Women and Exercise - Physiology and Sports Medicine

Index 327 Overload, components of, 83-84 Overtraining, 85, 149-150 Physiologic effects of exercise Overuse injury(ies), 19, 85, 137 adult women, 55t-56t, 57t-59t, 83, 262 Overweight. See Obesity children, 130 Oxygen, energy cost equivalent, 9 prepubescence, 130-132 Oxygen uptake Plateau of dieting, 37 measurements, 9-10 PMS. See Premenstrual syndrome. pregnancy, 174, 175-176 Polycystic ovary disease, 162 prepubescence, 130-131 Polysaccharides, 103,104f Oxygen uptake, maximal (Vo2 max), 5, 9-10, 173 Potassium, 118-119 adolescence, 144-145 age and, 284 deficiency, 118 calculation, 74 levels, 112-113 endurance performance and, 74-77, 81 supplementation, 265 measurement of, 10-13 PRE (Progressive resistance exercise), 61 menopause and, 198, 199f, 200t, 201t, 202f, 203f Precontemplation stage in exercise adoption, 42 over-distance training, 83 Predictive tests, oxygen uptake, 12f, 12-13, 13f pregnancy, 175-176 Pregnancy prepubescence, 131, 133 breast enlargement, 220 Pain exercise during, fetus and, 178f,178-180, 179f, 180- chest, 275 low back, 256-257 182 patella, 235-242, 249 guidelines for, 180-182 Pantothenic acid, 115 metabolic response to, 176-177 ParaGard (IUD), 225 physiologic response to, 175-176 Parathyroid hormone, 89,90t thermoregulation and, 177f, 177-178, 181 Pars interarticularis, 255, 256 overview, 172-173 Passive tissue, defined, 4 physiologic changes of, 173 Patella Preload, defined, 74 anatomy, 235-236 Premenstrual syndrome (PMS), 118,227-229 contact areas, 239f vitamins and, 116 Q angle and pelvis type, 237f Preparation stage in exercise adoption, 42-43 quadriceps muscle, 236f Prepubescence Patella dislocation coeducational contact/collision sports and, acute traumatic, 242-245 bony realignment, 317 137 pain, 235-242, 249 growth/puberty, training and, 135-137 plica, 249 overview, 129-130 shelf, 249 short-term exercise, physiology of, 130-132 stabilization procedures, 316 thermoregulatory capacity, 133-135 subluxation, 245-247 trainability, 132-133 tracking, 236, 240f President's Council on Physical Fitness, 3 Patellofemoral joint, 238f Progestasert (IUD), 225 Patellofemoral stress syndrome, 237, 247-249 Progesterone, 158, 159, 160f Peak cycles (workouts), 84 Progestin, 166,224 Peak height velocity, 142, 143, 144 Progressive resistance exercise (PRE), 61 Peak velocity, 142 Prolactin, 149, 159 Pediatric Exercise Sciences (journal),130 Proliferative phase, 154 Pediatric Work Physiology Group,130 Prostaglandin inhibitors,226t, 226-227 Performance efficiency, 78-79 Protein, nutritional requirements, 103, 105, 113-114 Periactin, 307 pregnancy and, 182 Perinatal outcome, maternal exercise and, 179-180 Prozac, 306 Perspiration, physiologic aspects, 112, 134, 264-267 Pseudoanemia, 267, 269t, 273 Phenytoin, 306 Pseudohepatitis, 274 Phospholipids, 105 Pseudomyocarditis, 274-275 Phosphorus, 89 Pseudonephritis, 269, 273-274 Physical activity. See also Sedentary lifestyle Pseudosyndromes in athletes, 273-275 adolescence, 143-146 Psychologic aspects of weight control, 27-28, 33-34, benefits to bone mass, 93-94, 96 caloric values of, 35t 39t, 39-40, 45. See also Eating disorder(s) developmental stages and, 40, 41t, 42f Psychologic benefits of fitness, 5-6, 38, 46, 206- middle-aged women,207 weight control and, 31 208 Physical fitness. See Fitness Psychomotor speed, 208, 208t Puberty, training and, 135-137 Pulmonary function chronic obstructive airways disease, 8 endurance trainingand, 75-76 exercise-induced asthma,270-272 pregnancy, 173 Purging, of bulimia nervosa, 294, 298 Pyridoxine, 115, 116, 119

