Science Laboratory Manual

210 P.ParadaStreet, Brgy. Sta Lucia, San Juan City ACSCU - ACI Level 1 - Accredited SCIENCE LABORATORY MANUAL

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) Table of Contents Title Pages Safety Manual for Science Laboratories in Secondary Schools………………………………………..3 Safety Rules in the Use of the Laboratory…………………………….……….………………….…….. 5 List of Dangerous Chemicals…………………………………………………….……..………………….7 Handling/Hazards of Some Chemicals…………………………………………………….………..…....9 Guidelines to Safe Handling of Chemicals…………………………………………………….………..14 Chemical Storage………………………………………………………………………………………….16 How to Dispose of Chemicals Safely…………………………………………………………………….17 NFPA Recommendations for Labeling Chemicals……………………………………………………...19 Laboratory Glassware Cleaning Basics………………………………………………………………….20 Essentials of Laboratory First Aid…………………………………………………………………………22 References…………………………………………………………………………………………………..23 2

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) Steps Requiring Minimal Expense 1. Have a written health, safety and environmental affairs SAFETY MANUAL FOR SCIENCE (HS&E) policy statement. LABORATORIES IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS 2. Organize a departmental HS&E committee of employees, The Laboratory Safety Institute is an international management, faculty, staff and students which will meet educational organization for health, safety, and regularly to discuss HS&E issues. environmental affairs Their motto is Teach, Learn, and Practice Science Safely. 3. Develop an HS&E orientation for all new employees and Teaching, Learning, and Practicing Science Safely means students. that before you do an experiment, demonstration, or activity- 4. Encourage employees and students to care about their health and safety and that of others. ● YOU KNOW the hazards. ● YOU KNOW the worst things that could happen. 5. Involve every employee and student in some aspect of ● YOU KNOW what to do and how to do it if they the safety program and give each specific responsibilities. should happen. 6. Provide incentives to employees and students for safety ● YOU KNOW and use the prudent practices, performance. protective facilities, and protective equipment needed 7. Require all employees to read the appropriate safety to minimize the risks. manual. Require students to read the institution's laboratory safety rules. Have both groups sign a statement that they The Laboratory Safety Institute offers these suggestions for have done so, understand the contents, and agree to follow improving laboratory safety. Having an understanding of the procedures and practices. Keep these statements on inherent hazards and learning how to be safe should be an file in the department office. integral and important part of science education, work, and life. 8. Conduct periodic, unannounced laboratory inspections to identify and correct hazardous conditions and unsafe 3

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 15. Require that all accidents (incidents) be reported, evaluated by the departmental safety committee, and practices. Involve students and employees in simulated discussed at departmental safety meetings. OSHA inspections. 16. Extend the safety program beyond the laboratory to the 9. Make learning how to be safe an integral and important automobile and the home. part of science education, your work, and your life. 17. Allow only minimum amounts of flammable liquids in 10. Schedule regular departmental safety meetings for all each laboratory. students and employees to discuss the results of inspections and aspects of laboratory safety. 18. Forbid smoking, eating and drinking in the laboratory. 11. Require every prelab/pre-experiment discussion to 19. Do not allow food to be stored in chemical refrigerators. include consideration of the health and safety aspects. 20. Develop plans and conduct drills for dealing with 12. Forbid working alone in any laboratory and working emergencies such as fire, explosion, poisoning, chemical without prior knowledge of a staff member. spill or vapor release, electric shock, bleeding and personal contamination. 13. Don't allow experiments to run unattended unless they are failsafe. 21. Display the phone numbers of the fire department, police department, and local ambulance either on or 14. When conducting experiments with hazards or potential immediately next to every phone. hazards, ask yourself these questions- • What are the hazards? 22. Store acids and bases separately. Store fuels and What are the worst possible things that could go wrong? oxidizers separately. • How will I deal with them? • What are the prudent practices, protective facilities and 23 Maintain a chemical inventory to avoid purchasing equipment necessary to minimize the risk of exposure to the unnecessary quantities of chemicals. hazards? 4

