IX SOCIAL T.Notes_Socialism in Eurupe (1)

cHAPTER- 2 socialism in europe and the russian revolution • Communist parties were formed like Communist ls and • Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions, they Party of Great Britain. Indus LibCoernaslesr,vaRtiavdieca s opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers. The Gl • USSR style of government was not in keeping • Radicals wanted a nation in which govt. was based on the with the ideals of Russian Revolution. majority of a country’s population. • International reputation of USSR as a socialist • Conservatives opposed to radicals and liberals. country declined. obal TtrihSaeloScCioacloiCtemohtyiaEnnagugnreodofpSeo••cRhNBioaereouvwliurossglcmuhwitttiieeomrsneecolnaoc,mncwugeroarumenpded,.nrwaaailnwgdeascyhspioledoxrpre.anntdoefdacatonrdieIns,dwusotrrkial • Acute problem of grain supplies. Stali Influenc&ethoef CBSE Mind Maps, Social Science, Class - IX • Collectivisation of farms 4 to reduce shortages. y and Society Socialism in Russia • Bolsheviks kept industries & banks nism the Russian ange Support for Socialism • Came in mid-nineteenth century. USSR • Socialists were against private property. nationalised, permitted peasants and The Age of Social Ch • Formed an international body–The Second International. to cultivate land. MaSkioncgieat S Collectivisation • Set up funds to help members in times of distress, ocialyist Revolution demanded reduction of working hours and rights to vote. • Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals The Civil War ThReWeFvhPeoaeObltutrrcCutoitaoohgrnbarya••enidABnCArg?urleeliistneadttdrirniaaaPlRafaoPtnnweodudrEewsRrSTuessuuro-rirssalFko-sceripnGaaiya.neeRcrlameise,navmdnoy,ltiunhteiohenTFhthireestARRWuTuosusrsrlisdbaiunWalenEanmrRt aTpeRnirvedeolution The Russian Empire in and supporters of autocracy Econom condemned the Bolshevik uprising. voluitimoen. The 1905 191 • Conflict between oTfhOe cRtoebvoelru1ti9o1n7 After February • Ruled by Tsar Nicholas II. Provisional Government • Majority religion was Russian and the Bolsheviks. T Orthodox Christianity. • Most people were agriculturists major exporters of grain, railway network extended. • Demanded a Constitution. • Prices of essential goods rose, real wages declined, • Set up a newspaper, mobilised workers • Army officials, landowners and • Bloody Sunday over 100 workers were killed who industrialists were influential. and organised strikes went to Winter Palace to present petition.

SOCIAL SCIENCE GRADE IX / TEACHING NOTES 2. SOCIALISM IN EUROPE AND THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION POINTS TO REMEMBER 1. Bolsheviks :The majority group of the Russian social democratic labour party led by Lenin on the ideology of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 2. Duma : The Russian parliament or legislature. Its members were elected and charged with the responsibility of making laws. 3.Divine Right Theory: The Theory which believed that the king was the representative of God on earth and no one has the right to defy him. This theory was held by the Russian Tsars to perpetuate their autocratic rule. 4. Mensheviks : The minority group of the Russian Social Democratic labour Party formed in 1898. They favoured a government of the type that existed in countries like France and Germany. 5.Red Army : The Army of Revolutionary Russia which fought against the Tsar’s army. It was composed mainly of workers and peasants. 6. Revolution of 1917: It refers to the events of November 1917. Control was in the hands of All Russian Congress of Soviets. Kerensky’s Government was overthrown. 7.Serfdom : Russian type of feudalism under which peasants worked for the landlord in exchange for food and shelter. No wages were paid. 8.Kulaks : Wealthy peasants or Farmers. IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS: 1. Tsar :Title given to the emperor of Russia which was abolished in 1917. 2. Romanov : Name of the dynasty which ruled Russia in 1917. 3. Communism : An economic system in which the means of production is owned by the state. 4. Soviet Union : The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) formed after the overthrown of the Tsarist Empire. 5. Bloody Sunday : A mass of peaceful workers led by Father Gapon were fired upon by the Russian troops when they went to the Winter Palace to present a petition to the Tsar. Heavy casualities ensued. This incident which occurred on Sunday 22nd January, 1905 is known as Bloody Sunday. 6.Council of People’s : The council of representatives of people to whom Commissionpower was transferred after the Russian Revolution. It was headed by Lenin. Teaching Notes 1 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 7. Nationalisation : To bring under government control. 8.Soviet : Council of workers. 9.Suffragette : A movement to give women the right to vote. 10.Jadidists : Muslim reformers within the Russian empire. 11.Autonomy : The right to govern themselves. 12. Deported : Forcibly removed from one’s own country. 13. Exiled : Forced to live away from one’s own country. 14.CollectiveFarms : A large farm owned by the government and worked by hundreds of workers. 15. Requisition : When the government forcibly takes food or property from people, usually in wartime. 16.War Communism : The policy of the Russian government from mid 1918 to 1921 was known as War Communism. It was not one particular law or decree, but a whole series of measures designed to take control of the economy. 17. New Economic policy: Introduced in 1921, it made important changes in the way the soviet economy was organized. 