Medical Terminology Review (17)

R​ eview of Body    Systems   ​By: Natalia   Pastor-Navarro  2A Stubblefield     

Table of Contents     Integumentary System (pg2)  Musculoskeletal System(pg 6)  Nervous System(pg 9)  Special Senses (pg 12)  Cardiovascular System(pg 15)  Respiratory System  Digestive System  Urinary System  Reproductive System   

Integumentary System Key Terms​- Derm/o- skin Derm/a - skin Kerat/o- hard, horn-shaped tissue; cornea Xer/o- dry Xanth/o - yellow Erythr/o - red Pedicu/o- louse(singular) , lice (singular) Onych/o - nail Myc/o - fungus Pil/o - hair; hair follicle Lip/o - fat Albin/o - white Rhytid- wrinkle Functions​- The Integumentary system consists of hair, skin, and nails. Its main function is to act as a barrier to protect the body from the outside world. Functions of the Skin- Protection- covers body and acts as a physical barrier Body temperature maintenance - perspiration (regulate body internal temperature) Excretion - during perspiration sweat glands flush small amounts of waste products Perception of stimuli - skin contains a large number of nerve endings and receptors that detect stimuli related to temperature, touch, pressure, and pain

Vocabulary-​ 1.)Gland- cell, or a group of cells that secretes select substances within or out of the body 2.)S​ ebaceous glands - located in the dermal layer of the skin over the entire body except palms and soles. Sebaceous glands secrete an oily substance called sebum, which contains lipids. 3.) Epidermis- forms the outermost layer of skin and is made up of keratin ( a fibrous water repellent protein). 4.) Dermis lies directly below the epidermis. The dermis is made up of connective tissue, blood and lymphatic tissue, nerve fibers, fair follicles, and sebaceous and sweat glands. 5.) Collagen- a fibrous protein found in skin, bone, cartilage, and tendons. 6.) subcutaneous layer - is the deepest layer of the skin and below the dermis. This layer connects the skin to surface muscles. 7.) Lipid- a group of organic compounds that consists of fat, are greasy to touch, and are insoluble. Lipids liberate the skin and minimize water loss. 8.) Melanin- is responsible for the skin pigmentation or color. 9.)Hair follicles - are tiny secretory cavities where hair grows. 10.) Basal layer - makes up the deepest layer of the epidermis. The layer is constantly growing and multiplying, with younger cells pushing old cells to the surface. Careers Oncologist​-​ A​ n oncologist a medical practitioner qualified to diagnose and treat tumors. An oncologist often treats skin cancer like melanoma and basal cell cancer. Plastic Surgeon-​ A plastic surgeon is a medical practitioner who performs surgery to reconstruct or repair parts of the body by the transfer of tissue.

Diseases + Disorders​ - 1. Acne - i​nflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that produces pimples on the skin 2. Keloid- An abnormally raised, thickened scar 3. Albinism- An inherited condition that prevents the normal production of melanin, resulting in extremely pale skin and white hair 4. Psoriasis- chronic disease marked by itch, erythematous skin with silvery patches. 5. Tinea- skin infection caused by fungus 6. Ulcer- A open sore/ erosion of the skin lining of the mucous membrane

Musculoskeletal System​- Functions​ - Muscular System- The function of the muscular system is to hold body parts in position and make movement possible(makes 85% of heart for body). It also provides a protective covering for internal organs and aids blood flow through the veins as blood returns to the heart. Skeletal System​- The functions of the Skeletal System are ● Support - provides structure and shape for the body, protection ● Protection - surrounds and protects the internal organs ● Mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus ● Blood cell formation - red blood cells are manufactured in bone marrow ● Anchoring and movement - the bones of skeletal system act as levers for muscular action Key Terms-​ My/o- muscle Myel/o- bone marrow; spinal cord Oste/o- bone Cost/o- rib Crani/o- skull -pexy - surgical fixation Chondr/o - cartilage Arthr/o - joint -plegia - paralysis Kinesi/o - movement