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) SAFETY RULES IN THE USE OF THE 24. Use warning signs to designate particular hazards. LABORATORY 25. Require good housekeeping practices in all work areas. Your science laboratory must be a safe place to work and learn in. In doing any science activities, you must take 26. Develop specific work practices for individual responsibility for your own safety and the safety of others. experiments, such as those that should be conducted only in a ventilated hood or involve particularly hazardous The following guidelines will help you carry out science chemicals. When possible most hazardous experiments activities safely: should be done in a hood. Personal Safety 27. Allocate a portion of the departmental budget to safety. 1. Always obtain your teacher’s permission before 28. Require the use of appropriate eye protection at all performing an activity. times-in laboratories and areas where chemicals are transported. 2. Always read and understand an activity thoroughly before doing it. 29. Provide adequate supplies of personal protective equipment-safety glasses, goggles, face shields, gloves, lab 3. Always wear goggles when you see a corrosive coats, and benchtop shields. symbol at the beginning of an activity. 30. Provide fire extinguishers, safety showers, eyewash 4. Never run or play in the laboratory room. fountains, first aid kits, fire blankets and fume hoods in each 5. If you have long hair, always tie it back before laboratory and test or check monthly. performing an experiment. 6. Always know where the following are kept: fire extinguisher, first-aid kit, eyewash bath, and shower area. Know where the fire alarm and the nearest telephone are. Learn how to use them. Safety in Handling Plants 1. Be careful when collecting or handling plants. 2. Do not eat or taste any unfamiliar plants or plant parts. 5

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 4. To avoid burns, do not handle heated glassware or materials directly. Use tongs, test tube holders, or 3. If you are allergic to pollen, do not work with plants or heat-resistant gloves. plant parts. Glassware safety Safety in Handling Animals 1. Check glassware for chips or cracks. Broken, 1. Handle animals with care. If you are bitten or cracked, or chipped glassware should not be scratched by an animal, inform your teacher. used. It should be given to the teacher for proper disposal. 2. Do not bring wild animals into the classroom. 3. Do not cause pain, discomfort, or injury to an animal. 2. When heating any glassware, be sure that it is thoroughly dry. Be sure that animals kept for observation are given the proper food, water, and living space. 3. In picking up hot glassware, always use 4. Wear gloves when handling wild animals. Always heat-resistant gloves. wash your hands with soap and water after handling them. 4. Do not force the stopper into a glass tubing. Follow your teacher’s instructions. Eye Safety 5. Clean the glassware and dry them. 1. Wear your laboratory safety goggles when you are working with chemicals, open flame, or any Safety in Handling Chemicals substances that may be harmful to your eyes. 1. Never dispose of any solid or liquid chemicals and 2. Always point a bottle or test tube away from you and materials in the sink. others when it is being heated. 2. Use the proper container or utensils for chemicals. 3. If chemicals get into your eyes, flush them out with Never handle chemicals with your bare hands. plenty of running water. Inform your teacher immediately. 3. Keep your hands away from your face when working with chemicals. Never taste or put chemicals into Safety in Using Flammable and Hot Objects your mouth. 1. Turn off heat sources when they are not in use. 4. Always clean up spills immediately. Acid spills may 2. Point test tubes away from yourself and others when be treated with baking soda or liquid soap. Base spills may be treated with boric acid. heating substances in them. 3. Use the proper procedure when lighting an alcohol lamp or Bunsen burner. 6

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 5. Sharp Instrument Safety magnesium, sodium, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, potassium the halogens 1. Always handle any sharp instrument with extreme care. Always cut any material away from you. Ammonia, anhydrous Mercury (in manometers, for instance), chlorine, calcium 2. using double-edged razors. hypochlorite, iodine, bromine, 3. Inform your teacher immediately if you accidentally hydrofluoric acid (anhydrous) cut yourself while doing an experiment. Electrical Safety Carbon, activated Calcium hypochlorite, all 1. Never touch an electrical outlet or appliance when oxidizing agents your hands are wet. 2. Do not overload the socket by plugging too many Chlorates Ammonium salts, acids, metal different appliances into one socket. powders, sulfur, finely divided 3. Do not use long extension cords to plug in an organic or combustible electrical device. materials LIST OF DANGEROUS CHEMICALS Chromic acid Acetic acid, naphthalene, camphor, glycerin, turpentine, Source: Safety in School Science. Laboratory, U.S. alcohol, flammable liquids in Department of Health, Education, and Welfare general A. Examples of Incompatible Chemicals Flammable liquids Ammonium nitrate, chromic acid, hydrogen peroxide, nitric Chemical Keep Out of Contact With acid, sodium peroxide, the halogens Acetic acid Chromic acid, nitric acid, hydroxyl compounds, glycol, perchloric acid, peroxides, Hydrocarbons (butane, Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, permanganates propane, benzene, chromic acid, sodium gasoline, turpentine, etc.) peroxide Alkaline metals, such as Water, carbon tetrachloride or powdered aluminum or other chlorinated 7

