JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Pune District Junnar Ambegaon Khed Mawal Shirur Mulshi PuneCity Daund Velhe Haveli Baramati Purandhar Indapur BhorINTERNATIONAL SCHOOL FOR JAIN STUDIES International School for Jain Studies SELF STUDY IS THE D-28, Panchsheel Enclave SUPREME AUSTERITY New Delhi-110 017 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
JAIN POPULATION STUDY IN INDIA (SURVEY 2018)A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Pune District International School for Jain Studies D-28, Panchsheel Enclave New Delhi – 110017 Email: [email protected] Website: www.isjs.in
CONTENTS v viiList of Tables ixPrefaceExecutive Summary 1Chapter 1: Introduction 5Chapter 2: Socio-economic background of the Respondents 9Chapter 3: Population Profile 13Chapter 4: Education and Occupational Structure 17Chapter 5: Community Profile 23Chapter 6: Jain way of Life 31Chapter 7: Summary and Conclusion 33Appendix-I: Questionnaire for general population 41Appendix-II: Questionnaire for Youth populationBibliography 45
LIST OF TABLES P. No.Table 1.1: Maharashtra Jain Population: Age category and gender-wise 1distributionTable 1.2: Maharashtra Jains: Literacy and Work Participant rate 2Table 1.3: Sex Ratio, Child Sex Ratio and fertility rate 2Table 1.4: Maharashtra Jains: Occupational distribution 2Table 2.1: Surnames of Pune Jain respondents 5Table 2.2: Age and Gender Distribution 5Table 2.3: Marital Status 5Table 2.4: Education 6Table 2.5: Medium of Education 6Table 2.6: Occupational Status 6Table 2.7: Income 7Table 3.1: Total Sample Population of Pune District 9Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and Gender 9Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and Gender 9Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age Groups 10Table 3.5: Dependency Ratios 10Table 3.6: Sex Ratio and Child Sex Ratios 10Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls 11Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains 11Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls 11Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth) 11Table 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of Pune 13Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in Pune 13Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generation 13Table 4.4: Occupational status by gender 14Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youth 14Table 4.6: Size of land holding 14Table 4.7: Commercial property value 15Table 4.8: Residential property value 15Table 4.9: Residential property value 15Table 4.10: House ownership 15Table 5.1: Family type 17Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution 17Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Pune Respondents 17
Table 5.4: Marital Status 18Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriage 18Table 5.6: Inter-marriage preference 18Table 5.7: Inter-marriage preference (youth) 18Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages 19Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth) 19Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choice 19Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution 19Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 20Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 20Table 5.14: Divorce 20Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution 20Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism 21Table 6.1: Visit to temple 23Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 23Table 6.3: Food after sunset 23Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth) 23Table 6.5: Drinking 24Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) 24Table 6.7: Dietary Habits 24Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth 24Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism 24Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth) 25Table 6.11: Religious education 25Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory? 25Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism 25Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 26Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 26Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 26Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 27vi
PREFACEInternational School for Jain Studies (ISJS) since its inception in 2005 has been involved inpromoting academic studies of Jainism among the overseas students and scholars through itsSummer School Programme. So far about 700 participants have benefited from theprogramme. ISJS also conducts research on Jain religion and philosophy and the Jaincommunity, besides organizing national and international seminars, publishing books and anonline journal “ISJS-Transaction”.ISJS last year executed a series of population-related studies in order to find out thepopulation dynamics of the Jain community which have been showing some disturbing trendsin regard to population growth rate, fertility rate, sex and child sex ratios etc. In this series thefirst survey was done in Hauz Khas tehsil of South Delhi district and the second one wasconducted in New Delhi district in 2017-2018. These studies are based on 2011 census data,voters list and our own field surveys of the Jain population. The findings of both the studiesconfirmed the fact that Jain population in the two areas was under-estimated in 2011 censusby a range of 60% to 90%.“A Sociological Study of Jain Community in Pune District” is the fourth report in this series,though with more emphasis on the sociological profile than on the population enumeration.The sociological profile includes select population characteristics, education, occupation andincome levels, aspects of family and marriage and the Jain way of life and identity in terms ofdaily visit to temple, day dining, marriage within the community and the problem of driftaway from Jain values by Jain youth, etc. The survey also suggests late marriage, too manynot marrying at all and shifting from rural to metro areas or going abroad for better economicopportunities.The above findings are extremely use full to the Jain community immense use to Jaincommunity and academicians alike in order to take suitable corrective and constructivemeasures to address the above issues. In order to find out the India-wide trends similarstudies are been conducted at Kolhapur, Solapur, Mumbai, Ahemadnagar, Bhopal, Indore,Jabalpur, Sagar, Jaipur, Udaipur, Jodhpur, Ahemdabad, Banglore and Chennai.
