Health Science Flipbook - Lithasha Wickramasinghe

My health science flipbook Lithasha Wickramasinghe 4A Mrs. Kuberski

Integumentary system 2

Functions of the integumentary system Career paths PROTECTION Career Option #1 - Dermatologist Not only does the skin cover the entire body, it acts as a physical barrier providing protection to Physicians who have acquired a underlying tissues from physical damage, dermatology degree and ultraviolet rays, and pathogenic invasion. Plus, by specializes in the diagnosis and containing fluids in the body, it prevents the body cure of skin disorders from dehydration Career Option #2 - Cosmetologist BODY TEMPERATURE MAINTENANCE The skin consist of sweat glands that secretes Work in the health and beauty fluid in the form of perspiration. By doing so, it field - taking care of client´s helps regulate the body's internal temperature skin, hair, and nails PERCEPTION OF STIMULI EXCRETION The skin accommodates During the time of of a broad number of perspiration, the sweat nerve endings and glands flush small receptors that helps detectamounts of waste stimuli related to pressure, products composed of touch, pain, and water, salt and organic temperature. compounds out of the 3 body

Integumentary system- Key words & vocab Diseases/abnormal conditions related with the integumentary system VOCABULARY KEY TERMS Melanoma Skin Disorders Type of cancer that is caused by The two common known skin SKIN - The body's outer covering, which protects derm/o, dermat/o - skin uncontrolled growth of melanocytes, disorders include acne and eczema. against heat and light, injury, and infection kerat/o - hard, horn the pigment producing cell in the Eczema is a also called dermatitis, HAIR - (accessory organ) made up of fibers shaped tissue epidermis. Melanomas typically is an acute or chronic inflammatory composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled xer/o - dry present as large brown or black skin disease characterized by with a hard keratin xanth/o - yellow patches with uneven borders and a erythema, and edema. Acne NAILS - third accessory organ, made up of keratin erythr/o - red raised surface. (credit: the National inflammatory disorder of the KERGIN - the epidermis is made up of keratin, a pedicu/o - lice or louse Cancer Institute) sebaceous glands that produces fibrous, water-repellent protein onych/o - nail Basal Cell Carcinoma pimples on the skin. Other disorders DERMIS - also called the corium, lies directly below myc/o - fungus Basal cell carcinoma is a form of include seborrheic dermatitis (on the epidermis pil/o - hair; hair follicle cancer that affects the mitotically the scalp), psoriasis, cold sores, EPIDERMIS - forms the outermost layer of the skin lip/o - fat active stem cells in the stratum impetigo, scabies, hives, and warts. SWEAT GLANDS - tiny coiled glands located in the rhytid/o - wrinkle basale of the epidermis. Frequently Squamous Cell Carcinoma dermis albin/o - white found on the head, neck, arms, and A type cancer that affects the SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER - deepest layer of the skin back, which are areas that are most keratinocytes of the stratum ECZEMA - also called dermatitis, acute or chronic susceptible to long-term sun spinosum and presents as inflammatory skin disease characterized by exposure. lesions commonly found on the erythema, and edema scalp, ears, and hands. ACNE - inflammatory disorder of the sebaceous glands that produces pimples on the skin 4

Musculoskeletal system 5

Functions of the musculoskeletal system ✘ Holding body parts in position and making movement possible ✘ Providing a protective covering for the internal organs ✘ Producing, through movement, nearly 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm ✘ Moving food through the digestive system ✘ Aiding blood flow through the veins as blood returns to the heart ✘ Assisting with the movement of fluids through the ducts and vessels of other body systems 6

musculoskeletal system - key words & vocab VOCABULARY KEY TERMS Muscle - type of body tissue made up of bundles of fibers (long slender my/o - muscle cells) that are held together by connective tissue Voluntary muscles- muscles that are stimulated to move through myel/o - bone marrow conscious control Skeletal muscle - also called striated muscle, is a voluntary muscle that oste/o - bone is attached to bone and can be contracted or relaxed through conscious control Fascia - a band or sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a muscle or cost/o - rib group of muscles crani/o - skull Smooth Muscle - is a type of involuntary muscle, that contracts and relaxes to move contents through body system passageways Cardiac muscle - also called myocardial, is only found in the heart; as it -pexy - fixation involuntary contracts, it pumps blood from the heart into blood vessels chondr/o - cartilage Tendon - is a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone Perimysium - a sheath of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of arthr/o - joint muscle fibers called fascicles -plegia - paralysis Epimysium - is a dense, fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the kinesi/o - movement entire muscle Endomysium - fine sheath of areolar connective tissue around each muscle fiber 7