18.Comintern : The Communist International is the organization set up by Lenin to sponsor communist revolutions all over the world. IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES: 1. Lenin : The leader of the Bolshevik Party who led the Russian Revolution in 197. As a result of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany, he withdrew Russia from the First World War and took various measures to make Russia a socialist state. 2.Nicholas II : The Tsar of Russia whose policies precipitated the Russian Revolution. 3.Kerensky : The leader of the Mensheviks party who wanted to establish a parliamentary form of government in Russia. 4.Leon Trotsky : He headed the Petrograd Soviet and played a leading role in the Russian Revolution and was later assassinated by Stalin. 5.Rasputin : An unscrupulous monk whose influence over the royal family was resented the Russian people. 6. Engels : Friedrich Engels in association with Karl Marx published the Communist Manifesto that was the guiding spirit of the Russian Revolution. 7.Rosa Luxemburg and: Leaders of the German revolutionary movement, Karl Liebknecht they tried to foment a revolution in 1919. But the army crushed the revolution. Both were captured and shot. Teaching Notes 2 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 8. Joseph Stalin : He emerged as the leader of the Communist Party after the death of Lenin in 1924. He assumed complete control of the Russian government and its policies till his death in 1953. IMPORTANT EVENTS: 1850s – 1880s : Debates over socialism in Russia. 1898 : Formation of the Russian Social Democratic Workers party. 1905 : The Bloody Sunday and the Revolution of 1905 1917 : 2nd March – Abdication of the Tsar. 1918-20 24thOctober – Bolshevik uprising in the Petrograd. 1919 : The Civil War. 1929 :Formation of Comintern. : Beginning of Collectivization. IMPORTANT DATES 1861 : The Tsar abolished Serfdom. 1883 :George Plekhanov formed the Russian Social 1898 Democratic Party. 1904 :The Russian Social Democratic Party split into two 1905 – the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks. :Outbreak of the Russo-Japanese war. Russia was 1914 defeated by Japan. 1917 : a) Bloody Sunday – on 22nd January, a mass of people were fired at in St. Petersburg while on their 1917 – 20 way to present a petition to the Tsar. 1924 b) The Tsar introduced the October Manifesto which granted freedom of speech, press and association and conferred upon an elected body called the ‘Duma’ the power to make laws. : Outbreak of the First World War. :a) 8th March: Bread riots broke out. b) 15th March: The Romanov dynasty ended with the abdication of the Tsar. Mensheviks under Kerensky came to power. Fall of the Tsar is known as the February Revolution because according to the Old Russian calendar, it occurred on 27th February. c) 7th November: The Bolsheviks under Lenin’s leadership overthrew Kerensky’s government. This is known as the October Revolution because according to the Russian Calendar, it took place on 25th October. : Civil war breaks out in Russia. The Red Army is opposed by the White Army. The former is victorious. : A new constitution gives equality to non-Russian nationalities. Teaching Notes 3 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 1928 : A new constitution gives equality to non-Russian nationalities. 1929 : Beginning of collectivisation 1991 : Breakup of the Soviet Union. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. List some similarities between ‘liberals’ and ‘radicals’. A. Both liberals and radicals firmly believed in value of individual effort, labour and enterprise. They were in favour of privileges based on merit not birth. 2. Who built the cooperative called New Harmony? A. Robert Owen. 3. According to Karl Marx, how could the workers free themselves from Capitalism? A. Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, the workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. 4. Who were the different groups of thinkers in Russia? A. i) Conservatives ii) Socialists iii) Liberals iv) Radicals 5. Who was Robert Owen? Name a cooperative community built by him. A. Robert Owen (1771-1858), a leading English manufacturer, sought to build a cooperative community called New Harmony in Indiana (USA). 6. Who initiated the ideas of communism? A. Karl Marx initiated the ideas of communism. 7. What was Second International? A. Second International was an international body formed in the 1870s. It was set up to coordinate the efforts and ideas of socialists who were spread throughout Europe. 8. Name the Territories that come under Russian Empire. A. Besides the territory around Moscow, the Russian empire included current-day Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus. 9. Give any two reforms introduced by Tsar Nicholas-II immediately after the Revolution of 1905. A. The Tsar Nicholas – II i) Introduced the October manifesto which granted the people freedom of speech, press and association. ii) Power to make laws were conferred upon elected body called the Duma. Teaching Notes 4 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 10. How did the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) enlist support? A. The RSDWP enlisted support by setting up a newspaper, mobilizing workers and organising strikes. 11. Who led the Bolshevik group? A. Vladimir Lenin led the Bolshevik group. 12.What were the contributions of Lenin? A. Contribution of Lenin were: i) Lenin was leader of the Bolshevik party. ii) After assuming power he directed the social and economic revolution of October 1917 and made Russia the first communist state in the world. 13. What did the Jadidists of Russia aimed at? A. Jadidists of Russia wanted to modernize Islam to lead their society. 14. Which incident in the Russian history is known as Bloody Sunday? A. It was an incident in which more than 100 workers who were leading a peaceful procession to Tsar were killed. 