Vocabulary​ - Elasticity​-​ the ability of skeletal muscles fibers to resume their resting length when a stretching force in removed Smooth muscle​ ​- Smooth muscle is also called visceral muscle. Smooth muscle is a type of involuntary muscle meaning that it’s not controlled by conscious thoughts. Smooth muscle surrounds internal organs. Automaticity -​ the ability of a muscle to contract without the involvement of a nerve supply. Automaticity is a property of visceral, smooth, and cardiac muscle. Cortical bone​ - Cortical bone is also known as compact bone and is very dense, hard, and strong. Cortical bone lies under the periosteum (outer membrane) and contains the medullary cavity. Axial skeleton ​- is made up of the bones in the skull, thoracic cage, and the vertebral column. Appendicular Skeleton​ ​- is made up of the shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle, upper extremities, and lower extremities. Synovial joints​ -​ contain a membrane that secretes synovial fluid. Synarthroses joints -​ are immovable joints ex : cranium Skeletal muscle -​ is also called striated muscle which is voluntary muscle that is attached to bone. Skeletal muscle can be contracted or relaxed through conscious control. Cardiac muscle -​ ​ is also called myocardial muscle and is found only around the heart. Like smooth muscle, cardiac muscle is unconsciously controlled. Tendons ​-​ connect muscles to bones. Disease/disorder-​ Ankylosis-​ a stiff joint caused by adhesion, or abnormal fusion of two bones into one Kyphosis- abnormal, outward curvature of the thoracic spine, humpback Osteosarcoma​- malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue and affects the bone. Osteosarcoma affects more males. Atrophy​ - wasting away or shrinkage of muscle size Tetany​ - a state of sustained muscular contraction Tremor ​- an involuntary, repetitive shaking or quivering of parts of the body.

Healthcare careers-​ Orthopedic surgeon​- Orthopedic surgeons are devoted to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders of the  bones, joints, ligaments, tendons and muscles. Sports medicine Physicians​ - A sports medicine physician treats and prevents sport-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles. These healthcare professionals are qualified to diagnose and treat patients, prescribe medication and therapy.

Nervous System Functions of the nervous system-​ ● Sensory input- is any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs to the central nervous system(CNS) ● Integration- the central nervous system process and interprets the information received through the sensory organs ● Motor output - after processing sensory input the CNS transmits messages to the effectors, which after muscles or glands that generates a response in the form of a motor output Word parts-​ cord Neuro/o- nerve Encephal/o- brain Myel/o- bone marrow; spinal Ambul/o- to walk -esthesia - feeling; sensation Meaning/o -meninges Psych/o- mind Concuss/o- shaken together, violently agitated Diseases and disorder- Alzeheimer’s disease (AD)-​ AD is a form of dementia resulting from atrophy of the frontal and occipital lobes of the brain. Alzehimers is a progressige, irreversible memory loss, and deterioration of intellect. Epilepsy- A​ neurological disorder of the central nervous system disorder in which the activity of the neural cells in the brain becomes disrupted causing seizures, unusual sensation, repeated twitching of the limbs, and occasionally, loss of consciousness. Seasonal affective disorder-​ A form of depression that occurs during the fall and winter seasons as a result of less exposure to natural sunlight. Schizophrenia- A​ mental disorder that produces distorted thought process and emotional perceptions; characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and/or periods of unresponsiveness.

Vocabulary​ - CNS​- The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord and it functions as the command center. The CNS receives, processes, and responds to impulses from all over the body PNS-​ ​The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that reach into and extend from the brain and spinal cord. The PNS functions as a liaison between the CNS and rest of the body Occipital lobe- ​The occipital lobes life in the posterior part of the cerebrum. The occipital lobes control vision. The cerebellum - T​ he cerebellum is the second largest region of the brain. It is located posterior to the cerebrum, behind the brain stem. Medulla oblongata -​ The medulla oblongata connects the brain to the spinal cord via the pons. The medulla oblongata helios conduct neural impulses from the brain to the spinal cord. Midbrain- T​ he mid brain serves as the passage for electrical impulses as they travel between the brain and spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-​ ​ The cerebrospinal fluid envelopes and protects the delicate brain and spinal cord tissues from injury. Inside the brain there are four cavities filled with this clear water CSF. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) - ​The ANS controls the involuntary bodily functions. It can be divided into two different branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Somatic nervous system-​ the SNS involves the skeletal muscles and the skin. The SNS controls the conscious, voluntary activities of the body. Temporal lobes-​ The temporal lobes are found in the lateral parts of the right and left cerebral hemispheres. They are responsible for your hearing, sense of smell, factual, and visual memory, and language processing.

Health Care Careers- Neurosurgeon-​ A n​ eurosurgeon is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions of  the brain, spine, and nervous system through surgical and nonsurgical treatments based on the  type of injury or illness. Psychiatrist-​ Psychiatrists are ​physicians​ who evaluate, diagnose and treat patients who are affected by a temporary or chronic mental health problem. Electroneurodiasgonstic Technologist-​ r​ ecord and study electrical activity in the brain and the nervous system to help doctors diagnose neurological issues (ex- Parkinson or epilepsy).