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) Chemical Keep Out of Contact With Ammonium nitrate organic or combustible Hydrogen peroxide lodine substance Copper, chromium, iron, most Mercury metals or their salts, alcohols, Ammonia, petroleum gases, Nitric acid acetone, organic materials, hydrogen, sodium, benzene, Potassium chlorate aniline, nitromethane, finely divided metals Sulfuric acid flammable liquids, combustible Acetylene, ammonia, Bromine, chlorine materials hydrogen Acetylene, fulminic acid, Hydrogen sulfide Oxidizing gases, fuming nitric ammonia acid Acetic acid, aniline, chromic Potassium permanganate Sulfuric acid, glycerol, acid, hydrocyanic acid, ethylene glycol hydrogen sulfide, flammable liquids, flammable gasses Sodium peroxide Ethanol, methanol, glacial acetic acid, carbon disulfide, Sulfuric and other acids glycerol, ethylene, glycol, ethyl acetate Potassium chlorate, potassium perchlorate, potassium permanganate (or compounds with similar light metals, such as sodium, lithium) Acids, flammable liquids, metal powders, sulfur, chlorates, any finely divided 8

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 4. Benedict Solution Description: Mixture of 18 g copper sulfate and 100 g HANDLING/HAZARDS OF SOME CHEMICALS anhydrous sodium carbonate, 200 g potassium citrate, 125 g potassium thiocyanate and 0.25 g potassium ferrocyanide Common chemicals in daily use in a chemistry laboratory per liter. may pose certain hazards to users. Users must be aware of the particular hazards posed by these chemicals and be 5. Benzoic Acid (C6H5COOH) knowledgeable of their proper handling procedures. Properties: Solid crystals or powder, white, faint pleasant odor 1. Acetic Acid (CHC3H) Hazard: Combustible, dust may form explosive mixture Properties: Watery liquid, colorless, strong vinegar odor with air Irritating to nose and throat if inhaled Hazard: Corrosive, particularly when diluted Dust: Irritating to eyes and skin Avoid contact with liquid and vapor. Solid: Avoid contact with solid and dust. 2. Ammonium Chloride (NH1CI) 6. Boric Acid (H,BO3) Properties: Solid, white, odorless Properties: Solid, white, odorless Hazards: Not flammable; Toxic and irritating ammonia and Hazard: Not flammable, irritating to eyes and skin. hydrogen chloride gas may form in fire Wear protective goggles and gloves. 3. Ammonium Hydroxide Solution (NH4OH) Properties: Colorless liquid, very pungent odor Hazard: Fumes are formed when brought near volatile acids 9

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 11.Copper sulfate (CuSO4) Properties: Solid granules or crystals; white to blue; 7. Calcium Carbide (CaC2) odorless Properties: Solid granules, gray to bluish black, garlic odor 12.Ethanol or Ethyl Alcohol (C2H2OH) Hazard: flammable; explosive gas is produced on contact Properties: Watery liquid, colorless, alcohol odor with water (dangerous when wet); Stable in absence of Hazard: Flammable; irritating vapor is produced. moisture. Wear protective goggles and gloves. 8. Calcium Chloride (CaCl2) 13.Iron (III) Chloride or Ferric Chloride (FoCl3) Properties: Solid or water solution, odorless Properties: Solid, greenish black, odorless Hazard: Not flammable; avoid contact with solution or solid; Hazard: Not flammable; avoid contact with solid and dust. will burn skin and eyes. Wear protective goggles, gloves and an apron. Wear protective goggles, rubber gloves. 14.Hydrochloric Acid (HCI) 9. Calcium Oxide (CaO) Properties: Watery liquid, colorless, sharp, irritating odor Properties: Solid granules, odorless Hazard: Not flammable; but flammable gas may be Hazard: Not flammable; but may cause fire on contact with produced on contact with metals. water and combustibles. Will burn skin and eyes. Vapor: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat Wear protective gloves and goggles. Liquid: Will burn skin and eyes 10.Carbon Tetrachloride (CCI4) Properties: Watery liquid, colorless sweet odor Hazard: Not flammable; poisonous and irritating gasses are products when heated, suspected carcinogen 10