I thank Dr. Abhay Firodia, Shri Firodia Trust of Pune and Dr. Sulekh Jain of USA for theirprompt financial and moral support to undertake this study. Special thanks are due to ShriPrafulla Parakh, CEO, Bhartiya Jain Sanghthna, Pune for taking up the entire responsibilityof the survey and data collection in Pune district, and some other places in Maharashtra. Ialso thank my team members, particularly Prof. Prakash C Jain, Dr. Shrinetra Pandey andstaff members Mr. Sushil Jana, Mr. Shivam Saxena and Miss. Jyoti Pandey for their tirelessefforts in completing this study. Dr. Shugan C Jain Chairman International School for Jain StudiesNew DelhiDate: September 4th, 2018 viii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThis summarizes the report of the Pune sociological survey, which was carried out duringMay-June 2018. The report highlights the sociological profile of the Jain community in termsof population characteristics, education, occupation and income levels, continuity and changein the community life, status of women and youth, and the Jain way of life. Major findings ofthe survey based on three sets of sample population of Pune district are as follows:Table: Summary of Major findingsIndicators Respondents Sample Population Youth Population N=208 N=919 N=158MarriedSex Ratio Population Characteristics 62.65%Child Sex Ratio -Family Size 96.15% 52.67% - -Graduate + - 918Medium of instruction 66.46%(i) Marathi - 1187 -(ii) English - 4.4 persons 33.54%Agriculture Education 63.92%Own BusinessProfession and Service 37.98% 43.63% 1.3%Students 45.6% -- 33.12%Less than Rs. 25,000/- 3.8%Rs. 25,000-Rs. 50,000/- 85.44% - -Awareness 9.22% - -Not in favour of OccupationReasons (co-education/ -co-working) 6.73% 1.52% 77.8%Widow/Divorceeremarriage 55.77% 18.28% 58.86%Daily temple visit 6.73% 13.38%Food after sunsetEat Non-Vegetarian food - 10.77%Drink alcohol IncomeDiscrimination againstgirls 25% - 35.10% - Inter-faith marriage 37.98% - 83.17% 54.33% - 84.62% - - Jain way of life - 14.56% 25.96% - 68.35% 64.90% - - 0% 0% - 2.53% 0.48% 14.56% 12.5%
Other factors of significance: Almost all the respondents admitted a drift among the youthaway from Jainism. Most of them also suggested inculcating ethos of Jainism early in achild’s life. They said that making study of Jainism mandatory in school and college, besidesSunday schools, religious camps could help in stopping the drift of youth away from Jainism.A good majority of our respondents (63%) considered Jainism as a separate community andreligion independent of Hinduism.Way forward: There is a strong need to validate these findings for many more such areaswith different geographical and socio-economical profile to represent total Jain population.Further, there is a strong need to start the dialogue in the community to prepare Jains for 2021Census and also initiate appropriate actions for minimizing drift away from Jainism. x
Chapter – 1 INTRODUCTIONThe history of Jainism in Maharashtra can be traced back to atleast 3rd century B C when alarge number of Jain ascetics along with Emperor Chanderagupta Maurya migrated to SouthIndia in the wake of a twelve –year long famine in North India. In all likelihood, Jainismmust have spread from Karnataka to Maharashtra. Not surprisingly, the oldest Jaininscriptionis found in a cave near Pale village in the Pune District which is dated to 2ndCentury B C. The first Marathi inscription known is at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka near theleft foot of the statue of Bahubali, dated 981 CE.It was written in the Jain Prakrit and includesthe Navkar Mantra.Modern Maharashtrian Jain communities:As in other South Indian states, in Maharashtra too the Jain communities is divided intoMarathi Jains and the immigrants Jains The native Jains of Maharashtra today areendogamous communities and generally do not intermarry with the Jains who have arrivedfrom North India, and are divided into a number of castes.Jabade, Saitwal (originally Tailors and Cloth Merchants), Chaturtha (originally agriculturists,now engaged in various professions), Panchama (various professions), Kasar (traditionallycoppersmiths), Upajjhaya, Kamboja, Harada, Dhakad (a small Jain community foundprimarily in Western Vidarbha districts of Akola, Yavatmal, Washim and Amravati). Eachmajor community is led by its own spiritual leader (Bhattaraka), who heads a Matha.Immigrant Jains have a large population in Maharashtra. Majority of them arefrom Rajasthan and Gujarat. Some of them are from Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh.Some of these communities have been in Maharashtra for centuries, and are nowindistinguishable from the native residents of Maharashtra. They are divided in to thefollowing large groups/castes: Agrawal, Oswal, Sarawagi, Jaiswal, Shrimali, Humad,Bagherwal, Palliwal, Porwad, Parmar, etc.Maharashtra has the largest population concentration of Jains for the last fifty years. In 2011Maharashtra had about 31% of the total Jain population. Of these about 80.7% lived in urbanareas and only 19.3% in rural areas.Table 1.1: Maharashtra Jain Population: Age category and gender-wise distributionAge-Group Population of Jains0-14 Total % Male % Female %15-59 2,69,484 19.2 1,25,511 18.360+ 9,40,228 67.1 1,43,973 20.2 4,63,668 67.5 9,90,637 13.6 98,013 14.3 4,76,560 66.8 92,624 13.0