15. Why did the name of St. Petersburg changed to Petrograd after 1914 A. Anti-German sentiments during war made the Russians change this name. 16. Why is International Women’s Day celebrated on February 22nd? A. International Women’s Day is celebrated on February 22nd, as a mark of honour, because on this day in Russia manywomen led the way to strikes in factories. 17. What was the most significant result of the February Revolution? A. The February Revolution brought down monarchy in Russia and established a Provincial government. 18. What was Lenin’s ‘April Theses’? A. In 1917, Lenin declared that the war be brought to a close, land be transferred to the peasants, and banks be nationalized. These three demands were Lenin’s ‘April Theses’. 19. Name the ship which played an important role in the assault of the Winter Palace. A. The name of the ship which played an important role in the assault of the Winter Palace was ‘AURORA’ 20. Who were called ‘Whites’ and ‘Greens’? A. The pro Tsarists were called ‘Whites’ and socialist revolutionaries were called ‘Greens’. Teaching Notes 5 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 21. Who were the ‘Reds’? A. The Bolsheviks were called ‘Reds’. 22. Bolsheviks came to power under Lenin using which slogan? A. The Bolshevik slogan was “All Power to the Soviets”. 23. What was collectivization policy? A. Under collectivization, kulaks were eliminated, and their land was taken away from them. It was converted into state-controlled large farms. 24. What were the immediate consequences of centralized planning? A. Centralised planning led to i) Economic growth, ii) Coal, oil and steel production registered 100% increase. iii) New factory cities developed. 25. What were the major changes introduced in Industry by Stalin? Explain. A. i) Industries and banks were nationalized. ii) The government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth during the first two plans. iii) Special stress was laid on iron and steel industry. 26. Which treaty marked the end of Russia’s participation in the First World War? A. The Treaty of Brest Litovsk between Russia and Germany in 1918 marked the end of Russia’s participation in the First World War. 27. Explain three reasons why Japan was victorious in the 1905 Russo- Japanese war? A. i) Japan’s army had been reorganized and re-equipped. ii) Its navy was also a homogeneous, efficient and ably organized force. iii) Besides, Japan had the advantage of being close to the theatre of war whereas Russia had difficulty in reinforcing its far Eastern troops from afar. 28. Write a short note on the role of women in Russia (in between 1900 to 1930). A. Due to industrialisation, women began to work in factories. i) On 22nd February 1917, many women became the leaders in organising strikes in factories. ii) This day came to be called as the International Women’s Day. 29. Define Kulaks and Kolkhoz. A. The wealthy farmers of Russia were known as Kulaks. Kilkhoz were the collective farms, where all peasants were forced to cultivate. Teaching Notes 6 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 30. Who was the leader of a Military Revolutionary Committee appointed by the Soviet to organize seizure of power. A. Leon Trostki SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Who were the liberals? The liberals were not democrats. Justify by giving two examples. A. 1. It was a group of Russian society which wanted to change Russia. Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. 2. a) They did not believe in universal adult franchise, that is, the right of every citizen to vote. b) They felt men who held property mainly should have the right to vote. 2. Who were the radicals? Who were the conservatives? A. i) Radicals were a group of people who wanted a nation in which the government was based on the majority of a country’s population. ii) The conservatives were the group of people who opposed the radicals and liberals. They believed that the past had to be respected, and change had to be brought through a slow process. 3. How did the radicals and the liberals wanted to transform Russian society? A. i) They were in favour of industrialisation. ii) They firmly believed in the value of individual effort, labour and enterprise. iii) They were in favour of the freedom of individuals. iv) They were against aristocracy. 4. Differentiate between the ideology of socialists, liberals and the radicals. A. Liberals and Radicals Socialists 1 Socialists were against 1 They were the owners of private private property. property, and were in favour of private property. 2 According to socialists, the 2 According to them, private private property was the root property was a must for cause of all social ills. economic development. 5. Explain the views of different socialists and philosophers regarding the vision of the future or to transform the society. A. The views of different philosophers of Russia. i) Robert Owen, a leading English manufacturer and a socialist sought to build a cooperative community called the New Harmony, in Indiana. ii) Louis Blanc of France wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace the capitalists. Teaching Notes 7 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE iii) Karl Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation, workers had to construct radically socialist society, where all the properties were socially controlled. iv) Friedrich Engels was also against capitalism. 6. Mention four features of socialism. A. i. Socialists were against private property. ii. Under socialism, the means of production are under the control of the government. iii. Socialists regarded the private property as the root cause of all social evils. iv. Socialism encourages cooperatives. 