SYED ASHRAFUL MAMUN ABIR BACHELOR IN ARCHITECTURE (CONT) LEVEL 05 , TERM 01 1701311600261 ADPUC, CHATTOGRAM
SEMINAR PRESENTATION SPRING 2023 LEVEL 05 , TERM 01 CONTACT INFO https://www.linkedin.com/in/syed-ashraful-mamun-abir-b07754202/ [email protected] CELL - 01857452492 02
PROPOSAL 01 PROJECT ANDERKILLA JAME MOSQUE AND MARKET COMPLEX REDESIGN REDEVELOPMENT CONSERVATION SUBMITTED TO SOHAIL M. SHAKOOR SIR PROFESSOR AND CHAIRMAN (ADPUC) AR SHAIKH MAHFUZ ALAM SIR LECTURER (ADPUC) SUBMITTED BY SYED ASHRAFUL MAMUN ABIR 1701311600261 LEVEL 05 – TERM 01 03
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INDEX • SOURCE OF PRIMARY INfORMATION OF THE PROJECT • LOCATION • DAP REFERNECE • HISTORICAL TIMELINE • HERITAGE LISTING • SITE DEMARCATION • EXISTING PRIMARY DIVISION • ROAD NETWORK • SITE SURROUNDING BROAD • SITE SURROUNDING (CLOSE PERIMETER) • SCOPE OF THE PROJECT -HERITAGE RECLAMATION -COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT -SOCIAL ASPECT -INFORMAL COMMERCE AND GATHERING • SITE CONDITION • EXHISTING MUGHAL MOSQUE • EXISTING AND PROPOSED PROGRAMS] • SCOPE OF THE PROJECT AT NATIONAL CONTEXT • SCOPE OF THE PROJECT AT INTERNATINAL CONTEXT • HERITAGE CONSERVATION • STEPS OF CONSERVATION • POSITIVE IMPACTS OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION TOWARDS SOCIETY AND COMMINITY • ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERICTICS • ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORY • MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS • DELHI JAME MOSQUE (CASE STUDY) • REFERENCE 05
SOURCE OF PRIMARY INfORMATION OF THE PROJECT CORE CLIENT ‘‘ ’’DHAKA TRIBUNE THE DAILY STAR ISLAMIC FOUNDATION REGULATORY BODY CHITTAGONG DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITYT SITE AREA 2.15 ACRE 94000 SQ FT BUDGET BDT 200 CRORE CLIENT AIM BRING BACK ORIGINAL SHAPE OG THE MOSQUE EXPAND AND RECONSTRUCT PRESERVE AND CONSERVE RELOCATION OF COMMERCIAL BELT WITHIN SITE INCREASE CAPACITY IN EVERY SECTOR 06
LOCATION 07
DAP REFERNECE DPZ 03 08
HISTORICAL TIMELINE • 1667 UMED KHAN ESTABLISHED THE MOSQUE • 1761 EAST INDIA COMPANY CONVERTED IT INTO FIREPOWER STORAGE • 1854 REGAIN • 1985 MULTIPLE EXTENSION BY ISLAMIC FOUNDATION HERITAGE LISTING 09
SITE DEMARCATION 2.17 ACRE 94000 SQ FT TWO PRIMARY PROGRAM EXISTING DIVISION IN SITE 10
ROAD NETWORK 11
GHANI COLONY SURROUNDINGS (BROAD)CRB M A AZIZ STADIUM KOTWALI12 KAZIR DEWRI COLLEGIATE SCHOOL KOTWALI THANA ASKAR DIGHIR PAR ENAYET BAZAR NANDAN KANAN REAZUDDING BAZAR CHAWKBAZAR JAMAL KHAN NEW MARKET TERRY BAZAR ALKARAN WEST BAKALIA DEWAN BAZAR ANDERKILLA KHATUNGANJ PATHARGHATA KALAMIA BAZAR SOUTH BAKALIA EASAT BAKALIA CHAKTAI BAXIRHAT
SURROUNDINGS (CLOSE PERIMETER) ROHOMOT GONJ SURROUNDINGS (CLOSE PERIMETER) MIXED USE ESTABLISHEMENT NEAR ROHOMOT GONJ ESTABLISHENT NEAR HOSPITAL KADAM MUBARAK MOSQUE GENERAL HOSPITAL HILL COMMERCIAL BELT (PAPER COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT JAME MOSQUE SITE ANDERKILLA GENERAL HOSPITAL MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT MOSTLY COMMERCIAL TERI BAJAR MIXED USE MIXED USE LALDIGHI POND COMMERCIAL DURING LALDIGHI 13
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT • HERITAGE RECLAMATION • COMMERCIAL REDEVELOPMENT 14
SCOPE OF THE PROJECT • SOCIAL • INFORMAL COMMERCE 15
SITE CONDITION ENTRY ENTRY 16
SITE CONDITION ROAD CONDITION 17
SITE CONDITION COMMERCIAL ESTABLISHMENT 18
SITE CONDITION EXISTING MOSQUE 19
SITE CONDITION MAIN MUGHAL STRUCTURE 20
EXISTING FUNCTIONS 4. LIBRARY AND READING AREA • ENTRANCE AND RECEPTION 1.SHOP • BOOK SHOP AREA • PRINTING • CIRCULATION DESK • GODOWN • READING AREAS • FOOD • STUDY AREAS • GIFT • STACKS/SHELVES FOR BOOKS • PRESS • REFERENCE SECTION • PAPER • CHILDREN'S AREA • TEEN AREA 2.BASEMENT PARKING • COMPUTER STATIONS • MEETING ROOMS 3.ISLAMIC FOUNDATION OFFICE • QUIET STUDY ROOMS • LIBRARIAN OFFICES 4.PUBLIC ISLAMIC LIBRARY • STAFF WORKSPACES • RESTROOMS 5.JAME MOSQUE • LIGHTING SYSTEMS PRAYER SPACE (INDOOR AND OUTDOOR) • SECURITY SYSTEMS ABLUTION AND RELATED FUNCTIONS • TECHNOLOGY INFRASTRUCTURE • FURNITURE AND SEATING 6.MAZAR ARRANGEMENTS PROPOSED FUNCTIONS 5. ISLAMIC FOUNDATION OFFICE 1. RELIGOIUS • RECEPTION • LOBBY A. CONSERVED MUGHAL MOSQUE • LOUNGE B. REGULAR MOSQUE • ADMIN OFFICE • GENERAL PRAYER SPACE • MANAGER’S ROOM • OUTDOOR PRAYER • COMPUTER OPERATOR • STORAGE • CONFERENCE ROOM • ABLUTION • GENERAL WORKING AREA • TOILET BLOCK • STAFF ROOM • STORAGE 2. COMMERCIAL BLOCK (BOOK) • KITCHENETTE • LOADING UNLOADING AREA • SHOP (LARGE) 6. PARKING AREA • SHOP (SMALL) 500 UNDERGORUND PARKING • GODOWN WITH DEDICATED LOADING • DEDICATED OPEN SPACE UNLOADING AREA 3. COMMERCIAL BLOCK (PAPER AND 7. RECREATIONAL OPEN AREA PRINTING) • SHOPS (WITH MACHINE) 21 • SHOPS (WITHOUT MACHINE) • GODOWN • DEDICATED OPEN SPACE