Diseases/abnormal conditions related to the musculoskeletal system Carpal tunnel syndrome Myasthenia Gravis Career Option #1 - orthopedist Disorder marked by pain, Chronic autoimmune disease Orthopedic doctors (sometimes also called orthopaedic doctors or orthopaedic surgeons) are buring, and itching or tingling characterized by voluntary muscle doctors who focus on caring for your bones, joints, ligaments, nerves, and tendons (the tissue that due to an inflamed median weakness that worsens after connects bones and joints). nerve and tendons in the wrist;activity and improves after rest Career Option #2 - chiropractic commonly associated with Chiropractors use their hands or a small instrument to apply a controlled, sudden force to a spinal joint. The goal repetitive activity and/or of this procedure, also known as spinal manipulation, is to improve spinal motion and improve your body's physical overuse injury function. Fasciitis Paraplegia Inflammation of a fascia (a band or Paralysis of both legs and, sheet of fibrous tissue that encloses a often, the lower trunk muscle or group of muscles) 8

Nervous System 9

Key words and vocab Career paths Key words Vocabulary Neuroscientist Psychiatrist Neurons- are the fundamental cells of the nervous system General term for M.D. who diagnoses and neur/o= nerve Sensory Organs- eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and the skin someone who studies treats mental disorders encephal/o= brain Sensory Receptors- nerve endings in the sensory organs the nervous system myel/o= spinal Stimuli- changes in the external and internal (body) cord; bone marrow environment diseases ambul/o=walk Effectors- which are muscles or glands in the body that -esthesia= feeling; generate a response in the form of motor output Alzheimer's Bell’s Palsy sensation Motor Neurons- receive electrical impulses from the brain Disease that affects brain A sudden weakness mening/o and spinal cord and communicate these impulses to other function, memory and or paralysis of facial =meninges parts of the body behavior muscles on one side psych/o=mind Sensory Neurons- conduct electrical signals (impulses) from Motor Neurone Disease of the face concuss/o= shaken various parts of the body to the brain and the spinal cord (MND) together; violently Mitochondria- are specialized tissue cells that ingest, digest, Condition that causes Cerebral Palsy agitated and convert nutrients to energy for the cells of the body weakness in the muscles, Affects the nervous Dendrites- leading eventually to system, muscle Axon- paralysis. control, movement, Nerves- when many neurons form a bundle of fibers, these and coordination. fibers are known as nerves Cytoplasm- a jelly-like substance that makes up most of the cell body and that protects the nucleus 10

Functions of the Nervous System Sensory Input- any electrical impulse sent from the sensory organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin) to the central nervous system. The CNS receives sensory input through sensory receptors, which are nerve endings in the sensory organs. These sensory receptors monitor stimuli, which are changes in the external or internal environment. Integration- the CNS processes and interprets the information 11 received through the sensory organs. The CNS does this without your being aware of this activity on a conscious level. Integration enables the nervous system to accomplish its nest function-- motor output. Motor Output- After swiftly processing and interpreting the sensory input, the CNS transmits messages to effectors, which are muscles or glands in the body that generate a response in the form of motor output. This motor output occurs in one of two ways: through the voluntary movement produced by skeletal muscle, or through the involuntary movement of muscles and gland (i.e. in the cardiac muscle of the heart and in the smooth muscle of the digestive system.)

Respiratory system 12

Functions - Inhaling (breathing in) fresh air; - Exchanging harmful carbon dioxide for life-sustaining oxygen between the tiny air sacs of the lungs and the bloodstream; - Exhaling (breathing out) old, stale air Chronic Bronchitis Diseases Lung cancer Form of COPD A type of cancer emphasized by a chronic Emphysema that is found in any cough. Usually people A serious respiratory part of the lungs. cough up sputum (mucus disease, which is DNA mutations in from the lungs), another form of the lungs cause especially in the morning. COPD. MOst common irregular cells to Pneumonia cause is smoking. multiply and create A common lung disease Those who suffer an uncontrolled caused by an infection in from this disease, will growth of abnormal the air sacs in the lungs. have trouble exhaling cells, or a tumor. air from their lungs. 13