328 Index Q angle, 235, 237f, 238 Sexual maturation. See also Menarche Quadriceps muscle(s), 236f Questionnaire, medical screening, 275, 278-279 adolescence, 147-149 Range of motion puberty, 135-137 SGOT, 105 defined, 4 SGPT, 105 measurement of, 9 Shin splints, 254-255 repetition maximum (RM),9 Shoes, athletic, 248, 258 RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances), 115, 157 Shoulder impingement, 251f,251-253 \"Reach to Recovery,\" 313 Sickle cell trait, 269 Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), 115, 157 Sit-and-reach test, 9 Recreational exercise Skeleton. See Bone, Bone density. pregnancy and, guidelines for, 180-182 Skin fold measurements, 9 role of, 17 Sleep disturbances, 207, 296 Rectocele, 230 Slow-twitch fibers, 70, 75, 77, 81, 82 Renal disease, end-stage, 8 Smoking, 7, 181, 263, 264 Renal failure, acute, 267, 269 \"Social\" exercisers, 43 Repetition maximum (RM), 9 Sodium intake, 112-113, 118 Resistance development stage of stress adaptation, Soft drinks, 112 82 Soft tissue releases, patella stabilization, 316 Resistance training, 7, 37 \"Solo\" exercisers, 43 Respiratory infection(s), 115, 276 Specificity, principle of, 84 Rest periods in training, 83-84 Spine bone loss, 91, 92f, 92-93, 97 Resting metabolic rate (RMR), 36, 159 Spirometry, 270, 271f Resting range of motion, 9 Spironolactone, 228, 229 Rhabdomyolysis, 267, 269, 270, 274 Spitz, Mark, 80 Riboflavin, 115 Spondylolisthesis, 256f, 257 RM (Repetition maximum),9 Spondylolysis, 256, 256f RMR (Resting metabolic rate), 36, 159 Sprains, 83, 234 Rotator cuff exercise(s), 252f, 252-253 Static loading, bone hypertrophy and, 93-94 \"Runner's anemia,\" 267,273 Static range of motion, 9 \"Runner's diarrhea,\" 269 Static strength, defined, 61 \"Runner's high,\" 207 Step tests, 12t \"Runner's nipples,\"219 Steroids Running anabolic, adverse effects, 68, 264 anaerobic examples of, 132 intra-articular injection, 246, 253 body composition, 106 \"Sticking point,\" 64 dehydration with, 111 Stimulants, 297 distance-covered tests, 13 Strain and bone mass, 94, 96 endurance performance, 77 Strain gauge tensiometers, 9 endurance performance, gender and, 80,82 Strains, 83, 234 energy requirements, l1t Strength, defined, 60-61 maximal oxygen uptake and, 75 Strength development, 205 medical advice, 266t aging and, 69-70 menstrual disorders, 152-153 eccentric, 65-67 mmiunsicmleugmlyVcoOg2emnadxevpalleuteios,n,76106-107 isokinetic exercise, 67 psychologic aspects, 307-308 isometric, 63-65 Salt intake, 228, 265 isotonic, 61-62, 64-65 Saunas, 266 skeletal muscle hypertrophy, 68-69 Scoliosis, 164 Strength ratios, 62 Screening athletes for medical clearance, 275 Stress, emotional Secondary amenorrhea. See Amenorrhea exhaustion and, 83 Secondary sex characteristics, 141-142 menstruation and, 153, 157 Secretory phase, 154 Stress adaptation, endurance training and, Sedatives, 297 82 Sedentary lifestyle Stress fractures aerobic capacity, 282-283 diagnosis, 255 exercise programs for, 23-24 endurance trainingand, 83 pregnancy exercise and, 181 menstrual disorders and, 164 Seizures, 107 treatment, 256-257 Seles, Monica, 17 \"Stress hormones\" and exercise, 161 Stress urinary incontinence, 229-230 Stroke. See Cerebrovascular accidents Stroke volume, 74, 81 pregnancy, 173, 176 Subluxation, patella, 245-247