SCOPE OF PROJECT AT NATIONAL CONTEXT: 1.PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL IDENTITY: CONSERVING MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES HELPS PRESERVE AND CELEBRATE THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF THE NATION. THESE MOSQUES SERVE AS SIGNIFICANT SYMBOLS OF THE RICH HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURAL LEGACY OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE, CONTRIBUTING TO A SENSE OF PRIDE AND CONNECTION TO THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. 2.TOURISM AND ECONOMIC BENEFITS: BY UNDERTAKING CONSERVATION PROJECTS, MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES CAN BE RESTORED TO THEIR FORMER GLORY, ATTRACTING DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS. INCREASED TOURISM GENERATES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES, SUCH AS JOB CREATION, IMPROVED INFRASTRUCTURE, AND THE GROWTH OF ANCILLARY INDUSTRIES LIKE HOSPITALITY AND HANDICRAFTS. 3.EDUCATION AND AWARENESS: CONSERVATION INITIATIVES PROVIDE OPPORTUNITIES FOR EDUCATION AND RAISING AWARENESS ABOUT MUGHAL HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE, AND THE CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE MOSQUES. THEY FOSTER A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF HERITAGE AMONG LOCAL COMMUNITIES, ESPECIALLY THE YOUNGER GENERATION, PROMOTING CULTURAL APPRECIATION AND OWNERSHIP. 4.INTERFAITH HARMONY: MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES SERVE AS PLACES OF WORSHIP FOR PEOPLE FROM DIVERSE RELIGIOUS BACKGROUNDS. PRESERVING AND MAINTAINING THESE MOSQUES PROMOTES INTERFAITH HARMONY AND UNDERSTANDING, FACILITATING DIALOGUE AND MUTUAL RESPECT AMONG DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES WITHIN THE NATION. 5.SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: CONSERVATION PROJECTS CAN INCORPORATE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES, SUCH AS ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING, WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS, AND ECO- FRIENDLY MATERIALS. BY ADOPTING SUSTAINABLE APPROACHES, THESE PROJECTS CONTRIBUTE TO BROADER SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS WITHIN THE NATION, PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY. SCOPE OF PROJECT AT INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT: 1.DIPLOMATIC AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES HOLD HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS. CONSERVING THESE MOSQUES SHOWCASES A COMMITMENT TO PRESERVING CULTURAL HERITAGE AND CAN SERVE AS A CATALYST FOR DIPLOMATIC AND CULTURAL EXCHANGES BETWEEN NATIONS. THEY BECOME ICONIC LANDMARKS THAT FOSTER DIALOGUE, STRENGTHEN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, AND PROMOTE A POSITIVE IMAGE OF THE HOST COUNTRY. 2.RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION: CONSERVATION PROJECTS INVOLVE THOROUGH RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION OF HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL ASPECTS OF MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES. THIS RESEARCH CONTRIBUTES TO ACADEMIC STUDIES, ARCHITECTURAL PRESERVATION TECHNIQUES, AND HISTORICAL SCHOLARSHIP, ENRICHING THE GLOBAL UNDERSTANDING OF MUGHAL HERITAGE AND FACILITATING INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION. 3.CULTURAL DIPLOMACY: PRESERVING MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES PROVIDES OPPORTUNITIES FOR CULTURAL DIPLOMACY. THESE MOSQUES CAN BECOME PLATFORMS FOR HOSTING CULTURAL EVENTS, EXHIBITIONS, AND PERFORMANCES THAT SHOWCASE THE DIVERSE ARTS AND TRADITIONS OF THE MUGHAL ERA. SUCH EVENTS ATTRACT INTERNATIONAL ATTENTION, FOSTERING CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN NATIONS. 