7. Who was ruling over Russia during the revolution? How was he responsible for the revolution. A. Tsar Nicholas II was ruling over Russia, during the revolution. i) He was an autocrat. ii) Though he created ‘ Duma’ after Revolution, but never cared for it. iii) He was carrying the war against the wishes of the people. iv) He worked under a monk called Rasputin. 8. What were the differences between the Russian peasants from the other peasants of Europe? How were the peasants of Russia different from rest of Europe? A. i) In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles to be given to them. They had no respect for them. Whereas in other parts of Europe, the nobles were respected. ii) Russian farmers pooled their land together periodically, and their commune divided it according to the needs of the individual families. This never happened in other parts of Europe. 9. Mention any four factors responsible for the Russian Revolution of 1905. A. Factors responsible for 1905 revolution are: i) Autocratic rule of the Tsar. ii) Fall in the real wages of the workers. iii) The Bloody Sunday incident in which more than 100 people were killed. iv) Poor condition of the working class. 10. What was the impact of the First World War on the Russian industry? Mention four points. A. i) Russia’s own industries were few in number, and the country was cut off from other suppliers of industrial goods. ii) There was a shortage of workers as able-bodied men were called up to the war. iii) There was shortage of raw materials for the industry. iv) By 1916, the railway line began to break down. There was the problem of transportation. Teaching Notes 8 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 11. Mention any four changes which were introduced by the Bolsheviks after the October Revolution. A. After the October Revolution, Bolsheviks introduced certain changes in Russian society. They are i)Most of the industries and banks were nationalized. ii) Land was declared a social property. iii) A peace treaty was signed with Germany. iv)The use of old titles was banned. 12. Who was Karl Marx? What were his views about capitalism? A. Karl Marx was a socialist. He was against capitalism. According to him, the profit of capitalists was produced by workers. So workers had the right over the profits. He wanted to construct a radically socialist society. He was in favour of a communist society where all the properties were socially controlled. 13. ‘A communist society was the neutral society of the future’. Explain. A. i) Marx was of the opinion that an industrial society was a capitalist society ii) Capitalists earn profits because of workers. iii) To increase his profits the capitalist uses two methods – i.e., either by reducing wages or increasing the working hours. iv) Marx believed that to free themselves from the capitalists, workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all the properties were socially controlled. 14. Explain the economic conditions of the workers before the Russian Revolution. A. i) Most of the industries were the private property of the industrialists. Most of the workers were working for about 10 to 12 hours, a day. ii) They were paid very low wages. iii) The working conditions were also very poor. iv) Women workers made up about 31% of the factory labour, but they were paid less than men. 15. Distinguish between the ideas of liberals and the radicals. A. Radicals Liberals 1 They are argued for a 1 They also argued for a representative, elected representative elected parliamentary government, parliamentary government, but but did not believe in believed in universal adult universal adult franchise. franchise. 2 They felt men of property 2 They felt all citizens should should have the right to vote. have the right to vote. 3 They were in favour of giving 3 They opposed the privileges of privileges to the rich or the the rich or the men of property. men of property Teaching Notes 9 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 16. Name any two socialist parties of Russia with their aims. A. i) The Russian Social Democratic Workers Party: The party was founded in 1898 by the socialists, who respected Karl Marx’s ideas. They wanted to put an end to the capitalist system. ii) Socialist Revolutionary Party: It was founded in 1900. The party struggled for peasants rights and demanded that land belonging to the nobels be transferred to the peasants. 17. Different between the ideas of the Bolsheviks and the Mensheiks. A. Mensheviks Bolsheviks 1 Vladimir Lenin was the leader 1 Alexander Kerensky was the of the party leader of the party. 2 Lenin thought that in a 2 This party was liberal and open repressive society like the to all. Tsarist Russia, the party should be disciplined and should control the number and quality of its members. 3 They wanted to transform 3 They wanted to transform the Russian society through society through education and revolution reforms among the workers. 18. Write a note on the ‘Bloody Sunday’ incident OR Which incident came to be known as ‘Bloody Sunday’? What were its consequences? A. In January 1905, a large number of peaceful workers led by Father Gapon reached the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar. The workers were attacked by the police. Over 100 workers were killed and about 300 wounded. Since the incident took place on Sunday, it is known as ‘Bloody Sunday’ Consequences:Czar under pressure from the mases was forced to announce his manifesto which lead to the formation of Duma. 19. Describe the three reforms introduced in Russia by Czar Nicholas – II after the revolution? A. i) The Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative Parliament of Duma. ii) Most of the trade unions and committees were declared illegal. iii) Severe restrictions were imposed on various political activities. iv) The Tsar changed the voting laws, and packed the Duma with conservatives who were in favour of old traditions. 