Special Senses Function of the Special Senses ​- The sensory senses are involved in the nervous system function of sensory input. These sense monitor stimuli, which is a change in the internal or external environment. When the neural receptors are activated in the special sense organs, a neural impulse is transmitted to the brain. There an impulse is interpreted and acted upon by the body. Word parts-​ Irid/o- iris -cusis - hearing -opia - vision condition ot/o - ear tympan/o- e​ ardrum (tympanic membrane) opthalm/o - eye -metry - process of measuring Eye -​ The eye is the primary sense organ for vision. It is a spherical organ. Tongue Ear -​ T​ he ear is the primary sense organ for hearing. The ear is divided into three major areas: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The middle and outer ear structures are involved in hearing. While the structures of the inner ear are involved in both hearing and equilibrium. Nose -​ ​The nose is the primary sense organ for smell. Tongue-​ ​The tongue is the primary sense organ for taste. The tongues muscles are attached to the mandible (lower jaw). The tongue moves food around in the mouth during mastication and deglutition. Skin/ touch -​ ​specialized nerve fibers located in the dermis of the skin act as sensory receptors for pain, temperature, pressure, and touch.

Vocabulary​ -​ Pupil​ -​ black circular opening that allows light in Retina ​- thin layer of tissue in posterior eye that converts light to neural signs of visions Ciliary body -​ muscles and ligaments that adjusts the eye shape for focusing on objects Photoreceptors -​ light sensitive cells that receive images and convert them to nerve impulses Fovea Centralis -​ area of sharpest visual activity Cochlea -​ snail like structure that contains fluids that carry sound vibrations Semicircular canals -​ These canals help transmit information about the body’s balance and the position of the head to the brain. Eustachian tube -​ is also known as the auditory tube it helps equalize pressure within the ear by draining fluids from the middle ear into the pharynx. Auditory Ossicles are​ the three smallest bones in the body. They transmit the vibarory motion of the eardrum to the fluids of the inner ear. (Bones: Malleus, Incus, and Stapes) Olfactory Bulb-​ the structure in the brain where olfactory nerves originate and information about odors is processed. Papillae-​ small raised areas that contain taste buds. Taste buds-​ tiny sensitive areas that let you distinguish different tastes and textures as food moves across your tongue.

Diseases/Disorders-​ Astigmatism-​ Defective curvature of the cornea that produces blurred vision; may be present with nearsightedness or farsightedness. Cataract -​ Clouding of the lens that results in decreased visual acuity; caused by accumulation of protein in the lens. Tinnitus-​ Sensation of noises(such as ringing, buzzing, or whistling) in the ears when no sound is present. Neuropathy- ​A disease of the nerves that involves pain or loss of sensation, most commonly in the extremities. Hyposmia- A​ n abnormally weakened sense of smell Hyperopia- ​Condition in which a defect (usually a shortened eyeball shape) results in light rays focusing behind the retina rather than directly on it; causes images up close to appear blurry, farsightedness. Health Care Careers- Optometrist- An optometrist is responsible for performing eye exams and diagnosing any injuries, impairment, or diseases of the eye. (An optometrist does not have to go to medical school). The tests optometrists perform can determine conditions such as cataracts, near- or farsightedness, color blindness, and glaucoma. Audiologist- An audiologist is a specialist who works with hearing, balance, and related disorder. An audiologist tests patients for hearing loss.

Cardiovascular System- Word parts- cardi/o- heart angi/o- vessel (blood) hem/o- blood hemat/o- blood Brady- slow Tachy- fast thromb/o- clot -emia- blood condition leuk/o- white erythr/o- red arteri/o - artery Function- The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate oxygen rich blood throughout the body. The body’s organs need oxygen to function. The cardiovascular system is made up of the heart, network of blood vessels, blood, and blood cells. Parts of the Cardiovascular System- The heart is a hollow, muscular organ made up of cardiac muscle. The heart is in the thoracic cavity. Blood- blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. White blood cells- White blood cells are also called leukocytes protect against illness and disease. Red blood cells- Red blood cells also called e​ rythrocytes remove waste (co2), contain hemoglobin  which carries oxygen, and are formed in bone marrow,   Platelet- Also called thrombocytes aid in coagulation which is blood clotting.   Diseases/ disorders- Hypertension-​ Condition of lower-than-normal blood pressure Heart murmur-​ Abnormal sound heard during auscultation of the heart, such as a whooshing sound created by a valve not completely closing. Most heart murmurs are harmless. Embolus- ​Mass of solid, liquid, gas that travels through the bloodstream, causing occlusion (obstruction) of a blood vessel Cardiomyopathy- c​ ondition of diseased heart muscle Atherosclerosis-​ condition of plaque buildup in the arteries

