, F., 185 Schlundt, D. G., 168 Ring, K., 217–218, 220–221, 224, 226, Schmeichel, B. J., 146 Schnell, S. V., 71 228, 253 Schoenwald, S. K., 190 Ripley, A., 140 Schonert-Reichl, K. A., 71 Robbins, M., 202 Schwaninger, J., 216–217 Roberts, J. C., 147 Schwartz, D., 144, 146 Roberts, W. L., 155 Sedikides, A., 71 Robinson, J. L., 101, 123 Seeck, M., 215, 227 Robinson, R., 155 Seeto, D., 41–42, 46 Rockenbach, B., 23 Seewonarain, K., 203 Rodgers, R. F., 167 Seider, S., 115 Roediger, H. L., 53 Selman, R. L., 3, 30, 42–44, 46, 61, 63–64 Rogoff, B., 52, 59 Shalvi, S., 159 Rommer, B. R., 218–219, 232 Shaver, P. R., 77 Rosen, S., 60 Shaw, L. L., 116 Rosenberg, M. J., 56, 141 Sherif, C. W., 20, 69 Rosenhan, D. L., 25 Sherif, M., 20, 69 Rosenthal, L., 168 Shively, R., 176, 186, 203

Author Index ■ 339 Shnabel, N., 119 Stouthamer-Loeber, M., 168 Shortt, J. W., 159 Straughan, R., 247 Shreyer, T. A., 62 Strayer, J., 155 Shulman, E. P., 157 Streeter, R., 281 Shultz, L. H., 46 Suhler, C. L., 8, 268 Shultz, T. R., 54 Sullivan, C., 127, 130, 280 Shure, M. B., 196 Super, C., 70 Shutts, K., 19 Surian, 24 Shweder, R. A., 3, 26, 32, 63 Sutherland, C., 251 Siegler, R. S., 40, 44, 49–50, 57, 76, 78–79, Svetina, M., 57, 79,272 Svetlova, M., 98–99, 101, 106–107, 110, 83, 272 Sigelman, C. K., 42, 64 112, 116, 118 Signorella, M. L., 42 Swann, W. B. Jr., 160 Silberman, M. A., 273 Swillinger, A., 168 Simion, F., 107 Sykes, G. M., 165 Simmel, G., 100 Simner, M. L., 107 T Simonian, S. J., 168 Taba, H., 137 Simonian, S. S., 168 Tajfel, H., 18 Sinclair, S., 5 Tannenbaum, D., 34 Singer, P., 14, 37, 65, 69, 119–120, 154, 244, Tannenbaum, P. H., 56, 141 Tappan, M. B., 3 247, 263, 267, 269, 271, 273 Targ, E., 222 Skitka, L. J., 148 Tarnowski, K. J., 168 Slaby, R. G., 164–165 Tarrant, M., 25, 137 Sloane, S., 24 Tart, C. T., 222 Slonim-Nevo, V., 69 Taylor, J., 58–59, 190 Sloutsky, V., 271 Taylor, S. E., 276 Slovic, P., 117, 267 Thau, S., 141, 159–160 Smedslund, J., 55, 57, 60, 79, 136 Theoret, H., 110 Smetana, J. G., 3, 265 Thomaes, S., 158, 162, 171 Smit, R. H., 228 Thompson, R. A., 50, 59, 111 Smith, A., 3, 99, 161, 234 Thorson, E., 45 Smith, D. J., 154 Thoma, S. J., 5, 70, 72, 77, 84, 146 Snarey, J. R., 13, 73, 95, 154, 269, 272–273, 278 Tierny, J., 146 Sokol, A., 265, 270 Tobin, D. D., 160 Sokol, B. W., 34, 58, 153 Todd, R. M., 116 Sommerville, R. B., 101, 267 Toffl r, B. L., 277 Spelke, E. S., 19 Tomasello, M. M., 14, 20, 52, 57, 62–63, Spinrad, T. L., 95, 108, 121, 159, 273 Spivack, G., 196 91, 109 Stams, G. J., 153–154 Tooby, J., 61 Stanwick, K. E., 267 Tramontano, 116, 157, 160, 166 Stapp, H. P., 253 Trivers, R. L., 67, 100 Staub, E., 100 Trope, Y., 24 Stegge, H., 158, 162 Trzebinski, J., 77 Steinberg, L., 68, 128, 130, 152 Tuft s, J. H., 83 Sternberg, K., 20 Tugade, 53, 145, 284 Sternberg, R. J., 20, 138 Turiel, E., 1, 3, 27, 30, 31, 41–42, 63, 86–87, Stevenson, I., 218, 225, 227–228 Stinson, B. L., 157, 164 140, 145, 265, 269 Turnbull, C. M., 279

340 ■ Author Index Weber, R. A., 61 Wegner, D. M., 146 Turner, J. C., 18 Weinbaum, E., 271 Tversky, A., 46 Weiner, B., 114 Weinfurther, H., 166, 249 U Weiss, A. N., 216–217 Underwood, B., 25 Weiss, B. L., 224 Upton, L., 42 Wellman, H. M., 77, 114 Utendale, W. T., 127, 130, 160, 166 Weston, D., 137 Wheatley, T., 26 V Whitbourne, S. K., 272 Vaish, A., 100, 109 White, B. J., 20 Vaitl, D., 229 White, R. W., 272 Valdesolo, P., 47, 150, 160–161, 267 White, S., 147 Valsiner, J., 125 Whiteford, M. G., 71 Van der Heijden, P. G. M., 63, 79 Wilson, D., 225 Van der Laan, P., 153–154 Wilson, E. O., 32 Van Leeuwen, N., 167 Wilson, J. Q., 3, 162 Van Lommel, P., 208–209, 215, 217, Wilson, T. D., 25 Wineman, D., 155–156, 159–160 224–226, 229, 231, 234, 252, 279 Winer, G. R., 271 Van Rosmalen, L., 153–154 Witkin, H. A., 139 Van Wees, R., 209, 226, 231 Woerlee, G. M., 228 Vandivier, K., 165 Woodbury, R., 203 Varshney, A., 69 Wren, T. E., 247 Vasey, M. W., 157, 159–160, 165, 167 Wright, R., 67 Vasudev, J., 90 Wurf, E., 141 Veerman, J. W., 163 Wuthnow, R., 176 Vermuelen, S. C. A., 76 Wynn, K., 19, 24 Verplaetse, J., 67 Wynne, C. D. L., 24 Viswanathan, V., 267 Vorrath, H. H., 161, 176–178, 183, 198 Y Vygotsky, L. S., 66 Yarbrough, G. L., 81 Yeates, R., 217 W Yochelson, S., 156, 178 Wainryb, C., 42,153,157 Youniss, J., 56 Waitzman, K. A., 42, 64 Yovsi, R. D., 111 Walker, L. J., 3, 57–59, 76–77, 125, 136, Z 141, 150–151, 190, 271, 273 Zahn-Waxler, C., 12, 98–99, 101, 107–108, Waller, D. G., 217 Wallinius, M., 157, 167 110–111, 123, 250, 260 Walsh, M. W., 140 Zajonc, R. B., 21, 25–26, 116, 122, 268 Walton, G. E., 107 Zaleski, C., 218, 280 Ward, T., 163, 166 Zeilinger, A., 249 Warneken, F., 100, 109 Zelli, A., 128 Warnick, J. E., 81 Zhou, Q., 130 Warnick, R., 81 Zola, S., 110 Wasel, W., 30, 145 Wasmund, W. C., 177 Weaver, T. L., 77

