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Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Chapter 1: Basic words for physics CHAPTEROUTLINE 1.1 Physics vocabularies 1.2 Physics symbols 1.3 Physics calculation and equations 1

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics WHAT IS PHYSICS? Physics is a natural science based on experiments, measurements and mathematical analysis with the purpose of finding quantitative physical laws for everything from the nanoworld of the micro cosmos to the planets, solar systems and galaxies that occupy the macro cosmos 1.1 Physics vocabularies Acceleration Gravity Forces Energy 2

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Waves Pressure Lenses Electricity Electromagnetism 3

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics The Atom Momentum Weigh Electrostatics Heat 4

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics 1.2 Physics symbols 1.2.1 Greek alphabet letters Upper Case Letter Lower Case Letter Greek Letter Name Letter Name Pronounce Π ������ Pi Ρ ������ Rho Pa-yee Σ ������ Sigma row Τ ������ Tau Υ ������ Upsilon Sig-ma Φ ������ Phi Ta-oo Χ ������ Chi 00-psi-lon Ψ ������ Psi f-ee Ω ������ Omega Kh-ee Α ������ Alpha p-see Β ������ Beta 0-me-ga Γ ������ Gamma Al-fa ∆ ������ Delta be-ta Ε ������ Epsilon ga-ma Ζ ������ Zeta Del-ta Η ������ Eta Ep-si-lon Θ ������ Theta ze-ta Ι ������ Iota eh-ta Κ ������ kappa te-ta Λ ������ Lambda io-ta Μ ������ Mu ka-pa Ν ������ Nu lam-da Ξ ������ Xi m-yoo Ο ������ Omicron noo x-ee 0-mee-c-ron 5

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics 1.2.2 Symbols for Physical Quantities and Their International Units a) Space & Time symbol quantity symbol unit ������, ������ m meter position, separation, radius, m meter radius of curvature rad m radian ������, ������ displacement, distance m, rad meter ������, ������, ������, ������ angle, angular displacement, unitless angular separation, rotation m, rad meter, radian angle unitless m meter, radian ������, ������, ������ cartesian coordinates m unitless ������̂, ������,̂ ���̂��� cartesian unit vectors m unitless m unitless ������, ������, ������ spherical coordinates m meter ���̂���, ���̂���, ���̂��� spherical unit vectors m meter m2 meter ������, ������, ������ cylindrical coordinates m3 meter ���̂���, ���̂���, ���̂��� cylindrical unit vectors meter meter ���̂��� normal unit vector square meter ���̂��� tangential unit vector cubic meter ������ height, depth ������, ������ length ������ distance, separation, thickness ������ thickness ������ diameter ������ circumference ������, ������ area, cross-sectional area, projected area, surface area ������ volume 6

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics symbol quantity symbol unit ������ time, duration ������ period, periodic time s second ������ time constant ������ frequency s second ������ angular frequency s second Hz hertz rad/s radian per second b) Mechanics symbol quantity symbol unit ������, ������ velocity, speed m/s meter per second ������, ������ acceleration m/s2 meter per second squared ������������, ������������ centripetal acceleration, centrifugal m/s2 meter per second squared acceleration gravitational field, acceleration due meter per second squared ������, ������ m/s2 to gravity ������ mass kg kilogram ������, ������ force N newton ������������, ������, ������ force of gravity, weight N newton ������������, ������, ������ normal force, normal N newton ������������, ������������, ������������ force of friction (static, kinetic) N newton ������������, ������������ coefficient of friction unitless (static, kinetic) ������, ������ momentum kg m/s kilogram meter per second 7

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics symbol quantity symbol unit ������, ������ impulse N s newton second ������ work J joule ������ energy, total energy J joule kinetic energy (translational, J joule ������, ������������, ������������ rotational) potential energy (gravitational, J joule ������, ������������, ������������ spring) ������������ gravitational potential J/kg joule per kilogram ������ efficiency unitless ������ power W watt ������, ������ rotational velocity, rotational speed rad/s radian per second ������, ������ rotational acceleration rad/s2 radian per second squared ������, ������ torque N m newton meter ������ moment of inertia kg m2 kilogram meter squared ������, ������ angular momentum kilogram meter squared per kg m2/s second ������, ������ angular impulse Nms newton meter second ������ spring constant N/m newton per meter ������ pressure Pa pascal ������ normal stress Pa pascal ������ shear stress Pa pascal 8

