Final Flipbook Josh James CHS 3B

Flipbook    Josh James  3B           

Table of Contents  Integumentary System (3-5)  Musculoskeletal System (6-8)  Nervous System (9-11)  Special Senses (12-14)  Cardiovascular System (15-17)  Respiratory System (18-20)  Digestive System (21-23)  Urinary System (24-26)  Reproductive System (27-29)  Sources (30)              2

Integumentary System  Key Terms  derm/o - skin   kerat/o - hard, horn-shaped tissue  xer/o - dry  xanth/o - yellow  erythr/o - red  pedicu/o - fingernail, toenail  onych/o - nail  myc/o - fungus  pil/o - hair; hair follicle  lip/o - fat  rhytid/o - sebum which secretes oil  albin/o - white  Function  The integumentary system has four main functions. Protection, body temperature  maintenance, exertion, and perception of stimuli.  Protection: Physical barrier of underlying tissues to protect from physical damage,  ultraviolet rays, and pathogenic invasion.  Body Temperature Maintenance: Perspiration regulates the body’s natural temperature  3

Integumentary System  Exertion: Sweat glands also release waste products, containing, water, salt and organic  compounds  Perception of stimuli: Contains a large quantity of nerve endings that detect stimuli.  There are also tactile receptors that are responsible for touch.  Vocabulary  Albinism - Inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that produce pimples on the  skin  Cicatrix - A scar left by a healed wound (lightened area on the skin).  Ecchymosis - Black-and-blue or purplish bruise caused by ruptured blood vessels  beneath the skin  Keloid - An abnormally raised, thickened scar.  Cyst - A closed, thick-walled sac or pouch containing fluid or semisolid material that  develops in a cavity or other structures in the body  Macule - Small, flat, discolored, lesion on the skin (freckle)  Papule - A solid skin elevation with distinct borders and a diameter less than one  centimeter (pimple)  Psoriasis - Chronic disease marked by itchy, erythematous skin with silver patches  Vitiligo - Loss of pigment in one or more areas of the skin, creating the appearance of  milky-white patches  Scabies - Contagious, parasitic infection of the skin with intense pruritus or itching      4

Integumentary System  Diseases / Disorders  Impetigo - Bacterial infection of the skin characterized by vesicles (small, fluid-filled  sacs), pustules (small, pus-filled blisters), and crusted-over lesions .  Gangrene - Necrosis or death of tissue, due to loss of blood supply, followed by a  bacterial infection.  Alopecia - Hair loss that results from genetics, normal aging, illness, or drugs used to  treat certain diseases.  Cyanosis - Appearance of blue/purple discoloration of the skin due to insufficient blood  oxygen or poor circulation. Many respiratory and circulatory diseases produce cyanosis.  Health Careers  Primary Care Physician (PCP) - A physician that gives the first contact of a person with  an undiagnosed health concern. Also, treats various medical conditions no matter the  cause.  Dermatologists - Medical practitioner ready to diagnose and treat the multitude of skin  disorders that may happen.  Labeled System    5

Musculoskeletal System  Key Terms  my/o - muscle  myel/o - bone marrow; spinal cord  oste/o - bone  cost/o - rib  crani/o - skull  -pexy - surgical fixation or suspension  chondr/o - cartilage  arthr/o - joint  -plegia - paralysis  kinesi/o - movement  Function  The skeletal system is made up of bones and other such things that provide a structure  for the body. Five important functions of the skeletal system are support, protection,  mineral storage, blood cell formation, and anchoring and movement of muscle.  Support: Provides the shape and structure for the body.  Protection: Surrounds and protects the internal organs from damage.  Mineral Storage: Phosphorus and calcium are two necessary minerals for regulatory  functions, which are stored inside of the bones.  Blood cell formation: Inside of the bone marrow, red blood cells are constantly being  made.  6