20. Who was Lenin? What was ‘April Theses’? OR Who was Lenin? What was his contribution in the Russian Revolution? Teaching Notes 10 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE A. Lenin was one of the most important leaders of the Bolshevik party. It was he who led the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was exiled for taking part in the 1905 revolution. i) He declared that the war be brought to a close. ii) Land be transferred to the peasants. iii) Banks be nationalized. These three demands were Lenin’s April Theses. He also argued that the Bolshevik party renamed itself the Communist Party to indicate its new radical aims. 21. Why Socialists were against private property? A. Socialists were against private property, and saw it as the root of all social ills of the time. Individuals owned the property that gave employment but the propertied were concerned only with personal gain and not with the welfare of those who made the property productive. So if society as a whole rather than single individual controlled property, more attention would be paid to collective social interests. Socialists wanted this change and campaigned for it. 22. State any three consequences of the February Revolution over Russia. A. Consequences of February Revolution. i) The government suspended the Duma. ii) People raised slogans about bread, wages, better hours and democracy. iii) Police headquarters were ransacked. iv) Cavalry refused to fire at the demonstrators. v) Soldiers joined the workers to form a council called the Soviet 23. What is meant by ‘October revolution’? A. It was the revolution which occurred in October 1917. It was led by Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party under the leadership of Lenin. A military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotsky to organize the seizure. The uprising began on 24th October. Though Prime Minister Kerensky resisted but the seizure was complete within a day. The Bolshevik Party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik). In November 1917, the Bolsheviks conducted the elections to the Constituent Assembly, but they failed to gain majority support. In January 1918, the assembly rejected Bolshevik measures and Lenin dismissed the assembly. 24. State the three measures taken by the Provincial Government to suppress the Bolshevik influence. A. i) The Provincial Government took stern measures against the discontent. ii) Sternly represented Bolshevik demonstration, as a result many Bolsheviks had to flee. iii) Seized the buildings of Bolshevik newspapers. iv) Took over Telephone and telegraph offices to protect the Winter Palace Teaching Notes 11 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 25. Explain the New Economic Policy of Lenin. A. i) The New Economic Policy allowed individual to buy, sell and trade in farm products. ii) Major industries, remained under government control, small businesses and home industries could be privately owned and operated for profit. Foreign capital was welcomed for development of state industries and investment promised a high rate of return. iii) This policy helped the Russian economy improve and the economic conditions of ordinary people improved. 26. Write a short note on Kulaks. A i) Kulaks is the Russian name for well to do peasants. Stalin took the decision to develop modern farms and run them along industrial lines. ii) For this purpose it was necessary to eliminate kulaks, take away their lands and establish state controlled large farms. Stalin’s collectivization plan was bitterly resisted by the kulaks, many of whom destroyed their livestock. iii) Thousands of kulaks were executed when they attempted to withhold their lands from collectivization. Many others were imprisoned or exiled. 27. What was a Duma? A. i) Duma was the Russian parliament or legislature. Its members were elected and charged with the responsibility of making laws. An elected Duma came into being after the 1905 Revolution. ii) But friction between its members allowed power to slowly slip back into the Tsar’s hand. The Tsar dismissed the First Duma within 75 days and re-elected second Duma within three months. iii) He changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative politicians. Liberals and revolutionaries were kept out. iv) Most industries was the private property of industrialists. 28. Who were the Utopian Socialists? What kind of society did they envisage? A. Utopian socialists believed in the idea of cooperatives. Cooperatives were to replace capitalist enterprises. Cooperatives were to be associations of people who produced goods together and divided the profit according to the work done by the members. However, there were differences among Utopian socialists as to how these cooperatives were to be built. Robert Owen suggested cooperative be built on individual initiative. Other socialists like Louis Blanc felt cooperatives could not be built on a wide scale through individual attention and demanded government initiative. 