■ subject index A blaming others, 15, 114, 123, 144, Abuse, physical, 13, 163, 173 160– 167, 169, 171, 175, 177–178, 182, 188, 190–192, 196, 198, 235, 274 See also cognitive distortions or thinking errors, self-serving or aggressogenic dehumanization and, 165–166 under Antisocial or externalizing ego, self-concept, or self-esteem problem behavior protected by, 158–162, 164–166, Adaptation, evolutionary, 243–244 170, 172 See also Haidt’s new synthesis or social empathy or guilt neutralized by, 13, 15, intuitionist theory 102, 114, 123, 151, 158–159, 161, 255, 274 Adolescent Problems Inventory-Short Form minimizing/mislabeling, 33, 37, (API-SF), 168 150– 151, 160, 164–166, 169, 171–172, 177, 180, 182, 191, 196, 202, Adult moral development. See Kohlberg’s 235, 251 moral theory physical abuse as a risk factor, 13, 163, 173 secondary, 159–166, 191 Affective primacy. See Moral motivation self-centered or primary, 1–2, 6, 15–16, Aggression, proactive or reactive. See 35, 39, 45, 95, 152, 156–160, 165–166, 168–170 173, 175–177, 181–182, 188, Antisocial or externalizing problem 190–191, 194–196, 198, 208, 219, behavior 232–235, 237, 250, 271, 276–278 Altruism. See Prosocial behavior limitations or problematic tendencies, Anger 152–153, 173, 175–176, 183–185, management, 157, 176, 185–189, 194–200 257, 261–262 empathic, 6, 12, 102, 114–115, 149, 151, moral judgment delay, superficial social 240 cognition or pronounced and See also Antisocial or externalizing prolonged egocentric bias, 13, problem behavior; EQUIP and 95, 149, 151–156, 163, 167, 169, related programs for treating 173–174, 176, 186, 193, 195, 262 antisocial behavior; cognitive negative or antisocial peer pressure, 152, complications under Hoffman’s 168–169. 187 moral theory psychopathy or callous and unemotional Antisocial or externalizing problem traits, 142, 156–159, 166, 169–170, behavior 173, 277 aggression, proactive or reactive, 15, self-esteem, inflated, or grandiosity, 158, 158–159, 164, 170, 172, 262, 277 169–170 brain damage and, 25, 273–274 social skill deficiencies, 167–168, 172–173, case study 257, 262 McVeigh, Timothy, 148–151, 153, wife batterers, 158–159 169–174, 178, 235, 255 See also Bias; EQUIP and related summary and comments, 173–174 programs for treating antisocial cognitive distortions or thinking errors, behavior; How I Think (HIT) self-serving or aggressogenic, 13, 15, questionnaire; Moral judgment or 26, 34–35, 47, 97, 134, 153, 155–167, evaluation 169–172, 174, 185, 235, 239, 250, 252, 271 341 assuming the worst, 160, 163–164, 166, 169, 171–172, 175, 177, 182, 196, 235

342 ■ Subject Index Attachment, secure, and constructive peer Classical conditioning as basic mode of interaction, 59 empathic arousal. See Empathy or empathic predisposition See also attachment or infant care under Empathy or empathic Cognitive behavioral approach. See EQUIP predisposition and related programs for treating antisocial behavior Authoritative parenting. See Discipline, parental, or socialization and moral Cognitive developmental approach to internalization morality Autoscopic near-death experience. See centrations or unidimensional thinking, definition and types under 10–11, 13, 39–41, 43–44, 46–49, Near-death experience 51–52, 54, 60–61, 71–72, 78–79, 93, 94–96, 112, 116, 152, 156, 168, 173, B 176, 200, 246, 258 Balancing and moral type B, 138–140 decentration or multidimensional See also Kohlberg’s moral theory thinking, 11, 30, 40, 44, 50–56, Beck, Aaron T., 161, 194, 205 58–59, 61, 71, 79, 84–86, 94, Benevolence or beneficence. See Character 111– 112, 124, 131, 147, 152, 165, 176, 205–206, 234, 236, 255, 258, 274 ideals, qualities, or virtues; Morality or moral domain critiques of, 40–41 Bias cultural support for, 15, 57, 68–69, 124, egocentric or confirmation, 10–11, 20, 23–24, 26, 39, 43, 45–49, 58, 95, 250 109, 112, 123, 135, 147, 151–153, development or construction as 155–157, 159, 168–169, 173, 186, 192, 194, 235, 250, 258 distinct from socialization or See also Cognitive-developmental internalization, 11, 35, 37, 39–40, approach to morality; Social 52–53, 56–57, 75, 78–79, 81, 84–86, perspective-taking or coordination 125, 131, 238, 245–246, 270–271 of perspectives evolutionary heritage or germinal roots, empathic. See empathy’s limitations 23, 33, 35, 61–62, 67–68 and their remedy under Hoffman’s formal operations or hypothetical- moral theory deductive thinking, 57–58, 64–65, Blaming others. See cognitive distortions 81, 83, 87, 92, 94–95, 244, 260, 281 or thinking errors, self-serving or Haidt’s challenge, evaluation, 3–8, 79 aggressogenic under Antisocial or happy victimizer phenomenon, 44–46, externalizing problem behavior 50, 58, 79 Bloom, Paul, 7, 19, 30, 34, 44, 46, 119, invariant sequence, 75–76, 82–84, 136 86–89, 91, 96–97, 259–260 Bystander guilt. See cognitive logic or logical necessity and morality, complications under Hoffman’s 49–51, 54–55, 57, 59–60, 79, 136, moral theory 244, 247, 259, 270, 271, 275 moral judgment, definition, 39, 269 C reciprocity norm, 55–57, 68 Centrations or unidimensional thinking. reflective abstraction, 65 social play, 41, 49 See Cognitive developmental stages, 11, 40, 60–79, 84–97 approach to morality stage mixture, 75–77, 83, 270 Character ideals, qualities, or virtues, 1, 3–4, themes, 39–41, 80 6, 8, 28, 73, 135, 141–143, 146–147 working memory or executive attention, Child labor abuse, 238–240 39, 46, 50, 53, 96, 146–147, 247, 267, 270