Musculoskeletal System  Anchoring and movement of muscle: For muscular movement and action, the bones are  the supporting structures.  The muscular system is composed of various amounts of tissue that interact with each  other to execute essential functions of the body. Examples include permitting  movement to be possible, along with holding the body parts in position. It is also a  protective mechanism for internal organs. Transports the food through the digestive  tract. Helping blood flow throughout the body in order to return to the heart.  Vocabulary  Ataxia - Inability to coordinate voluntary muscle activity; characterized by shaky,  unsteady movements.  Bursa - Enclosed sac filled with viscous synovial fluid and are located in areas of  possible friction to help muscles and tendons glide smoothly over bone  Bulge Sign - Distinct bulge observed from a synovial fluid wave in the medial aspect of  the knee after displacing the fluid and tapping on the lateral aspect   Contracture - Shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM (range of motion) of a joint  Dislocation - When a bone is out of a socket  Epiphysis - Growth plates in long bones where lengthening occurs  Hematopoiesis - Red blood cell production in the bone marrow  Hypertrophy - Excessive growth or abnormal enlargement of a muscle  Shin Splint - Painful condition caused by muscle tearing away from the tibia  Tremor - Involuntary, repetitive shaking or quivering of a part or parts of the body.  Diseases / Disorders  Ankylosis - A stiff joint caused by adhesion, or abnormal fusion of two bones into one  bone  7

Musculoskeletal System  Muscular Dystrophy (MD) - Genetic disease characterized by progressive muscular  weakness and skeletal muscle deterioration   Myeloma - Cancer of the plasma cells (type of white blood cell) that originates in the  bone marrow  Myasthenia Gravis - Chronic autoimmune disease characterized by voluntary muscle  weakness that worsens after activity and improves after rest  Leiomyoma - Benign tumor of smooth muscle, such as that found in the heart, bladder,  or uterus.  Healthcare Careers  Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine Doctor - Specialist in osteopathic medicine, doctors  who become experts in the diagnosis and treatment of musculoskeletal and related  neurological medical problems   Orthopedic Doctor - Devoted to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of  the bones, joints, ligaments, tendons, and muscles.  Labeled System    8

Nervous System  Key Terms  neur/o - nerve  encephal/o - brain  myel/o - bone; spinal cord  ambul/o - to walk  -esthesia - feeling; sensation  mening/o - meninges  psych/o - mind  concuss/o - shaken together  Function  The function of the nervous system consists of sensory input, integration, and motor  output. Sensory input is any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs (the eyes,  ears, nose, tongue, and skin) to the central nervous system, otherwise known as the  CNS. Integration is when the CNS processes and interprets the information received  through the sensory organs. It then passes it on to execute the last step, motor output.  Motor output is when the CNS transmits messages to effectors (muscles / glands in the  body that generate a response in the form of motor output.) It then results in either  voluntary or involuntary movement.  Vocabulary    Cerebrospinal fluid - watery, clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord    Autonomic nervous system - that division if the nervous system concerned with reflex,  or involuntary, activities of the body    Central nervous system - That division of the nervous system consisting of the brain  and spinal cord.  9

Nervous System  Cerebellum - the section of the brain that is dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata;  maintains balance and equilibrium    Diencephalon - aseptic- control method that destroys pathogens but does usually kill  spores and viruses    Hypothalamus - that structure in the diencephalon of the brain that regulates and  controls many body functions    Medulla oblongata - the lower part of the brainstem; controls vital processes such as  respiration and heartbeat    Meninges - membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord    Midbrain - that portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center  of impulses    Parasympathetic - relating to the part of the autonomic nervous system that  counterbalances the action of the sympathetic nerves    Peripheral nervous system - the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord    Somatic nervous system - (Physiology) physiol the section of the nervous system  responsible for sensation and control of the skeletal muscles.    Diseases / Disorders  Bell’s Palsy - Unilateral (one-sided) paralysis of the nerves that control the facial  muscles, causing o​ nly​ one side of the face to droop. It is usually a temporary condition,  thought to be caused by a virus.  Brain Tumor - Any intracranial mass, which may be neoplastic (a new growth), cystic (a  sac containing fluid), or inflammatory (an abscess.)  Cerebral Palsy (CP) - Disorder that affects movement and muscle tone; caused by a  defect in, or trauma to, the brain before birth.  10

