PlantGrowthChanges_magazine

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Contents What on Earth are plants? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Which plants grow here? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 What are the parts of a plant? . . . . . . . . . . . 6 What are flowers and fruit? . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 How are these plants unusual? . . . . . . . . . . .10 What do seeds need to germinate? . . . . . . . . 1. 2 What do plants need? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 How do we take care of plants? . . . . . . . . . .16

Note: The terms in red text can be found in the Glossary on page 32. How amazing are trees? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1188 What is the life cycle of a plant? . . . . . . . . . 2200 How do seeds get around? . . . . . . . . . . . 2222 How do we use plants? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2244 Delicious! Which plants do you eat? . . . . . . . 2266 What are underwater forests? . . . . . . . . . . 2288 How do plants help the environment? . . . . . . 3300 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3322

What on Earth Plants are all around Why is it important to eat fruit and vegetables? you. You see grass and Which plants grow well indoors? trees when you go outside. You eat fruit and vegetables at meals. You also use paper made from wood and cloth made from cotton. Some plants grow wild in your neighbourhood and around the world. Some are found in the ocean. Others are tended carefully on farms or in greenhouses. All life on Earth depends on plants! In this photo of Earth taken from space, all that green 2 you can see is from plants.

are plants? Why do animals eat some plants and not others? How does a large tree grow from tiny seeds? What do you know about plants? 3 What would you like to find out?

Wgrhoicwh plants here? Plants can grow almost anywhere. Water lilies A wide variety of plants grow grow in still waters wild in many landscapes, including marshes and fens, such as lakes rocky barrens, coasts, forests, and ponds. lakes, and meadows. Spruce and fir trees, such as these on the Avalon Peninsula, grow well in the cold climate. Yellow lady’s slipper grows on the limestone barrens. 4

Which of these plants have you seen? What other plants have you seen where you live? These berries, called bakeapples or cloudberries, grow wild. They are used to make tasty jams and pies. Labrador tea grows in wet soil. It got its name from fur traders who added its leaves to their supplies of black tea. Sea grass grows well on sandy beaches. The pitcher plant grows in marshes and fens. 5

What are the parts There are over 300 000 leaf flower different types of plants root on Earth! They come in fruit all kinds of shapes, sizes, stem and colours. But most plants have the same basic parts: roots, stems, and leaves. Many plants also have flowers and produce fruit. fir tree goldenrod Roots grass Roots hold a plant in place 6 and let the plant draw water and nutrients from the ground. Some roots go deep, while others are shallow. Some roots spread far beyond the plant in all directions.

of a plant ? partsHhoaewlppldayonotpu?liadnetntify Stems Stems carry water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant. Tree stems are called trunks. Tree trunks are hard and strong, letting the plant grow tall. They are covered with bark, which protects them. Branches spread out from the trunk. Leaves grow from the branches. Compare the trunk of a birch tree to the stem of a tulip. How are they different? How are they the same? Leaves Leaves contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll helps the leaves make food for the plant, using energy from sunlight, carbon dioxide from the air, and water. In cold climates like ours, Leaves come in a variety Evergreen trees have most trees lose their leaves of sizes and shapes. needles. Needles in autumn. New leaves are thin leaves with grow in spring. Some a wax coating. The leaves, like the leaves of wax protects the leaf maple trees, change colour from freezing in cold before they fall. temperatures. The needles stay green all year long. 7

What are flowers and Flowers blue flag iris Flowers come in many shapes, sizes, and colours. People enjoy flowers for their beauty or their sweet smell, but flowers also have an important job to do. The job of a flower is to produce seeds. sea thrift lupin How many of these flowers have you seen? 8 What other flowering plants can you name?

fruit? One blackberry is made up of many tiny seeds, each enclosed Fruit in its own sweet ball-shaped fruit. After a seed has formed, the Did You Know? petals of a plant’s flowers fall away and a fruit grows around the seed. Some fruits contain one seed. Most people refer to tomatoes, Others contain many. A peach eggplants, and squash as has a single seed, which we call vegetables. But scientists consider a pit. Each apple contains five them to be fruits, because they seeds. A dragon fruit has over contain seeds inside. Can you think one hundred seeds! of other examples of vegetables that are actually fruits? Strawberries are fruits that What is your favourite have their seeds on the fruit to eat? 9 outside.