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics symbol quantity symbol unit ������ density, volume mass density kg/m3 kilogram per cubic meter area mass density, superficial mass ������ kg/m2 kilogram per square meter density ������ linear mass density kg/m kilogram per meter ������������, ������, ������ buoyancy, buoyant force N newton ������������ mass flow rate kg/s kilogram per second ������������ volume flow rate m3/s cubic meter per second drag, aerodynamic drag, air N newton ������������, ������, ������ resistance ������, ������������ drag coefficient, coefficient of drag Pa s unitless ������ viscosity, dynamic viscosity pascal second ������ kinematic viscosity m2/s square meter per second ������������ mach number unitless ������������ reynolds number unitless ������������ froude number unitless young's modulus, modulus of Pa pascal ������ elasticity ������ shear modulus, modulus of rigidity Pa pascal bulk modulus, modulus of Pa pascal ������ compression ������ linear strain unitless ������ shear strain unitless 9

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics symbol quantity symbol unit ������ volume strain unitless ������ surface tension N/m newton per meter c) Thermal Physics symbol quantity symbol unit ������ temperature K kelvin linear expansivity, coefficient of K−1 inverse kelvin ������ linear thermal expansion ������ volume expansivity, coefficient of K−1 inverse kelvin volume thermal expansion ������ heat J joule ������ specific heat, specific heat capacity J/kg K joule per kilogram kelvin ������ latent heat, specific latent heat J/kg joule per kilogram ������ amount of substance mole ������ number of particles unitless ������ heat flow rate W watt ������ thermal conductivity W/m K watt per meter kelvin ������ emissivity unitless ������ internal energy J joule ������ entropy J/K joule per kelvin ways, number of identical unitless ������ microstates 10

������������������ coefficient of performance Chapter 1: Basic words for physics unitless d) Waves & Optics symbol quantity symbol unit ������ wavelength m meter meter per second ������, ������ wave speed m/s watt per square meter decibel, decineper ������ intensity W/m2 unitless ������ level dB, dNp meter index of refraction, absolute index unitless ������ of refraction ������ focal length m ������ magnification e) Electricity & Magnetism symbol quantity symbol unit ������, ������ charge, electric charge C coulomb ������ charge density, volume charge kg/m3 kilogram per cubic meter density ������ area charge density, superficial kg/m2 kilogram per square meter charge density ������ linear charge density kg/m kilogram per meter ������������, ������������ electric force, electrostatic force N newton ������, ������ electric field N/C, newton per coulomb, volt V/m per meter 11

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics symbol quantity symbol unit ������������ electric flux N m2/C, newton meter squared per Vm coulomb, volt meter ������, ������������ potential energy, electric potential J joule energy ������, ������������ voltage, potential, electric potential V volt ������ electromotive force, emf V volt ������ capacitance F farad ������ dielectric constant unitless ������ current, electric current A ampère ������, ������ resistance, electrical resistance, Ω ohm internal resistance ������ resistivity Ω m ohm meter ������ conductance S siemens ������ conductivity S/m siemens per meter ������������, ������������ magnetic force N newton ������, ������ magnetic field T tesla ������������ magnetic flux Wb weber ������ number of turns m−1 unitless ������ turns per unit length, turns density inverse meter ������ energy density J/m3 joule per cubic meter ������, ������ poynting vector, intensity W/m2 watt per square meter 12

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics 1.2.3 Miscellaneous symbols a) Mathematical symbols and notation symbol description + plus, add, positive − minus, subtract, negative ± uncertainty, error, plus-minus · multiply, dot, dot product, scalar product × multiply, cross, cross product, vector product ÷,/ divide ������������ square ������������ cube √ square root, root, radical ∛ cube root invert, reciprocal ������ , ������−������ ������ equal to, equality approximately equal to = ≈ ∝ proportional to ≠ not equal to, inequality ~ on the order of, tilde < less than > greater than ≤ less than or equal to 13

symbol Chapter 1: Basic words for physics ≥ description ⇒, ⇐ ⇔ greater than or equal to ⋯ ∴ logical implication ������(������) ������������������ logical equivalence ������������������ ������������������ and so on, ellipsis ������������������������ therefore ������������������������ ������������������������ function sine ���̂��� ∥ cosine ⊥ ���̅��� tangent ���̃��� <> hyperbolic sine ������(������) ∆ hyperbolic cosine ������ hyperbolic tangent unit vector, hat, circumflex parallel perpendicular mean, average, antiparticle, bar, macron, overline median, supersymetric particle, tilde time average, ensemble average, bracket probability distribution, probability density function increment, change, delta differential, d 14