4.INTERNATIONAL TOURISM: MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES, WHEN CONSERVED AND PROMOTED EFFECTIVELY, ATTRACT INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS INTERESTED IN EXPLORING HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL MARVELS. THIS INFLUX OF INTERNATIONAL VISITORS NOT ONLY BENEFITS THE LOCAL ECONOMY BUT ALSO PROMOTES CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND CROSS-CULTURAL UNDERSTANDING. 5.WORLD HERITAGE STATUS: SOME MUGHAL HERITAGE MOSQUES HAVE THE POTENTIAL TO BE RECOGNIZED AS UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES. ACHIEVING THIS STATUS BRINGS INTERNATIONAL RECOGNITION, PRESERVATION SUPPORT, AND INCREASED TOURISM. IT HIGHLIGHTS THE GLOBAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE MOSQUES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORLD HISTORY AND CULTURAL HERITAGE. 22
HERITAGE CONSERVATION CONSERVING A HERITAGE MOSQUE REQUIRES CAREFUL PLANNING, ATTENTION TO DETAIL, AND ADHERENCE TO ESTABLISHED PRESERVATION PRINCIPLES. HERE ARE SOME KEY CONSIDERATIONS TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT WHEN CONSERVING A HERITAGE MOSQUE: • HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE: UNDERSTAND THE HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF THE MOSQUE WITHIN ITS COMMUNITY AND REGION. RESEARCH ITS ARCHITECTURAL STYLE, CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES, AND ANY SIGNIFICANT EVENTS OR FIGURES ASSOCIATED WITH IT. THIS KNOWLEDGE WILL INFORM THE CONSERVATION APPROACH. • DOCUMENTATION AND ASSESSMENT: CONDUCT A THOROUGH DOCUMENTATION AND ASSESSMENT OF THE MOSQUE'S CURRENT CONDITION. THIS INCLUDES RECORDING ITS ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES, MATERIALS, STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY, AND AREAS OF DETERIORATION. ASSESSING THE SIGNIFICANCE AND VULNERABILITY OF THE MOSQUE WILL GUIDE DECISION-MAKING DURING THE CONSERVATION PROCESS. • CONSERVATION PLAN: DEVELOP A COMPREHENSIVE CONSERVATION PLAN THAT OUTLINES THE OBJECTIVES, METHODOLOGIES, AND TIMELINE FOR THE PROJECT. THIS PLAN SHOULD ADDRESS THE PRESERVATION OF THE MOSQUE'S ORIGINAL FABRIC, THE RESTORATION OF DAMAGED OR DETERIORATED ELEMENTS, AND THE USE OF APPROPRIATE MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES. • AUTHENTICITY: STRIVE TO RETAIN THE AUTHENTICITY OF THE HERITAGE MOSQUE. PRESERVE ORIGINAL MATERIALS AND DESIGN ELEMENTS WHEREVER POSSIBLE. WHEN REPAIRS OR REPLACEMENTS ARE NECESSARY, USE TRADITIONAL CRAFTSMANSHIP AND MATERIALS THAT MATCH THE ORIGINAL ONES, ENSURING THE MOSQUE RETAINS ITS HISTORICAL INTEGRITY. • STRUCTURAL STABILITY: ASSESS AND ADDRESS ANY STRUCTURAL ISSUES OR VULNERABILITIES TO ENSURE THE SAFETY AND STABILITY OF THE MOSQUE. THIS MAY INVOLVE REINFORCEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS, REPAIR OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, OR IMPLEMENTATION OF SEISMIC RETROFITTING MEASURES. • CONSERVATION ETHICS: FOLLOW ESTABLISHED CONSERVATION ETHICS AND PRINCIPLES, SUCH AS THE VENICE CHARTER AND THE BURRA CHARTER. THESE GUIDELINES EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF RESPECTING THE INTEGRITY OF THE ORIGINAL STRUCTURE, MINIMIZING INTERVENTION, AND AVOIDING OVER- RESTORATION OR EXCESSIVE RECONSTRUCTION. 23
• COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT: INVOLVE THE LOCAL COMMUNITY, INCLUDING RELIGIOUS AUTHORITIES, HISTORIANS, ARCHITECTS, AND RESIDENTS, IN THE CONSERVATION PROCESS. SEEK THEIR INPUT, KNOWLEDGE, AND SUPPORT, AS THEIR PERSPECTIVES AND INVOLVEMENT ARE CRUCIAL FOR SUCCESSFUL CONSERVATION EFFORTS. • SUSTAINABILITY: INCORPORATE SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES INTO THE CONSERVATION PROJECT. CONSIDER ENERGY-EFFICIENT LIGHTING, CLIMATE CONTROL SYSTEMS, AND THE USE OF ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY MATERIALS. THIS APPROACH ENSURES THE LONG-TERM VIABILITY OF THE MOSQUE WHILE MINIMIZING ITS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT. • MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT: DEVELOP A LONG-TERM MAINTENANCE AND MANAGEMENT PLAN TO ENSURE THE ONGOING PRESERVATION OF THE HERITAGE MOSQUE. REGULAR INSPECTIONS, REPAIRS, AND MONITORING ARE NECESSARY TO PREVENT FURTHER DETERIORATION AND TO ADDRESS ANY EMERGING