29. State any three steps taken to improve the condition of factory workers and peasants in Russia after the civil war. A. Three steps are: i) Industries and banks were nationalized. ii) Peasants were permitted to cultivate land. Teaching Notes 12 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE iii) Extended schooling was developed. iv) Workers and peasants could enter universities. v) Creches were established in factories. LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1. Explain the views of socialists on private property. Name the international body set up spread and coordinate their efforts. A. i) Socialists were against private property and saw it as a root of all social evils. ii) They favoured society as a whole rather than single individual. iii) Marx stated that under capitalist’s society the main object of the industrialist was to earn profit. He believed the condition of the workers could not improve as long as this profit was accumulated by private capitalists. iv) For this, workers had to overthrow capitalism and rule of private property. They had to construct a radically socialist society where all property was socially controlled. This would be communist society. v) A communist society was the natural society of the future. To coordinate their efforts socialists formed the international body namely the ‘Second International’. 2. Explain the impact of the Russian Revolution on Russia and the World. A. The Russian Revolution brought certain changes in the world. The impacts were: i) Industrial Growth and Economic Development: The new government followed socialism. A New Economic Policy was adopted in 1921. Under this policy it was decided to develop the economy through Five-Year Plans. All the means of production were nationalized. ii) Removal of poverty: With the growth of industrial and agricultural production, poverty started disappearing, and the country moved on to the path of prosperity. iii) Emergence of Russia as a World Power: The new government adopted the policy of economic development. The new policy promoted modern technology. It gave a boost to industry and agriculture. Economic and social policies adopted by the government made Russia not only a major power of Europe but of the whole world. iv) Promotion of Socialism and Communism: The Russian Revolution helped in the spread of socialism and communism in the world. The communist parties were formed in most countries of the world. Communist governments were established in many countries like Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and China. v) Redefining of Democracy: After the revolution, it was felt that mere political democracy has got no meaning without social and economic equality. Teaching Notes 13 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE 3. Mention any four factors responsible for the failure of Provisional Government which was formed after the February Revolution. OR Why did the Kerenskii Government become unpopular in Russia? A. The reasons for the unpopularity of Kerenski’s Government were: i. Lenin: In April 1917, the Bolshevik leaders, Lenin returned to Russia from his exile. He put forward the ‘April Theses’ due to which he got full support from the Russian workers. ii.Trade unions and other organisations: After the February revolution, workers were free to form associations and unions. So trade unions grew in number. iii.Role of the Bolshevik party: The Bolshevik party played a leading role. Bolshevik party got full support from the army and the police. iv.Non – fulfillment of demands: The Provisional Government failed to meet any of the demands of the workers and the common people. 4. What were the three main causes of the Civil war between Bolsheviks and Russian army, the Non-Bolshevik socialist? A. i. When the Bolsheviks ordered land redistribution, the Russian army began to break up. ii. Soldiers, mostly peasants, wished to go home for the redistribution and deserted. iii. Non-Bolshevik socialists, liberals and supporters of autocracy condemned the Bolshevik uprising. iv.Their leaders moved to south Russia and organized troops to fight the Bolsheviks (the ‘reds’). During 1918 and 1919, the ‘greens’ (Socialist Revolutionaries) and ‘whites’ (pro-Tsarists) controlled most of the Russian empire. v.They were backed by French, American, British and Japanese troops – all those forces who were worried at the growth of socialism in Russia. vi. As these troops and the Bolsheviks fought a civil war, looting, banditry and famine became common. vii. Supporters of private property among ‘whites’ took harsh steps with peasants who had seized land. Such actions led to the loss of popular support for the non-Bolsheviks. 5. How far the economic and social conditions of Russia were responsible for the Russian Revolution. Explain by giving examples. OR Describe the circumstances which were responsible for the Russian Revolution. A. i. Agrarian economy and poor condition of the peasants: At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 85% of Russian population earned their living from agriculture. Most of the land was owned by rich people. Most of the peasants worked from dawn to dusk with very low wages or share. Most of the peasants were against the rich and the nobles. ii. Poor condition of workers: Most of the industry was controlled by the private individuals. In craft units, and small workshops, the working day Teaching Notes 14 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE was sometimes 15 hours. Most of the workers were working and living in poor conditions. Most of the workers were ill paid. iii.Unemployment: Unemployment rate was very high. The rich industrialists were exploiting the workers. iv.High prices: Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20%. v.Condition of women: Most of the women were working in small factories. Women made up about 31% of the factory labour force. They were paid less wage, and were forced to work for long hours. When they launched an agitation, they were fired at by the police. 