Index 329 Submaximal oxygen uptake prepubescents, response of, 132-133 menopause and, 202 sample programs, 23-26 prepubescence, 130-131 Training-sensitive zones, 15f Succinate dehydrogenase, 82 Training stimulus, 83-84 Sucrose, 103 Transaminases, 105 Sudden cardiac death Trauma. See Injury(ies) exercise and, 18-19, 263, 288-289 Treadmill testing, 11t,287 Sugars, 103, 104f Triathlete, exercise program(s), 25 Surgery, exercise after Triglycerides, 7, 105, 106, 176 breast, 219-220, 313-314 Trunk flexion/extension test, 9 obstetric/gynecologic, 315t 12-minute walk/run test, 13 orthopedic, 315-318 Tyramine-containing foods, 306 recommendations, 275 Swimming Urethral syndrome, 188 body composition, 106 Urethritis, 165 breast surgery and, 219-220 Urethrocele, 230 dehydration with,111 Urinary incontinence, 188 endurance performance,77 Urinary tract, 269-270 endurance performance, gender and, 80,81t Urogenital epithelium,165 maximal oxygen uptake, 75 Urticaria, exercise induced, 272, 273 menstrual disorders, 152-153 Uterus omsitneiomguemneVsiOs 2amnda,x1v9a2lues, 76 osteoporosis, as exercise for absence of, 168-169 prepubescence, 136 descent of, 230 thermoregulation and, 135 Sympathomimetic agents, 107 Vaginal delivery, exercise after, 230, 315t Synarel, 227 Vaginal epithelium,165 Syncope, 107, 275 Vaginitis, 165, 188 Synovial fluid, 241 Valine, 105, 114 Synovial plica, 249 Valvular disease, acquired, 18 Syrup of ipecac, 296, 299 Vasomotor symptoms of menopause, 205 Task Force on Cardiovascular Abnormalities,289 \"Ventilation breaking point,\" 13-14 Tegretol, 306 Ventilatory muscle training,8 Terbutaline sulfate, 272t Ventilatory threshold, 174 Testosterone, 148-149, 159 Vertebral apophysitis, 257 Theophylline, 272t Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), 197 Thermoregulation Viral illness, 275-276 anorexia nervosa and, 296 Vitamin C, 115, 117 exercise during pregnancy and, 177f, 177-178, 181 Vitamin D, 117 fluid intake and, 112 Vitamin K, 115 heat stress and, 264-267 Vitamin(s) prepubescence, 133-135, 134t Thiamine, 115 birth control pills and, 115 Thinness, 156-157. See also Weight. colds and vitamin C, 115 Thirst, 112,267 mechanism of function, 114-115 Thorazine, 306 menstrual disorders and, 157 Threshold concept, 43-44 needs of female athletes, 115 Tibia, stress fractures of, 255 pregnancy and, 183 Tissot spirometer, 10 premenstrual syndrome and, 116 Title IX legislation,73, 147 toxicity, 119 Total exercise time (TET), 204f VVOol2ummaext.rSaneesdOuxcyerg,e1n0uptake, maximal (VO2 max) Trace minerals,119 Vomiting Training. See also Strength development hypohydration, 135 adolescent growth/maturation and, 146-150 potassium deficiency, 119, 119t competition and, 19-20, 25 self-induced, 30, 296, 298, 300 depletion, 107 eccentric, 65-67 Waist-to-hip ratio, 38 hormonal changes with, 159-162 Waitz, Crete, 76 isometric, 63-65 Walking isotonic, 61-62, 64-65 menstrual cycle changes with, 156t, 156- distance covered tests, 13 maximal oxygen uptake, 199 159 osteoporosis and, 195

330 Index Weight. See also Eating disorder(s); Obesity maintenance and relapse, 32, 32f physical activity and, 31 bearing, benefits to bone mass, 93-94 Weight lifting, maximal oxygen uptake, 75 cultural aspects, 30, 45 Weight training, 284 ideal versus healthy, 45-46, 46t Wilton, Maureen,103 loss of, 156-157, 295 Wingate anaerobic test, 132 Weight Control and exercise. See alsoWeight Control Women's health issues, research on, 261-262. See also programs, Menopause; Prepubescence adherence Wrist impingement, 250-251 Yale Center for Eating and Weight Disorders, challenges to, 39t, 39-40 maximizing, 44t Fellowship Program of, 27 relapse prevention, 41-42 Youth. See Adolescence; Child(ren) studies of, 40-43 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS), 28, appetite decrease, 36-37 body composition, 37 31 consistency, 44 education for,45 Zinc, 119 energy expenditure, 34-36, 35t linking mechanisms, 33-34, 34t long-term effectiveness, 32-33, 33f, 34f morbidity/mortality rates of women, 37f, 37-38 Weight control program(s). economic aspects, 27