Key words and vocab- respiratory Career Paths Key words Vocab Registered Respiratory Therapist, RRT bronch/o= bronchus; Nasal cavity- filters, warms, and humidifies inhaled air bronchial tube Pharynx- throat Assists in the diagnosis, Cyan /o= blue Larynx- voice box treatment, and management of laryng/o= larynx; voice box Trachea- allows air to travel to and from the lungs patients with pulmonary -oxia= condition of oxygen Lungs- the main organ of the respiratory system diseases. Collects and analyzes oxy-= containing oxygen Bronchi- or bronchial tubes, serve as passageways for air inside the sputum, blood, and breath pleur/o= pleura; serous lungs where fresh oxygen and harmful carbon dioxide are exchanged specimens to determine levels of membrane that enfolds the Ventilation- process in which air moves into and out of the lungs oxygen, carbon dioxide, and lungs Respiration- process of gas exchange other gases. pneum/o= lung;air External Respiration- involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon pulmon/o= lung dioxide between the atmosphere and the cells of the body Neonatal/Pediatric thorac/o= chest Internal respiration- involves gas exchange at the cellular and tissue Respiratory Care trache/o= trachea; levels Specialist, NPS windpipe Respiratory Rate- the number of breaths that a person takes in a Neonatal respiratory care minute involves treating and Upper Respiratory Tract- responsible for the inhalation and monitoring newborns for humidification of air breathing disorders 14

Cardiovascular system ������������ 15

Functions - The primary function of the cardiovascular system is to circulate oxygen-rich blood throughout the body. The Body’s organs need oxygen to function. Even temporary oxygen deprivation can cause severe damage to body structures Diseases/abnormal conditions Arrhythmia Cardiomyopathy This condition refers to any change in the A progressive disease that causes the heart to normal sequence of the heartbeat. It become abnormally enlarged, thickened, and/or involves the electrical impulses of the stiffened, cardiomyopathy (also known as heart heart—not the arteries or blockages. muscle disease) limits the heart muscle’s ability to pump blood effectively. Peripheral Artery Disease Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) Peripheral artery disease occurs when fat and This type of cardiovascular disease cholesterol deposits, or \"plaque,\" build up in the involves atherosclerosis—hardening and peripheral arteries, which are the blood vessels narrowing—of the coronary arteries, outside the heart. producing blockages in the vessels that carry blood to the heart. 16

Key words and vocab- cardiovascular Career Paths Key words Vocabulary Cardiologist cardi/o= heart Heart- hollow, muscular, contractile organ Physician who treats heart angi/o= vessel situated in the thoracic cavity diseases and defects as hem/o, hemat/o= Apex- lowest part of the exterior of the heart well as providing blood Pericardium- the heart is enclosed by the preventative care and brady-= slow pericardium, a fibroserous sac diagnosis of the tachy-= fast Pericardial Cavity- space between the cardiovascular system thromb/o= clot pericardium and the epicardium -emia= blood Myocardium- a layer of cardiac muscle that Cardiac Surgeon condition makes up the middle of the heart (Cardiothoracic Surgeon) leuk/o= white Endocardium- the innermost layer that lines the Cardiothoracic surgeons erythr/o= red four chambers and covers the valves of the heart perform heart bypass arteri/o= artery Septum- divides the organ into the right heart surgeries and other and left heart, effectively creating double pump cardiovascular surgeries. Cardiopulmonary- term for functional interrelationship between the heart and the lungs Auscultation- stethoscope to listen to the heart Atrioventricular Valves- located between the atrial and ventricular chambers in the right and left sides of the heart 17

Special senses 18

Functions - The special senses are involved in the nervous system function of sensory output. These senses monitor stimuli, or changes in the external or internal environment. When neural receptors are activated in the special sense organs, a neural impulse is transmitted to the brain therefore the impulse is interpreted and acted upon the by the body. diseases/abnormal conditions Chalazion Dacryocystitis A small, hard, cystic A small, hard, cystic mass on the eyelid mass caused by a blocked on the eyelid oil gland. caused by a blocked oil gland. Presbyopia Exotropia 19 Hyperopia Form of (farsightedness) caused strabismus in by an age-related which one or reduction of elasticity in more eyes turn the lens. outward