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) Hazard: Cases may be produced when heated; not flammable; one of the toxic heavy metals. 15.Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Properties: Water liquid, colorless, slightly sharp color Dust: Poisonous if inhaled (will cause dizziness or Hazard: May cause fire and explode in contact with unconsciousness) combustibles and metals; containers may explode when Solid: Irritating to skin and eyes heated. Wear a dust mask and protective gloves. Vapor: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat. Wear protective garments. 18.Manganese Dioxide (MnO2) Grades of purity: Common commercial strengths are 27.5%, Caution: Strong oxidizer hence it should not be heated or 35%, rubbed with organic matter or other oxidizable substances, 50% 70%, 90% and 98%. \"High Strength\" means greater e.g., sulfur, etc. than 52%. The hazard increases with strength. Stability during transport: Pure grades are quite stable, but 19.Naphthalene (C10Hg) contamination with metals or dirt can cause rapid or violent Properties: Solid, colorless, mothball odor decomposition. Hazard: Combustible, irritating to skin and eyes 16.lodine (12) 20.Nitric Acid (HNO3) Properties: Bluish-black scales or plates, metallic luster Properties: Watery liquid, colorless to light brown, choking Hazard: Attack metals in presence of moisture and slowly odor Hazard: Not flammable; may cause fire on contact with acts on organic tissue. Keep the bottle tightly closed. Vapor: combustibles; flammable gas may be formed on contact with metals 17.Lead Nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) Properties: Solid, white, odorless 11

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 24.Potassium Chloride (KCI) Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder Liquid: Will burn eyes, nose and throat Hazard: Large doses by mouth can cause purging, also Will burn skin and eyes weakness and circulatory disturbances Grades of purity: various grades: 52-98% 25.Potassium Chromate (K2CrO4) Stability during transport: When heated may give off toxic Properties: Solid, bright yellow, odorless red oxides of nitrogen. Hazard: Not flammable, may cause fire on contact with combustibles. 21.Phenol (C6H5OH) Dust: Irritating to eyes, nose, and throat Properties: White solid or light pink liquid Solid: Poisonous if swallowed, irritating to skin and eyes Caution: Avoid contact with liquid and solid; combustible, poisonous gases are produced in fire. 26.Potassium Dichromate (K2CR2O7) Properties: Solid crystals, red to orange, odorless 22.Phenolphthalein (C20H1404) Hazard: Not flammable, may cause fire on contact with Properties: White or yellowish crystals, almost insoluble in combustibles, cool exposed container with water. Irritating water to eyes, nose and throat Dust: Will burn skin and eyes 23. Potassium Bromide (KBr) Solid: Wear protective dust mask, gloves, goggles or face Properties: Hazard: shields. Colorless crystals or white granules or powder Prolonged intake may cause mental deterioration, acne from skin eruption. 12

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 31.Sulfur (S) - (Sublimed and washed sulfur are in the form of a fine, 27.Potassium Iodide (KI) yellow Properties: Solid crystals, odorless. crystalline powder, with only a faint odor and taste.) Hazard: Not flammable, harmful if swallowed. Wear goggles - Provide good ventilation; isolate from chlorates, nitrates or a face shield. and other oxidizing materials. 28.Potassium Nitrate or Salt Peter (KNO3) - In contact with organic materials causes violent Properties: Colorless transparent prism, white granular or combustion on crystalline powder, cooling saline ignition. Store in a dry place, preventing contact with Hazard: ingestion of large quantities; may cause violent organic material. gastroenteritis; prolonged exposure may produce anemia, methemoglobinemia, nephritis 32.Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Properties: Oily liquid, colorless, odorless 29.Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) Hazard: Not flammable; may cause fire on contact with Properties: Solid flakes or pellets, white, odorless combustibles; flammable gasses may be produced on Hazard: Not flammable, may cause fire on contact with contact with metals. Isolate from saltpeter, metallic powders, combustibles, cool exposed containers with water. Irritating carbides. to eyes, nose and throat Mist: Irritating to eyes, nose and throat Dust: Will burn skin and eyes Liquid: Will burn skin and eyes Solid: Wear safety goggles, dust mask. Wear safety goggles, gloves, apron/suit. Extremely hazardous in contact with many materials 30.Sodium Sulfate or Salt Cake (Na2SO4) particularly metals and combustibles. Dilute acid reacts with Properties: Powder or orthorhombic bipyramidal crystals 13