ISSUES PROMPTLY. • PUBLIC ACCESS AND INTERPRETATION: PROVIDE APPROPRIATE ACCESS FOR VISITORS TO APPRECIATE AND LEARN ABOUT THE HERITAGE MOSQUE. THIS CAN INCLUDE INTERPRETIVE SIGNAGE, GUIDED TOURS, AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS THAT PROMOTE A DEEPER UNDERSTANDING OF THE RELIGIOUS, HISTORICAL, AND ARCHITECTURAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MOSQUE. • LEGAL AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE: FAMILIARIZE YOURSELF WITH RELEVANT LOCAL, REGIONAL, AND NATIONAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE CONSERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES. OBTAIN NECESSARY PERMITS AND APPROVALS BEFORE UNDERTAKING ANY WORK TO ENSURE COMPLIANCE WITH LEGAL REQUIREMENTS. • FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY: SECURE ADEQUATE FUNDING FOR THE CONSERVATION PROJECT. EXPLORE PARTNERSHIPS WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES, NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS, PHILANTHROPIC FOUNDATIONS, AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR TO OBTAIN FINANCIAL SUPPORT. SEEK GRANTS, DONATIONS, AND SPONSORSHIPS TO COVER THE COSTS OF THE CONSERVATION EFFORTS. BY CONSIDERING THESE FACTORS, STAKEHOLDERS CAN SUCCESSFULLY CONSERVE A HERITAGE MOSQUE, PRESERVING ITS HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL VALUE FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS TO APPRECIATE. 24
STEPS OF CONSERVATION • PREVENTION OF DETERIORATION • (OR INDIRECT CONSERVATION), • PRESERVATION, • CONSOLIDATION • RESTORATION, • REHABILITATION, • REPRODUCTION, • RECONSTRUCTION • HERITAGE CONSERVATION AND URBAN IDENTITY / PRIDE: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY IS CRITICAL TO BUILD A STRONG URBAN IDENTITY AND PRIDE IN OUR CITIES AND TOWNS. • HERITAGE CONSERVATION IS MORE THAN HISTORY: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY INCORPORATES ALL ASPECTS OF A REGION'S HERITAGE - HISTORICAL, BUT ALSO NATURAL AND CULTURAL. • HERITAGE CONSERVATION NEEDS COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION AND INVOLVEMENT: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY REQUIRES THE ACTIVE PARTICIPATION AND INVOLVEMENT OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN ALL ASPECTS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION. • HERITAGE CONSERVATION LEADS TO WELL- BEING / HUMAN SECURITY: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY SHOULD ALSO HAVE WELL-BEING AND HUMAN SECURITY AS SOME OF ITS EVENTUAL GOALS FOR THE LOCAL COMMUNITY. • HERITAGE CONSERVATION IS CRITICAL TO JOB CREATION AND POVERTY ALLEVIATION: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY SHOULD BE LINKED TO THE LOCAL ECONOMY, IN ORDER TO CREATE JOBS AND ALLEVIATE POVERTY - PARTICULARLY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES • HERITAGE CONSERVATION HELPS PRESERVE INTANGIBLE LOCAL CULTURES: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY LOOKS AT BOTH TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE HERITAGE RESOURCES IN AN INTEGRATED MANNER • HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRONGLY INFLUENCES SUSTAINABILITY GOALS: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY INHERENTLY TAKES INTO ACCOUNT, THE LONG TERM SUSTAINABILITY GOALS OF THE REGION • HERITAGE CONSERVATION THROUGH LOCALIZATION, CONTEXTUALIZATION& AND CUSTOMIZATION: A GOOD HERITAGE CONSERVATION STRATEGY NEEDS TO BE LOCALIZED, CONTEXTUALIZED AND CUSTOMIZED IN ORDER FOR IT TO SUCCEED AND DELIVER ON ITS GOALS. 25
POSITIVE IMPACTS OF HERITAGE CONSERVATION TOWARDS SOCIETY AND COMMINITY • SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT: RECOGNIZE THE POTENTIAL SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS OF CONSERVING A HERITAGE MOSQUE. PRESERVATION EFFORTS CAN GENERATE EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, BOOST LOCAL TOURISM, AND CONTRIBUTE TO THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE SURROUNDING COMMUNITY. ASSESS AND LEVERAGE THESE POSITIVE IMPACTS TO FOSTER SUSTAINABLE GROWTH. • COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT: ENGAGE THE LOCAL COMMUNITY IN THE CONSERVATION PROCESS TO FOSTER A SENSE OF OWNERSHIP AND PRIDE. ENCOURAGE ACTIVE INVOLVEMENT THROUGH TRAINING