Key words & vocab Career Paths Key words Vocabulary Ophthalmologists Conjunctiva- is a clear, colorless mucous Diagnoses and treats all eye irid/o= iris membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the diseases, performs eye surgery -cusis= hearing anterior portion of the eyeball and prescribes and fits -opia= vision Sclera- the fibrous outer layer of the eye that eyeglasses and contact lenses condition maintains the eye’s shape and protects the to correct vision problems ot/o= ear delicate inner layers of the tissue tympan/o= eardrum Cornea- the transparent anterior portion of the Otolaryngologist (tympanic sclera, protects the iris and pupil and provides Head and neck surgeon, membrane) most of the optical power of the eye commonly referred to as an ear, ophthalm/o=eye Auricle- forms the shell-shaped structure of the nose, and throat doctor (ENT), is -metry=process of outer ear a physician who treats diseases measuring Tympanic Membrane- separates the outer and of the head and neck, both inner structures of the ear and transmits sound medically and surgically. This waves through vibrations includes diseases of the external, Olfactory Bulb- the structure in the brain where middle, and inner ear, the nose, olfactory nerves originate and where information oral cavity, neck, and facial about odors is processed structures Papillae- which are small, raised areas that contain taste buds 20 Malleus- is the hammer shaped outermost auditory ossicle Labyrinth- which houses the delicate structures that control balance and equilibrium in the body Cochlea- a snail-like structure of the inner ear, contains special fluids

Digestive system 21

Functions - Ingestion: the digestive system begins with ingestion, which is the intake of food and liquid into the body - Digestion: Breakdown of food, called digestion, is the process by which food is broken down into smaller components - Absorption: During the process of absorption, valuable nutrients leave the digestive tract and enter the blood supply - Elimination: Solid waste collected in the large intestine and is excreted through the anus. Waste is discharged from the body through elimination. Diseases Appendicitis Gastritis Diarrhea When appendix acute or chronic Loose, watery, becomes inflamed. inflammation of the frequent bowel If it ruptures, bacteria stomach lining movements when can spread to Cholelithiasis feces pass through peritoneal cavity, (Gallstones) colon too rapidly causing peritonitis Can block bile duct Caused by infection, causing pain and poor diet, digestive disorders nervousness, toxic 22 substances or food irritants

Key words & vocabulary Career Paths Key words Vocabulary Gastroenterologist – a physician Labia- (lips), protect the anterior opening of the specializing in diseases of the digestive cholecyst/o = mouth and the cheeks system including esophagus, stomach and gallbladder Esophagus- the mucous membrane-lined muscular intestines. These specialists do not do enter/o= tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach surgery. Patients needing surgery are intestines Cardiac Sphincter- which controls the flow of referred to a general surgeon. usually the substances between the esophagus and the Proctologist – a physician small intestine stomach specializing in diseases of the col/o, colon/o= Stomach- sac-like organ composed of three major rectum and anus. Proctology is a colon; large areas surgical subspecialty. intestine Fundus- is the upper rounded portion of the stomach hepat/o= liver Antrum- is the lower rounded portion of the stomach gastr/o= Duodenum- the first section of the small intestine stomach measures about 10-12 inches in length or/o= mouth Jejunum- the middle section of the small intestine, -pepsia= about 8 feet long digestion Ileum- is the last section of the small intestine chol/e= gall; Colon- large intestine, lined with goblet cells , which bile are specialized epithelial cells that separate mucus proct/o= Rectum- the last section of the colon, functions as a rectum/anus storage area for solid waste until defecation can -ase= enzyme occur 23

Reproductive system 24

functions - Uniquely designed to produce new life - Ovaries: which manufacture sex cells and sex hormones - Two fallopian tubes: where the eggs travel and can be fertilized by sperm - Uterus: which supports the growth and development of the embryo and fetus during pregnancy - Vagina: functions as the birth canal Diseases/ abnormal conditions Uterine fibroids Interstitial cystitis Gynecologic cancer HIV/AIDS Uterine fibroids are the Interstitial cystitis Gynecologic cancer is HIV is the human most common non (IC) is a chronic any cancer that starts in immunodeficiency virus. cancerous tumors in bladder condition a woman’s reproductive HIV affects specific cells women of childbearing resulting in organs. Gynecologic of the immune system age. Fibroids are made of recurring cancers begin in different (called CD4 cells). Over muscle cells and other discomfort or pain places within a woman’s time, HIV can destroy so tissues that grow in and in the bladder or pelvis, which is the area many of these cells that around the wall of the surrounding pelvic below the stomach and the body can’t fight off uterus, or womb. region. in between the hip bones. infection anymore. 25