  Nervous System  Paresthesia - Sensation of numbness, tingling, or prickling, usually in the upper or lower  extremities; caused by irritation of, or injury to, sensory nerves or nerve roots.  Seizure - Disruption of electrical activity in the brain that produces physical and mental  changes, such as convulsions, sensory disturbances, and loss of consciousness.  Healthcare Careers  Neurosurgeon - A neurosurgeon is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and  surgical treatment of disorders of the central and peripheral nervous system including  congenital anomalies, trauma, tumors, vascular disorders, infections of the brain or  spine, stroke, or degenerative diseases of the spine.  Neurologist - neurologists treat patients with complex disorders of the nervous system  such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Lou  Gehrig's disease, epilepsy, headache disorders, infections of the brain and peripheral  nervous system. Neurologists often work closely with neurosurgeons, but do not  perform surgery.  Labeled System    11

Special Senses  Key Terms  irid/o - iris  -cusis - hearing  -opia - ear condition  ot/o - ear  tympan/o - eardrum  opthalm/o - eye  -metry - process of measuring  Function  Special senses are also involved in a nervous system function known as sensory input.  These senses monitor stimuli, or changes in the external / internal environment. When  the neural receptors are activated inside of the special sense organs, a neural impulse is  transmitted to the brain. Then the impulse is acted upon by the body.  Vocabulary  Ampulla - contains receptors for rotation in semicircular ducts.    Olfaction - sense of smell. We can sense up to 10,000 smells    Cerebral cortex - receives all stimuli from special senses    Equilibrium - sense of motion and balance. utricle and saccule.    Bony labyrinth - a shell made of bone protects the membranous labyrinth.            12

Special Senses  Semicircular canals - one of three semicircular, interconnected tubes located inside  each ear. The three canals are: horizontal semicircular canal (lateral semicircular canal),  superior semicircular canal (anterior semicircular canal),and the posterior semicircular  canal.    Cochlea - shaped like a snail shell. the organ for hearing. It is coiled like a tube on the  anterior side of the vestibule.    Vestibule - chamber that begins the labyrinth and contains the organs for equilibrium.  membranous labyrinth - fluid filled tubes that house receptors for hearing and  equilibrium.    Perilymph - contains cell bodies of sensory neurons that monitor hair cells in the organ  of corti    Taste buds - Made up of 40-60 cells. 3 types of cells:1. taste cells are not considered  neurons, 2. supporting cells, 3. basal cells. function: taste cells contain microvilli called  taste hairs, function as receptors by synapsing with sensory nerve fibers. Only live 7-10  days and be replaced by basal cells.    Vallate - form V posterior to the tongue only 7-12 contains 250 taste buds each.    Diseases / Disorders  Cataract - Clouding of the lens that results in decreased visual acuity; caused by  accumulation of protein in the lens  Entropion - Inversion (turning inward) of the eyelid, causing the eyelashes to irritate the  surface of the eye; can potentially cause corneal abrasion.   Retinal Detachment - Emergency condition in which the retina separates from the layer  of blood vessels that supports it. Common symptoms include floaters (small pecks,  squiggly lines, or hair-like strands in the field of vision), flashing lights, and a shadow  that gradually obscures vision. Without immediate treatment, blindness ensues.  Tinnitus - Sensation of noises (such as ringing, buzzing, or whistling) in the ears when  no sound is present.    13

Special Senses  Neuropathy - A disease of the nerves that involves pain or loss of sensation, most  commonly in the extremities.  Healthcare Careers  Osteopathic Doctor - Licensed physician who practices medicine using both  conventional treatments and osteopathic manipulative medicine, which focuses on  relieving pain and tension in the musculoskeletal system.  Ophthalmologists - Diagnoses and treats all eye diseases, performs eye surgery and  prescribes and fits eyeglasses and contact lenses to correct vision problems. Also  involved in scientific research on the causes and cures for eye diseases and vision  disorders.  Labeled System    14