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) d) The manufacturer’s name. e) The date of manufacture (chemicals can degrade most metals releasing hydrogen which can form explosive mixtures with air. Grades of Purity: CE, LISP. Technical at over time). 33% to 98% f) Follow safe handling instructions and identify Venting: Open personal protective equipment to be used while handling chemicals. 33.Zinc Nitrate (Zn(NO3)2) g) Read instructions regarding the mixing of chemicals. h) Always wash yourself thoroughly after handling Properties: Solid, white, odorless chemicals. i) If a chemical spills on you, wash it off at once. Hazard: Not flammable, may increase the intensity of fire. Irritating to eyes, nose and throat j) Don’t eat, drink, or smoke when you’re handling chemicals. Dust: Irritating to skin and eyes Risk of Hazards can be assuaged by following Solid: Wear a dust mask, goggles and gloves. measures GUIDELINES TO SAFE HANDLING OF ● Substitution: Substitution with a less hazardous CHEMICALS material where possible. 1. Identify the chemicals you use. ● Ventilation: Well-designed and well-maintained 2. Take an inventory of all chemicals used by the ventilation systems remove toxic vapors, fumes, mists, or airborne dust before workers are exposed. department. 3. keep Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) from the Some workplaces may need a complete system of hoods and ducts to provide necessary ventilation. Others may companies that supply the chemicals on hand for require a single exhaust fan. quick reference in the event of an emergency. 4. Label all containers with the following information: 14 a) Name of the chemical. b) The concentration of the chemical. c) Warning about hazards associated with the chemical.

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) ● Be aware of the typical symptoms of poisoning and first aid procedures. SAFE STORAGE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS ● Report any signs of illness or overexposure ● The storage area is clearly categorized with warning immediately to the Safety Personnel. signs. ● Waste toxic material must be disposed of properly. ● Clear of obstructions, and is accessible only to Careless disposal of any hazardous chemical authorized personnel. presents a potential hazard to many individuals as well as to the environment. ● Containers must be undamaged and are properly labeled. EMERGENCY PROCEDURE ● Store toxic chemicals in the type of containers ● Report the problem to the people responsible for recommended by the Safety Personnel. handling emergencies. ● Keep the number of toxic chemicals in storage as ● Obtain first aid if you have been exposed to the toxic small as possible. chemicals. ● Inspect storage areas and containers regularly for ● Only trained people, equipped with the proper tools any leakage or damaged containers, expired and protective equipment, should handle the shelf-life or poor housekeeping. emergency. ● Correct all paucities as soon as possible. ● Planning, training, and practicing for emergencies ● Ensure that containers are properly closed. are important so that everyone knows what they ● Keep empty containers in a separate storage area. must do. They may contain hazardous toxic residue. 15 ● Store containers at a convenient height for handling, below eye level to avoid the risk of dropping containers and the severity of the damage, injury. ● Store material within the temperature recommended range. ● People handling hazardous chemicals are properly trained regarding potential hazards. ● Wear appropriate personal protective equipment to avoid exposure or contact with contaminated equipment/surfaces.