Key words & vocab - reproductive Career paths Key terms Vocabulary Gynecologists cervic/o= neck; Zygote- when an ovum is fertilized, the unites cervix; (neck of ovum and sperm Gynecologists deal with the health of uterus) Ovaries- oval shaped organs located near the the female reproductive system. The salping/o= posterior portion of the right and left pelvic term gynecology literally means the Eustachian cavity study of women. They can do (auditory) tube; Ova- commonly known as eggs, are the female anything from examine the vagina for fallopian tube gametes, or sex cells vaginal cancer to give ultrasounds to ov/o= ovum, egg Menstruation- is the monthly shedding of the help give birth. orchid/o= testis innermost layer of the uterus oophor/o= ovary Fallopian Tubes- extend from the lateral ends of Andrologists men/o= menses; the ovaries to the top of the uterus menstruation Fimbriae- finger-like projections near the outer Andrology is the medical profession dealing mamm/o= breast end of the fallopian tube with the health of the male reproductive gynec/o= female; Fundus- top of the uterus, where the fallopian system. It is the counterpart to gynecology woman tubes connect and literally means the study of men. They colp/o= vagina Fetus- the zygote is considered an embryo until preform the surgical procedures of a prostat/o= prostate the eight week after conception, at which time vasectomy and a vasovasostomy which is gland conception is considered a fetus the reversal process of a vasectomy. They Gestation- which is the period of human also handle any genital infections or development and growth in the uterus from infertility in males and often check for conception to birth prostate cancer. Cervix- lower portion of the uterus 26

Urinary system 27

Functions - The urinary system performs four major functions in the human body. These are filtration, waste storage and excretion, hormone production, and maintenance of homeostasis Diseases/Abnormal conditions Epispadias Glomerulonephritis Hypospadias a congenital defect inflammation of the congenital defect in resulting in the glomeruli of the which the urinary abnormal kidneys meatus has shifted positioning of the dorsally urinary meatus Hypertensive Nephropathy 28 severe kidney condition resulting from unmanaged chronic hypertension

Key words & vocab Career paths Key terms Vocabulary Urologists -cele= hernia; Kidneys- are two bean-shaped organs located in the (also known as swelling; protrusion retroperitoneal urological surgeons) -lysis= breakdown; Renal Cortex- is the outer layer of the kidney treat problems of the separation; loosening Nephron- is the basic structural and functional unit of female urinary system cyst/o= cyst; fluid the kidney and the male sac; bladder Glomerulus- is a cluster of capillaries genitourinary tract. nephr/o= kidney Urea- waste product of proteins broken down by the ren/o= kidney liver Nephrologists -uria= urination; Hilum- a depression that serves as a passageway for condition of urine blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves Nephrologists provide -pexy= surgical Renal Pelvis- is the widened, upper part of the ureter medical management fixation Urethra- is a tube that transports urine from the to patients with kidney -ectasis=stretching, bladder to the outside of the body disease. They also dilation, widening Renal Calyces- which are cup-like cavities that collect provide care to kidney pyel/o= renal; pelvis urine transplant patients and Urinary Bladder- is a hollow, muscular organ located in people with kidney the anterior portion of the pelvic cavity failure, treating the latter with dialysis. 29

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SOURCES https://www.salary.com/research/job-description/benchmark/registered-respiratory-therapist-job-description https://be-an-rt.org/what-is-respiratory-therapy/specialized-care/ https://www.unitypoint.org/homecare/article.aspx?id=2448b930-1451-43e4-8634-c0c16707c749 http://www.utdallas.edu/~kilgard/neuroscience_careers.htm https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/nervous-system-diseases https://www.thedacare.org/Health-Library-and-Conditions/cardiovascular/common-conditions-and-risks/Types-of-Heart-and-Vascular-Diseases.aspx https://www.thebalancecareers.com/cardiology-jobs-overview-1736145 https://www.entnet.org/content/conversation-otolaryngologist https://quizlet.com/5042011/digestive-system-disorders-flash-cards/ https://www.dmu.edu/medterms/digestive-system/digestive-system-proceduresspecialists/ https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/womensrh/healthconcerns.html https://devong-bio2final.weebly.com/medical-professions.html https://quizlet.com/201433805/the-urinary-system-diseases-disorders-flash-cards/ https://work.chron.com/medical-careers-involved-urinary-system-22621.html And ofcourse my medical terminology notes :) 31

THANKS! 32