Subject Index ■ 343 See also Bias, egocentric or Cultural psychology, 3–4 confirmation; Conservation See also Haidt’s new synthesis or social knowledge/task; Gibbs’ lifespan intuitionist theory; Moral relativism view and critique of Kohlberg’s theory; Kohlberg’s moral theory; Culture. See Cognitive developmental Moral judgment or evaluation; approach to morality; negative Moral identity; Moral motivation; youth culture under EQUIP and Piaget’s theory; Reciprocity; Social related programs for treating perspective-taking or coordination antisocial behavior; Moral of perspectives judgment or evaluation; moral reciprocity as internalized norm Cognitive dissonance. See Festinger, Leon, under Reciprocity cognitive dissonance theory; ego, self-concept, or self-esteem, D protected by, under Antisocial or Death, concept of, and early childhood externalizing problem behavior superficiality, 42 Cognitive distortions or thinking errors See also Cognitive developmental self-debasing or depressogenic, and internalizing problem behavior, approach to morality 164, 277 Decentration or multi-dimensional self-serving or aggressogenic. See Antisocial or externalizing problem thinking. See Cognitive behavior; EQUIP and related developmental approach to programs for treating antisocial morality; Empathy or empathic behavior predisposition Delusional paranoia and assuming the Cognitive primacy. See Moral motivation worst, 163, 171 Columbus Dispatch, 245 Deontology. See Greene’s argument; Condition of reversibility. See Moral Morality or moral domain Depression or internalizing problem judgment or evaluation behavior. See self-debasing or Confirmation bias. See Bias depressogenic under Cognitive Conscience and Moral Type B, 138–139 distortions or thinking errors de Waal, Frans, 6, 12, 19–20, 38, 61, 98 See also Kohlberg’s moral theory Dewey, John, 81–84, 90–91, 272 Consciousness or mind Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), 167 brain and, 224, 226–229, 250–254, Discipline, parental, or socialization and 273–274, 279–280 moral internalization authoritative parenting and, 126–127 See also Near-death experience disappointed expectations, parental Conservation knowledge/task, 47–49, expression of, 12, 128–129, 141, 275 51–57, 78, 136, 140, 145, 206, 242, empathy or empathy-based guilt and, 245–247, 249, 254, 258–259 123–128 See also Cognitive-developmental evidence for Hoffman’s theory of moral approach to morality; Prosocial socialization, 126–128 Behavior; Reality inductions, 12, 79, 124–126, 128–131, Construction. See Cognitive developmental 176, 242, 260–262, 275 approach to morality; Social love withdrawal, 125, 128–129, 275 construction moral identity and, 129–130 Conventional level. See Kohlberg’s moral moral internalization or socialization theory and, 123–130, 219 Co-primacy. See Moral motivation Cosmic perspective or Kohlberg’s “Stage 7.” See Kohlberg’s moral theory; Near-death experience

344 ■ Subject Index Discipline, parental (Cont.) Empathy or empathic predisposition nurturance or parental warmth, 126, aggression inhibition, 108, 119 129–130, 169, 261 attachment or infant care and, 59, 102, optimal pressure and, 125–126 111, 130 permissive parenting and, 126, 130 biological substratum or brain neurology power-assertion, 59, 125, 127, 129–130, of, 101, 273–274 155, 275 bystander intervention or guilt, 100, 102, See also Hoffman’s moral theory 114, 123 cognition and, 106–123 Dual process models. See Moral motivation compassion fatigue and, 116–118 Durkheimian theory or group solidarity. complexity or full capacity of, 101–102, 105–106, 113 See Haidt’s new synthesis or social conditioning and, 101–103, 107, 116, intuitionist theory 124, 247 definition, 99 E discipline encounters and, 124–129 Effectance motive, 247, 272, 274 empathetic life review, 234–235, 237, 252 guilt, empathy-based, 1, 12, 15, 25, 50, See also Cognitive developmental approach 123, 127–128, 134–135, 151, 161, 198 to morality; Moral motivation; human societal requirements and, 100 Rationality or rational agency justice or the right and, 8–9, 115 mammalian, 101–102 Egocentric or confirmation bias. See Bias; modes of empathic arousal, 98, 101–107, centrations or unidimensional 109, 112, 115–116, 122, 124–125, thinking under Cognitive 131, 173, 203, 239, 260, 274–275 developmental approach to morality moral circle and, 14, 119 moral principles and, 115, 118, 120–121, Egocentric or quasi-egocentric empathic 123, 131, 134, 142, 145 distress, 107, 109 preconcern, 102, 109 psychic numbing, 118–119 See also stages, immature and mature reframing or relabeling and, 119–120, under Hoffman’s moral theory 147, 178, 195 regulating or remedying limitations of, Egoistic drift, 105, 115–116 100, 110, 115, 117–121 See also Empathy or empathic sympathy, 7, 98, 102, 104, 112, 126, 145, 267 predisposition; Hoffman’s moral synchrony with mother or group and, theory 101–103 See also cognitive distortions or Egoistic motives or desires, 10, 14–15, 32, thinking errors, self-serving or 41, 59, 100, 114, 123, 127, 130–131, aggressogenic, under Antisocial 155–157, 235, 242, 246, 250 or externalizing problem behavior; Attachment, secure, and See also Antisocial or externalizing constructive social interaction; problem behavior Discipline, parental, or socialization and moral internalization; EQUIP Ego strength, willpower, or self-control. See and related programs for treating Prosocial behavior antisocial behavior; Hoffman’s moral theory; Moral Motivation; Emotivism. See Haidt’s new synthesis or Prosocial behavior social intuitionist theory Emotions, understanding mixed, 44, 50, 58 See also centrations or unidimensional thinking under Cognitive developmental approach to morality Empathic bias. See empathy’s limitations and their remedy under Hoffman’s moral theory Empathic over-arousal. See Hoffman’s moral theory