How are these plants unusual?ou have probably noticed that plant Yparts vary from plant to plant. Flowers have a wide variety of colours. Their stems can be wide, narrow, tall, or short, and their leaves come in all different shapes. But some plant parts are extra unusual! pitcher plant How do the unusual plant The pitcher plant gets its name from its parts help each plant? leaves. The leaves grow in the shape of a pitcher and collect water. Insects become What other unusual plants trapped and drown in the water, providing do you know about? nutrients to the plant. Venus flytrap Like the pitcher plant, the Venus flytrap consumes insects. It is called a flytrap because it has special leaves that can snap shut, trapping flies and 10 other small animals.

baobab tree Baobab trees are found in places that go a long time without rain. Their trunks can swell to store huge quantities of water—enough to fill more than 600 bathtubs! titan arum This plant has one of the largest flowers in the world—it can reach over three metres tall! The plant is also known as a corpse flower, because it gives off a powerful stench to attract beetles and flies that feed on dead animals. These insects pollinate the plant. bumblebee orchid Did you think a bee was collecting pollen and nectar from this flower? Real bees are fooled, too. The bee-like look of the flower encourages them to visit the plant. 11

Wtohgaet dromseinedastene?ed Many plants begin life as seeds. Seeds come in all shapes and sizes. Can you identify these seeds? What is germination? When a seed begins to sprout and grow into a plant, the seed is germinating. The germination of a pumpkin plant is shown here. 12

The seeds in this tomato have germinated.The young plants get nutrients from the tomato. If this tomato were planted in soil, tomato plants would continue to grow and eventually produce more tomatoes. Will a seed germinate here? How could you investigate what a seed needs to germinate? Why don’t packaged sand water seeds start to grow stones soil in the package? 13 Like all seeds, packaged seeds only germinate with the right conditions. They can stay dormant (not actively growing) for a long time. The right conditions vary for different types of seeds. What are some factors that affect germination?

What do plants need? Sunlight Plants use energy from sunlight to make food. This process is called photosynthesis. Different plants need different amounts of sunlight. Sunflowers grow best in full sunlight. Trees in a forest grow tall to expose their leaves to sunlight. Other plants, such as those on the forest floor, do not need much sunlight. Did You Know? Water Why does this tree have a bag around its trunk? Plants need water to make their own Trees in cities, especially food. Most plants absorb water from the young trees, may not get soil through their roots. Different enough water on their kinds of plants need different own. City workers fill a bag amounts of water. Some plants, with water and it is slowly such as water lilies, live in water released to the tree. for a constant supply. Others, such as the cactus, go a long time without water. They make great houseplants for forgetful people! 14

Food Most plants get the energy they need from food they make in their leaves. But they also get some nutrients from the soil. Gardeners and farmers add compost, manure, or chemical fertilizers to soil to ensure there are enough nutrients for their plants. Air Plants use carbon dioxide from the air to make their food. Most need fresh air for a steady source of carbon dioxide. But some plants, such as eelgrass, can get carbon dioxide from the water they live in. Space Roots and leaves need enough room to grow and spread. Plants will not be able to grow to their full size if they are cramped. Farmers plant crops to get the most plants possible in the space they have, while allowing the plants enough room to grow. How are plants’ needs being met in each photo? 15

How do we take care of plants? 16

Soap What plants would you like to grow? How would you take care of them? 17

How amazing are trees? Tree rings The rings you can see in this cut pine trunk are more than just a pretty pattern. If you count the dark or light rings, you can find out the age of the tree! Each spring and summer, the tree adds a layer of growth.The tree grows fast in spring (light rings) and slower in summer (dark rings). So by counting the dark rings, you are counting the number of summers the tree has been alive. How old is this tree? Some rings are wider than others. Why do you think this is? Did You Know? The oldest trees in the world are bristlecone pines. This one, named Methuselah, is one of the oldest. It is over 4800 years old. 18

