Cross cultural communication strategies draft and final edit (Autosaved)

14. T: what ethnic group they are/ 15. G: oh they Lentan , ok let me explain you about Lentan people , they came from the Tibet from China abut many years ago, some old people they still be able to speak and write Chinese 16. T: very nice every ones are wearing black suit, 17. G; yeah , it is their traditional suit, they make by themselves or their own fabric cotton and can dive by themselves, then you can see they also can make paper by themselves 18. T: really? Every family make the paper? 19. G: er ……..er not sure , but I think every family make it (look around think) 20. T:ok , so how do they paper? 21. G: traditional name is Sa paper, first soaked bamboo shoots for a few months then mashed them and dry them on piece cloth in sun, it is very good for writing, and stay last. 22. TS: ok 23. G: these are bamboo house, some families don’t like to make ground floor like this, they build same other ethnic group as you see high floor, but some still make like this 24. T; ok, this is Lentan traditional house? 25. G: yes 26. T: Could you ask them whether we can have a look inside or not ? 27. G: Hmn ……..er I will ask them for permission sabaidee Ai khor berng nai hern dai bor? House owner: Bor pen yang (walk back to tourist) Ok guy we can look in side 28. T: ah thank you 29. G: when the rain come in side they get wet in side 30. T: uh yeab 31. G: just the roof this one they take from rattan leaves, just two years then they take off and make the new one, but now I don’t know why they they don’t take off the roof, but yearly rainy just in June and july a lot of rain may be they get wet in side 32. T: so every two years they remove the roof 33. T1: every where 34. G: yeab they take off the roof 99

35. T: they do the same, 36. G: yeab the same they have the money they make the good house, they don’t have the money make like this 37. T: this is another good house 38. G: for the animal they have pig,here very big pig Topic avoidance 39. T: every nice 40. Ts: Israeli 41. G: this ones they collect from the forest they make like glue like sticky 42. T: uh glue 43. T1: yeab 44. G : this water ….. not clear they export to China when they make it dry, everything from Laos 45. T: can I ask you a few question 46. G: yeab sure 47. T: do you have any idea for how long the Lenten moved to Laos 48. G; more because before second war with the war about forty or fifty years ago 49. T; you say those people the Lenten people are here in Laos for forty or fifty years ago 50. G: there is one percent about fifty years ago they are from China 51. T: fifty years ago? Confirmation check 52. G: yeab 53. T : fifty years ago that’s not long time 54. T: ok do they speak the same language in Lao 55. G; no they speak only dialect 56. T: which a kind of Chinese dialect right 57. G: yeab yeab 58. T; ok 59. G; some people they can speak the Chinese very old one ok ok we continue Circumlocution Transcript 6 At Tasae village ( 3rd village ) 100

1. G : this is Tasae village or Namha village 2. T: oh two names 3. G: Namha is Khmu village (.) uh they believe spirit 4. T: there may kind of spirit right ? 5. T: they believe in parents spirit? 6. G : yeah (..) but only parents spirit tree spirit, (..) village spirit 7. TS: Ok 8. T1: Can you explain how do they believe ? 9. T: uh (….) uh they believe in many 10. T1: what do they do for believe ? 11. G: or when new year they(.) they celebrate new year and they (..) uh worship the spirit some food they prepare. 12. T: ok …………………….. 90. G; The people in the village (.) they don’t have jobs 91. T: so what do they do? 92. G: they are (.) half farmer and gardener uh (…) some people have rice field some people don’t have. They plant corn (..) oil three for sale to China. 93. Ok How much money they can make ? 94. Not much Transcript 7 At Namdee village ( 4th village ) 1. G: This is Lenten village, there abot 50 houses in this village, in the past they are from China ? 2. T: Oh really? 3. T1: So they can speak Chinese right ? 4. G: Yeah but chinese dialect not mandarin 5. T1: Can they write ? 6. Uh not sure , may be they can write,(…….) uh Lenten people they like to build hut like this and (…) ground floor 7. But I can see same houses are high floor 101

8. G; Ok today they learn from another ethnic group you see when we passed 9. T: ok 10. G: oh they Lentan ,they can make much money they have many rubber tree garden , they have water fall they have rice field 11. T: good 12. G; yeah , this minority they can make traditional suit, they make by themselves and can dive by themselves, then you can see they also can make paper by themselves 13. T: how do they make the suit , do they weave ? 14. G: er ……..er yeah they weave by themselves foreign people like to buy from them for lao people together is expensive 100. G: it is not big water fall right ? 101. T: very peaceful . (…..) I love it 102: G: you want to take a photo? 103: Ok 104: 1 2 3 chees onr more time 123 chees 105: ok thanks 106: You’re well come Transcript 8 At chalern souk village (5th village) 1. G : this is Tasae village or Namha village 2. T: oh two names 3. G: Namha is Khmu village (.) uh they believe spirit 4. T: there may kind of spirit right ? 5. T: Ok 6. G : some families in the past believe in Buddhist 7. TS: Ok 102