Subject Index ■ 345 Empirical knowledge. See Moral severe offenders, 36, 203–205, 236, motivation 262–263 Equality. See Cognitive-developmental synergy of, 184–186 approach to morality; Reciprocity Think of the Other Person (TOP) Equilibration/disequilibration. See Piaget’s technique, 196–197, 200 theory See also Antisocial or externalizing EQUIP and related programs for treating problem behavior; Bias; Social antisocial behavior perspective-taking or coordination of perspectives adaptations, 201–202 Ethic of autonomy or divinity. See Haidt’s cognitive behavioral approach, 176, 184, new synthesis or social intuitionist theory 262 Ethnocentric bias or conceits, 4, 276 anger management, 157, 176, See also Bias, egocentric or confirmation; cognitive distortions or 185–189, 194–200 thinking errors; self-serving or curriculum, 184–187, 189, 262, 278 aggressogenic, under Antisocial or equipment meetings, 184–201 externalizing problem behavior EQUIPPED for Life game, 186 Eudaimonia, human flourishing, or the moral judgment and Social Decision- good life, 7, 27, 38, 272, 276, 278 Evolution or phylogeny. See Haidt’s new Making meetings, 185–187, 189, synthesis or social intuitionist 191, 193–194 theory and Hoffman’s moral theory relaxation techniques, 187, 196 Existential development. See Gibbs’s two- social skills deficiencies and social phase lifespan view and critique of skills, equipping with, 167–169, Kohlberg’s theory 172–174, 176, 185, 187–189, 191, Externalizing problem behavior. See 195, 197, 200–201, 204, 250 Antisocial or externalizing problem cognitive restructuring, reframing, or behavior correcting cognitive distortions or thinking errors, 178, 186, 202, F 119–120, 278 False moral identity. See Moral identity; evaluations of, 201–203 multi-component, 176, 186–189 Prosocial behavior Multi-Systemic Therapy (MST), 190 Female genital mutilation, 4–6, 20, 33, 37, mutual help approach confronting, 178, 183–184 266 evaluation of, 183–184 See also Moral relativism faith-building opportunities, 178, 278 Festinger, Leon, cognitive dissonance just community, 190, 198 mutual help meetings, 175–176, 178, theory, 247. 184, 194, 202 See also ego, self-concept, or self-esteem negative youth culture, 152, 177 Positive Peer Culture or Guided protected by, and empathy or guilt Group Interaction, 176–178, neutralized by, under Antisocial or 183–184, 191, 262, 278 externalizing problem behavior problem names, 179, 202 Field dependence/independence or relabeling, 178, 187, 194–195 psychological differentiation, 4–5 Responsible Adult Culture, 202 Moral types A/B and, 138–139 social perspective-taking or veridical moral perception and, 139–140 coordination of perspectives in, 16, See also Prosocial behavior 175–178, 183–184, 186, 190–195, Formal operations. See Cognitive 198, 200–203, 205, 262 developmental approach to morality

346 ■ Subject Index care, 18, 22, 25 confabulation, 26, 29, 134 Freud or Freudian psychology 26, 32, 36, conscience, view of, 28–29 81, 131 critique, 4–7, 16, 29–38 culture or cultural diversity, 17–19, Fundamental or universal valuing and moral type B, 138 32–33, 37–38, 63, 73, 81, 258, 266 descriptive inadequacy or negative skew, See also Moral judgment or evaluation 33–35, 268 G dumbfounding, 26, 29–31 Gender differences. See Moral judgment emotivism, 26 enculturation or internalization, 18–19, or evaluation Gibbs’s two-phase lifespan view and 35, 37, 55, 79, 250, 258, 269, 280 ethic of autonomy or divinity, 63 critique of Kohlberg’s theory evolution or phylogeny, 7, 17–18, 20, 22, construction confused with 24–25, 28, 32–33, 37, 241, 243–244, internalization, 84–86, 97 258, 263 conventional level and internal group or in-group solidarity or favoritism, 14, 17, 19–22, 31, contradiction, 88–89 36, 38 ethical philosophy and basic stages, higher reaches of morality, neglect of, 33–36, 96, 258 93–94 inequality aversion, 24 existential development, 11, 16, 33, intuitive or affective primacy, 17, 21–22, 24–25, 31, 38, 269 91–92, 94–97, 188, 208, 216, justice, equality, or reciprocity, view of, 229–230, 232, 239, 250, 252, 259, 17, 22–24, 79 263, 273 loyalty or social conformity, 6, 17–19, post-conventional level, rarification, 22, 31, 147 89–91 modules, biological, 17, 22, 27, 32, 79, standard development, 94–96 268 Golden Rule, 3, 64, 68, 95, 248 moral relativism, 3, 33, 36–37, 265, 266, See also condition of reversibility, 270 interchangeability of perspectives, moral reasoning, role or view of, 22, moral point of view, or third- 29–31 person perspective under Moral nativist or neo-nativist view, 3, 10, judgment or evaluation 22–24, 61–62, 79, 110–111 Gradient of caring. See empathic bias and out-group, hostility against, 18, 20, multiple claimants dilemma under 29–30, 36 Hoffman’s moral theory pragmatic functionalist perspective, 20, Greene’s argument, 266–267. 28, 37 See also deontology under Morality or prescriptivity, exclusion of, 20, 35–36 moral domain; Utilitarianism or prosocial behavior, view of motivation utilitarian philosophy for, 25 Group solidarity. See Haidt’s new synthesis purity or disgust, 6–7, 17 or social intuitionist theory rationality, reason, or truth, view of, 17, Guilt. See Empathy or empathic 22, 24–27, 31–34, 36–37 predisposition; Discipline, social persuasion and success, 17, 20, parental, or socialization and moral 27–29, 33, 73 internalization themes, 17–29, 31 triune brain, 24 H Haidt’s new synthesis or social intuitionist theory analogies, 26–27, 32, 37 assisted externalization, 268 authority, 6–7, 14, 17–18, 21, 32