PROGRAMS, SKILL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES, AND EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES. THIS EMPOWERS COMMUNITY MEMBERS TO CONTRIBUTE TO THE PRESERVATION AND MAINTENANCE OF THEIR CULTURAL HERITAGE. • CULTURAL IDENTITY AND SENSE OF PLACE: UNDERSTAND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE HERITAGE MOSQUE AS A SYMBOL OF CULTURAL IDENTITY AND A SENSE OF PLACE FOR THE COMMUNITY. CONSERVING THE MOSQUE HELPS PRESERVE AND REINFORCE CULTURAL TRADITIONS, PROMOTING A SENSE OF CONTINUITY AND BELONGING AMONG COMMUNITY MEMBERS. • EDUCATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES: UTILIZE THE HERITAGE MOSQUE AS AN EDUCATIONAL RESOURCE TO PROMOTE INTERCULTURAL UNDERSTANDING AND DIALOGUE. DEVELOP EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND WORKSHOPS THAT HIGHLIGHT THE HISTORICAL, ARCHITECTURAL, AND RELIGIOUS ASPECTS OF THE MOSQUE. FOSTER CULTURAL EXCHANGE AND APPRECIATION AMONG DIVERSE GROUPS OF VISITORS. • SOCIAL COHESION: RECOGNIZE THE POTENTIAL OF THE HERITAGE MOSQUE AS A UNIFYING FORCE WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. IT CAN SERVE AS A GATHERING PLACE FOR SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS ACTIVITIES, FOSTERING SOCIAL COHESION AND PROMOTING DIALOGUE AMONG DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS AND ETHNIC GROUPS. CONSERVING THE MOSQUE CONTRIBUTES TO A HARMONIOUS AND INCLUSIVE SOCIETY. • INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSMISSION: PRESERVE THE HERITAGE MOSQUE FOR FUTURE GENERATIONS, ENSURING THAT THEY CAN CONNECT WITH THEIR CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS HERITAGE. BY ENGAGING YOUNG PEOPLE IN THE CONSERVATION PROCESS AND EDUCATING THEM ABOUT THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MOSQUE, WE CAN ENSURE ITS CONTINUED RELEVANCE AND IMPORTANCE. • RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND RESPECT: EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE AND RESPECT WHEN CONSERVING A HERITAGE MOSQUE. ENCOURAGE DIALOGUE AND UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES, PROMOTING MUTUAL RESPECT AND APPRECIATION OF DIVERSE CULTURAL EXPRESSIONS. • SYMBOL OF PLURALISM: HIGHLIGHT THE HERITAGE MOSQUE AS A SYMBOL OF PLURALISM, SHOWCASING THE COEXISTENCE OF DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL TRADITIONS WITHIN A COMMUNITY OR REGION. BY PRESERVING AND CELEBRATING THIS DIVERSITY, WE FOSTER AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETY THAT VALUES AND RESPECTS ALL ITS MEMBERS. BY CONSIDERING THESE SOCIAL FACTORS, THE CONSERVATION OF A HERITAGE MOSQUE CAN HAVE A BROADER POSITIVE IMPACT, STRENGTHENING SOCIAL BONDS, PROMOTING CULTURAL EXCHANGE, AND FOSTERING AN INCLUSIVE AND HARMONIOUS COMMUNITY. 26
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERICTICS ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE IS A RICH AND DIVERSE ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION THAT HAS EVOLVED OVER CENTURIES, ENCOMPASSING A WIDE RANGE OF STYLES AND INFLUENCES. FROM ITS BEGINNINGS IN THE 7TH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT DAY, ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HAS LEFT AN INDELIBLE MARK ON THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD. IN THIS BRIEF OVERVIEW, WE WILL EXPLORE THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE FROM ITS INCEPTION TO THE CONTEMPORARY ERA. THE ROOTS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CAN BE TRACED BACK TO THE TIME OF THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD IN THE 7TH CENTURY. THE EARLIEST MOSQUES, SUCH AS THE PROPHET'S MOSQUE IN MEDINA AND THE GREAT MOSQUE OF KUFA, WERE SIMPLE STRUCTURES BUILT FOR COMMUNAL PRAYER. THESE EARLY MOSQUES FEATURED OPEN COURTYARDS, COVERED PRAYER HALLS, AND DISTINCTIVE MINARETS FROM WHICH THE CALL TO PRAYER WAS MADE. WITH THE EXPANSION OF THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE IN THE 8TH AND 9TH CENTURIES, ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE BEGAN TO FLOURISH. THE UMAYYAD CALIPHATE IN DAMASCUS AND THE ABBASID CALIPHATE IN BAGHDAD WERE CENTERS OF ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATION. THE UMAYYADS CONSTRUCTED MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES SUCH AS THE DOME OF THE ROCK IN JERUSALEM, A MASTERPIECE OF EARLY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE WITH ITS GOLD DOME AND INTRICATE MOSAICS. THE ABBASIDS, ON THE OTHER HAND, DEVELOPED THE HYPOSTYLE MOSQUE PLAN, CHARACTERIZED BY A LARGE CENTRAL COURTYARD SURROUNDED BY ROWS OF COLUMNS. AND ASPIRATIONS OF THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA. 27