symbol Chapter 1: Basic words for physics ������ ������ description ������ ∙ partial differential, d partial ������ × gradient, del ������������ divergence, div, del dot ������ curl, del cross ∫ laplacian, del squared ∬ summation, sigma ∭ integral ∮ double integral ∯ triple integral ∰ contour integral ∞ surface integral ℵ������ volume integral infinity transfinite number, aleph null b) Astronomical symbols symbol celestial body symbol constellation ☉ sun Aries ☿ mercury Taurus ♀ Venus Gemini cancer ♁ earth Leo ☽, ☾ moon 15

♂ mars Chapter 1: Basic words for physics ♃ Jupiter ♄ Saturn Virgo ♅, ⛢ Uranus libra ♆ Neptune Scorpius ♇, ⯓ Pluto Sagittarius ⚳ ceres Capricorn Aquarius Pisces 1.2.4 Circuit Symbols The symbols for different electronic devices are shown below. Apart from the circuit symbols, each device is also designated a short name. Though these names are not approved as standard notations, they are commonly used by most people. These designations are also given in the list. Wire Symbols Circuit Symbol Description Electronic Used to connect one component to Component another. One device may be connected to another Wire through wires. This is represented by drawing “blobs” on the point where they Wires Joined are shorted. When circuits are drawn some wires may Unjointed not touch others. This can only be shown Wires by bridging them or by drawing them without blobs. But bridging is commonly Power Supply Symbols practised as there will not arise any confusion. 16

Electronic Circuit Symbol Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Component Description Cell Used to provide a supply for a circuit. Battery A battery has more than a cell and is DC Supply used for the same purpose. The smaller AC Supply terminal is negative and the larger one is positive. Abbreviated as ‘B’. Fuse Used as a DC power supply, that is, the Transformer current will always flow in one direction. Earth/Ground Used as AC power supply, that is, the current will keep alternating directions. Resistor Symbols Circuit Symbol Used in circuits where a probability of Electronic excessive current flows. The fuse will Component break the circuit if excessive current flows and saves the other devices from damage. Used as an ac power supply. Consists of two coils, the primary and secondary that are linked together through an iron core. There is no physical connection between the two coils. The principle of mutual inductance is used to obtain power. Abbreviated as ‘T’. Used in electronic circuits to represent the 0 volts of the power supply. It can also be defined as the real earth, when it is applied in radio circuits and power circuits. Description 17

Resistor Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Rheostat Potentiometer A resistor is used to restrict the amount of current flow through a device. Preset Abbreviated as ‘R’. A rheostat is used to control the current Capacitor Symbols flow with two contacts. Applicable in controlling lamp brightness, capacitor Electronic Circuit Symbol charge rate, etc. Component A potentiometer is used to control the voltage flow and has three contacts. Capacitor Have applications in changing a mechanical angle change to an electrical Capacitor – parameter. Abbreviated as ‘POT’. Polarized Presets are low cost variable resistors that are used to control the charge flow Variable with the help of a screw driver. Capacitor Applications where the resistance is determined only at the end of the circuit design. Description Capacitor is a device that is used to store electrical energy. It consists of two metals plates that are separated by a dielectric. It is applicable as a filter, that is, to block DC signals and allow AC signals. Abbreviated with the letter ‘C’. Capacitor can be used in a timer circuit by adding a resistor. Used to vary the capacitance by turning the knob. A type of variable capacitor is the trimmer capacitor that is small in size. The notations are all the same. 18

Diode Symbols Circuit Symbol Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Electronic Description Component A diode is used to allow electric current Diode to flow in only one direction. Abbreviated as ‘D’. Light Emitting LED is used to emit light when a current Diode (LED) is passed through the device. It is abbreviated as LED. Zener Diode After a breakdown voltage, the device allows current to flow in the reverse Photo Diode direction as well. It is abbreviated as ‘Z’. Photodiode works as a photo-detector Tunnel Diode and converts light into its corresponding voltage or current. Schottky Diode Tunnel Diode is known for its high- speed operation due to its application in Transistor Symbols quantum mechanical effects. The Schottky Diode is known for its Electronic Circuit Symbol large forward voltage drop and hence has Component great applications in switching circuits. NPN Transistor Description PNP Transistor This is a transistor with a layer of P- doped semiconductor fixed between two layers of N-doped semiconductors that act as the emitter and collector. Abbreviated as ‘Q’. This is a transistor with a layer of N- doped semiconductor fixed between two layers of P-doped semiconductors that 19