Subject Index ■ 347 See also brain damage under Antisocial Haidt’s theory, comparison with, 98 or externalizing problem behavior; Kohlberg’s and Hoffman’s theories, Discipline, parental, or socialization and moral internalization; comparison or question of Durkheimian theory or group integration, 1, 106–107, 130–131, solidarity; Female genital 248, 263–264 mutilation; Moral motivation; moral principles, role of, 120–121 Moral relativism multiple claimants dilemma, 117, 207, 236, 250, 254, 265 Happy victimizer phenomenon. See nurturance, role of, 130 Cognitive developmental approach parental discipline techniques, 123–130 to morality. Perceived Parental Discipline (PPD) questionnaire, 275 Here-and-now empathic bias. See affective self-other distinction, self-awareness, or primacy under Moral motivation; self-recognition, 109–111 Hoffman’s moral theory stages, mature and immature, 106–113, 260 sympathy, 102, 112, 114 Heteronomous morality. See centrations Timothy McVeigh, 173–174 or unidimensional thinking under See also affective primacy under Cognitive developmental approach Moral motivation; Discipline, to morality parental, or socialization and moral internalization; Empathy or Hobbesian philosophy, 93, 96 empathic predisposition; Moral See also Gibbs’s lifespan view and motivation; Prosocial behavior critique of Kohlberg’s theory How I Think (HIT) questionnaire, 166–167 See also cognitive distortions or Hoffman, Martin L., 1–2, 37–38, 98 thinking errors, self-serving or See also Hoffman’s moral theory aggressogenic, under Antisocial or externalizing problem behavior; Hoffman’s moral theory EQUIP and related programs for affective primacy in, 98–99, 121–122 treating antisocial behavior. arousal modes, 101–105, 274 cognitive complications I bystander intervention or guilt, 102, 114 Ideal moral reciprocity. See Kohlberg’s causal attribution, 102, 114 empathy-based guilt, 102, 114 moral theory; stages of under Moral empathy, cognitive regulation of, judgment or evaluation; Reciprocity 120–121 Ideal speech, 3 empathic anger, 102, 114 Identity or self-concept, 129, 141, 143, 158, injustice inference, 102, 114–115 161–162, 164–165, 182–183, 222, critique of, 130–132, 173–174 250–251, 253–254, 272 construction, decentration or mental See also Antisocial or externalizing coordination and, 98, 101, 104, 110, problem behavior; Moral identity; 112–114, 118 123–125, 130–131 Near-death experience empathy’s limitations and their remedy Impartial spectator. See condition of empathic bias (here-and-now, reversibility, interchangeability of familiarity-similarity), 12, 14, 19, perspectives, moral point of view, 104–105, 113, 115–117, 119, 136, or third-person perspective under 250, 254, 260, 276 Moral judgment or evaluation empathic over-arousal, 12, 114,115– Inductive discipline. See Discipline, 116, 118, 121, 136, 250, 260 parental, and socialization or moral remedying, 117–121, 260 internalization evidence for Hoffman’s moral socialization theory, 126–128 evolution or phylogeny, 98, 100, 103, 110, 112, 119

348 ■ Subject Index Information-processing models. See invariant sequence, 82–84, 86–89, 91, Prosocial behavior 95–97, 259–260 Interconnectedness, human, 16, 95–96, lifespan moral judgment development, 240, 249–253, 281 94–97 See also Morality or moral domain; longitudinal research, discoveries of, Near-death experience; Reality 86–90 Internalization. See Discipline, parental, moral principles, 84, 91–92, 95, 145 or socialization and moral moral types A/B, 88–89, 138–140, 144 internalization Piaget’s phases, overhaul of, 84–86 preconventional level, 84, 90, 272 Integrity. See Character ideals, qualities, or postconventional or principled level or virtues post-skeptical rationalism, 84, 86, J 88–90, 93, 97, 272 Just World Hypothesis or belief in a just “Stage 7” or cosmic perspective, 1, 11, 16, 91–93, 95, 208, 230, 237–238, world. See Reciprocity 250–251, 255, 259, 263 Just Community programs, 190, 278 stages as schemas, 77–78 transition 4 ½, 86–87, 92, 95 See also EQUIP and related programs for universality claims, 1, 73–75, 81–83, treating antisocial behavior 86, 90 See also Cognitive developmental Justice. See Cognitive developmental approach to morality; Cosmic approach to morality; Moral perspective or Kohlberg’s “Stage” 7; motivation Gibbs’s lifespan view and critique of Kohlberg’s theory; Moral K motivation; Social perspective- Kant or Kantian ethics, 3, 14, 33–34, 37, taking or coordination of perspectives 91–93, 95–97 See also Morality or moral domain L Kaszynski, Theodore, 151 Language-mediated association as mature Kielburger, Craig, 220, 239–242, 249, 255, mode of empathic arousal, 102, 281 104–105, 275 King, Martin Luther., Jr., 230 See also Empathy or empathic Knowledge, categories of. See Moral predisposition; Hoffman’s moral theory motivation Lewis, C. S., 60, 207, 236 Kohlberg, Lawrence, 1, 10, 37, 39, 81, 97 Life review. See Near-death experience Logic or logico-mathematical knowledge. See also Kohlberg’s moral theory See Morality or moral domain; Kohlberg’s moral theory Moral judgment or evaluation; Moral motivation; Reality adult moral development in, 91, 93–94, Locality/non-locality. See Moral 260 perception, reality and Locus of control, internal, or self-efficacy background, 81–84 theory. Prosocial behavior contribution to field of moral Lord of the Flies (Golding), 59 Love development, 11, 81 conventional level, 83–85, 88 Dewey’s emphasis on reflection and trichotomy of levels, 81–84, 90, 97 elitism, 89–90 formal philosophy, 91 gender differences in moral judgment, 273 Heinz dilemma, 83, 87, 89