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) working quantities of chemicals should be kept in chemical fume hoods. CHEMICAL STORAGE When moving chemicals it is highly recommended to use a The proper storage of hazardous materials is a key cart that has sides, and to use a secondary containment component in accident prevention. tray in addition in case a spill were to occur. Under no circumstances should chemicals be moved off of Marshall Non-hazardous chemicals can be sorted alphabetically on University property. Transport of chemicals in private or shelves or in cabinets with secondary containment (a University vehicles is not acceptable. Contact chemically compatible tray, usually plastic) provided for Environmental Health and Safety with any questions. liquids and oxidizers (dry and liquid). Hazardous chemicals must be separated by compatibility groups before being Sources for more information include the chemical label, sorted alphabetically. product MSDS, manufacturer’s website, and Environmental Health and Safety. Hazardous chemicals should always be stored below eye level to reduce the likelihood of accidental splashes to the a) Labeling eyes and face. During storage all chemical containers must be labeled with the Identity of the Chemical(s) therein and Appropriate It is always advisable to store liquids and oxidizers (dry and Hazards Warnings, in words, pictures, symbols, or a liquid) in secondary containment. This is especially combination thereof which provide all of the hazard important when incompatible chemicals are stored in the information. Labels on containers with mixtures of different same acid cabinet or flammable materials cabinet. chemicals must indicate the constituents and approximate percentages of each. If chemicals are stored on a shelf, rather than in a cabinet, the shelf must have a 1″ high lip to prevent the containers b) Self-Inspection from falling off. Contact Physical Plant if your shelves do In addition to proper labeling, storage areas should be not have the required lip, and ensure that any equipment inspected monthly. Departments generating and/or storing purchases meet this requirement. 16 Fume hoods and laboratory benches are not acceptable storage areas for chemicals, and these areas should be maintained in an organized fashion, free of clutter. Only

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) HOW TO DISPOSE OF CHEMICAL SAFELY hazardous materials or hazardous wastes should utilize the There are many different types of hazardous waste. Some Hazardous Materials and Hazardous Waste Self-Inspection categories have their own subcategories of waste, while Form, and submit completed forms to Environmental Health other types might fall into certain hazardous waste and Safety, or maintain in Department for three (3) years. categories because they display specific characteristics (such as ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, toxicity). c) Compressed Gas Additionally, some chemical products can be hazardous Gas cylinders need to be secured to a stationary object by a after they’ve been disposed of. chain or strap two thirds of the way up the cylinder to prevent them from falling. Best practice is to secure them a) Listed Wastes individually. In some cases it may be acceptable to secure These can be identified in a series of different lists. small groups of cylinders together. Contact Environmental Health and Safety for guidance if needed. b) F-List Wastes created as a result of common manufacturing and d) Chemical Compatibility industrial processes, known as ‘non-specific source waste’ Proper segregation of incompatible chemicals is critically due to their production in multiple industries. important to preventing chemical interactions. If you need an easy tool to separate your chemicals, try the Quick c) K-List Guide to Chemical Compatibility. Wastes created from specific industries such as petroleum refining or pesticide manufacturing, also known as The Hazardous Chemicals of Concern List and Storage ‘source-specific wastes’. Guide provides information about chemicals commonly found in university laboratories and divides them into d) Pi-List and U-List compatibility groups. The chemicals in each of the 10 Wastes created by commercial chemical products being groups should be stored away from the other groups. discarded in their unused form which become hazardous Incompatible chemicals cannot be stored together, but may when thrown away. be stored in the same cabinet if secondary containment is provided. 17

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) k) Mixed Waste Waste that contains both radioactive and hazardous e) Characterized Waste components, generated by medical, pharmaceutical, These comprise waste materials which meet one or more of nuclear and other energy industries. the characteristics of hazardous waste. f) Ignitability Can the waste create fire in certain conditions, is it spontaneously combustible, or have a flash point less than 60°C? g) Corrosivity Can it corrode metallic containers? If the pH level is 2 and under or 12.5 and above, then it should be considered hazardous. h) Reactivity Unstable materials that can cause explosions, toxic fumes, gasses or vapors when heated, compressed or mixed with water. i) Toxicity When certain materials are disposed of, the toxicity can be absorbed into the ground, contaminating water as a result. j) Universal Waste Waste caused by household items, such as batteries, lamps and equipment containing mercury. 18