Vocabulary - The heart is made up of three muscular layers- Epicardium-​ a serous (thin watery) layer that forms the innermost layer of the pericardium the sac surrounding the heart Myocardium- ​a layer of cardiac muscle that makes up the middle of the heart Endocardium-​ the innermost layer that lines the four chambers and covers the valves of the heart Pulmonary circulation-​ blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart. Systemic-​ the process by which the heart pumps blood to all parts and systems of the body Circulation-​ blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. Superior Vena Cava- receives blood from the head, chest, and upper extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium of the heart, The inferior vena cava-​ receives blood from the abdominopelvic organs and the lower extremities and empties the blood into the right atrium. Nodal System-​ the nodal system is responsible for electrical current conduction in the heart. Systole-​ relaxation of the ventricles is called systole Diastole-​ relaxation of the ventricles Blood pressure​- is the pressure exerted by the blood against the wall of an artery or vein. Typically blood pressure is arterial pressure. Diastolic pressure - ​is a measurement of blood pressure between the heartbeats- that is when the heart is “resting” between the contractions.

Health Care Careers- Cardiologist- ​A cardiologist is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatments of heart diseases and conditions, Cardiologists order tests such as electrocardiography and sonographic imaging to aid in diagnosing patients and developing an appropriate course of treatment. Telemetry​- A telemetry nurse monitors patients’ heart rhythm using sophisticated equipment. Telemetry nurses work with physicians to develop[ treatment plans for patients in the telemetry unit. Typically these patients have cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular technologist-​ A Cardiovascular technologist/ technician provide assistance to doctors in diagnosing and treating heart diseases and conditions,

Respiratory System- Function of Respiratory System​- Inhaling (breathing in) fresh air, exchanging harmful carbon dioxide (a metabolic waste product) for life sustaining oxygen between the tiny air sacs of the lungs and the bloodstream. Another function is exhaling (breathing out) old stale air. Word parts- bronch/o- bronchus, bronchial tube cyan/o- blue laryng/o- larynx -oxia - oxygen Oxy- oxygen pleur/o- pleura; serous membrane that enfolds the lung pneum/o- lung; air pulmon/o- lung thorac/o- chest trache/o-trachea; windpipe

Vocabulary- Larynx-​ voice box that is located in the neck. The larynx is composed of semirigid, fibrous plates made up of cartilage. The cartilaginous composition enables the vocal cords to move and produce sounds. Pharynx -​ (thorat) is the passage through which air, food, and liquids travel. The pharynx is located behind the nasal cavity and divided into three sections. Trachea-​ (windpipe) transports air to and from the lungs. Bronchi-​ major air passages that branch off from the trachea into the five lobes of the lungs. Respiration-​ the process of gas exchange. Two types external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration-​ involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body. Internal respiration- i​nvolves gas exchange at the cellular and tissue level. Ventilation-​ the process by which air moves into and out of the lungs. Alveoli -​ gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, which are encased by a network of capillaries. Diaphragm-​ a dome shaped structure between the thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity. The diaphragm is contracted to increase thoracic volume and inflates the lungs. Epiglottis - ​the leaf- like structure of the fibrocartilage located above the glottis. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx when you swallow food and liquid, and the epiglottis opens to allow air into the larynx when you breathe.

Diseases/ Disorders- Cheyne-Stoke respiration- ​unusual breathing pattern characterized by periods of apnea (between 10 and 60 seconds), followed by gradually increasing respirations. Apnea- T​ emporary interruption of breathing. Hyperpnea-​ Condition of deeper than normal breathing. Asthma- C​ ondition characterized by sudden, periodic attacks of dyspnea accompanied by wheezing; caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane of the bronchi. Stridor- ​Harsh, high pitched sound during respiration that indicates an airway obstruction. Rales-​ abnormal crackling sound heard during auscultation of the lungs while the patient is breathing in, usually indicates the presence of fluid or mucus in the airway. Orthopnea-​ Condition in which breathing becomes easier when the patient is sitting up straight.

Health Care Careers- Respiratory Therapist-​ A respiratory therapist cares for patients who suffer from health conditions and diseases that affect their breathing. Respiratory therapists work closely with doctors in healthcare facilities. Pulmologist-​ A pulmonologist is a medical doctor who diagnoses and treats conditions and diseases of the lungs and of the cardiopulmonary system, comprises the heart, lungs, and blood vessels. Thoracic Surgeon-​ A thoracic surgeon is a medical doctor who performs surgical procedures on organs in the chest. Thoracic surgeons treat respiratory diseases such as lung cancer and emphysema.

Citations- Stanhope, Linda, and Kimberly Turnbull. ​Introduction to Medical Terminology.​ Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 2017.