6. Explain the collectivization policy of Stalin. OR What were the major changes introduced in agriculture by Stalin? Explain. A. i. The collectivization policy was introduced by Stalin who came to power after the death of Lenin. ii. The main reason was the shortage of grain supplies. iii.It was argued that grain shortage was partly due to the small size of the holding. iv. After 1917, the land had been given over to peasants. These small- sized peasants farms could not be modernized. To develop modern farms, and run them along industrial lines with machinery, it was necessary to eliminate ‘Kulaks’ take away land from peasants, and establish state- controlled large farms. v.From 1929, the government forced all peasants to cultivate in collective farms (kolkhoz). The bulk of land and implements were transferred to the ownership of collective farms. Peasants worked on the land, and the kolkhoz profit was shared. vi. Enraged peasants resisted the authorities, and destroyed their livestock. Between 1929 and 1931 the number of cattle fell by one-third. Those who resisted collectivization were severely punished. Many were deported and exiled. vii. As they resisted collectivization, peasants argued that they were not rich, and were not against socialism. They did not want to work in collective farms for a variety of reasons. viii. Stalin’s government allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such cultivation unsympathetically. ix. In spite of collectivization, production did not increase immediately. In fact, the bad harvest of 1930-1933 led to one of the most devastating famines in Soviet, history when over 4 million died. 7. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917? A. i. Revolution of 1905: The revolution of 1905 had a deep impact on the Russian people. Through the Tsar announced the creation of an elected Consultative Parliament or Duma, but he never allowed it to work. ii.FirstWorld War: The First World War broke in 1914. The Tsar took Russia into the war. This proved fatal, and brought the final breakdown of Teaching Notes 15 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE the Russian autocracy. During the war period, there was shortage of production which gave birth to an economic crisis. By February 1917, 700000 soldiers had been killed in the war. In order to increase the strength of the army farmers and workers were forcibly recruited to the army. Soon there was discontent among the masses. iii.Immediate Cause: Shortage of food became the immediate cause of the revolution. i) It began with a demonstration by the working class women trying to purchase bread on March 7, 1917. ii) A general strike of workers followed, which was soon joined by soldiers and others. On March 12, the capital city of St. Petersburg fell into the hands of the revolutionaries. 8. What were the Global influence of Russian Revolution? A. i. In many countries, communist parties were formed – like the Communist Party of Great Britain. ii. The Bolsheviks encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment. iii. The Bolshevik – founded Comintern (an international union of pro- Bolshevik socialist parties). iv. Some received education in the USSR’s Communist University of the Workers of the East. 9. Describe February Revolution in 1917 and October Revolution of 1917 in brief. A. February Revolution: i) Factory locked out on the right bank on 22nd February. ii) Sympathy strike was done by workers in 50 factories on 23rd February. iii) 25th February, government suspended the Duma and demonstrators came on roads. iv) Police headquarters were ransacked by workers. Regiment supported the workers and they formed the Petrograd Soviet. v) 2nd March, Tsar abdicated and Soviet and Duma leaders formed the Provisional Government. October Revolution: i) 16thOctober, Vladimir Lenin the Bolshevik leader persuaded the Petrograd Soviet. ii) A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet. iii) The Military Committee seized the government offices and arrested ministers. iv) The Winter Palace was shelled. v) Ministers of the Provisional Government surrendered. vi) The Bolsheviks gained control. NCERT QUESTIONS 1. What were the social, economic and political conditions in Russia before 1905? A. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS: Teaching Notes 16 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE i. Agrarian economy and poor condition of the peasants: At the beginning of the 20th century, more than 85% of Russian population earned their living from agriculture. Most of the land was owned by rich people. Most of the peasants worked from dawn to dusk with very low wages or share. Most of the peasants were against the rich and the nobles. ii. Poor condition of workers: Most of the industry was controlled by the Private individuals. In craft units, and small workshops, the working day was sometimes 15 hours. Most of the workers were working and living in poor conditions. Most of the workers were ill-paid. iii. Unemployment: Unemployment rate was very high. The rich industralists were exploiting the workers. iv.High Prices: Prices of essential goods rose so quickly that real wages declined by 20%. v.Condition of Women: Most of the women were working in small factories. Women made up about 31% of the factory labour force. They were paid less wages, and were forced to work for long hours. When they launched an agitation they were fired at by the police. POLITICAL CONDITIONS: 1. Autocracy: i) Tsar Nicholas II, during whose regime the Bolshevik Revolution broke out, was an inefficient and short-sighted person. He was a ruthless ruler having no concern with administration or the welfare of his subjects. ii) The Tsar was dominated by his German wife, Tsarina-Alexandra, who was under great influence of a hypocritical and corrupt saint Rasputin, the Holy Devil. iii) The common masses or their representatives had no participation in the political system of the country. 