Table 1.2: Maharashtra Jains: Literacy and Work Participant rate Gender Literacy Rate Work Participation RateMale National Maharashtra National MaharashtraFemaleTotal 96.78% 96.66% 57.71% 58.63% 92.91% 93.99% 12.27% 14.08% 94.88% 95.35% 35.53% 36.77%Table 1.3: Sex Ratio, Child Sex Ratio and fertility rateCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Fertility Rate Sex Ratio2011(National Jain Data) 954 1.42011 (Maharashtra Jain Data) 964 889 1.3 887Table 1.4: Maharashtra Jains: Occupational distributionOccupation Jains (%)Cultivators 10.24Agricultural Labourers 3.17Household Industry 4.21Others 82.38Religious organizations:The Dakshin Bharat Jain Sabha is a religious and social service organization of the Jains ofSouth India. The organization is headquartered at Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India. Theassociation is credited with being one of the first Jain associations to start reform movementsamong the Jains in modern India. The organization mainly seeks to represent the interests ofthe native Jains of Maharashtra (Marathi Jains) and Karnataka (Kannada Jains).Pune district Jain populationAs per 2011 census data Pune district had a total Jain population of 1,27,86 (65,560 Malesand 62,226 Females). The decadal growth rate in the Jain population of Pune was enumeratedat 22.78% during 2001-11. Among other demographic indicators sex-ratio was 949 and childsex-ratio 912. Literacy rate in Pune was 96.05% and the work participation rate 37.16%(Male = 58.36% and Female = 14.81%). Page 2 of 50
Pune district map Page 3 of 50
Objectives of the Survey 1. To investigate the nature of socio-demographic profile of the Jain communities in Pune district. 2. To assess the infra structure available for education and skill development of Jain youth in the area. 3. To study the changing occupational structure of the Jain community. 4. To analyze trends of inter-generational occupational mobility and future aspirations. 5. To assess the gaps in availability of infrastructure/occupational opportunities for youth (Get their opinion) 6. To examine the emergent status of women in the community, particularly in terms of education and occupational status, work participation and religiosity. 7. To assess the overall impact of social change and modernization on the Jain community.Research MethodologyA carefully constructed Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaireconsisted of about 50 items/questions. The study was conducted in the Pune district. The datawere collected from 5 tehsils (sub-districts) of the Pune district, namely Pune, Khed, Daund,Bhor and Shirur. In all, respondents from 208 Jain families participated in the survey. Thisstudy was designed as an exploratory study. Besides the questionnaire the report also reliedon secondary sources, including books, newspaper and magazine articles, census data etc.Along with general Jain population in Pune, Jain youth – both male and female – were alsointerviewed through a separate questionnaire which consisted of 21 items/questions. Youthwere generally defined as respondents under 35 years of age. A total number of 158 youthwere interviewed. In most cases youth belonged to the same families which participated inthe Pune Jain community survey. Their views and opinions have been highlighted atappropriate places in the report.Significance of the StudyIt is hoped, the study would fill a major gap in our understanding of the socio-cultural,demographic, educational and economic status of the contemporary Jain community in Punein particular and Karnataka in general as no anthropological/sociological work on the subjecthas so far been done. Page 4 of 50
Chapter – 2SOCIO-ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF THE RESPONDENTSTable 2.1: Surnames of Pune Jain respondentsJain % Other % No Response % Surnames 0 016Total 7.69 192 92.31 208Table 2.2: Age and Gender DistributionAge Group Total % Male % Female %< 25 1 1 025-34 7 0.48 6 0.50 1 035-44 34 3.37 33 3.00 1 12.545-54 57 16.35 55 16.50 2 12.555-64 64 27.40 62 27.50 2 2565-74 37 30.77 35 31.00 2 2575-84 6 17.79 6 17.50 0 2585+ 2.88 3.00No response 2 0.00 2 0.00 0 0Total 208 0.96 200 1.00 8 0 100 0 - -Table 2.3: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 4 1.92 4 2.00 0 0Unmarried 200 96.15 193 96.50 7 87.5 1 0.48 0 0.00 1 12.5Married 3 0.00Widow/Widower 208 1.50 100Divorce /separated 0.00 0No response 1.44 3 00Total 100 200 8 100
Table 2.4: EducationEducational Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 1 0.48 1 0.5 0 0Upto Middle 53 25.48 51 25.5 2 25 68 32.69 66 2 25Upto S. Sec 33Graduate 75 50Above & 7 0No response 200 100Total 79 37.98 37.5 4 7 3.37 3.5 0 208 100.00 100 8Table 2.5: Medium of EducationMedium of your education Number % Male % Female %Marathi 176 85.44 170 85.86 6 75English 19 9.22 18 9.09 1 12.5Hindi 4 1.94 3 1.52 1 12.5Other 0 0 0 0 0 0No response 7 3.40 7 3.54 0 0Total 206 100 198 100 8 100Table 2.6: Occupational StatusOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 14 6.73 14 7.00 0 0Own Business 116 55.77 112 56.00 4 50Service(Govt/Private) 45 21.63 42 21.00 3 37.5Professional 14 6.73 14 7.00 0 0ManagingHousehold 13 0.00 12 0.00 1 0Others 6.25 6.00 12.5Students 6 0.00 6 0.00 0No response 208 2.88 200 3.00 8 0Total 100 100 0 100 Page 6 of 50