THE ARRIVAL OF THE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN SPAIN DURING THE 8TH CENTURY LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF A UNIQUE ARCHITECTURAL STYLE KNOWN AS ANDALUSIAN OR MOORISH ARCHITECTURE. THE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA, BUILT IN THE 8TH CENTURY, IS A PRIME EXAMPLE OF THIS STYLE. IT FEATURES AN EXPANSIVE PRAYER HALL WITH A FOREST OF HORSESHOE ARCHES, INTRICATE GEOMETRIC PATTERNS, AND DECORATIVE STUCCO WORK. DURING THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD, ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE WITNESSED FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS UNDER VARIOUS DYNASTIES. THE SELJUKS AND THE TIMURIDS, FOR INSTANCE, BLENDED PERSIAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN INFLUENCES, CREATING DISTINCT ARCHITECTURAL FORMS. THE SELJUKS' MOST FAMOUS MONUMENT IS THE GREAT MOSQUE OF ISFAHAN, CHARACTERIZED BY ITS MONUMENTAL PORTAL AND ELABORATELY TILED DOME. THE TIMURIDS, UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF TIMUR (TAMERLANE), CONSTRUCTED IMPRESSIVE STRUCTURES LIKE THE GUR-E-AMIR MAUSOLEUM IN SAMARKAND, FEATURING INTRICATE TILEWORK AND BLUE DOMES. THE MUGHAL EMPIRE, WHICH RULED OVER THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT FROM THE 16TH TO THE 19TH CENTURIES, LEFT AN INDELIBLE ARCHITECTURAL LEGACY. THE TAJ MAHAL, BUILT BY EMPEROR SHAH JAHAN AS A MAUSOLEUM FOR HIS WIFE, IS ONE OF THE MOST RENOWNED EXAMPLES OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE. WITH ITS WHITE MARBLE FAÇADE, INTRICATE INLAY WORK, AND SYMMETRICAL DESIGN, THE TAJ MAHAL IS A MASTERPIECE OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE. 28
IN THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURIES, ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE RESPONDED TO CHANGING POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXTS. EUROPEAN COLONIALISM AND THE EMERGENCE OF NATION-STATES INFLUENCED ARCHITECTURAL STYLES. WESTERN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS WERE OFTEN INCORPORATED INTO ISLAMIC BUILDINGS, RESULTING IN A FUSION OF STYLES. AN EXAMPLE OF THIS IS THE MOHAMMAD ALI MOSQUE IN CAIRO, EGYPT, WHICH COMBINES OTTOMAN, MAMLUK, AND EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES. IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA, ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE CONTINUES TO EVOLVE WHILE PRESERVING ITS CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITY. MODERN MOSQUES OFTEN BLEND TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS WITH CONTEMPORARY DESIGN APPROACHES. THE HASSAN II MOSQUE IN CASABLANCA, MOROCCO, IS A NOTABLE EXAMPLE OF CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE. WITH ITS INNOVATIVE USE OF MATERIALS, INTRICATE WOODWORK, AND A TOWERING MINARET, THE MOSQUE REFLECTS A SYNTHESIS OF TRADITIONAL AND MODERN ARCHITECTURAL PRINCIPLES. ADDITIONALLY, NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABLE DESIGN PRACTICES ARE BEING INTEGRATED INTO THE CONSTRUCTION OF ISLAMIC BUILDINGS. THE USE OF SOLAR PANELS, WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS, AND GREEN BUILDING MATERIALS DEMONSTRATES A GROWING COMMITMENT TO ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY ARCHITECTURE. IN CONCLUSION, ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HAS A RICH AND DIVERSEHISTORY THAT SPANS OVER 14 CENTURIES. FROM ITS HUMBLE BEGINNINGS WITH SIMPLE MOSQUES TO THE GRANDEUR OF ICONIC STRUCTURES LIKE THE DOME OF THE ROCK AND THE TAJ MAHAL, ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HAS EVOLVED, ADAPTED, AND ABSORBED VARIOUS INFLUENCES WHILE MAINTAINING ITS DISTINCT CHARACTER. IT CONTINUES TO BE A DYNAMIC AND VIBRANT ARCHITECTURAL TRADITION, BLENDING TRADITION AND INNOVATION IN RESPONSE TO THE NEEDS AND ASPIRATIONS OF THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY IN THE CONTEMPORARY ERA. 29