Phototransistor Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Field Effect act as the emitter and collector. Transistor Abbreviated as ‘Q’. The working of a phototransistor is N-Channel similar to that of a bipolar transistor with Junction FET a difference that it converts light into its corresponding current. The P-Channel phototransistor can also act as a Junction FET photodiode if the emitter is not connected. Given Below Like a transistor, a FET has three Metal Oxide terminals, the Gate, Source and Drain. Semiconductor The device has an electric field that controls the conductivity of a channel of FET one type charge carrier in a semiconductor substance. The Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) is the simplest type of FET with applications in Switching and voltage variable resistor. In an N-channel JFET an N-type silicon bar has two smaller pieces of P-type silicon material diffused on each sides of its middle part, forming P-N junctions. P-channel JFET is similar in construction to N-channel JFET except that P-type semiconductor base is sandwiched between two N-type junctions. In this case majority carriers are holes. Abbreviated as MOSFET. MOSFET is a three terminal device and is controlled by a gate bias. It is known for its low capacitance and low input impedance. 20

Enhancement Chapter 1: Basic words for physics MOSFET The enhancement MOSFET structure has Depletion no channel formed during its MOSFET construction. Voltage is applied to the gate, so as to develop a channel of charge Meters Circuit Symbol carriers so that a current result when a voltage is applied across the drain-source Electronic terminals. Abbreviated as e-MOSFET. Component In the depletion-mode construction a channel is physically constructed and a Voltmeter current between drain and source is due to voltage applied across the drain-source Ammeter terminals. Abbreviated as d-MOSFET. Galvanometer Description Ohmmeter Voltmeter is used to measure the voltage at a certain point in the circuit. Oscilloscope An Ammeter is used to measure the Sensor Symbols current that passes through the circuit at a particular point. A galvanometer is used to measure very small currents in the order of 1 milli ampere or less. Resistance of the circuit is measured using an Ohmmeter. An oscilloscope is used to measure the voltage and time period of signals along with their shape display. 21

Electronic Circuit Symbol Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Component Description Light Dependent It is abbreviated as LDR. Light Resistor (LDR) Dependent Resistor is used to convert light into its corresponding resistance. Thermistor Instead of directly measuring the light, it senses the heat content and converts it Switch Symbols Circuit Symbol onto resistance. Instead of directly measuring the light, a Electronic thermistor senses the heat content and Component converts it into resistance. Abbreviated as ‘TH’. Push Switch Description Push to Break Switch This is an ordinary switch that passes current only upon pressing. Singe Pole Single Throw The push to break switch is usually kept in the ON state (closed). It turns to OFF Switch state (open) only when the switch is pressed. Single Pole Also known as the ON/OFF switch. This Double Throw switch allows the flow of current only when it is kept ON. Abbreviated as Switch SPST. Also known as the 2-way switch. It can be also called as an ON/OFF/ON switch as it has an OFF position in the center. The switch causes the flow of current in two directions, depending on its position. It can be abbreviated as SPDT. 22

Double Pole Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Single Throw Abbreviated as DPST. Can also be called Switch as a dual ON-OFF switch. This is used to isolate between the live and neutral Double Pole connections in the main electrical line. Double Throw Abbreviated as DPDT. The switch uses a Switch central OFF position and is applied as reversing switch for motors. Relay Relay is abbreviated as ‘RY’. This Audio and Radio Device Symbols device can easily switch a 230 Volt AC mains circuit. It has three switching Electronic Circuit Symbol stages called Normally Open (NO). Component Normally Closed (NC), and Common (COM). Microphone Description Earphone This device is used for converting sound Loudspeaker to its corresponding electrical energy. Abbreviated as ‘MIC’. Piezo- Transducer Does the reverse process of microphone Amplifier and converts electrical energy into sound. Does the same operation as an earphone, but converts an amplified version of the electrical energy into its corresponding sound. It is a transducer that converts electrical energy into sound. Used to amplify a signal. It is mainly used to represent a whole circuit rather than just one component. 23