Cardiovascular System  Key Terms  cardid/o - heart  angi/o - vessel  hemo/o, hemat/o - blood  brady- - slow  tachy- - fast  thromb/o - clot  -emia - blood  leuk/o - white blood cells  erythr/o - red blood cells  arteri/o - artery   Function  The function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout  the body. The body’s organs need oxygen to function. Even temporary oxygen  deprivation can cause severe damage to body structures. Some of the structures inside  of the cardiovascular system are the heart, the network of blood vessels throughout the  body, the blood, and the blood cells.  Vocabulary  Artery- A blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to vital organs  and the extremities.    Capillaries- The smallest blood vessels that supply blood to the tissues, and the site of  all gas and nutrient exchange in the cardiovascular system. They connect the arterial  and venous systems    15

Cardiovascular System  Veins- Blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart from vital organs  and the extremities.    Plasma- The liquid portion of the blood responsible for carrying hormones, plasma  proteins, food materials (e.g., carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids), ions (e.g., sodium,   chloride, bicarbonate), and gases (e.g., oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide) throughout the  body.    Platelets- One of the disc-shaped components of the blood; involved in clotting    Arterioles - Small-diameter blood vessels that extend and branch out from an artery and  lead to capillaries; the primary site of vascular resistance.    Arteriosclerosis - A chronic disease in which thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity  of the arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation; develops with again, and in  hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and other conditions.    Ventricles (Propulsion Chambers)- The two lower chambers of the heart (right and left  ventricles).    Atria (Receiving Chambers)- The two upper chambers of the heart (right and left  atrium).    Interventricular Septum- Muscular wall that separates the right and left sides of the  heart, preventing the mixing of blood from the two sides of the heart.  Diseases / Disorders  Angina - Condition characterized by severe, constricting pain or pressure in the chest;  often referred to as angina pectoris (AN-jih-nuh PEK-tor-is)  Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) - Disease resulting from reduced blood flow from the  heart; characterized by weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort, and edema in  the lower extremities.  Heart Murmur - Abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart, such as a  whooshing sound created by a valve not completely closing. Most heart murmurs are  harmless.  16

Cardiovascular System  Myocardial Infarction (MI) - Tissue death in the heart muscle resulting from an occluded  (obstructed) coronary artery; heart attack.  Shock - Clinical syndrome in which peripheral blood flow is insufficient to return blood  to the heart for normal function. Shock is initially characterized by agitation; anxiety or  restlessness; confusion; cool; pale, clammy skin; cyanosis; chest pain; dizziness; and  lightheadedness.  Healthcare Careers  Cardiologist - A general cardiologist treats a wide range of problems that affect the  heart and blood vessels. Cardiologists receive extensive education, including four years  of medical school and three years of training in general internal medicine. After this, a  cardiologist spends three or more years in specialized training.When someone is  dealing with a medical issue that involves the heart, a general cardiologist is typically  the initial type of physician that is recommended. If the heart issue requires specialized  treatment, our cardiologists will collaborate and add a specialized type of cardiologist  depending on the patient’s diagnosis or treatment needs.    Electrophysiologist - An electrophysiologist has extensive training in diagnosing and  treating abnormal heart rhythms or heart rhythm disorders. These specialists focus on  your heart's timing, or electrical, system and on diagnosing and treating irregular  heartbeats or arrhythmias. They can monitor the heart’s rhythm with home monitoring  devices or even tiny implanted devices to monitor rhythm long-term.  Electrophysiologists perform diagnostic catheter based tests to precisely locate the  origin of abnormal heart rhythms, and can use radio waves or ultra-cold (cryo-balloon)  catheters to ‘ablate’ areas in the heart causing these abnormal rhythms.   Labeled System    17