Subject Index ■ 349 cosmic perspective or deeper reality and, See also empathic bias and multiple 92–93, 136, 207–208, 237, 240, 249 claimants dilemma under Hoffman’s moral theory; Social ideal moral reciprocity or justice and, perspective-taking or coordination 8,148, 207–208, 236, 250, 252 of perspectives empathic bias, 19, 236 Moral courage. See Prosocial behavior near-death experience, 213–214, 220, Moral or sociomoral development. See 230–234, 236–237, 251–252, 254, Cognitive developmental approach 280 to morality; Empathy; Moral See also Hoffman’s moral theory judgment or evaluation; Social Love-withdrawal discipline. See Discipline, perspective-taking or coordination parental, or socialization and moral of perspectives internalization Moral or prosocial education, 36, 115, 119, Loyalty or authority, morality and virtue 185, 190–191, 257, 271 of, 6 See also EQUIP and related programs for See also Haidt’s new synthesis or treating antisocial behavior social intuitionist theory; Moral Moral exemplars. See Prosocial behavior relativism Moral identity. See Moral motivation; Prosocial Behavior M Moral internalization. See Discipline, Mathematical substructures hidden parental, or socialization and moral internalization in the workings of the world. Moral Judgment Interview (MJI). See See Reality Moral judgment or evaluation Maturity. See Empathy or empathic Moral Judgment of the Child (Piaget), predisposition; EQUIP and related 82–83 programs for treating antisocial Moral judgment or evaluation behavior; Moral Judgment or assessment of stages, 71–74 evaluation condition of reversibility, McVeigh, Timothy, 15, 148–151, 153, interchangeability of perspectives, 169–173, 178, 235, 255, 262 moral point of view, or third- See also Antisocial or externalizing person perspective, 2–6, 11 13–14, problem behavior 35, 64–65, 69, 93, 205, 257, 265, 271 Member-of-society perspective. See cross-cultural age trends, 73–75 conventional level under Cognitive definition, 39 developmental approach to developmental delay, 13, 169, 153–155, morality 169, 186 Metacognition. See Empathy or empathic forgiveness and, 66, 148–149 predisposition; Moral judgment or gender differences in, 273 evaluation Moral Judgment Interview, 86, 269, 274 Might-makes-right philosophy, 93, 95–96 moral reform and, 266 See also Gibbs’s two-phase lifespan view moral values, 82–3, 86, 90, 144–145, and critique of Kohlberg’s theory 191, 269 Milgram experiment resisters. See retributive justice or vengeance, 61, 69, Prosocial behavior 95, 148–149, 162, 173, 255, 259, Mimicry as basic mode of empathic 271, 279 arousal, 101–104, 107–108, 116 social institutions and the development See also Empathy or empathic of, 70 predisposition Moral circle, 4, 14, 119

350 ■ Subject Index Moral judgment or evaluation (Cont.) Moral point of view or third-person Sociomoral Reflection Measure-Short perspective. See condition of Form (SRM-SF), 72–76, 259 reversibility, interchangeability of value of avoiding dilemma use, perspectives, moral point of view, 271–272 or third-person perspective under stages, 40, 50, 60–79, 84–97 Moral judgment or evaluation See also Antisocial or externalizing problem behavior; Cognitive Moral principles. See Cognitive developmental approach to developmental approach to morality; EQUIP and related morality; Empathy or empathic programs for treating antisocial predisposition; Kohlberg’s moral behavior; Kohlberg’s moral theory; theory Reciprocity; Social perspective- taking or coordination of Moral reciprocity. See Recipocity perspectives; Moral relativism, 2–4, 33, 36–38, 91, Moral Life of Children, the (Coles), 17, 133 86–88, 92, 95, 258, 266, 270, 273 Moral motivation See also Morality or moral domain, affective primacy, 6, 10, 12–13, 21–22, objective basis of 25–27, 29, 68, 98, 121–123, Moral types A/B. See Kohlberg’s moral 134–136, 241–243, 245–247, 257, 260–261, 267–269, 272–274, 281 theory Moral values. See Moral judgment or cognitive primacy or violations of justice, 1, 3, 11, 13, 16, 18, 30, 38, evaluation 40, 51, 53–56, 59–60, 66–68, 131, Morality or moral domain, 135–136, 241–243, 245–248, 259, 272, 274 ambiguity or conflict in, 9–10 beneficence as a principle, 8–9, 14, 117, co-primacy or dual-process models, 3, 6, 24, 30, 134–137, 240, 244, 248, 260, 246, 257, 268, 269, 273 263, 267, 274. definition, 6–10, 269 deontology, 247, 267 effectance motive, 247, 272, 274 Greene’s argument, 266–267 empirical knowledge and, 54, 78, 125 logic or logical ideals and, 59–60, 207, 242, 245–248 243–244, 271 Kohlberg and Hoffman as guides to, 241 meta-ethical reflection, 95 logico-mathematical or necessary objective basis, 2–3, 5, 37, 17, 265, 279 panoramic memory 233, knowledge and, 54–55, 78–79, purity (vs. disgust) and, 7–8 242–248 reality and, 249–255 moral identity as a source of, 13, 130, social domain theory and, 265 138, 142–143, 240, 276, 281 twofold representation or the right and See also Cognitive developmental approach to morality; Empathy or the good, 8–10, 79, 268 empathic predisposition; Haidt’s See also Cognitive developmental new synthesis or social intuitionist theory; Hoffman’s moral theory; approach to morality; Empathy or Moral judgment or evaluation; empathic predisposition; Hoffman’s Reciprocity moral theory; Kant or Kantian Moral perception ethics; condition of reversibility, information-processing models of, interchangeability of perspectives, 144–146 moral point of view, or third- non-local reality and, 249–255, 279 person perspective under Moral See also Prosocial behavior; Reality judgment or evaluation; Moral motivation; Reality; Reciprocity; Utilitarianism or utilitarian philosophy Motivation. See Moral motivation