Table 2.7: IncomeIncome (Rs.) Number % Male % Female %Less than25,000 52 25.00 50 25.00 2 2525,000 – 50,000 73 35.10 72 36.00 1 12.550,000-1,00,000 22 10.58 20 10.00 2 25Above 1,00,000 26 12.50 24 12.00 2 25No response 35 16.83 34 17.00 1 12.5Total 208 100 200 100 8 100Findings:Table 2.1: Surnames: Jain 7.7%Table 2.2: Gender and Age Male 96%, Female 4% (i) Gender Majority 92.2% 35-74 Years (ii) Age Married 96%Table 2.3: Marital Status:Table 2.4: Education: 33% (i) Upto Sr. Secondary 37% (ii) Graduate and AboveTable 2.5: Medium of Education: 85% (i) Marathi 9% (ii) EnglishTable 2.6: Occupational Status: 6.7% (i) Agriculture 55.7% (ii) Own Business 21.8% (iii) Service 6.7% (iv) ProfessionalTable 2.7: Income: 24.7% (i) Less than Rs. 25,000 35.4% (ii) 25,000 – 50,000 10.1% (iii) 50,000-1,00,000 12.6% (iv) Above 1,00,000To Sum up, Most of the respondent in the Pune Jain community survey are male, married,adult persons in the age group 35 to 74 years, who do not use Jain surname. About one-thirdof them are educated upto senior secondary level, 37% of them have graduate and aboveeducational qualification. Most of them are educated to through Marathi language. More thanhalf of the respondents are engaged in own business with 21.8% of them engaged in servicesand 6.7% each in agriculture and professional jobs. Income wise a little more than one-thirdof the respondent earn between Rs. 25,000 to 50,000, and 24.7% earn less than Rs. 25,000where as 22.7% earn more than 50,000 rupees per month. Page 7 of 50
Chapter – 3 POPULATION PROFILETable 3.1: Total Sample Population of Pune DistrictDistrict Number Male % Female % 0-6 Age %Pune 919 479 52.12 440 47.88 Group 3.81 35Table 3.2: Population by Family Size and GenderFamily Size Numbers of % Total % Families Members1-Member 3.85 0.872-Member 8 7.21 8 3.263-Member 15 18.27 30 12.404-Member 38 34.13 114 30.905-Member 71 13.46 284 15.236-Member 28 12.98 140 17.637-Member 27 3.37 162 5.338-Member 7 1.44 49 2.619-Member 3 2.88 24 5.8810-Member 6 1.44 54 3.2610+-Member 3 0.96 30 2.61Total/Average 2 100 24 100 208 919Table 3.3: Population Distribution by Broad Age category and GenderAge Number % Male % Female %Categories0-14 106 11.53 55 11.48 51 11.59 621 67.57 310 64.72 311 70.6815-59 173 18.82 106 22.13 67 15.2360+No 19 2.07 8 1.67 11 2.50response 919 100 479 100 440 100Total
Table 3.4: Distribution of Jain population by Age GroupsAge Group Total % Male % Female %0-4 28 3.05 13 2.71 15 3.415-9 27 2.94 13 2.71 14 3.1810-14 51 5.55 29 6.05 22 5.0015-19 61 6.64 27 5.64 34 7.7320-24 81 8.81 43 8.98 38 8.6425-29 58 6.31 29 6.05 29 6.5930-34 81 8.81 39 8.14 42 9.5535-39 62 6.75 33 6.89 29 6.5940-44 83 9.03 44 9.19 39 8.8645-49 70 7.62 36 7.52 34 7.7350-54 67 7.29 30 6.26 37 8.4155-59 58 6.31 29 6.05 29 6.5960-64 73 7.94 43 8.98 30 6.8265-69 52 5.66 35 7.31 17 3.8670-74 19 2.07 11 2.30 8 1.8275-79 14 1.52 6 1.25 8 1.8280+ 15 1.63 11 2.30 4 0.91No response 19 2.07 8 1.67 11 2.50Total 919 100 479 100 440 100Table 3.5: Dependency RatiosDependency Ratio National Jain (National) Pune 2001 2011 2001 2011 Survey (2018)Dependency Ratio 752 652 544 597 303Young Dependency 621 510 390 311 115RatioOld Dependency 131 142 154 187 188RatioTable 3.6: Sex Ratios and Child Sex RatioCensus/Survey Year Sex Ratio Child (0-6 Years) Sex Ratio2001(National Jain Data) 940 8702011(National Jain Data) 954 8892018 (Pune Survey) 918 1187 Page 10 of 50
Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girlsQuestion Yes % No % No response %Are you aware that there 163 78.37 18 8.65 27 12.98is shortage of girls 208against boys in the Jaincommunity?TotalTable 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among JainsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 6.73 167 80.29 27 12.98Have you heard of anycase of feticide among 14Jains in your area?Total 208Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girlsQuestion Yes % No % No % responseDo you believe that in Jain families girlsare discriminated against in regard to food, 19 9.13 164 78.85 25 12.02education and health provisionsTotal 208Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 14.56 125 79.11 10 6.33Do you believe that inJain families girls arediscriminated in regard to 23food, education andhealth provisions? 158Total Page 11 of 50
Findings: 52% 48%Table 3.1: Total sample profile: (i) Male: 4.4 (ii) Female: 34.13% 18.27%Table 3.2: Population by family size: 13.46% (i) Average family size: (ii) 4 member family: 11.53% (iii) 3 member family: 67.57% (iv) 5 member family: 18.82%Table 3.3: Population distribution by broad age: 303 (i) 0-14 age group: 115 (ii) 15-59 age group: 188 (iii) 60+ age group: 918Table 3.5: Dependency Ratio: 1187 (i) Dependency Ratio: 78.37% (ii) Young Dependency Ratio: 6.73% (iii) Old Dependency Ratio: 9.13% 14.56%Table 3.6: Sex Ratio: (i) Sex Ratio: (ii) Child Sex Ratio:Table 3.7: Awareness about shortage of girls:Table 3.8: Knowledge about feticide among Jains:Table 3.9: Opinion about discrimination against girls:Table 3.10: Opinion about discrimination against girls (Youth):Page 12 of 50