Respiratory System  Key Terms  bronch/o - bronchus; bronchial tube  cyan/o - blue  laryng/o - laryn; voice box  -oxia - shape  Oxy- - containing oxygen  pleur/o - pleura; serous membrane that enfolds the lung   pneum/o - lung; air  pulmon/o - lung  thorac/o - chest  trache/o - trachea; windpipe  Function  The function of the respiratory system is to inhale fresh air, exchange harmful carbon  dioxide for life-sustaining oxygen between the tiny air sacs of the lungs and the  bloodstream; and exhaling old, stale air.  Vocabulary  Nasal Cavity - open area behind the nose that is lined with cilia, mucus, and capillaries.  This helps to filter, moisten, and warm the air we breathe.    Diaphragm - Sheet of muscle beneath the lungs that contracts and relaxes which  changes the air pressure in the chest cavity to move gasses into and out of the lungs.    Pharynx - muscular funnel passageway used by food, liquid and air, which helps with  swallowing. The epiglottis is attached at the base of this tube.    18

Respiratory System  Trachea - Structure: outside is lined with C-shaped cartilage and inside is lined with  mucus and cilia. C-shaped cartilage helps to keep the neck and head flexible and  protect the tube from collapsing. The mucus and cilia trap dust, bacteria, and pollen to  filter the air we breathe.    Bronchi - Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles. These  tubes are lined with mucus and cilia to continue to help filter the air. There are three  sets; primary, secondary, and tertiary bronchi.    Bronchiole - Tube smaller than a strand of hair that help to transfer oxygen to the  alveoli.  Alveoli - Clusters of thin-walled sacs surrounded by capillaries that allow for quick  exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.    Epiglottis - flap of tissue at the base of the pharynx that covers the trachea when we  swallow to prevent us from choking.    Capillaries - Smallest of the blood vessels through which exchanges take place between  the blood and cells of the body    Cilia - Microscopic hair-like structures that line the nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi to  help filter the air we breathe    Larynx - piece of cartilage protecting two vocal folds of tissue which allow us to speak.  mucociliary escalator - The layer of ciliated, mucus-covered cells in the respiratory  tract.The cilia continually beat, sweeping contaminated mucus upward toward the  pharynx.    Pleura - Membrane surrounding the lungs that help the organ slide smoothly against the  ribs and muscles  Diseases / Disorders  Cheyne-Stokes Respiration - Unusual breathing pattern characterized by periods of  apnea (between 10 and 60 seconds), followed by gradually increasing respirations.  Rales - Abnormal crackling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs while the  patient is breathing in; unusually indicated the presence of fluid of mucus in the airway.  Rhonchi - A rattling or highpitched snoring sound heard during auscultation of the lungs;  usually indicates narrowing of the air passages, such asthma or a respiratory infection.  19

Respiratory System  Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) - Disease characterized by reduced  ability of the lungs to perform their function of ventilation. Symptoms include persistent  dyspnea during exertion (with or without chronic cough) and less than fifty percent of  normal inspiratory capacity (the amount of air taken in during a deep breath.)  Common Cold - Acute (short-term) inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes;  also called nasopharyngitis or rhinopharyngitis.  Hemothorax - Bloody fluid in the pleural cavity caused by the rupture of small blood  vessels due to inflammation of the lungs. Hemothorax is common in pneumonia,  tuberculosis, and malignant tumors.  Healthcare Careers  Otolaryngologist - Otolaryngology is a medical specialty which is focused on the ears,  nose, and throat. It is also called otolaryngology-head and neck surgery because  specialists are trained in both medicine and surgery. An otolaryngologist is often called  an ear, nose, and throat doctor, or an ENT for short. This medical specialty dates back  to the 19th century, when doctors recognized that the head and neck contained a series  of interconnected systems.  Pulmonologist - A pulmonologist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats diseases of the  respiratory system​ -- the lungs and other organs that help you breathe. For some  relatively short-lasting illnesses that affect your​ lungs,​ like​ the flu​ or​ pneumonia​, you  might be able to get all the care you need from your regular doctor.   Labeled System    20