Subject Index ■ 351 Multiple claimants dilemma. See Hoffman’s ineffability, 213, 220–221, 229, 280 moral theory life review, 213–214, 217–218, 233–235, Multi-Systemic Therapy (MST), 190 237, 252 See also EQUIP and related programs for light, 211, 213, 231–232, 279–280 treating antisocial behavior oxygen deprivation or cerebral hypoxia, Mutual help approach. See EQUIP and 215, 224 related programs for treating panoramic memory, 233 antisocial behavior proximity to death and, 226 real, do near-death experiencers N Narrative psychology, 3 interpret the experience as, 221–222, 229 See also Moral relativism; Vygotskian surprise in, 219–220 theory See also Consciousness or mind; Empathy or empathic Near-death experience predisposition; multiple claimants accurate, verifiable aspects or veridical dilemma under Hoffman’s moral perception, 222–225, 280 theory; Love; Reality; “Stage after effects, 212, 215, 230–233, 235–236, 7” or cosmic perspective under 254 Kohlberg’s moral theory anomalies of, 218, 220, 229, 251, Negative youth culture. See EQUIP and 253–254 related programs for treating Asian accounts of, 217 antisocial behavior case studies Neo-nativist or nativist views. See Haidt’s Lowery, Pam Reynolds, 209–212, 215, new synthesis or social intuitionist 227–231 237, 251–252, 280 theory; moral relativism Sawyer, Thomas, 209, 212–215, 218, Newborn reactive cry as immature stage of 230–231, 233, 235–236, 251–252, 254 empathic distress, 102, 107 connection or human See also Empathy or empathic interconnectedness, 16, 105–106, predisposition; Hoffman’s moral 231, 237–238, 240, 249–253, 255, theory 257, 281 Nietzchean perspectivism, 4, 14, 28 contextual or cultural influence on See also Moral relativism content, 216–221 Nonsocial cognition. See Cognitive death, does near-death experience developmental approach to happen during near-, 227–229 morality; Conservation knowledge/ definition and types, 16, 208, 217–219 task dissociation and, 279 Nurturance or parental warmth. See distressing versions, 218, 232 Discipline, parental, or socialization dying brain explanations of, 215, 224, 227 and moral internalization empathy and, 207, 254 existential crisis or development and, 11, O 16, 33, 91–92, 94, 95–97, 188, 208, Objectivity. See Rationality or rational 216, 229–230, 232, 239, 250, 252, 259, 263, 273 agency; Morality or moral domain fabrication hypothesis, 227–229 forgiving life and, 252 P hallucinations or dreams and, 215, Paranoid behavior and assuming the worst, 219–222, 224, 227, 229, 274 incidence rate, 217 163, 171 identity or self-concept, 221–222, See also Cognitive distortion or 250–251, 253–254 thinking errors, self-serving or aggressogenic

352 ■ Subject Index Parental discipline. See Discipline, Power-assertive discipline. See Discipline, parental, or socialization and moral parental, or socialization and moral internalization internalization Peer interaction. See Piaget’s theory; Social Pragmatic moral reciprocity. See Moral perspective-taking or coordination judgment or evaluation, stages of of perspectives Preconventional level. See Kohlberg’s moral Perspective-taking. See Social perspective- theory taking or coordination of perspectives Primacy in moral motivation. See Moral motivation Piaget, Jean. See Piaget’s theory Piaget’s theory Proactive aggression. See Aggression, proactive or reactive, under Antisocial adaptation and development, 78–79, or externalizing problem behavior 243–244, 263 Prosocial behavior construction or social construction, 1, case study, 133–137, 140 29, 40, 51–53, 55–61, 63, 65, 69, definition, 133, 273 78–81, 84–85, 93, 97, 125, 131, 135, ego strength, willpower, or self-control 142, 166, 207, 215, 244–247, 249, and, 13, 16, 130, 143–144, 146–148, 253, 259, 267, 270 151,172, 239, 261, 274 empathy and, 99–100, 121–122, 143, 151 critiques of, 40 false or spurious “moral” exemplars, decentration or mental coordination, 148–151, 170 field independence, Moral Type B, or 3, 11, 30, 34, 40, 43–44, 48–49, veridical moral perception 51–52, 55, 61, 79, 85, 95, 114, and, 139–146, 276 147, 246 individual differences in, 137–144 domain-general view, 270 information-processing models and, equilibration/disequilibration, 144–146 equilibrium, assimilation, or locus of control, internal, or self-efficacy accommodation, 56–57, 62, 65, belief, 118, 139, 143–144, 146, 148, 76–78, 88, 186, 246, 251, 254, 272 261 heteronomy, 41, 84 Milgram experiment resisters, 140, influence on Kohlberg, 81–84 143–144 invariant sequence, 82–84, 86–89, 91, moral exemplars, moral courage, or 96–97, 259–260 whistle-blowers, 13, 31, 34,90, 100, logic or rationality inherent in social 113, 119, 136–151, 236, 238–239, relations, 39, 78 255, 257, 261, 273, 276 moral judgment phases, 75–77, 82–83, moral identity and, 13, 77, 118, 129, 133, 106, 259, 272 140–144, 146, 186, 198, 239–241, peer interaction, 56–59, 69–71, 96 255, 257, 261, 276 reflective abstraction, 65 moral judgment stage and, 143–144, See also Bias, egocentric or 148–149 confirmation; Cognitive social perspective-taking or developmental approach to coordination of perspectives and, morality; Social construction; 121–122, Kohlberg’s moral theory; See also Discipline, parental, or Schemas socialization and moral Positive Peer Culture. See EQUIP and internalization; Empathy or related programs for treating empathic predisposition; moral antisocial behavior Types A/B under Kohlberg’s moral Postconventional level. See Kohlberg’s theory; Moral motivation moral theory Post-modernism, 3, 265, 270

