Health Science Body Systems Flipbook

Body Systems Flipbook Elisha Shamim 1B

Table of Contents ● Pg 3: Integumentary System ● Pg 4: Musculoskeletal System ● Pg 5: Nervous System ● Pg 6: Special Senses ● Pg 7: Cardiovascular System ● Pg 8: Respiratory System ● Pg 9: Digestive System ● Pg 10: Urinary System ● Pg 11: Reproductive System

Integumentary System Function: Protection; body temp regulation; excretion (perspiration); perception of Word parts: -Keratinocytes: makes tough, fibrous stimuli/tactile receptors- sensation of pain, temp, protein keratin. pressure, touch. ● derm/o, dermat/o skin-Melanocyte: Synthesizes Melanin ● Dermatologists (skin doc), Cosmetologists -Langerhans Cells: ingest unwanted (beauty treatment), etc ● kerat/o hard, invaders; originate in bone marrow. Diseases/Disorders: -Impetigo: bacterial infec.; children; contagious; around horn-shaped tissue -Merkel Cells: combine w/nerve endings nose/mouth; antibiotics needed to create sensory receptor for touch. -Gangrene: death of tissue due to loss of blood supply followed by bac. infec. → amputations ● xer/o dry -Thick Skin: Palms/soles 5 epidermal -Vitiligo: loss of skin pigment- milky-white patches -Kaposi’s Sarcoma: Most common in AIDS patients; ● xanth/o layers malignant cancer that causes erythematous (purple patches); -Thin Skin: Everywhere else; 4 epidermal usually ends in death. yellow/yellowish layers ● erythr/o red -Epidermis layers (top-bot): Stratum Corneum, Stratum Lucidum, Stratum ● pedicu/o nails Granulosum, Stratum Spinosum, Stratum ● onych/o nail Basale -Dermis layers: Papillary (areolar connec. ● myc/o fungus tissue & dermal papillae, Reticular (dense irregular connec. tissue). ● pil/o hair; hair follicle -Dermal Papillae: hands and feet; form ● lip/o fat “friction ridges” to help grip (fingerprints) ● rhytid/o wrinkle -Hypodermis: andipose connec. Tissue (body fat) ● albin/o white -ABCDE Rule: Check for Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, diameter, evolution.

Musculoskeletal System Skeletal Function: Support; protection; mineral storage (calcium/phosphorus); blood cell formation Word Parts: -Diarthrosis: freely movable (made in bone marrow); anchoring/movement of ● my/o muscle joints ● myel/o spinal cord -Amphiarthrosis: slightly muscles. moveable joints -Synarthrosis: immovable joints Muscular Function: Movement; protection; produces (were movable @ one point but heat; movement of blood/bodily fluids. ● Rheumatologist (autoimmune doc), PT (mobility exercises), Prosthetist (prosthetics) ● oste/o bone have synthesized Diseases/Disorders: -Axial Skeleton: Skull, Vertebral -Atrophy: shrinkage/wasting away of muscle; fibers disintegrate and get ● cost/o ribs column, ribs, sternum absorbed into body. -Appendicular Skeleton: -Impingement Syndrome: Shoulder tendonitis caused by repetitive action. ● crani/o skull shoulder girdle, arm/wrist/hands, -Ankylosis: abnormal fusion of 2 bones pelvic girdle, leg/ankle/feet -Kyphosis: Accentuated thoracic curve (hunchback) -Automaticity: ability to contract ● -pexy surgical fixation w/o a nerve impulse ● chondr/o cartilage -Contractility: ability to shorten -Elasticity: Ability to return to normal position after being ● arthr/o joint stretched -Excitability: ability to receive ● -plegia paralysis and respond to nerve impulse by contracting ● kinesi/o movement -Origin: the anchor that does not move -Insertion: @ the end of muscle; does move