Digestive System  Key Terms  cholecyst/o - Gallbladder  enter/o - intestines  col/o;colon/o - colon; large intestine  hepat/o - liver  gastr/o - stomach  or/o - mouth  -pepsia/o - digestion  chol/e - gall; bile  proct/o - rectum; anus  Function  The digestive system’s major functions are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and  elimination. Ingestion is the intake of food and liquids into the body. The point of entry  is the mouth in which physical and mechanical and digestion take place (aka  mastication). Digestion is the process by which food is broken down into smaller parts.  Physical (mechanical) digestion is breaking down the food while chemical digestion is  breaking the food down into smaller chemical compounds that can be absorbed by the  body. Absorption is when nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the blood supply  and are soon transferred to blood cells via the bloodstream. Absorption mainly occurs  in the small intestine. Elimination is when solid waste is collected in the large intestine  and excreted through the anus (aka defecation).    Vocabulary  Cuspids - Canines, have sharp points to tear food and have the longest root than any  other teeth    Salivary glands - glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion  21

Digestive System  Palate - the upper surface of the mouth that separates the oral and nasal cavities    Uvula - a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate    Pharynx - throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx    Esophagus - muscular tube that moves food from the pharynx to the stomach  digestive enzymes - proteins found in digestive juices that act on food substances,  causing them to break down into simpler compounds pepsin, hydrochloric acid  parietal cells - Cells found in gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid (for hydrolysis  of ingested food) and gastric intrinsic factor (for absorption of vitamin B-12).    Duodenum - first part of small intestines, most digestion takes place, chemicals  released from liver, gallbladder, and pancreas    Pancreatic enzymes - digestive proteins found in pancreatic secretions that break down  all organic nutrients    Liver - organ that makes bile to break down fats; also filters poisons and drugs out of  the blood    Bile - A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles stored in gallbladder  Appendix - small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum    Diseases / Disorders  Bulimia - Gorging with food and then purging. Purging is most commonly induced by  vomiting, excessive exercise and/or use of laxatives. Bulimia has intense effects on the  process of the digestive system.    Celiac Disease - A malabsorption syndrome (condition of faulty absorption)  characterized by weight loss and diarrhea; thought to be caused by foods containing  gluten, a protein found in wheat.    Gastroenteritis - Inflammation of the stomach and intestines that is characterized by  nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; also known as a “stomach bug.”    22

Digestive System  Peritonitis - Inflammation of the abdominal cavity caused by bacterial infection; occurs  after rupture of an abdominal organ or trauma to the abdominal region.    Healthcare Careers  Gastroenterologist - Gastroenterologists are internists (doctors trained in internal  medicine). They complete up to 6 more years of specialized training after medical  school. These doctors study the​ digestive system​ and any diseases that affect your  esophagus​,​ stomach,​ ​ gallbladder,​ ​ pancreas,​ ​ liver​,​ intestines,​ ​ colon,​ and rectum.  Gastroenterologists may see patients in a hospital or an outpatient clinic.     Proctologist - P​ roctologists are surgeons who diagnose and treat disorders of the  rectum, anus, and entire gastrointestinal tract. The word “proctologist” is a bit outdated,  though. These days, the preferred term is “colorectal surgeon” or “colon and rectal  surgeon.” Continue reading to learn about these highly trained specialists, the disorders  they diagnose and treat, and the signs that you should see one. Colorectal surgeons  manage diseases of the intestinal tract.    Labeled System    23