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) NFPA RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LABELING CHEMICALS BLUE RED YELLOW Identification of Health Hazards Identification of Flammability Identification of Reactivity Susceptibility to Release of Energy Types of Possible Injury Susceptibility to Burning Signal Signal Signal 4 Materials which on very short 4 Materials which rapidly or 4 Materials which are readily capable of exposure could cause death completely vaporize at detonation or of explosive decomposition or major residual injury even or reaction at normal temperature and through prompt medical atmospheric pressure and pressure. treatment was given normal ambient temperature and which will burn 3 Materials which on short 3 Liquids and solids that can be 3 Materials are capable of detonation or explosive reaction but require a strong exposure could cause serious ignited under almost all ambient initiating source, or that must be heated under confinement, react explosively with temporary injury even though temperature conditions water. prompt medical treatment was given. 2 Materials on which intense or 2 Materials that must be 2 Materials that are normally unstable and continued exposure could moderately heated or exposed readily cause serious temporary or to relatively high ambient undergo violent chemical changes but do residual injury even though temperatures before ignition not detonate; also materials that may react prompt medical treatment can occur. with water violently, or that may form given potentially explosive mixtures with water. 1 Materials which on exposure 1 Materials that must be 1 Materials that are normally could irritation but only minor preheated before ignition stable, but that can become unstable at residual injury even if no can occur. elevated temperature and pressure, or that treatment is given may react with water with some release of energy but not violently. 19

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 4. Strong Bases (e.g., 6M NaOH or concentrated NH4OH): Under the fume hood, carefully rinse the LABORATORY GLASSWARE CLEANING BASICS glassware with copious volumes of tap water. Rinse three to four times with deionized water, then put the It's generally easier to clean glassware if you do it right glassware away. away. When a detergent is used, it's usually one designed for lab glassware, such as Liquinox or Alconox. These 5. Weak Acids (e.g., acetic acid solutions or dilutions of detergents are preferable to any dishwashing detergent that strong acids such as 0.1M or 1M HCl or H2SO4): might be used on dishes at home. Rinse three to four times with deionized water before putting the glassware away. Usually, detergent and tap water are neither required nor desirable. You can rinse the glassware with the proper 6. Weak Bases (e.g., 0.1M and 1M NaOH and solvent, then finish up with a couple of rinses with distilled NH4OH): Rinse thoroughly with tap water to remove water, followed by final rinses with deionized water. the base, then rinse three to four times with deionized water before putting the glassware away. Washing Out Common Chemicals Washing Special Glassware 1. Water Soluble Solutions (e.g., sodium chloride or sucrose solutions): Rinse three to four times with 1. Glassware Used for Organic Chemistry deionized water, then put the glassware away. Rinse the glassware with the appropriate solvent. Use 2. Water Insoluble Solutions (e.g., solutions in deionized water for water-soluble contents. Use ethanol for hexane or chloroform): Rinse two to three times with ethanol-soluble contents, followed by rinses in deionized ethanol or acetone, rinse three to four times with water. Rinse with other solvents as needed, followed by deionized water, then put the glassware away. In ethanol, and, finally, deionized water. If the glassware some situations, other solvents need to be used for requires scrubbing, scrub with a brush using hot soapy the initial rinse. water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, followed by rinses with deionized water. 3. Strong Acids (e.g., concentrated HCl or H2SO4): Under the fume hood, carefully rinse the glassware with copious volumes of tap water. Rinse three to four times with deionized water, then put the glassware away. 20

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) 6. Drying Glassware 2. Burets If glassware is to be used immediately after washing and must be dry, rinse it two to three times with acetone. This Wash with hot soapy water, rinse thoroughly with tap water, will remove any water and will evaporate quickly. While it's then rinse three to four times with deionized water. Be sure not a great idea to blow air into glassware to dry it, the final rinses flow off of the glass. Burets need to be sometimes you can apply a vacuum to evaporate the thoroughly clean to be used for quantitative lab work. solvent. 3. Pipets and Volumetric Flasks Additional Tips In some cases, you may need to soak the glassware Remove stoppers and stopcocks when they are not in use. overnight in soapy water. Clean pipets and volumetric flasks Otherwise, they may \"freeze\" in place. using warm soapy water. The glassware may require scrubbing with a brush. Rinse with tap water followed by You can de-grease ground glass joints by wiping them with three to four rinses with deionized water. a lint-free towel soaked with ether or acetone. Wear gloves and avoid breathing the fumes. 4. Drying or Not Drying The deionized water rinse should form a smooth sheet It is inadvisable to dry glassware with a paper towel or when poured through clean glassware. If this sheeting forced air since this can introduce fibers or impurities that action is not seen, more aggressive cleaning methods may can contaminate the solution. Normally, you can allow be needed. glassware to air dry on the shelf. Otherwise, if you are adding water to the glassware, it is fine to leave it wet (unless it will affect the concentration of the final solution.) If the solvent will be ether, you can rinse the glassware with ethanol or acetone to remove the water, then rinse with the final solution to remove the alcohol or acetone. 5. Rinsing with Reagent ​If water will affect the concentration of the final solution, triple rinse the glassware with the solution. 21