How tall is tall? Type of Typical tree maximum You may have heard the saying, “as tall as height (m) a tree.” But just how tall do trees grow? balsam fir 21 The answer is different for different kinds of larch 12 trees. The tallest trees in the world are coast alder 3 redwoods, which grow in California. The tallest is 116 m tall. Eight lighthouses like the pin cherry 7 one at Cape Spear would have to be stacked white birch 21 to reach this height! Tree Heights Use the bar graph and Typical Maximum Height (m) 25 table to compare typical 20 heights for each of these 15 trees. How does the graph 10 make the data in the table 5 easier to understand? 0 larch alder pin cherry white birch balsam fir Type of Tree Did You Know? How big around is a tree? A tree in Mexico known as Árbol del How could you find out? Tule has the widest tree trunk on record. It is about 14 m across and 42 m around. It would take 32 nine-year-olds to hug that tree with arms spread and fingers touching! 19

What is the life cycle of a Like all living things, plants have a life cycle. For most plants, life begins as a seed. In the right conditions, the seed germinates and grows roots, a stem, and leaves. Next, flowers form. Seeds form when pollen from the male part of a flower is transferred to the female part. The seeds can then grow into new plants. The original plant may die after dropping its seeds, or some plants go dormant waiting to grow again when conditions are right. seed seeds fall lifeTchye cle germination pollination growth of a flowering plant How do sunflowers make more sunflowers? Most flowering plants have a life cycle like this one. 20 flower bud

plant? Pollination For flowers to produce seeds, they must be pollinated. The male parts of flowers produce a powdery substance called pollen. Pollen must be transferred from the male part of a flower to the female part. Some plants are pollinated by wind. More often, insects such as bees and butterflies, and animals such as bats and hummingbirds, pollinate plants. They are attracted by the bright colours and fragrance on the flowers and feed on the pollen or sweet nectar. As they move from flower to flower, they pollinate the plants. Cones, not flowers Spores, not seeds Cone-bearing trees such as Some plants, such as ferns and spruce do not have flowers. mosses, grow from spores, not Instead they have male seeds. The dots on this fern cones and female cones. leaf are clusters of spores. Wind pollinates the seeds in the female 21 cones with pollen from the male cones.

How do seeds get Most plants can’t move Seeds can float from place to place. But their seeds can travel, Coconuts are the seeds of sometimes long distances! coconut palm trees. Because Air, water, animals, and they are hollow, they float! people help seeds get around, They can drift in the ocean, allowing plants to grow landing and germinating in in new locations. new locations. Seeds can fly Have you ever blown on a dandelion “clock” and watched the seeds float away on the breeze? Dandelion seeds have fluffy parachutes that allow them to travel long distances before they land. Maple seeds, called keys, come in pairs. They are equipped with wings that send them spinning gently to the ground like helicopters. 22

around? Did You Know? Seeds can hitchhike Burrs inspired Velcro! Hooks on one side of the Velcro grab Some seeds, like these burdock seeds, or loops on the other side just burrs, are covered in tiny hooks that like burrs. You can see how it works in this enlarged image, grab onto fur or clothing. The hooks let taken with a microscope. the seeds hitch a ride on passing animals or people. Seeds can... get eaten? Seeds can explode! It may seem gross, but some seeds depend on Some plants, such as jewelweed getting digested to get around. Birds like this and witch hazel, send their pine grosbeak eat seeds into the world with an berries. They digest explosion. Pressure inside witch the sweet fruit but not hazel seed pods, shown here, the seed inside. Later, builds up. Eventually, the seed the seed comes out pods burst, sending their seeds the other end. flying out into the world. Meanwhile, the bird has flown far away from the parent plant. Why is it important for seeds to move away from their parent plants? What are some ways that people move seeds? 23

How do we use plants? Plants contain long, thin strands called fibres.We use fibres from plants to make many items and materials that we depend on every day. cotton Fabric and Fibres flax Some plants, such as cotton and flax, have fibres that can be made into strong yet soft fabrics. Cotton comes from the cotton plant, and linen is made with fibres from flax. Another plant used for its fibres is sisal. Fibres from this plant are flexible but durable and are used to make ropes and rugs. sisal 24

Building Materials Some plants, such as trees, are strong and rigid enough to be used as building materials. bamboo wood We get wood from the Bamboo is a very fast-growing trunks of trees.Wood is plant. It is a type of tall hard used for building, but its grass. Bamboo has many uses, beauty and strength make including as a building material. it suitable for a wide variety of other purposes, too. Did You Know? Paper Many medicines are made of Fibres of trees and materials first found in other plants can be plants. Today the main used to make paper. ingredient of Aspirin, a painkiller, is made in laboratories. In this magnified view, you But it is found naturally in willow can see the small pieces of bark. First Nations people have wood fibre been using white willow bark to that have relieve pain for centuries. been pressed 25 together to make a sheet of paper.