Chapter – 4 EDUCATION, OCCUPATION AND INCOME STRUCTURETable 4.1: Education-wise distribution of Jain population of PuneEducational Level Total % Male % Female %IlliterateUp to Middle 1 0.11 1 0.21 0 0Up to Senior Secondary 220 23.94 110 22.96 110 25Graduate & Above 155 16.87 89 18.58 66 15No response 401 43.63 213 44.47 188 42.73Total 142 15.45 66 13.78 76 17.27 919 100 479 100 440 100Table 4.2: Educational Status of Jain youth in PuneEducational & Number % Male % Female %QualificationIlliterate 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 5.70 9 7.14 0 0Upto Middle 41 25.95 36 28.57 5 15.63Upto S. SecGraduate 105 66.46 79 62.70 26 81.25Above 3 1.90 2 1.59 1 3.13No response 100 126 100 32 100Total 158Table 4.3: Vocational preference for next generationOccupation line Number % Male % Female %Family Business or 98 47.12 92 46 6 75.00New Business 24 11.54 23 11.5 1 12.50Government Services 65 31.25 21 10.10Professional education 208 100(Engineering,Medicine, Law,Accountancy etc.) 64 32 1 12.50No Response 21 10.5 0 0.00 200 100 8 100Total
Table 4.4: Occupational status by genderOccupation Number % Male % Female %Agriculture 14 1.52 14 2.92 0 0Own Business 168 18.28 146 30.48 22 5Service(Govt/Private) 99 10.77 78 16.28 21 4.77Professional 24 2.61 18 3.76 6 1.36ManagingHousehold 138 15.02 9 1.88 129 29.32Others 26 2.83 19 3.97 7 1.59Students 99 10.77 50 10.44 49 11.14No response 351 38.19 145 30.27 46.82Total 919 100 479 100 206 100 440Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Jain youthOccupation Number % Male % Female % 1.59 0 0Agriculture 2 1.3 2 51.59 7 21.88Own Business 72 45.6 65 23.02 7 21.88 11.11 4 12.50Service 6.35 7 21.88 1.59 4 12.50(Govt/Private) 36 22.8 29 4.76 3 9.38 100 32 100Professional 18 11.4 14Others 15 9.5 8Students 6 3.8 2No response 9 5.7 6Total 158 100 126Table 4.6: Size of land holdingHow muchagricultural Number % Male % Female %land you own? 58 13No Agricultural 9 2land 126 27.88 57 28.5 1 12.5 208Up to 5 acres 6.25 12 6 1 12.55 to 10 acres 4.33 9 4.5 0 0Above 10 acres 0.96 2 1 0 0No response 60.58 120 60 6 75Total 100 200 100 8 100 Page 14 of 50
Table 4.7: Commercial property valueMarket Value Number %Up to Rs. 5 lakhsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lakhs 21 10.10Above Rs. 20 lakhs 52 25.00No response 48 23.08Total 87 41.83 208 100Table 4.8: Residential property valueMarket Value Number %Upto Rs. 5 lacsRs. 5 lacs to Rs. 20 lacs 16 7.69Above Rs. 20 lacs 44 21.15No response 81 38.94Total 67 32.21 208 100Table 4.9: Size of the BusinessSmall Number % Male % Female %MediumLarge 43 20.67 42 21 1 12.5No response 83 39.90 80 40 3 37.5Total 16 7.69 15 7.5 1 12.5 66 31.73 63 31.5 3 37.5 208 100 200 100 8 100Table 4.10: House ownershipHouse ownership Number %OwnRented 173 83.17No response 18 8.65Total 17 8.17 208 100.00 Page 15 of 50
Findings:Table 4.1: Education:(i) Graduate & Above: 43.63% (ii) Upto Middle: 24%Table 4.2: Educational Status Youth:(i) Graduate & Above: 66.5%(ii) Upto Sr. Sec. : 26%Table 4.3: Vocational Preferences for next generation:(i) Family Business: 47.12% (ii) Professional Education: 31.25%Table 4.4: Occupational Status:(i) Own Business: 18.3%(ii) Service & Professional: 13.40% (iii) Students: 10.77%Table 4.5: Occupational Status of Youth:(i) Own Business: 45.6%(ii) Services & Professional: 34.2% (iii) Other: 9.5%Table 4.6: Ownership agriculture land: (i) Less than10 Acers: 10.6%Table 4.7: Commercial property value: (i) Rs. 5 to 20 Lacs: 25%Table 4.8: Residential property value:(i) Above Rs. 20 Lac: 39% (ii) Rs. 5 to 20 Lac: 21.5%Table 4.9: Size of Business:(i) Medium: 40%(ii) Small: 20.7% (iii) Large: 7.7%Table 4.10: House Ownership:(i) Own: 83.17%(ii) Rented: 8.65% Page 16 of 50
Chapter – 5 COMMUNITY PROFILETable 5.1: Family typeFamily type Number % Male % Female %Joint 82 39.42 78 39 4 50Nuclear 102 49.04 98 49 4 50No response 24 11.54 24 12 0 0Total 208 100 200 100 8 100Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect DistributionSec/ Number % Male % Female %Sub-Sect 28 13.46 28 14 0 0Digambar 39 18.75 36 18 3 37.5ShwetambarMurtipujak 130 62.50 125 62.5 5 62.5Shwetambar 4 1.92 4 2 0 0Sthanakvasi 7 3.37 7 3.5 0 0 208 100 200 100 8 100ShwetambarTerapanthiNo responseTotalTable 5.3: Caste Distribution of Pune RespondentsCaste/Sub-Caste Distribution PercentageJain 27 12.98Kasar 3 1.44Bissa 10 4.81Oswal 16 7.69Others 18 8.65No response 134 64.42Total 208 100
Table 5.4: Marital StatusMarital Status Number % Male % Female % 177 19.26 89 18.58 88 20Unmarried 484 52.67 274 57.20 210 47.73 6 0.65 2 0.42 4 0.91Married 0.23 1 0.11 0 0.00 1 0.68Widow/Widower 30.45 4 0.44 1 0.21 3 100Divorce / 247 26.88 113 23.59 134 919 100 479 100 440 %separated 8.17Vowed to % 8.17Celibacy %No response 9.49TotalTable 5.5: Inter-faith marriageQuestion Yes % No % No response 17Are you aware of thegrowing trends of marriageof Jains Boys/Girls outside 79 37.98 112 53.85the Jain community? 208TotalTable 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preferenceQuestion Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 18non-Jain marriages 8.65 173 83.17 17Total 208Table 5.7: Inter-faith marriage preference (youth)Question Yes % No % No responseAre you in favour of Jain- 12.66 123 77.85 15non-Jain marriages 20Total 158 Page 18 of 50
Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain MarriagesReasons Number % 113 54.33Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 33 15.87community 2 0.96Other (please specify) 60 28.85 208 100 No responseTotalTable 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (youth)Reasons Number % 93 58.86Co-education/co-workCould not find suitable match in Jain 40 25.32community 0 0Other (please specify) 25 158 15.82No response 100TotalTable 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceQuestion Yes % No % No response %Are arranged marriages 78 37.5 93 17.79being replaced by love 208 44.71 37marriages among Jains inPuneTotalTable 5.11: Changes in marriage institution Number % Male % Female %Late marriage 113 54.33 108 54 5 62.5Day-time marriage 42 20.19Marriage by Jain Pandit 9 4.33 41 20.5 1 12.5Marriage by own choice 17 8.17No response 27 12.98 9 4.5 0 0Total 208 100 17 8.5 0 0 25 12.5 2 25 200 100 8 100 Page 19 of 50
Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowrySituation of dowry Number % Male % Female %Prevalent to a large extent 8 3.85 7 3.5 1 12.5Prevalent to some extent 65 31.25 61 30.5 4 50Not prevalent 107 51.44 105 52.5 2 25No response 28 13.46 27 13.5 1 12.5Total 100 208 100 200 100 8Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriageQuestion Yes % No % No response % 176 84.62 12 5.77 20 9.62Do you support 208remarriage ofdivorcees/widows in JainsTotalTable 5.14: DivorceQuestion Yes % No % No response %Has there been any case 10.10 162 77.88 25 12.02of divorce in your 21family/relations? 208TotalTable 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution Number % Male % Female %Bharatiya Jain SanghatanDakshin Bharat JainSabhaJain Social GroupJain ConferenceOtherNo responseTotal Page 20 of 50
Table 5.16: Jainism and HinduismWithin the Hindu Varna Number % Male % Female %system 25 12.02 25 12.5 0 0A separate communityindependent of Hindus 132 63.46 127 63.5 5 62.5No response 51Total 208 24.52 48 24 3 37.5 100 200 100 8 100Findings:Table 5.1: Family type:(i) Nuclear: 49.04%(ii) Joint: 39.42%Table 5.2: Jain population by Sect/Sub-Sect Distribution(i) Shwetambar Sthanakvasi: 62.50%(ii) Shwetambar Murtipujak: 18.75%(iii) Digambar: 13.16%Table 5.3: Caste Distribution of Pune Respondents (i) Jain: 27% 16% (ii) Oswal: 10% (iii) Bissa:Table 5.4: Marital Status(i) Married: 52.67%(ii) Unmarried: 19.26%(iii) No response: 26.88%Table 5.5: Inter-faith marriageAwareness of the trends of growing interfaith marriages;(i) Yes: 38% (ii) No: 54%Table 5.6: Inter-faith marriage preferenceIn favour of(i) Yes: 8.65%(ii) No: 83.17%Table 5.7: Inter-faith marriage preference (Youth)In favour of(i) Yes: 13%(ii) No: 78%Table 5.8: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages(i) Co-education/co-work: 54.33%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 16%Table 5.9: Reasons of Jain and Non-Jain Marriages (Youth)(i) Co-education/co-work: 59%(ii) No match in Jain Community: 25.32% Page 21 of 50
Table 5.10: Arranged vs marriage by choiceArranged marriage being replaced by love marriage(i) Yes: 37.5% (ii) No: 44.71%Table 5.11: Changes in marriage institution(i) Late marriage: 54.33%(ii) Day time marriage 20.19%Table 5.12: Prevalence of dowry 51.44% (i) Not prevalent: 31.25% (ii) Prevalent to some extent: 4% (iii) Prevalent to a large extent:Table 5.13: Widow and divorcee remarriage 84.62%Support for 78% (i) Yes: 10%Table 5.14: Divorce 12% Divorce in family (i) No: (ii) Yes: (iii) No response:Table 5.15: Organization and Associational Distribution(i) Jain Social Group: 11.54%(ii) Others: 1.54%(iii) Jain Conference: 11.06%(iv) Bhartiya Jain Sangthan: 10.10% (v) No response: 53.37%Table 5.16: Jainism and Hinduism(i) A separate community: 63.46%(ii) Within the Hindu Verna system: 12%(iii) No response: 24.52% Page 22 of 50
Chapter – 6 JAIN WAY OF LIFETable 6.1: Visit to templeDaily Number % Male % Female %Occasionally 54 62.5Sunday 71 25.96 49 24.5 5 25During Paryushan Parv 26 34.13 69 34.5 2 0Only 12.50 26 0No response 47 13 12.5Total 10 0 208 22.60 46 23 1 100 4.81 10 50 100 200 100 8Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth)Daily Number % Male % Female % 23 12.50Occasionally 57 14.56 19 15.08 4 50.00 20 36.08 41 32.54 16 6.25Sunday 12.66 18 14.29During Paryushan Parv 52 2 28.13Only 6 3.13No response 32.91 43 34.13 9 100Total 158 3.80 5 3.97 1 100 126 100 32Table 6.3: Food after sunsetQuestion Yes % No % No response % 18 8.65Take food after sunset 135 64.90 55 26.44Total 208Table 6.4: Food after sunset (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 5 3.16Take food after sunset 108 68.35 45 28.48Total 158