Subject Index ■ 353 Psychopathy or callous and unemotional See also Kohlberg’s “Stage 7” or cosmic traits. See Antisocial or perspective under Kohlberg’s moral externalizing problem behavior theory; Near-death experience; Purity (vs. disgust), 5–8, 17–18, 20–24, 26, Reciprocity 32, 34, 37, 204–205, 247, 257, 278. activation of, 145 See also Moral relativism empathy and principle of, 121 equality and, 2, 53–54, 56–57, 136 Q germinal roots or precursors, 23, 35, 61 Quantum reality. See local and nonlocal, Just World Hypothesis or belief in a just world, 102, 105 114–115 subatomic, or quantum under ideal moral reciprocity or reciprocity as Reality constructed ideal, 3–4, 11, 29, 56, 63, 67–70, 72 80, 84–85, 93, 95–96, R 105, 133, 136, 142, 145, 149, 151, Rationality or rational agency, 2–3, 7, 26–27, 191, 205, 207–208, 237, 243, 246, 252, 259, 271 31, 33–34, 36, 39, 59, 71–72, 136, moral reciprocity as societal norm, 146, 205–206, 265, 267, 270, 274 55–57, 68, 266 See also rationality, reason, or truth, view nonsocial cognition and, 55–56 of, under Haidt’s new synthesis or primate societies and, 61–63 social intuitionist theory; objective strong, 67 basis under Morality or moral See also stages under Cognitive- domain developmental approach to Rationalism morality; Morality or moral domain; critiques of Piaget’s theory as conscious, cognitive primacy or violations of 269 justice under Moral motivation post-skeptical, 88 Rawls’s theory of justice, 90, 93 Reframing, aggression inhibition, and See also Gibbs’s two-phase and lifespan moral development, 119–120 view and critique of Kohlberg’s theory See also EQUIP and related programs Reactive aggression. See Aggression, for treating antisocial behavior proactive or reactive, under Antisocial or externalizing problem Relativism, moral or cultural. See Moral behavior relativism Reality cognitive developmental approach to Relaxation techniques. See cognitive morality and a deeper, 1, 53, 239 behavioral approach under EQUIP conservation knowledge and perception and related programs for treating of a deeper, 53, 140, 248–249 antisocial behavior ideal moral reciprocity and a deeper, 207–208 Reversibility, condition of. See Moral Kohlberg’s, Hoffman’s, and Haidt’s judgment or evaluation theories, venturing beyond, 208 local and non-local, subatomic, or Reynolds, Pam. See Near-death experience, quantum, 249, 250–255, 281 case studies. substructures or logico-mathematical underpinnings, 82, 206–207, 236, “Right and Wrong as a Clue to the 244, 248, 254–255, 257, 278–279 Meaning of the Universe” (Lewis, moral perception or inspiration and a C. S.), 207 deeper, 249–255 paradox of, 249, 252, 254, 264, 279 Rural or village cultures and the near-death experience, 217 See also Near-death experience S Sawyer, Thomas. See Near-death experience

354 ■ Subject Index Schemas, 11, 40, 73, 77–79, 82–83, 105, near-death experience or deeper reality 107, 122–123, 127, 131, 140–142, and, 16, 208, 234–236 145–146, 148, 151, 155–156, 167–168, 174, 196, 216, 219, role-taking, opportunities for, 68, 70–71, 229, 240, 242–243, 245–246, 104–105, 274 248, 250–251, 272, 284 research evaluation, 70–71 See also Effectance motive; stages under time-out technique and, 275 Moral judgment or evaluation See also cognitive distortions or Self-awareness. See self-other distinction, thinking errors, self-serving or self-awareness, or self-recognition aggressogenic, under Antisocial or under Empathy or empathic externalizing problem behavior; predisposition; existential Bias, egocentric or confirmation; development under Gibbs’s two- Social construction; Empathy phase lifespan view and critique of or empathic predisposition; Kohlberg’s theory EQUIP and related programs for treating antisocial behavior; Moral Self-control. See ego strength, willpower, judgment or evaluation; Theory of or self-control under Prosocial mind behavior Socialization. See Discipline, parental, or socialization and moral Self-efficacy. See locus of control, internal, internalization or self-efficacy theory Social skills, 13, 133, 167, 174 See also Antisocial or externalizing Self-serving or aggressogenic cognitive problem behavior; EQUIP and distortions or thinking errors. See related programs for treating Antisocial or externalizing problem antisocial behavior behavior Sociomoral Reflection Measure—Short Form (SRM-SF). See Moral Social construction, 40, 51–53, 56–59, 65, judgment or evaluation 85, 125, 142, 259, 270 Spetzler, Robert, 209, 227, 254, 279 Stages. See Cognitive developmental See also development or construction approach to morality; Empathy or as distinct from socialization or empathic predisposition; Kohlberg’s internalization under Cognitive moral theory; Moral judgment or developmental approach to evaluation morality Sympathy. See Empathy or empathic predisposition Social contract or libertarian theories, 86, 88, 91, 93–95 T Texas Youth Commission Capital Offender Social domain theory or social conventions, 3, 8, 265 Group program, 203 See also EQUIP and related programs for Social intuitionist theory or cultural psychology. See Haidt’s new treating antisocial behavior synthesis or social intuitionist Theory of mind, 45 theory See also Social perspective-taking or Social perspective-taking or coordination coordination of perspectives of perspectives Thinking errors and antisocial behavior. appreciation of human diversity and, 4 See cognitive distortions or definition, 1–2, 157 thinking errors, self-serving or empathy or caring and, 15, 101–102, aggressogenic, under Antisocial or 122,151, 203–205, 212, 275, 277 inadequate, self-serving, or manipulative, 131, 156–158 expansion of moral circle or scope and, 1–2, 69–71

Subject Index ■ 355 externalizing problem behavior; V EQUIP and related programs for Victim Awareness programs, 203, 278 treating antisocial behavior Time-out technique, 255, 275 See also EQUIP and related programs Toronto Star, 242, 245 for treating antisocial behavior Transcendental near-death experience. See definition and types under Near- Virtues. See Character ideals, qualities, or death experience virtues Transgression guilt. See Discipline, parental, or socialization and moral Vygotskian theory, 3, 65–66, 85, 125, internalization 271. See also Zone of proximal Turiel, Elliot, 1, 3, 32, 86 development See also Social domain theory 12-Step programs, 200 W See also EQUIP and related programs for Willpower. See ego strength, willpower, treating antisocial behavior or self-control under Prosocial U behavior Unidimensional thinking. See Cognitive Working memory or executive attention. See Cognitive developmental developmental approach to approach to morality morality Utilitarianism or utilitarian philosophy, 3, Y 8, 37, 81, 247, 266–267 Yanomamo Indians, 69, 255 See also Greene’s argument. Youth Charter Programs, 190 Universal morality, Kohlberg’s search for, Youth culture or Positive Peer Culture. See 11, 73, 81–82, 86 See also Kohlberg’s moral theory; EQUIP and related programs for Morality or moral domain; Moral treating antisocial behavior judgment or evaluation Z Zahn-Waxler, Carolyn, 12, 98, 111 Zone of proximal development, 85, 271