WhiDchelpicliaonuts!s do you Our bodies need the vitamins in fruit and vegetables to stay strong and healthy. Fruit and vegetables also add flavour, texture, and variety to meals. Jiggs dinner on the menu! Jiggs dinner is a traditional boiled meal in Newfoundland and Labrador. It includes potatoes, turnips, carrots, cabbage, and a pudding made from split peas. The vegetables and pudding can all be cooked in the same pot of boiling water along with some salt beef. Roasted meat, like turkey, may be served alongside. Preserving plants People keep fruit and vegetables fresh for longer by putting them in the fridge or freezer. Drying fruit helps it last a long time. So does preserving it by making jams or jellies, such as this bakeapple jam. 26

Oils Herbs and spices People use oils from We use herbs and different plants to cook spices to add different in because they can be flavours to what we eat. heated to high Herbs and spices come temperatures. They from different parts of also add flavour and plants. For texture to food. example, black pepper comes from the small dried berries of a pepper plant. Basil is the fresh or dried leaf of a basil plant. Rolled oats Which plants help make an come from oatmeal raisin muffin? oat plants. Flour is made from wheat. Brown sugar is made Raisins are from sugar cane. dried grapes. What are your favourite plants to eat? 27

What are underwater forests? Seaweed, found in oceans all over the world, makes more than half of the oxygen in the air we breathe. Seaweed also provides food and shelter for animals. Seaweed looks like a plant, Seaweed is used as food in many cultures. and has many similarities to It contains many vitamins and minerals. plants, but most of the Indigenous peoples, including Inuit of living things we call Labrador, ate it as part of their traditional seaweed are not plants. diet. In Japan it is called nori and is used to They are another type of make maki rolls. Nori can also be eaten by living thing called algae. itself, as a salty snack. Many products, including ice cream and chewing gum, have ingredients made from seaweed. 28

This truck is full of seaweed that has been collected from a beach to be used as fertilizer. Animals that live on land, including the arctic fox and the brant, shown here, eat seaweed that washes up on beaches. Fish and other sea animals use seaweed to 29 hide from predators.

How do plants help the environment? Plants are essential to all life on Earth.They provide food and habitats for animals, and they even produce the oxygen we need to breathe! Plants provide habitats for animals. Animals depend on plants for food. Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, helping to keep the air safe to breathe. 30 How can we help plants?

To help •goparlargdnretonawtraee plants you could... • m ake compost from food waste or seaweed •praepcyecrle How else can you help plants? 31

Glossary bark: the outer layer of woody plants such as trees and shrubs chlorophyll: a green substance found in plants that lets plants make flower: food from water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight fruit: the part of a plant that makes seeds; often has brightly germination: coloured petals the part of a plant that forms around seeds; often sweet and edible the sprouting of a young plant from a seed leaf/leaves: a plant part that is usually green and flat; the place where plants absorb sunlight and make food photosynthesis: the process in which plants make food from water and carbon dioxide using energy from sunlight, releasing oxygen plant: a living thing that makes its own food from carbon dioxide and water, using energy from sunlight pollination: a process in which pollen is transferred from the male part of a plant (the stamen) to the female part (the pistil) so that seeds can be made root: the underground part of a plant that anchors it in the soil and absorbs water seed: a plant part that can grow into a new plant stem: a plant part that grows above the ground and supports other plant parts such as leaves, flowers, and fruit; allows water trunk: and nutrients to move from the roots to the rest of the plant 32 the strong stem of woody plants such as trees and shrubs