Aerial Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Output Devices Circuit Symbol This device is used to transmit/receive signals. Abbreviated as ‘AE’. Electronic Component Description Lighting Lamp This is used to provide light for the output. Indicator Lamp Heater Used to convert electrical energy into light. The best example is the warning Inductor light on a car dashboard. This transducer is used to change Motor electrical energy into heat. Bell Inductor is used to produce a magnetic Buzzer field when a certain current is passed through a coil of wire. The wire is coiled on a soft iron core. Have applications in motors, and tank circuits. Abbreviated as ‘L’. This device is used to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Can be used as a generator as well. Abbreviated as ‘M’. Used to produce a sound as the output, according to the electrical energy produced as the input. It is used to produce an output sound corresponding to the electrical energy in the input. 1.2.5 Optic Symbols 24

Optic Optic Symbols Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Component Reflecting Description surface Reflecting surfaces are surfaces that can deliver high solar Convex lens reflectance and high thermal emittance. A convex lens is also recognized as a converging lens because it converges all the parallel light rays passing through it at a specific point known as a focal point Concave lens Concave lens can be identified as the lens which disperses the light rays around, that hits the lenses. Spherical lens A \"spherical lens\" is a lens whose surface has the shape of (part of) the surface of a sphere. On this page, we will determine some values for the focal length of a spherical lens. 25

Optic Optic Symbols Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Component Description Mirror is an object that reflects light in a way that preserves much of its original quality subsequent to its contact with the mirror. Prism is a glass or other transparent object in the form of a prism, Sine wave especially one that is triangular 1.2.6 Mechanics Symbols with refracting surfaces at an acute angle with each other and Optic Component that separates white light into a Rest spectrum of colors. Sine wave is a wave whose waveform resembles a sine curve. Optic Symbols Weight 26

Optic Component Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Ball Optic Symbols Staircase Balance Mathematical Pendulum Block 27

Optic Component Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Pulley Block Optic Symbols Crown Block Travelling Block Semi-Circle Slot Vehicle Trailer 28

Optic Component Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Weight Beam Caliper Optic Symbols Simple Pendulum Ticker-Tape timer 29

Optic Component Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Magnet Optic Symbols 1.3 Physics calculation and equations Frequently Used Equations 1) Mechanics velocity Mechanics acceleration ∆������ ������������ equations of motion ������̅ = ∆������ ; ������ = ������������ a = V ; a = dV newton's 2nd law weight t dt dry friction v = v0 + at centripetal accel s = s0 + v0t + 1 at 2 momentum 2 impulse v2 = v02 + 2a ( s − s0 ) impulse-momentum v = 1 ( v + v0 ) 2  F = ma ;  F = dp dt W = mg fs  s N ; fk  k N ac = v2 ; ac = − 2r r p = mv J=Ft ; J =  Fdt Ft = mV ;  Fdt = p 30

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Mechanics work W = Fs cos ; W =  F.ds work-energy kinetic energy Fs cos = E ;  F.ds = E general p.e. gravitational p.e. K = 1 mv2 ; K = p2 2 2m efficiency power U = − F.ds power-velocity F = −U angular velocity Ug = mgh angular acceleration  = Wout Ein equations of rotation P = W t P = dw dt P = Fv cos  P = F.V  =  t  = d dt V =r  =  t  = d dt a =  r −2r  = 0 + t  = 0 + 0t + 1t2 2 2 = 02 + 2 ( −0 )  = 1 ( + 0 ) 2 31

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Mechanics torque  = rF sin 2nd law for rotation  =rF moment of inertia  = I rotational work rotational power  = dL rotational k.e. dt angular momentum I =  mr2 angular impulse I =  r2 dm angular i.m. W =  universal gravitation gravitational field W = .d gravitational p.e. P =  cos gravitational potential P = . K = 1 I2 2 L = mrv sin θ L= r  p L= I H = t H =  dt t = m  dt = L Fg = − Gm1m2 r r2 g = − Gm r r2 Ug = − Gm1m2 r Vg = − Gm r 32

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Mechanics orbital speed v = Gm escape speed r hooke's law spring p.e. v = 2Gm r s.h.o simple pendulum F = −kx frequency Us = 1 k x 2 angular frequency 2 density T = 2 m pressure k pressure in a fluid buoyancy T = 2 l g mass flow rate f =1 volume flow rate T mass continuity  = 2 f volume continuity =m V P= F A P = P0 +  gh B =  gVdisplaced qm = m t qm = dm dt qV = V t qV = dV dt 1 A1v1 = 2 A2v2 A1v1 = A2v2 33