Table 6.5: DrinkingQuestion Yes % No % No response % 26 12.5Drink alcohol 1 0.48 181 87.02Total 208Table 6.6: Drinking (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 7 4.43Drink alcohol 4 2.53 147 93.04Total 158Table 6.7: Dietary HabitsQuestion Yes % No % No response % 27 12.98Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0 181 87.02Total 208Table 6.8: Dietary Habits (youth)Question Yes % No % No response % 8 5.06Eat non-vegetarian food 0 0 150 94.94Total 158Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from JainismQuestion Yes % No % No response %Younger generation is 73.56 32 15.38 23 11.06drifting away from 153Jainism 208Total Page 24 of 50
Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)Question Yes % No % No response %Younger generation is 70.25 39 24.68 8 5.06drifting away from 111Jainism 158TotalTable 6.11: Religious educationQuestion Yes % No % No response %Religious Education 70 3.37 26 12.5Total 112 53.85 208Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?Question Yes % No % No response %Do you think thatreligious educationshould be madecompulsory to Jainchildren? 157 75.48 22 10.58 29 13.94Total 208Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism Number % Male % Female %Too Many rituals in 18 8.65 17 8.5 1 12.5JainismLack of exposure to 110 52.88 105 52.5 5 62.5JainismNot in tune with modern 30 14.42 30 15 0 0culture 4 1.92 4 20 0Other 22 2 25No response 46 22.12 44 100 8 100Total 208 100 200 Page 25 of 50
Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) Number % Male % Female %Too Many rituals in 33 20.89 30 23.81 3 9.38Jainism 69 43.67 53 42.06 16 50.00Lack of exposure toJainism 42 26.58 34 26.98 8 25.00 14 8.86 9 7.14 5 15.63Not in tune with modern 158 100 100 32culture 126 100No responseTotalTable 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism Number % Male % Female %Jain moral educationclasses inschool/colleges 65 31.25 63 31.5 2 25Jain Sunday schools forteaching Jainism 72 34.62 68 34 4 50Jain shivris (camps) forreligious education 28 13.46 28 14 00Other 00No response 1 0.48 1 0.5 2 25Total 8 100 42 20.19 40 20 208 100 200 100Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth)Jain moral education Number % Male % Female %classes in 57 36.08 45 35.71 12 37.50 53 45 8school/colleges 36 33.54 27 35.71 9 25.00 12 22.78 21.43 3 28.13Jain Sunday schools for 158 9 0.00 0.00 0.00 126 7.14 32 9.38teaching Jainism 7.59 100 100 100Jain shivris (camps) forreligious educationOtherNo responseTotal Page 26 of 50
Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education Number % Male % Female %Spiritual 51 32.28 40 31.75 11 34.38Campus 32 20.25 28 22.22 4 12.50SpecialTraining 57 36.08 45 35.71 12 37.50Religiouseducation 18 11.39 13 10.32 5 15.63program 158 100 126 100 32 100NoresponseTotalFindings: 34.13% 25.96%Table 6.1: Visit to temple/Sthanak 22.60% (i) Occasionally: 12.50% (ii) Daily: (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: 36% (iv) Sunday: 14.56% 33%Table 6.2: Visit to temple/Sthanak (Youth) 12.66% (i) Occasionally: (ii) Daily: 65% (iii) During Paryushan Parv Only: (iv) Sunday: 68.35%Table 6.3: Eating after sunset 87% (i) Yes: 12.5%Table 6.4: Eating after sunset (youth) 93% (i) Yes: 4.43%Table 6.5: Drinking 87% (i) No: 13% (ii) No response: 0%Table 6.6: Drinking (youth) (i) No: (ii) No response:Table 6.7: Dietary Habits, Eat non-vegetarian food (i) No: (ii) No response: (iii) Yes: Page 27 of 50
Table 6.8: Dietary Habits Young, Eat non-vegetarian food(i) No: 95%(ii) No response: 05% (iii) Yes: 0%Table 6.9: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism(i) Yes: 74%(ii) No: 15%(iii) No response: 11%Table 6.10: Opinion about drifting of youth from Jainism (Youth)(i) Yes: 70%(ii) No: 24% (iii) No response: 5%Table 6.11: Religious education(i) Yes: 54%(ii) No: 34%(iii) No response: 12%Table 6.12: Should religious education be made mandatory?(i) Yes: 76%(ii) No response 14% (iii) No: 10%Table 6.13: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism(i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 53%(ii) No response: 22%(iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 14%(iv) Too many rituals in Jainism: 9%Table 6.14: Reasons of drifting away from Jainism (Youth) 44% (i) Lack of exposure to Jainism: 9% (ii) No response: 27% (iii) Not in tune with modern culture: 21% (iv) Too many rituals in Jainism:Table 6.15: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism 35% (i) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 31.25% (ii) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 20.20% (iii) No response: 13.50% (iv) Jain Shivirs (camps) for religious education: Page 28 of 50
Table 6.16: Suggestions for Popularizing Jainism (Youth) 36% (i) Jain moral education classes in school/colleges: 33.54% (ii) Jain Sunday schools for teaching Jainism: 23% (iii) Jain Shivirs (camps) for religious education: 7.6% (iv) No response: 36%Table 6.17: Suggestion for religious education 32.30% (i) Religious education program: 20.25% (ii) Spiritual camps: (iii) Special Training:Page 29 of 50