Answers for back cover What do Why did the lettuce you get when win the race? you plant kisses? Answer Answer Because it Tulips! was ahead! How do trees check How is a tree like Why did the sunflower their email? a noisy dog? get a ticket? Answer Answer Answer They log in! They both have It was going over a lot of bark! the seed limit! Grade 3: Unit 4: Plant Growth and Changes Copyright © 2018 Scholastic Canada Ltd. 175 Hillmount Road, Markham, Ontario, Canada L6C 1Z7 Written by Sara Goodchild Photos ©: cover: Wayne Lynch/All Canada Photos; inside front cover top left: IreneuszB/iStockphoto; inside front cover top right: Anna Chudinovskykh/Shutterstock; inside front cover bottom left: vandycan/Shutterstock; inside front cover bottom right: FLPA/Alamy Images; 1 top left: SPL/Science Source; 1 bottom left: Maks Narodenko/Shutterstock; 1 bottom right: Michael Stubblefield/Alamy Images; 2-3 background: Joao Virissimo/Shutterstock; 2 top: monticello/Shutterstock; 2 bottom: goodluz/Shutterstock; 3 bottom left: Don Johnston/All Canada Photos; 3 right: Ron Erwin/All Canada Photos; 3 top left: IreneuszB/iStockphoto; 4-5 background: Bob Gibbons/Alamy Images; 4 bottom: Elena Elisseeva/Alamy Images; 4 top: FLPA/Alamy Images; 5 top left: Christian Weiß/Dreamstime; 5 bottom left: Ron Erwin/All Canada Photos; 5 top right: Konstantin Kopachinskii/Dreamstime; 5 bottom right: Cynthia Mccrary/Dreamstime; 7 bottom left: Ian 2010/Shutterstock; 7 bottom centre: Irina Rogova/Shutterstock; 7 bottom right: ppfoto13/Shutterstock; 7 top right: Satori13/Dreamstime; 7 top left: vandycan/Shutterstock; 8 top: tome213/Shutterstock; 8 bottom left: Kazakovmaksim/ Dreamstime; 8 bottom right: Elena Elisseeva/Dreamstime; 9 peach: Natikka/Shutterstock; 9 apple: Radhoose/Shutterstock; 9 dragon fruit: Anna Kucherova/Shutterstock; 9 blackberries: Alexandr Vlassyuk/Dreamstime; 9 eggplant: bergamont/Shutterstock; 9 tomato: Roman Samokhin/Dreamstime; 9 squash: spaxiax/Shutterstock; 9 strawberry: Maks Narodenko/Shutterstock; 10 top: Michelle Gilders/Alamy Images; 10 bottom: nico99/Shutterstock; 11 top left: David Thyberg/Shutterstock; 11 top right: Andrei Medvedev/Shutterstock; 11 bottom: John Navajo/Shutterstock; 12 sunflower seeds: AntiMartina/iStockphoto; 12 corn kernels: ithinksky/iStockphoto; 12 kidney beans: PicturePartners/iStockphoto; 12 pumpkin seeds: vosmanius/iStockphoto; 12 apple seeds: design56/ Shutterstock; 12 bottom: redmal/iStockphoto; 12 lemon seeds: Anna Chudinovskykh/Shutterstock; 13 top right: Scimat/Science Source; 13 left: Michele Paccione/Shutterstock; 14 top sunflowers: Wam1975/Dreamstime; 14 top forest: Royal Freedman/Alamy Images; 14 bottom: E. Abbott/Dreamstime; 14 centre right: tlindsayg/Shutterstock; 14 centre left: Martin089/Dreamstime; 15 centre inset: Andrey Nekrasov/Alamy Images; 15 top: Clearvista/Dreamstime; 15 centre: Miles Astray/Dreamstime; 15 bottom: georgeclerk/iStockphoto; 18 bottom: Samystclair/Dreamstime; 18 top: SPL/ Science Source; 19 hands on tree: Wichan Kongchan/Dreamstime; 19 twine: Costasz/Dreamstime; 19 ruler: Natalia Siverina/Dreamstime; 19 bottom right: Peter Ksinan/Dreamstime; 20 seed: Ewa Walicka/Dreamstime; 20 germination: Bogdan Wańkowicz/Dreamstime; 20 growth: Alvaro Trabazo Rivas/Dreamstime; 20 bud: Antonel/Dreamstime; 20 flower: Benyaporn Treepet/Dreamstime; 20 pollination: Gorodok495/Dreamstime; 20 seeds