Urinary System  Key Terms  -cele - tumor   -lysis - breakdown; separation; loosening  cyst/o - cyst; fluid sac; bladder  nephr/o - kidney  ren/o - kidney  -uria - urination; condition of urine  -pexy - surgical fixation   -ectasis - expansion  pyel/o - renal pelvis  Function  The function of the urinary system is filtration, waste storage and excretion, hormone  production, and homeostasis maintenance. Filtration is when the kidneys separate  metabolic waste products from the blood. From these, the kidneys form urine which can  be stored and is later expelled from the body. Waste storage is when the urine is carried  to the urinary bladder through the ureters. The urinary bladder stores the urine until it is  discharged from the body along with excess water and ions. Hormone production  happens in the kidney which is necessary for essential functions. Some hormones  include erythropoietin (stimulates red blood cell production in your bone marrow) and  calcitriol (an active form of vitamin D that aids digestion by promoting calcium  absorption in the small intestine. Homeostasis maintenance is when the kidneys  monitor blood pressure, adjust blood volume in response to an increase or reduction in  your blood pressure. It also controls the levels of pH (acidity) in your blood. Lastly, it  balances fluid and electrolytes in your body. These are essential to various  physiological processes in the body including the heart, muscle, and nerve function.  Some common examples of electrolytes include sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium,  phosphate, and magnesium.    24

  Urinary System  Vocabulary  Antidiuretic hormone - Hormone produced by the hypothalamus which stimulates the  kidneys to reabsorb water,reducing urine volume  Dialysis - An artificial means of removing nitrogen waste from the blood using the  diffusion of solutes through a membrane  Electrolytes - Chemical substances, such as salts, acids and bases, that ionize and  dissociate in water. They are capable of conducting an electrical current  Filtration - Passage of a solvent and a dissolved substance through a membrane  Glomerulus - Cluster of capillaries forming part of the nephron which produces filtrate  Kidney - The urinary system organ that removes nitrogen waste from the blood then  concentrates and secretes urine into the ureter  Urinary Bladder - Smooth, collapsable, muscular sack that temporarily stores urine  renal tubule - consists of three parts beginning at the distal end of the glomerulus and  continuing to the collecting duct. Each part has a different function in urine production  Renal cortex - Superficial region of the kidney that is light in color and contains the  Bowman’s capsule and afferent capillaries  Nephron - Structure and functional unit of the kidney composed of the glomerulus and  renal tubule  Ureter - Tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder  Diseases / Disorders  Diabetes Insipidus (DI) - Condition caused by inadequate secretion of, or resistance of  the kidney to, the action of antidiuretic hormone. The lack of ADH prevents water from  being reabsorbed into the blood through the renal tubules, leading to urine that is highly  diluted and blood sugar that is less diluted.    Nephritic Syndrome - Group of clinical signs and symptoms, present in some disorders,  that cause glomerulonephritis; marked by blood and protein in the urine and by edema  in various parts of the body.  25

Urinary System  Nephrosclerosis - A disease in which the arteriole walls in the kidneys become narrowed  and thickened, often due to essential hypertension (high blood pressure); may lead to  renal ischemia.    Renal Ischemia - Condition in which blood flow to the glomerulus severely decreases,  resulting in atrophy and scarring of the kidney tissue; often a result of nephrosclerosis.    Renal Failure - Condition in which kidney disease or damage results in imparied filtration  of waste products from the blood.    Healthcare Careers  Urologists - Urologists diagnose and treat diseases of the urinary tract in both men and  women. They also diagnose and treat anything involving the reproductive tract in men.  In some cases, they may perform surgery. For example, they may remove cancer or  open up a blockage in the urinary tract. Urologists can treat any part of the urinary tract.    Oncologist - A​ doctor who has special training in diagnosing and treating cancer in  adults using chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, biological therapy, and targeted therapy.  A medical oncologist often is the main health care provider for someone who has  cancer. A medical oncologist also gives supportive care and may coordinate treatment  given by other specialists.  Labeled System    26

Reproductive System  Key Terms  cervic/o - neck; cervix (neck of uterus)  salping/o - Eustachian tube; fallopian tube  ov/o - ovum (egg)  orchid/o - testicle; testis  oophor/o - ovary  men/o - menstruation  mamm/o - breast  gynec/o - female  colp/o - vagina  prostat/o - prostate gland  Function  The primary function of the male reproductive system is to facilitate conception or the  fertilization of the ovum by a sperm. Sperm are the male gametes or sex cells. Gametes  are different from other body cells in that they contain half the chromosomes that other  cells have. When two gametes join one another they form a zygote (fertilized ovum) that  holds a full set of chromosomes. The function of the female reproductive system is to  produce new life. The female reproductive system contains two ovaries that  manufacture sex cells and sex hormones, two fallopian tubes, where ova (eggs) travel  and can be fertilized by sperm; the uterus, which supports the growth and development  of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy; and the vagina, which functions as the birth  canal.  27