Nervous System Diseases/Disorders: Function: Sensory input (body → -Amyotrophic Lateral brain), Integration (interpret), motor Word Parts: Sclerosis (ALS): “Lou Gherig’s”: output (brain→ muscles); -Sensory (afferent) Neurons: peripheral nerves stop working; transmits messages about sensory degeneration of motor neurons→ ● neur/o nerve Transmit impulses from sensory muscular weakness, involuntary stimuli btwn brain and other parts of receptors toward CNS (Mostly Unipolar) contractions, excessive reflexes; the body. -Motor (Efferent) Neurons: impulse ● encephal/o brain moves from CNS to rest of body patient trapped in body. ● Neurologist (brain doc), (Mostly Multipolar) Psychophysicist (psych-physical & mental relationship) ● myel/o bone -Interneurons (Association Nerves): -Ischemic Stroke: type of CVA marrow/spinal cord impulse moves btwn sensory & motor (stroke) that occurs when a neurons; abundant and multipolar. blood vessel (that supplies blood ● ambul/o to walk -Astrocytes: CNS; most to the brain) is blocked (bc of abundant/versatile glial cells: exchange atherosclerosis: build-up of fatty material btwn neurons & capillaries; ● -esthesia star-shaped plaque deposits in arteries) feeling;sensation -Microglial Cells: Immune defense -Hemorrhagic Stroke: type of against invading microorganisms CVA that occurs when a -Ependymal Cells: line cavities in weakened blood vessel, such as brain/spinal cord; create, secrete, & an aneurysm, ruptures & bleeds ● mening/o circulate cerebrospinal fluid. -Oligodendrocytes: CNS; produce into surrounding tissue of brain. meninges insulating barrier called myelin sheath. -Satellite Cells: PNS; support neuron -Parkinson’s (PD): Progressive; ● psych/o mind cell bodies; like Astrocytes. tremors; bradykinesia; prob -Schwann Cells; PNS; like w/neurotransmitter Dopamine oligodendrocytes; wrap around axons. (neurotransmitter that affects ● concuss/o shaken -Multi/bi/uni-polar: multiple; 2; 1 movement/memories/focus- too together; violently processes sticking out; uni is mostly in much being transmitted. sensory receptors. agitated

Special Senses Diseases/Disorders Function: to help us hear, smell, taste, see, -Refractive Eye Disorders: eye and touch; Sensory cells translating chemical, electromagnetic, + mechanical Word Parts: -Volatile: gaseous state disorders w/blurred vision; stimuli into action potentials that our -Gustation: taste (chem. nervous system can make sense of. ● irid/o iris sense) glasses/contacts needed; ● -cusis hearing -Olfaction: smell (chem. irregularly-shaped cornea/lens ● Optometrist (eye doc, no surgery), ● -opia vision sense) does not allow light eyes to focus Opthamologist (eye surgeries, properly on retina; Astigmatism Audiologist (ear doc.) condition -Frequency: # of waves (light meets @ 2 diff points); that pass a certain point in Hyperopia (farsightedness); Myopia (Nearsightedness); given time frame. -High pitch: shorter, faster Presbyopia (farsightedness). waves -Conductive Deafness: Inability ● ot/o ear -Low pitch: fewer to conduct sound waves from fluctuating waves; slower outer ear to cochlea- prob. In front ● tympan/o -Amplitude: diff. btwn high of cochlea; happens when aging- + low pressures created in ossicles become hard->unable to ● opthalm/o the air by that sound wave. vibrate normally->hearing aid eye -Mechanoreceptors: needed to amplify sound waves. ● -metry process of touch, hearing, balance; -Nerve Deafness: Prob. w/cochlea measuring detect sound waves + or vestibulocochlear nerve; mostly pressure on the skin + in the inner ear. ppl who are born deaf; can’t -Chemoreceptors: taste, process sound waves; treatment= smell; detect molecules in cochlear implant. food/air. -Ageusia: Absence of taste -Sensory Conflict: eyes -Anosmia: Absence of smell tell brain you’re still; ears -Dysgeusia: Abnormal/difficulty tell brain you’re moving. tasting.

Cardiovascular System Diseases/Disorders -Aneurysm: dilated blood Word Parts: -Myocardium: muscular middle vessel due to Function: circulate blood and layer of heart. plaquing/weakening of Oxygen; get rid of Carbon Dioxide. ● cardi/o heart -Endocardium: Thin inside layer of lining. ● angi/o vessel (blood) heart. -Cardiac Tamponade: ● Cardiologist (Heart Doc), -Pericardium: Thin protective layer Compression of the heart Cardiac Surgeon (Heart around heart (epicardium) due to excess fluid in Surgeon). -Arteries: take oxygenated blood pericardium. ● hem/o, hemat/o blood away from heart (except for -Congestive Heart Failure ● Brady- slow pulmonary artery) (CHF): Reduced blood flow ● Tachy- fast -Veins: take deoxygenated blood to to heart; only treatment- the heart (except for pulmonary transplant. veins. -Coronary Artery Disease -Pulmonary Circulation: Right (CAD): narrowing side of heart; from heart to lungs + (clogging) of coronary back to heart. ● thromb/o blood clot; -Systemic Circulation: Left side of arteries causing ischemia coagulation; thrombin heart; from heart to body and back (death) to myocardium; can ● -emia blood condition ● leuk/o white to heart. lead to heart attack. -Conduction: Electric current in -Embolus: Mass circulating heart that causes myocardium to in blood vessel that causes contract. -Blood Pressure: Pressure exerted obstruction. -Thrombus: blood clot in by blood against walls of artery/veins. wall of blood vessel; ● erythr/o red -Systolic BP: Ventricles doesn’t circulate- blocks; ● arteri/o artery contracting; top air bubbles are like rocks in -Diastolic BP: Ventricles relaxing; the body -> can become bottom embolus.