fall: Dmytro Dudchenko/Dreamstime; 21 top: Charles Brutlag/Dreamstime; 21 bottom left: Tomo Jesenicnik/Dreamstime; 21 bottom right: Annestaub/Dreamstime; 22-23 background: danielkreissl/Shutterstock; 22 bottom left: kzww/Shutterstock; 22 top right: peekhawfang Samarn/Shutterstock; 23 top left: Photo Researchers/Science Source; 23 top centre: Colin Varndell/Science Source; 23 bottom left: Nick Saunders/All Canada Photos; 23 top right: Andrew Syred/Science Source; 23 bottom right: Charles E. Mohr/Science Source; 24 child: Andrei Shumskiy/Shutterstock; 24 cotton: BCFC/Shutterstock; 24 flax: allanw/Shutterstock; 24 bottom left: Evannovostro/Shutterstock; 24 sisal plants: Pierre-Yves Babelon/Shutterstock; 24 sisal: dioimagens/Shutterstock; 24 top right-25 top left: Brandon Bourdages/Shutterstock; 24 canoe: gary corbett/Alamy Images; 24 bottom right paper bag: OHishiapply/Shutterstock; 24 bottom right newspapers: Svitlana Zakharevich/Dreamstime; 25 snowshoes: jgroup/iStockphoto; 25 bamboo: Klahan/Shutterstock; 25 origami bird: Mara008/Shutterstock; 25 magnified paper: Dennis Kunkel Microscopy/Science Source; 25 aspirin: Dima Sobko/Shutterstock; 25 willow bark: shansh23/Shutterstock; 26 top: Alexander Mychko/Alamy Images; 26 bottom: Ekaterina Demidova/Alamy Images; 27 top left: LizavetaS/Shutterstock; 27 top right: Andrii Gorulko/Shutterstock; 27 centre: vengerof/Shutterstock; 27 rolled oats: Colourdream/Dreamstime; 27 oat plant: Pipa100/Dreamstime; 27 sugar cane: Mohammed Anwarul Kabir Choudhury/Dreamstime; 27 brown sugar: robynmac/iStockphoto; 27 muffin: ratmaner/iStockphoto; 27 flour: Africa Studio/Shutterstock; 27 wheat: Nitr/ Shutterstock; 27 grapes: Edith Layland/Dreamstime; 27 raisins: Zts/Dreamstime; 28-29 background: Tammy616/iStockphoto; 28 sushi: AlekseyMorozov/Shutterstock; 28 nori: AlexandreGibo/ iStockphoto; 28 ice cream cone: iShift/Shutterstock; 28 gum: GrigoryL/Shutterstock; 29 top: Grandpa/Shutterstock; 29 bottom: Daniel Poloha/Shutterstock; 29 centre: Michael Stubblefield/Alamy Images; 30 minks: Stephen J. Krasemann/All Canada Photos; 30 bird: Glen Bartley/All Canada Photos; 30 bear: Brandon Smith/Dreamstime; 30 butterfly: Barrett & MacKay/All Canada Photos; 30 child: Sunny studio/Shutterstock; 31 compost: Meg Wallace Photography/Shutterstock; 31 child: paulaphoto/Shutterstock; 31 recycling bin: RTimages/Shutterstock; 32 bark: Wichan Kongchan/Dreamstime; 32 flower: Elena Elisseeva/Dreamstime; 32 fruit: Maks Narodenko/Shutterstock; 32 germination: redmal/iStockphoto; 32 leaf/leaves: Ian 2010/Shutterstock; 32 photosynthesis: Royal Freedman/Alamy Images; 32 plant: Pierre-Yves Babelon/Shutterstock; 32 pollination: Gorodok495/Dreamstime; 32 seed: AntiMartina/iStockphoto; 32 stem: Kazakovmaksim/Dreamstime; 32 trunk: Peter Ksinan/ Dreamstime; 32 chlorophyll: ppfoto13/Shutterstock. Illustrations ©: 6: Stephen Snider; 13: Graham Ross; 16-17: Jock MacRae; back cover: David Sones ISBN 978-1-4430-4770-8 All rights reserved. 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Jokes tha grow on you! What do you get Why did the lettuce when you plant win the race? kisses? How is a tree like a How do trees noisy dog? check their Seed email? Limit 9 PI7lS8aBT1nNt4hG9w47r3eo8i-w0s1tt4h-heC474h7a30pln08g-ele4as7aM70anf-g-8ttbecjoord!ekLeosowkililnhsiadveefyooruabnaswrskeWuirnanhsfgt.yloicdwkideetrt?hgeet Plant Growth and Changes