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) First Aid Kit First aid kit should be a dedicated cabinet or box and ESSENTIALS OF LABORATORY FIRST AID should contain essential medicines, antiseptic lotions, creams, bandages and sterilized cotton. A person should be A laboratory poses potential hazards due to the presence of made responsible for maintaining a list of the contents and dangerous chemicals, corrosive liquids, poisonous discarding the expired medicines and replacement with chemicals and toxic gasses. However, this should not scare fresh stocks. anyone as the dangers can be minimized by adopting laboratory safety measures. Specific First Aid Tips First aid as the name implies is a set of guidelines which Burns – hold the affected skin under a stream of running can mitigate the damage caused by exposure to chemicals water for at least 10 – 15 min. Keep the wound open and do or injury before expert medical help can be provided. All not apply any ointment till expert medical help can be those in the laboratory should be familiar with first-aid provided. In case of strong acid burns after washing with practices as these save valuable time and reduce the extent water rinse with dilute ammonia (1 – 2%) or sodium of damage in case of laboratory accidents. Each laboratory bicarbonate solution. should have individuals who have received the first aid training and have certification from local bodies. Caution ! never apply acid or alkali to neutralize the corrosive liquid on the skin. Due to the heat of reaction, Fire hazards were covered earlier and measures were matters can get even more complicated. suggested for dealing with different types of laboratory fires. In the present article emergency steps and measures that Eyes – if corrosive liquid gets splashed into the eyes wash should be taken in case of other laboratory accidents are the eyes thoroughly with fresh water using an eye fountain discussed. or eye wash bottle SOP on First Aid Poisons – dilute the stomach contents by making the Each laboratory should have an SOP on first aid which casualty drink 1 – 2 glasses of water and try to induce should be prominently displayed in the laboratory. It should vomiting before poison specific expert medical help can be contain instructions to be followed in case of laboratory provided. accidents and emergencies. 22

Philippine Chen Kuang High School (Science Laboratory Manual) Contact Information ● Names and contact details of employees holding first It is a good practice that all employees should be provided aid training certificates first aid training and all should be familiarized with the use ● List of blood groups of all laboratory employees of available safety gear. Senior members of the laboratory ● Names of employees with any specific allergies should hold periodic safety audits on proper functioning of ● Telephone numbers of neighborhood doctors and safety gadgets such as fire extinguishers, safety fountains, hospitals eye wash stations and inspect log on replenishment of ● Emergency contact numbers such as fire brigade safety kit contents. service and police Guidelines for First Aid Providers REFERENCES ● Maintain calm and evacuate the area in case there is impending danger https://www.deped.gov.ph/2006/11/30/do-48-s-2006-observ ● Start remedial action to save time before expert ance-of-safety-measures-in-science-laboratories/ medical help can be provided. Do not attempt to move around the victim unless he / she is exposed to https://keneducation.in/risk-and-hazards-associated-with-ch smoke, fire, hazardous chemicals or vapors. Take emical-handling-and-storage/ proper care in moving to a safe location ● Ensure that the victim is breathing. If breathing stops https://www.marshall.edu/safety/chemical-safety/chemical-st try artificial mouth- to- mouth or mouth- to- nose orage/ respiration ● Do not try to remove deeply embedded metal or https://www.mynewlab.com/blog/how-to-dispose-of-chemica glass shreds. Bandage the wounds to control ls-safely/ bleeding till medical help arrives. ● Intense bleeding can be stopped by pressing the wound with your thumb ● In case the victim has fainted, turn him/her on the side with the face tilted towards the floor to prevent choking by the tongue. 23