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE HISTORY 1.EARLY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE (7TH CENTURY) 1. SIMPLE MOSQUES FOR COMMUNAL PRAYER 2. USE OF GEOMETRIC PATTERNS AND CALLIGRAPHIC INSCRIPTIONS 2.FLOURISHING PERIOD (8TH-9TH CENTURIES) 1. UMAYYAD CALIPHATE: DOME OF THE ROCK IN JERUSALEM 2. ABBASID CALIPHATE: HYPOSTYLE MOSQUE PLAN 3.ANDALUSIAN OR MOORISH ARCHITECTURE (8TH-15TH CENTURIES) 1. GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA AND ITS FEATURES 2. USE OF WATER FEATURES AND COURTYARDS 4.MEDIEVAL DEVELOPMENTS (11TH-15TH CENTURIES) 1. SELJUK ARCHITECTURE: GREAT MOSQUE OF ISFAHAN 2. TIMURID ARCHITECTURE: GUR-E-AMIR MAUSOLEUM 3. ORNATE TILEWORK, MUQARNAS VAULTING, AND CALLIGRAPHIC INSCRIPTIONS 5.MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE (16TH-19TH CENTURIES) 1. BLENDING OF ISLAMIC AND INDIAN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 2. TAJ MAHAL AS A MASTERPIECE OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE 3. INCORPORATION OF PERSIAN, CENTRAL ASIAN, AND INDIAN DESIGN MOTIFS 6.RESPONSE TO CHANGING CONTEXTS (19TH-20TH CENTURIES) 1. EUROPEAN COLONIAL INFLUENCES 2. FUSION OF WESTERN AND ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 3. EXAMPLE: MOHAMMAD ALI MOSQUE IN CAIRO, EGYPT 7.CONTEMPORARY ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 1. CONTINUATION OF TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS WITH MODERN APPROACHES 2. INTEGRATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND SUSTAINABILITY FEATURES 3. EXAMPLE: HASSAN II MOSQUE IN CASABLANCA, MOROCCO 30
MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERISTICS MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE IS A DISTINCTIVE STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE THAT DEVELOPED DURING THE REIGN OF THE MUGHAL EMPIRE IN THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT FROM THE 16TH TO THE 19TH CENTURY. HERE ARE SOME KEY CHARACTERISTICS OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE: • SYMMETRY AND BALANCE: MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE IS CHARACTERIZED BY A STRONG EMPHASIS ON SYMMETRY AND BALANCE. BUILDINGS OFTEN HAVE A CENTRAL AXIS WITH IDENTICAL OR SIMILAR ELEMENTS ON EITHER SIDE, CREATING A SENSE OF HARMONY AND ORDER. • USE OF RED SANDSTONE AND MARBLE: MUGHAL BUILDINGS COMMONLY FEATURE THE USE OF RED SANDSTONE, WHICH GIVES THEM A DISTINCTIVE REDDISH HUE. MARBLE, PARTICULARLY WHITE MARBLE, IS ALSO FREQUENTLY USED FOR DECORATIVE ELEMENTS, SUCH AS INLAYS AND INTRICATE CARVINGS. • BULBOUS DOMES: MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE IS KNOWN FOR ITS BULBOUS DOMES, WHICH ARE TYPICALLY LARGE AND BULB-SHAPED. THESE DOMES ARE OFTEN ADORNED WITH INTRICATE PATTERNS, CALLIGRAPHY, AND GEOMETRIC DESIGNS. • MINARETS: MANY MUGHAL STRUCTURES INCORPORATE TALL, SLENDER MINARETS. THESE TOWER-LIKE STRUCTURES SERVE BOTH PRACTICAL AND AESTHETIC PURPOSES. THEY PROVIDE A VISUAL FOCAL POINT AND ARE USED FOR THE CALL TO PRAYER. • CHHATRIS: CHHATRIS ARE ELEVATED, DOME-SHAPED PAVILIONS THAT ARE OFTEN FOUND IN MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE. THEY ARE USED TO HONOR IMPORTANT INDIVIDUALS OR MARK SIGNIFICANT LOCATIONS WITHIN A COMPLEX. CHHATRIS ARE TYPICALLY SUPPORTED BY COLUMNS OR PILLARS AND ARE ADORNED WITH INTRICATE CARVINGS. 31
• JALI SCREENS: MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE MAKES EXTENSIVE USE OF JALI SCREENS, WHICH ARE INTRICATELY CARVED MARBLE OR SANDSTONE SCREENS WITH DELICATE GEOMETRIC OR FLORAL PATTERNS. THESE SCREENS SERVE AS DECORATIVE ELEMENTS AND ALSO ALLOW FOR VENTILATION AND THE PLAY OF LIGHT AND SHADOW. • GARDENS AND WATER FEATURES: MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE OFTEN INCORPORATES EXTENSIVE GARDENS, KNOWN AS CHARBAGH, WITH SYMMETRICAL LAYOUTS AND WATER FEATURES SUCH AS FOUNTAINS, POOLS, AND CANALS. THESE GARDENS ARE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE A SERENE AND PEACEFUL ENVIRONMENT. • CALLIGRAPHY AND ORNAMENTATION: MUGHAL BUILDINGS ARE OFTEN ADORNED WITH INTRICATE CALLIGRAPHY, PARTICULARLY QURANIC VERSES AND PERSIAN POETRY. THE USE OF ORNAMENTAL MOTIFS SUCH AS FLORAL PATTERNS, ARABESQUES, AND GEOMETRIC DESIGNS IS ALSO PROMINENT. • CENTRAL HALLS AND COURTYARDS: MUGHAL BUILDINGS TYPICALLY HAVE