8. T1: Do they stil believe in Buddhist? 9. T: uh (….) uh Now they don’t have the temple 10. T1: what do they do for believe ? spirit ? 11. G:Yeah they celebrate new year and they worship the spirit some food they prepare at their houses 12. T: ok …………………….. 75. T: what are the main jobs people in this do? 76. G: they do may thing s they don’t have main jobs half farmer and gardener uh (…) some people have rice field some people don’t have. They plant corn (..) oil three for sale to China. Some people are government official 77. T: government official? interesting 78. G: they go work in the official then the evening in the garden many many jobs 79. T: Many job right? 80. G: yeah Transcript 9 Excerpt (J)At Chalernsook village 1. G : Ok it’s not very far from the town right 2. T: I think so 3. G: this is Khmmu village but it’s quite different from other Khmmu village look at the house are similar Lao Loum houses 4. T: what is Lao Loum ? 5. G: Lao people an ethnic group or 6. TS: Ok 7. G: this is Chalernsouk village uh (….) uh they 71 houses it’s quite big village 8. T: Do you know how big is the family? 9. G: some family have a few people , but big family have many many about more ten people 10. T; More than ten ? 11. G: yeah big 103

12. T : very big, or expanding family 13. T1: Do they have temple what do they do for believe ? 14. G:No they don’t have temple they belive in spirit 15. T: ok …………………….. 100.G; many people are between jobs uh (.) they are farmer and gardener 101.T: hmn how many times do they plant the rice a year 102.G: only one because wait for water some people plant corn (..) oil three ans some people plant rubber tree and vegetable 103.Where do they sell their crop 104.G : To China export to China. APPENDIX F Transcription of Interview Summary interview of Guide 1 Name: A 1. My name is………. 2. I didn’t study English from school, I learnt from leader guide and tourists 104

3. I started to be tour guide in 2003, that time I was assistant guide I carried things and listened to them, I was assistant guide for 4year, then started to be leader tour guide. 4. They are very different some people want to see village some people want to trek and some people want to do kayaking. If they are interested some thing they have question if they don’t just keep walking, 5. when they didn’t know what I said , I speak slowly, repeated many times until they understand. When I don’t understand them I said can you say again, excuse me what what do you say? I have nothing to tell about for foreign tourists 6. The difficulties for me some times I don’t understand them Name B 1. My name is ……………. 2. I studied English from English special at Luangnamtha TTC 3. I have just started to be tour guide last year, I don’t have much experiences about tour guide, but think it is not very difficult, because I know how to explain in the village and forest, I went many times. 4. Foreign people they like to go trekking they like forest some foreign ask a lot of question but some people they don’t 5. when foreigners don’t understand me I use body language for help and change the sentences and explain again 6. for communication nothing is difficult for food is difficult because foreign tourists don’t eat the same food Name C 1. My name is ……………. 2. I studied English from special course 3. I started to be tour guide in 2009, that time I was assistant guide I carried things and listened to them, I was assistant guide for 1 year, then started to be leader tour guide 4. Foreign people are freedom they are not the same very different some people want to see village some people want to trek and some kayaking, 105

5. when they didn’t understand me what I speak I speak again and again to make them understand me and I speak slow. When I don’t understand them I said can you say parden agin? What?, 6. My difficulties is foreign accent Name D 1. My name is……………. 2. I didn’t study English from school , 3. I began to be guide more than five year, I have much experiences about tour guide, 4. They only like to go trekking, see minority people 5. I explain a lot when they don’t understand I use body language for help and change the sentences and explain again. 6. Difficult to pronounce and difficult to understand accent Name E 1. My name is ……………….. 2. I was tour guide in 2013, 3. studied English from special course foreign people want to see forest 4. they like forest, I enjoy trekking 5. they don’t understand I say again and again and use body language, when I don’t understand them I said can you say I don’t understand you say or again ? what? they say in their country they don’t have forest, I explain them until they understand, if they didn’t understand me what I change the sentence and used body language and explain again to make them understand . 6. No there is no difficulties Name: F 1. My name is ………….. 2. I didn’t study english from school I learnt from leader guide and foreign. 3. I started to be tour guide in 2012, 4. If they are interested some thing they have question if they don’t just keep walking, 106