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Mechanics Bernoulli’s equation P1 +  gy1 + 1 v12 = P2 +  gy2 + 1 v22 dynamic viscosity 2 2 kinematic viscosity drag F =  vx mach number A z reynolds number F =  dvx froude number A dz young's modulus shear modulus v=  bulk modulus surface tension R = 1 CAv2 2 2) Thermal Physics Ma = v c Re = vD  Fr = v gl F = E l A l0  = E F = G x Ay  = G F = K V A V0 P = K =F l 34

solid expansion Chapter 1: Basic words for physics liquid expansion Thermal Physics sensible heat l = l0T latent heat A = 2 A0T ideal gas law V = 3V0T molecular constants V = V0T molecular k.e. Q = mcT molecular speeds Q = mL heat flow rate PV = nRT thermal conduction nR = Nk stefan-boltzmann law K = 3 kT wien displacement 2 internal energy vP = 2kT v= 8kT vrms = 3kT m m m thermodynamic work 1st law of thermo. P = Q entropy t P = dQ dt P = kAT l ( )P =  A T 4 − T04 max = b T U = 3 RT 2 U = 3 NkT 2 W = − P dV U = Q +W S = Q T S = k log 35

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Thermal Physics real =1− Qc QH efficiency ideal = 1− Tc TH c.o.p. COPreal = Qc 3) Waves & Optics QH − QC periodic waves COPideal = TC frequency TH − TC beat frequency Waves & Optics intensity v= f intensity level pressure level s ( x,t ) = s sin 2  ft − x  doppler effect    mach angle f =1 T fbeat = fhigh − flow P I= A LI  I  = 10 log  I0    LP =  P  20 log  P0    f0 = s = c  v0 fs 0 c vs f    v fc sin  = c v 36

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Waves & Optics cerenkov angle cos = c interference fringes nv index of refraction n = d sin snell's law n  x critical angle dL image location n=c image size v spherical mirrors n1 sin1 = n2 sin2 sin c = n2 n1 1= 1+1 f d0 di M = hi = di h0 d0 f r 2 4) Electricity & Magnetism Electricity & Magnetism F = k q1q2 r2 coulomb's law electric field, def. F= 1 q1q2 r 4 0 r2 E = FE q electric potential, def. V = UE q 37

field & potential Chapter 1: Basic words for physics electric field Electricity & Magnetism electric potential E = V capacitance d plate capacitor E = −V cylindrical capacitor spherical capacitor − E.dr = V capacitive p.e. E = k  q r electric current r2 charge density current density E = k  dq r r2 V = k q r V = k  dq r C=Q V C = k0 A d C = 2 k0l ln (b a) C = (1 4 k0 b) a) − (1 U = 1 CV 2 = 1 Q2 = 1 QV 2 2C 2 I = q t I = dq dt =Q V J= I A J = V 38

ohm's law Chapter 1: Basic words for physics resitivity-conductivity Electricity & Magnetism electric resistance V = IR electric power E = J resistors in series J =E resistors in parallel capacitors in series = 1  capacitors in parallel magnetic force, charge R = l magnetic force, current A biot-savart law P = VI = I 2R = V 2 solenoid R straight wire Rs = Ri parallel wires electric flux 1 = 1 Rp Ri 1 = 1 Cs Ci Cp = Ci FB = qvB sin FB = qv  B FB = IlB sin dFB = Idl  B B = 0I ds  r 4 r2 B = 0nI B = 0I 2 r FB = 0 I1I2 l 2 r E = EAcos E =  E.dA 39

Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Electricity & Magnetism magnetic flux E = BAcos E =  B.dA motional emf  = Blv induced emf  = − B t  = − dB dt  E.dA = Q 0 gauss's law .E =  0 no one's law  B.dA = 0 .B = 0  E.ds = −  B t faraday's law   E=- B t  B.ds = 0 0  E + 0I t ampere's law E   B = 0 0 t + 0J E ( x,t ) = E0 sin 2  ft − x +  j    Electromagnetic plane wave 2  x  B ( x,t ) = B0 sin  ft −  +  k em wave energy density  = 0E2  = 1 B2 0 pointing vector S = 1 E×B 0 40

em radiation pressure Chapter 1: Basic words for physics Electricity & Magnetism P = 1 2 41