Respiratory System Function: Provide body w/O2 + eliminate CO2; breathe in fresh air, exhale old; pass air Word Parts: over vocal cords to produce sound. ● bronch/o bronchus; -Inspiration: Inhalation, breathing in. bronchial tube -Expiration: Exhalation, breathing out. ● cyan/o blue -Respiration: Exchange of O2 + Diseases/Disorders ● Pulmonologist (lung doc.), CO2 Respiratory Therapist (helps -Ventilation: process of moving air -Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary ● laryng/o larynx in/out of lungs (breath in and breathe Disease (COPD): umbrella of Pts w/ out) diseases that are caused by breathing/cardiopulmonary (voice box) -Cilia: micro hairs in nasal cavities; obstruction in lung/airway close-off. issues.) ● -oxia oxygen filter air + move mucus -Pharynx: transports air/liquid/food; -Atelectasis: incomplete anterior tube takes air; posterior end expansion/dilation. Ex- collapsed becomes esophagus and carries lung caused by pleural effusion. ● Oxy- oxygen food/liquid to stomach. -Sputum: mucus coughed up from -Epiglottis: flap of cartilage; opens to respiratory system ● pleur/o pleura; side allow air into lungs, closes to keep -Emphysema: SOB + impaired ● pneum/o lung; air out liquids/food. -Larynx: box of cartilage; contains heart function due to damaged vocal cords. alveoli. -Trachea: 10-12 in flex tube; carries -Cystic Fibrosis (CF): genetic; ● pulmon/o lung air into chest cavity (windpipe) chronic res. Infec. w/excessive ● thorac/o chest -Bronchus: 2 rigid tubes that branch mucus in lungs, sweating, dig. off trachea; one to each lung-> ● trache/o trachea; System impairment (inhibits nutrient windpipe bronchioles-> alveoli -Bronchioles: multiple branches of absorption). smaller tube; take air to lungs -Croup: childhood bacterial infec.; -Alveoli: micro air sacs at ends of barking/seal cough; viral infec. Of bronchioles; exchange of O2 + CO2 larynx area.

Digestive System Diseases/Disorders Function: phys/chem -Celiac Disease: faulty absorption- breakdown of food; ingestion- intake of food/liquid; digestion- can’t digest; weight loss, diarrhea, breakdown; absorption-movement of Word Parts: -Salivary Glands: secrete thought to be caused by gluten. nutrients into bloodstream; elimination- removal of waste amylase- aids in chem. Breakdown -Cholelithiasis: stones in gallbladder from body. ● cholecyst/o gallbladder of starchy foods. (gallstones= concentrated bile). Gastroenterologist (dig. doc.), Hepatologist (dig. Doc. w/liver -Pharynx: throat; carries -Crohn's Disease: chronic disease; focus). ● enter/o intestines food/liquid/air; naso- nose and inflammation of dig, tract. (small) throat; oro- air from naso to -Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease ● col/o; colon/o colon; laryn,/food from mouth to (GERD): backward flow of stomach ● esophagus; laryngo- path for food, acids into esophagus; heartburn fluid, air. chronic -Esophagus: food to stomach -Small Intestine: 17-20 ft long, 1 in -Hepatitis: liver inflammation usually large intestine diameter; digestion; duodenum, caused by viral infec; A- acute, B/C- jejunum, ileum chronic; A/D- 3rd world countries ● hepat/o liver -Large Intestine (Colon): absorbs --Hiatal Hernia: hernia in which upper ● gastr/o stomach water/remaining indigestible ● or/o mouth part of stomach protrudes through materials; 5ft long, 2 in diameter; has 6 parts. esophageal opening in the diaphragm. -Liver: stores nutrients, breaks -Inguinal Hernia: hernia in which down fat w/bile, converts glycogen portion of the intestines protrudes to glucose through weakened part of lower ● -pepsia digestion -Gallbladder: stores bile abdominal wall/groin. -Pancreas: insulin; enzymes to -Ileus: obstruction in bowel neutralize stomach acid. -Intussusception: intestine folds into ● chol/o gall; bile -Jaundice: yellow discolor. itself like telescope-> obstruction ● proct/o rectum; anus skin/tissues bc high blood levels of -Volvulus: intestine twists on itself bilirubin (yellow sub. In bile) -Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Emesis: vomiting autoimmune; carmping, pain, -Eructation: burp constipation, diarrhea.