5. when they didn’t know what I said , I speak slowly, repeated many times until they understand. When I don’t understand them I said can you say again, excuse me what what do you say don’t how to explain about 6. my difficulties is accent I sometime don’t understand their pronunciation Name: G 1. My name is ……………. 2. I study English from English special course 3. I started to be tour guide in 2013, I dind’t study English from school, that time I was assistant guide I carried things and listened to them, I was assistant guide for 4 year, then started to be first tour guide. 4. They are very different, some people want to see village some people want to trek and some people want to do kayaking. If they are interested some thing they have question if they don’t just keep walking, 5. when they didn’t know what I said , I speak slowly, repeated many times until they understand. When I don’t understand them I said can you say again, excuse me what what do you say? 6. I have nothing to tell about for foreign tourists Name: H 1. My name is ……………….. 2. I study English from English special course 3. I started to be tour guide in 2013, 4. , They are very different some people wan t to see village some people want to trek and some people want to do kayaking. Think they just want to relax they don’t have many question if they don’t just keep walking, 5. when they didn’t know what I said , I change sentence and words understand. When I don’t understand them I said can you say again, excuse me what do you say? 6. Yes, I have difficulties with accent, Lao and foreign is different culture but we can understand be cause we use english 107

Name: I 1. my name is 2. I started to be tour guide in 2011, 3. I study English from English special course, that time I was assistant guide for 1 year, then started to be first tour guide. 4. They are very different some people wan t to see village some people want to trek and some people want to do kayaking. If they are interested some thing they have question if they don’t just keep walking, 5. when they didn’t know what I said, I say again and use body language 6. My difficulties are pronunciation foreign said that my pronunciation isn’t correct some time also don’t understand them I tell them to say again Summary interview of foreign tourists Name A 1. My name is Anna 2. I am from Russia 3. I travelled for a few months, I’ve been many Asian country, Laos beautiful country 4. they are generous, I sometime I don’t understand their pronunciation I tell them to repeat by saying sorry 5. basically they can understand and I can understand them, when I don’t just ask them What? Can you say it again, they ask lack of English vocabulary 6. my difficulties their pronunciation, I some times don’t understand what they say Name B 1. My name is Chingpi 2. I am from China I have summer for two months, my yearly holiday, 3. I traveled for two months in Indochina 4. Lao people are generous they smile, they are helpful, 5. tour guide yes I can understand them they speak slow so can understand, their pronunciation is poor, and some time speak only word no sentence, 6. no difficulty they can understand me and I can understand them , when I don’t understand what they say, I just ask them to repeat sorry, what? 108

Name C 1. My name is 2. I am from France I travelled for more than a three months . I finnish my study in France, then came to study English in Australia a year now I finished my course and take trip then I find a job in France, 3. I travel for three months if your English poor and you I don’t have experience travelling is difficult for you to find a job, 4. Tour guide are sincere, they do their best for trekking 5. I say could say that again, sorry, yeah I think some time is difficult because we don’t have thing like here so may we don’t understand some when tour guide explain, I mean just very few thing 6. their pronunciation is very difficult to understand, Name D 1. My name is 2. I study English since primary school 3. I am from Israel I travel for 4 months, I just finished my study I don’t have a job after travelling I will find a job, I travel for three months 4. Lao people are generous they smile, 5. they can understand me but me some time don’t, when I don’t understand what they say, I just ask them to repeat sorry? And they don’t understand me I repeat again and change the words 6. no no difficulty, but tour guide talk less, I want to know something in the village but they can explain Name E 1. My name is 2. I am native speaker 3. I am from England I travelled for two months, I’ve a few Asian country thailant Cambodia, Vietnam and and Laos, Laos beautiful country 4. I like the they have beautiful smiling, and they are generous, 5. When tour guide don’t understand me I repeat, miming and change the words 109

6. I can understand them, there is no difficulties for communication Name F 1. 1. My name is anna 2. I am from France 3. I travelled for six months, I’ve been many Asian countries 4. they are generous, I sometime I don’t understand their pronunciation I tell them to repeat by saying sorry 5. when they don’t understand me I can paraphrase, explain and body language 6. my difficulties their pronunciation, I some times don’t understand what they say Name G 1. My name is 2. I learnt English from school 3. I am from Japan I travelled for 4 months, I’ve been a few ASEAN country Thailand Cambodia,Vietnam and and Laos, 4. I like the they have beautiful smiling, and they are generous, 5. when they don’t understand my pronunciation I repeat , speak slowly 6. no nothing difficult Name H 1. My name is 2. I am from America 3. I travelled for a year, I’ve been many Asian country, and European countries. 4. Lao are sincere, kind and smiling face. 5. They can understand me if they don’t speak slowly, repeat the words 6. No difficulty Name I 1. My name is 2. I studied English very early in school 3. I am from Israel I travelled for 3 months, I’ve been many Asian country, Laos beautiful country 110

4. Lao people are kind generous, they have beautiful smile 5. I sometime I don’t understand their pronunciation I tell them to repeat by saying sorry when they don’t understand me use body language 6. my difficulties their pronunciation, I some times don’t understand what they say, I never misunderstand with the. 111

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