Chapter – 7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONPune Jain community sociological survey is based on the responses of 208 Jain families and158 Jain youth. Most of the youth belonged to the same Jain families. The data generatedfrom the youth were however merged with the general Jain population to provide acomparative understanding of the profile of the Jain community. Our survey data suggest thetotal sample Jain population in Pune district at 919 persons. The gender distribution appearsto be marginally in favors of male with 52.12% males and 47.88% females. Jain family sizecomes to 4.4 members.The study of Pune district survey revealed the dominant of presence of ShwetambarSthanakvasi Jains (62.50%), followed by Shwetambar Murtipujak (18.75%), Digambar(13.46%) and Shwetambar Terapanthi (1.92%). The survey also confirmed in most cases thepractice of not using 'Jain' as surname by the local people. In our sample of Pune district, onlyabout 7.7% of the respondents were found to be using 'Jain' as their surnames, while 92% ofthem preferred to use some other or local surnames.A noteworthy feature of our Pune survey was a sociological profile of its youth population.The gender distribution was found to be in favor of males (about 80%). The highest numberof youth (76%) were found in the age group of 26-35 years.An overwhelming majority of respondents in our survey was male (96%), only 4% withabout one-third in the age group of 55-64 years. A large majority (96%) of them weremarried. Only one female respondent reported to be a widow. An overwhelming majority(95%) of them were literate, with 38% holding graduation and above educationalqualifications.Business was found to be the dominant occupation (55.77%) in Pune district followed byService and professional (28.36%) and agriculture (6.73%). Majority of respondents (35%)reported their monthly income between Rs 25,000 to Rs. 50,000, while 25% had income lessthan Rs. 25,000 per month and 12.5% earned more than Rs 100,000. More than 83%respondent at owned their homes.The sex ratio in Pune district at 918 was lower than the all-India Jain average of 954. Thechild sex ratio at 1187 was much better than the national average of 889. The dependencyratio for the young in our survey was found to be low, whereas the dependency ratio for theold was marginally high. In other words, the burden of supporting the young population onthe economically active segment (15-59 years) is a little less than that of supporting the oldpopulation.
As per our survey, 23.94% were educated up to middle school level, 16.87% were educatedup to senior secondary level and 43.63% had graduation and above qualification. About 10%of the sample population was engaged in studies as students. Predictably, the languages ofeducation were found to be Marathi (85.44%) followed by English (9.22%) and Hindi(1.94%).In the Pune district sample not only the awareness about inter-religion marriages iscomparatively is not only low 38%, only a small minority of respondents (8%) happened tobe in favor of inter-faith marriages. While responding to the reason of inter-faith marriage,about 54% of the respondents suggested co-education/ co-working as the main reason ofinterfaith marriage and about 16% of them mentioned non-availability of suitable match inthe Jain community as the second reason.Among the youth respondents 58.86% mentioned co-education/ co-work as the main reasonof inter-faith marriage and 25.32% mentioned unavailability of suitable partners as thesecond reason.Among the on-going changes in the marriage institution late marriage figured prominentlywith as many as 54.33% singling it out as a major change. A large number of our respondents(51.44%) denied the prevalence of dowry in the community.The opinions of the respondents on certain issues pertaining to Jain way of life, whichincludes visits to religious places, food and dietary habits, religious teachings and religiousinteraction of Jain youths have also been included in the report for giving a comparativeview.The Pune survey result reported difficulties in practicing the Jain way of life, especiallyrelated to food and dietary habits. In our survey the consumption of liquor was not favored bymajority of youth population (87.02%). The same was found to be true for non-vegetarianism, with 87% saying no to it. However, a large number of our respondents (65%)admitted of taking food after sunset. As per the youth sample, as above 95% take vegetarianfood, 93.4% do not consume alcohol and 68.5% of them take food after sunset.When it came to the religious education of children, a great majority (75.48%) of ourrespondents believed that religious education should be made mandatory for Jain children forinculcating in them the ethos of Jain way of life. The respondents appeared to be following amoderate and relaxed Jain way of life.The Pune sociological survey was found to be quite significant in a number of ways. Whileour survey positively validates some major population characteristics of the Jain communitysuch as age and gender structure, family size, sex and child sex ratios, literacy andeducational levels, occupational structure etc, it also highlights a number of features of theJain community of Pune district such as sect/sub-sect and caste composition, size and type offamily, education, occupation and income levels and the change and continuity in the Jainway of life. An important finding of the survey was that over 63% of the Jain respondentsconsidered Jains as a separate community and religion, independent of Hinduism. Page 32 of 50
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