Urinary System● Diseases/Conditions Function: filtration; waste Word Parts: -Erythropoietin: Stimulates creation of red blood cells; -Incontinence: know bladder is storage & excretion/secretion; -cele hernia; swelling; excreted by adrenal glands. full, but can’t control discharge of hormone production; homeostasis -Calcitriol: works w/ parathyroid urine; sphincter muscles wear out maintenance; maintains fluid -Oliguria: urinating in little bits volume of blood. instead of in one sitting. protrusion hormone to inc. blood calcium -Renal Hypertension: high BP bc levels; of kidney probs. ● -lysis breakdown; -Electrolytes: minerals that -Polycystic Kidney Disease: a become ions (elec. Charged bunch of cysts throughout kidney; particles) when dissolved in can result in renal failure. separation, loosening water. -Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): ● Urologist (Urinary doc.), -Retroperitoneal: location of ext. Bacteria entering urethra; can Nephrologists (kidney doc.) ● cyst/o cyst; bladder kidneys; “back of peritoneum” be from urinary retention; treated -Nephron: within renal cortex; w antibiotic; bacteria can go to ● nephr/o kidney filtering/functional unit of kidney. ● ren/o kidney -Ureters: hollow muscular tube kidney and cause renal failure. that connects kidney to bladder. -Wilms Tumor: malignant tumor -Urethra: Connects bladder to common in kidney; childhood ● -uria urination outside of bladder. -Phenylketonuria (PKU): infants; -Renal Cortex: outer kidney, inability to breakdown protein ● -pexy surgical fixation nephron located. phenylalanine; all infants get -Renal Medulla: inner kidney, blood tested before leaving ● -ectasis dilation urine is collected/secreted out of hospital; intellectual and physical kidney. development issues; test- razor on ● pyel/o renal pelvis -Anuria: Absence of Urine prod newborn foot; treatment- avoid high protein foods.

Reproductive System Diseases/Disorders Function: Allow humans to produce offspring, ensuring Word Parts: -Pregnancy (3 trimesters): phase -Placenta Abruptio: the survival of the species. btwn conception + delivery. placenta spontaneously ● cervic/o neck; cervix -Gestation: phase btwn detaches from uterus wall-> Extra Vocab- how many times preg vs times given ● salping/o Eustachian implantation in uterus and birth nutrients can’t go from mom birth: (usually 40 wks) to baby. (auditory) tube; -Chorion: outermost membrane -Placenta Previa: placenta -Primigravida: woman’s 1st pregnancy fallopian tube in uterus to protect fetus forms over cervix (supposed -Nulligravida: woman never been pregnant ● ov/o ovum (egg) -Aminion: innermost membrane to form opposite of it)-> -Multigravida: woman has had more than 1 preg. ● orchid/o testis; sac to protect fetus in uterus; has baby’s exit blocked-> C -Nullipara: woman has never given birth testicle amniotic fluid. Section. -Multipara: woman has given birth multiple times. ● oophor/o ovary -Amniotic Fluid: what baby floats -Eclampsia/Pre Eclampsia: ● men/o menses; in; @ 1st is water from mom, but high BP in mom-> ● Reproductive Endocrinologist menstruation slowly become baby’s headaches, loose protein in (Fertility issues specialist), OB-GYN ● mamm/o breast urine/nutrients/hormone/antibodie urine-> eclampsia (renal fail, (women’s reproductive health doc- ● gynec/o female s to protect baby. coma, mom death) obstetrician/gynecologist) ● colp/o vagina -Amniocentesis: test amniotic -Meconium (baby’s 1st ● prostat/o prostate fluid to see if baby has any poop) Aspiration: baby has gland. genetic issues. bowel movement before -Mucus Plug: plugs “exit hole”; leaving cervical canal/mom seals cervix, keeps bacteria and inhales poop-> infec, out/away from baby. ammonia, etc. -Cervix: barrier btwn vagina and -Breech: baby is turned uterus; holds baby in uterus wrong direction (we want during preg. head first and face down). -Gonads: Testis + ovaries -Gametes: sperm + eggs; individually= haploid cells; 1 set of chromosomes, formed by meiosis. -Ovaries: prod/release female gametes/sex hormones. -APGAR: Activity, Pulse, Grimace, Appearance, Respiration- newborn test.