2. Different groups: Different types of groups were prevailing in Russia. Liberals, radicals, conservatives and socialists were the most important. Both liberals and radicals were against the dynastic rules. Conservatives were in favour of the dynastic rule. The Socialists, wanted that means of production should be controlled by the government. They were against the private property. 3. Workers organisations: There were many workers organisations. Though all were illegal, but they had an impact on the political system of Russia. The Socialist Revolutionary Party which was formed in 190 was the most important. It was divided into two parties. i.e., the Bolsheviks were responsible for the 1917 revolution. 2. In what ways was the working population in Russia different from other countries in Europe, before 1917? A. i. The working class of Russia had no respect for the nobility. Nobles got their no respect for the nobility. Nobles got their power and position through their services to the Tsar, not through local popularity. This was unlike France where, during the French Revolution in Brittany, Peasant respected nobles and fought for them. Teaching Notes 17 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE ii. In Russia, peasants wanted the land of the nobles to given to them. Frequently they refused to pay rent, and even murdered landlords in 1902, this occurred on a large scale in South Russia. And in 1905, such incidents took place all over Russia. iii.Russian peasants were different from other European peasants in an other way. They pooled their land together periodically and their commune (mid) divided it according to the needs of the individual families. 3. Why did the Tsarist autocracy collapse in 1917? A. i. The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 because of public mistrust and a growing dissatisfaction with the Tsar’s policies. ii. The Tsar, Nicholas II imposed restrictions on political activity, changed existing laws and dismissed any questioning or restrictions on his authority. iii. Industry was badly affected by the First World war. Imports were cut off due to German control of the Baltic Sea. iv.Industrial equipment started disintegrated and the railway lines were broken by 1916. v. Riots in bread shops became a common sight. On 26th February, 1917 the government suspended the Duma. vi. The Tsar was forced to abdicate on 2nd March, 1917. Thereby marking the end of his autocracy. vii. The peasants worked as serf on the land and much of their produce went into the hands of landowners and the privileged classes. viii. The autocratic rule of the Tsar had become quite unproductive. He was a self willed, corrupt and oppressive ruler who never cared for the welfare of the people or the country. ix. The teachings of Karl Marx also encouraged to people to raise a standard revolt. 4. Trace out the main changes brought about by the Bolshevik immediately after the October Revolution? A. Changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the October Revolution include: i. TheBolsheviks were not in favour of any private property. Hence most industries and banks were nationalist. ii. Land was declared social property and peasants were allowed to seize the land on which they worked. iii. In cities the large houses were partitioned according to family requirements. iv. Use of old titles of aristocracy was banned. v. To assert the change Bolsheviks introduced new uniforms for the army and officials. vi. The Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik) vii. In November the Bolsheviks lost in the elections to the constituent Assembly and when in January 1918, the Assembly rejected their measures, Lenin dismissed the Assembly. In March 1918, despite political opposition Russia signed a peace treaty with Germany at Brest Litovsk. Teaching Notes 18 Social

SOCIAL SCIENCE viii. Russia became a one-party state and trade unions kept under party control. ix. For the first time they introduced a centralized planning on the basis of which five year plans were made. 5. Write a few lines to show what you know about: A. Kulaks: i. Kulaks were the wealthy peasants of Russia. Stain believed that they were hoarding grains to gain more profit. ii. Soviet Russia were facing an acute problem of grain supplies. Hence, these Kulaks were raided in 1928 and their supplies were seized. iii. Kulaks were a ‘class enemy’ of the poor peasants. iv. Their desire for profit led to food shortages and ultimately, Stalin had to put the collectivization programme to eliminate them Kulaks, and establish large, state-controlled farms. Duma: i. During 1905 revolution, the Tsar allowed the creation of an elected consultative parliament in Russia this elected consultative parliament in Russia was called duma. ii. It was initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the October Manifesto, Tsar Nicholas II endowed to with legislative powers. Women workers between 1900 and 1930: i. The women workers played a major role in shaping the future of Russia. They made up to 31% of the factory labour force by 1914, but were paid less than men. ii. Women workers had not only to work in factories but also had to look after their families and children. iii. They were also very active in all affairs of the country. The Liberals: i. The Liberals in Russia were those persons who wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. ii. They opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rules. iii. They wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments. iv. They did not believe in universal adult franchise (the rights of every citizen to vote). They felt men of property mainly should have the vote. They did not want the vote for women. v. They wanted an independent judiciary. Although the liberals wanted an elected parliamentary form of the governance. Teaching Notes 19 Social