LARGE CENTRAL HALLS OR COURTYARDS, WHICH SERVE AS GATHERING SPACES FOR PRAYER, PUBLIC EVENTS, OR PRIVATE CEREMONIES. THESE SPACES ARE OFTEN SURROUNDED BY ARCADES OR GALLERIES. • INTEGRATION OF HINDU AND ISLAMIC ELEMENTS: MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE EXHIBITS A UNIQUE FUSION OF ISLAMIC AND HINDU ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS. ELEMENTS SUCH AS POINTED ARCHES, DOMES, AND ORNAMENTATION FROM ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE ARE COMBINED WITH ELEMENTS LIKE COURTYARDS AND CHHATRIS FROM HINDU ARCHITECTURE. • THESE ARE SOME OF THE PROMINENT CHARACTERISTICS OF MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE. THE STYLE IS KNOWN FOR ITS GRANDEUR, INTRICATE DETAILING, AND A HARMONIOUS BLEND OF VARIOUS ARCHITECTURAL TRADITIONS. 32
DELHI JAME MOSQUE, INDIA (CASE STUDY) LOCATION ARCHITECT NAME JAMA MASJID RD, JAMA MASJID, CHANDNI USTAD KHALIL CHOWK, NEW DELHI, DELHI 110006, INDIA YEAR OF BUILD WORSHIPPERS BETWEEN 1650 AND 1656 25,000 AREA OWNERS LENGTH 40 METRES (130 FT) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, DELHI WAQF BOARD WIDTH 27 METRES (89 FT) 33
HISTORY T WAS BUILT BY THE MUGHAL EMPEROR SHAH JAHAN BETWEEN 1650 AND 1656, AND INAUGURATED BY ITS FIRST IMAM, SYED ABDUL GHAFOOR SHAH BUKHARI. SITUATED IN THE MUGHAL CAPITAL OF SHAHJAHANABAD (TODAY OLD DELHI), IT SERVED AS THE IMPERIAL MOSQUE OF THE MUGHAL EMPERORS UNTIL THE DEMISE OF THE EMPIRE IN 1857. THE JAMA MASJID WAS REGARDED AS A SYMBOLIC NODE OF ISLAMIC POWER ACROSS INDIA, WELL INTO THE COLONIAL ERA. IT WAS ALSO A SITE OF POLITICAL SIGNIFICANCE DURING SEVERAL KEY PERIODS OF BRITISH RULE. IT REMAINS IN ACTIVE USE, AND IS ONE OF DELHI'S MOST ICONIC SITES, CLOSELY IDENTIFIED WITH THE ETHOS OF OLD DELHI. URBAN AND ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES THE MOSQUE PREDOMINANTLY USES RED SANDSTONE, AND IS SET APART FROM ITS PREDECESSORS BY A MORE EXTENSIVE USAGE OF WHITE MARBLE. BLACK MARBLE ALSO FEATURES AS A DECORATIVE ELEMENT. ARABIC AND PERSIAN CALLIGRAPHIC PIECES ARE FOUND ON VARIOUS SURFACES OF THE STRUCTURE, WHOSE CONTENT RANGES FROM RELIGIOUS TO PANEGYRIC. HAVING BEEN BUILT ON A HILL, THE MOSQUE IS SITUATED ON A PLINTH ELEVATED 10 METRES ABOVE THE SURROUNDING CITY. THE COMPLEX IS ORIENTED TO THE WEST, TOWARDS MECCA.AN IMPERIAL COLLEGE, IMPERIAL DISPENSARY, AND MADRASA USED TO LIE ADJACENT TO THE STRUCTURE, BUT WERE DESTROYED IN THE UPRISINGS OF 1857 THE MOSQUE'S DOMES ARE FLANKED BY TWO SANDSTONE MINARETS, AT THE NORTHEAST AND SOUTHEAST CORNERS.HEY ARE 40 METRES HIGH AND LONGITUDINALLY STRIPED WITH WHITE MARBLE. EACH MINARET CONSISTS OF 130 STEPS, ALONG WHICH VIEWING GALLERIES OCCUR AT THREE PLACES. BOTH MINARETS ARE TOPPED WITH A MARBLE CHHATRI. DESCRIPTION JAMA MASJID OF DELHI, IS ONE OF THE LARGEST MOSQUES IN INDIA. THE MOSQUE HAS TWO NAMES. THE OLDER ONE, BESTOWED BY SHAH JAHAN, IS 'MASJID-I-JEHĀN- NUMĀ', ROUGHLY TRANSLATING TO \"MOSQUE COMMANDING THE VIEW OF THE WORLD\" IN PERSIAN AND URDU. THE OTHER MORE COMMON ONE IS 'JĀMĀ MASJID', WHICH EMERGED AMONG THE COMMON POPULACE. ITS LITERAL TRANSLATION IN ARABIC IS \"CONGREGATIONAL MOSQUE\". IT IS USED IN THE SENSE OF 'FRIDAY MOSQUE' (JUMA MASJID), SINCE THIS IS WHEN THE CONGREGATIONAL PRAYER IS HELD. THE TERM 'JAMA MASJID' IS NOT UNIQUE TO DELHI'S MOSQUE; SINCE THE 7TH CENTURY, IT HAS BEEN USED IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD TO DENOTE THE COMMUNITY MOSQUE, AND HENCE MANY AROUND THE WORLD BEAR THIS NAME AND ITS VARIANTS. 34
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REFERENCES https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-67558 https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2020/03/13/anderkilla-shahi- jame-masjid-a-monument-of-mughal-victory-in-chittagong https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderkilla_Shahi_Jame_Mosque https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture#:~:text=Mughal%20architecture %20incorporates%20Hindu%20elements,white%20marble%20and%20red%20sandsto ne. https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Stages-of-conservation-process-Source- Researchers_fig1_329897241 https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-020-00416- w 38
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