Reproductive System  Vocabulary  Urethra (structure) - Tube leading from bladder/prostate to outside held within penis  Testes - Produces sperm and hormone testosterone.  Epididymis - Coiled tube where sperm is stored  Seminal Vesicles - Produce secretions that become part of the body  Penis - Male sex organ and urinary organ/ The male reproductive organ  Ovary - Produces the egg (gland that produces estrogen and progesterone)  Oviduct/Fallopian Tube - The tube that connects the ovary to the oysters. The pathway  of the egg (fertilization occurs here)  Fertilization - Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive  cells join to form a new cell  Fallopian Tube - Tubes in females through which the egg passes after release from the  ovary.  Prostate Gland - Secretes the fluid part of semen into the urethra during ejaculation  Embry - The developing organism from two weeks until the end of the eighth week of  development Diseases / Disorders  Balanitis - Inflammation of the glans penis characterized by redness, pain, and unusual  penile (PEE-nile) discharge; often associated with phimosis (narrowing of the opening  of the prepuce).  Prostate Cancer - Malignant tumor of the prostate; characterized by dysuria, pain, and  blood in the semen; is one of the most common cancers in men over the age of 50.  Breast Cancer - Malignant tumor of the mammary gland; characterized by lumps in the  breast. Breast cancer is currently the most common cancer among women of all races.    28

Reproductive System  Eclampsia - Condition in which seizures occur in a pregnant woman with high blood  pressure between the twentieth week of pregnancy and the first week postpartum (after  childbirth); typically leads to coma, threatening the welfare of the mother and baby.  Vaginitis - Inflammation of the vagina; may be caused by yeast, bacteria, trichomoniasis  (a parasite transmitted through sexual intercourse), or low estrogen levels during  menopause. Vaginitis may be characterized by vaginal irritation, unusual vaginal  discharge, and non menstrual vaginal bleeding.  Stillbirth - Death and delivery of a fetus after the twentieth week of pregnancy; may be  due to a number of maternal or fetal diseases or conditions.  Healthcare Careers  Gynecologist - A physician who specializes in treating diseases of the female  reproductive organs and providing well-woman health care that focuses primarily on the  reproductive organs.They deal with a wide range of issues, including obstetrics, or  pregnancy and childbirth, menstruation and fertility issues, s​ exually transmitted  infections​ (STIs), hormone disorders, and others.  Andrologist - Medical specialty that deals with male health, particularly relating to the  problems of the male reproductive system and urological problems that are unique to  men.  Labeled System    29

Sources  https://www.g-wonlinetextbooks.com  https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/primary-care-physician.html  https://www.dictionary.com/browse/dermatologist  https://www7.aaos.org/member/directory/definition.htm  https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/highland/departments-centers/neurosurgery/what-is- a-neurosurgeon.aspx  https://quizlet.com/117153829/nervous-system-key-terms-flash-cards/  https://www.google.com/webhp?authuser=1&safe=active&ssui=on  https://quizlet.com/22450197/special-senses-flash-cards/  https://www.aao.org/eye-health/tips-prevention/what-is-ophthalmologist  https://www.google.com/webhp?authuser=1&safe=active&ssui=on  https://www.virginiaheart.com/about-us/cardiovascular-specialists  https://quizlet.com/13620386/cardiovascular-system-flash-cards/  https://quizlet.com/109767825/respiratory-system-flash-cards/  https://study.com/academy/lesson/medical-specialists-of-the-respiratory-system.html  https://www.entcolumbia.org/about-us/what-otolaryngology      30