Musculoskeletal Disorders in the Workplace Principles and Practice 2nd Edition - nordin

426 Index Ratio(s), defined, 3–4 Sensation, in wrist and hand evaluation, Shoulder disorders—Cont’d Redlund-Johnell measurement, 82, 82f 230–232, 231f, 232f ergonomics in, 162 Reflex examination, in neck injury evaluation Sensory examination, in neck injury evaluation risk factors for, 150–151 in workers, 60, 62, 63f–65f, 63t in workers, 59, 59f social factors for, 151 Reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 375 treatment of, 181–193. See also specific disorders, Relative risk, 9 Sesamoid(s), problems related to, 380 Reliability, of FPE, 401–402 Sesamoid fractures, workplace-related, e.g., Rotator cuff disease, treatment of “Relocation” test, 171, 171f rotator cuff disease, 181–185 Repetition strain injury, 149 360–361, 361f shoulder instability, 185–189. See also Repetitive hand transfer task, work elements, Shoe(s) Shoulder(s), instability of locations, and loads for, 198, 200t function of, 348, 348f workplace adaptation for, 195–208 Repetitive motion disorders, 211, 212f military, at workplace, 388 Resistant tennis elbow, 152 modifications for, for workers with foot and anthropometric considerations, 204–206, Retinacular cysts, wrist and hand, 246 205f, 206f Retinacular ganglia, volar, 246 ankle disorders, 383–384, 383t Return-to-work determinations, safety, at workplace, 387–388, 387f, 388f arm rests, 207 selection of, considerations in, 348–349 body supports, 207 in disability evaluation, 411 steel-shank, 385 evaluation of, 207 Rheumatic diseases, lower extremity, 270 at workplace, 387–388, 387f, 388f exposure-response relationship, 195–200. See Rheumatism, lower extremity, 270 Rheumatoid arthritis, 79, 81–82, 82f for female workers, 388 also Exposure-response relationship military shoes, 388 forearm rests, 207 hip, imaging of, 296 safety shoes, 387–388, 387f, 388f job task demands, analysis of, 200–204, 202t. treatment of, 82 Shoe inserts, 349 Right-angle power drivers, 254f, 257, 258f Shoe inserts/insoles, for jobs requiring See also Job task demands Risk factors, defined, 25 mechanical assists, 206–207 Rocker-sole footwear, 385, 385f prolonged walking, 320 placement of work objects, 197t, 198t, Roland-Morris disability questionnaire, 9, 129 Shoe wear and orthoses, sports-related foot and ROM. See Range of motion (ROM) 202t, 204 Rotation, hip, 290–291, 291f ankle injuries due to, 336–337, 336f tool weight control, 206 Rotator cuff, evaluation of, 168f, 170 Shoulder(s) worker fitness and weight, 207 Rotator cuff disease work-related factors for, 150–151 anatomy and function in, 181–182 articulations of, 155–157, 156f, 157f Shoulder joint, static stabilizers of, classification of injury in, 182 biomechanics of, 155–162 clinical presentation of, 182–185 158–160, 160f differential diagnosis of, 182–183 anatomic considerations, 155–158, Shoulder stressors, identification and evaluation of, 182–185 156f, 157f, 157t control of, sample documentation patient history in, 182 bones of, 155, 156f and analysis of “claims processor” physical examination in, 182 degenerative joint disease of, 191 job in, 88t treatment of, 181–185 disorders of, 149–154. See also Shoulder Sinus tarsi syndrome, diagnosis and goals in, 183 treatment of, 369 methods of, 183 disorders Skier’s thumb, 242, 242f nonoperative, 183 evaluation of, 167–176 Skin disorders, foot-related, 380–381 operative, 183–184 SLBP. See Specific low back pain (SLBP) postoperative care, 184–185 CT in, 175 Slotted screws, 251–252, 252f, 252t diagnostic testing in, 172–176, 173f–176f Soccer toe, 381 S EMG in, 176 Social Security, 409 lidocaine injection tests in, 175, 176f Soft disk herniations, types of, 75, 76f Safety, of FPE, 401 MRI in, 174–175, 175f Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs), in Safety shoes, at workplace, 387–388, 387f, 388f nerve conduction studies in, 176 neck injury evaluation in workers, 71 Saphenous nerve, entrapment of, 377 patient history in, 167 Spatial motion, 158, 159f Scaphoid fracture, 243–244, 243f physical examination in, 167–172, 168f–172f, Specific low back pain (SLBP), 125 Scaphoid trapezium and trapezoid Speed’s test, 172, 182 168t, 170t Spine (STT) joint, 219 radiography in, 172–174, 173f, 174f cervical. See Cervical spine Scapholunate interval injury, 240–241, 240f technetium bone scanning in, 176 clinical biomechanics of, 107–112 Scapulohumeral reflex, 62 fractures and dislocations about, 189–190 FSU, 107–110, 108f, 109f, 109t. Screening, defined, 398t frozen, 190–191 See also Functional spinal unit (FSU) Screw(s) instability of, 185–189 kinematics, 110, 110f, 111f described, 185 kinetics, 110–112, 111f, 112f Phillips head, 251f, 252, 252t evaluation of, 171, 171f disorders of slotted, 251–252, 252f, 252t back pain related to, 100–101 Torx head, 251f, 252, 252t anesthesia in, 187–188 rating of, AMA guides in, 413–414 Screw heads, 251–252, 251f, 252f, 252t impingement syndrome, 185–187 imaging studies of, in neck injury Seated work, low back pain associated with, treatment of, surgical procedures, 188–189 evaluation in workers, 66–69, joint capsule of, 160 66f–71f work adaptations for, 137 muscles of, 157–158, 157t MSDs of, 22–144 Self-care, for acute NSLBP, 126 Shoulder disorders, 149–154. See also specific types, thoracic, biomechanics of, 41–54 Semms-Weinstein monofilament(s), 414 Spondylosis, 77–78 Semms-Weinstein monofilament testing, 231 e.g., Rotator cuff disease with myelopathy, 78–79, 80f, 81f classification of, 149 treatment of, 79 entrapment and, 152 treatment of, 78 epidemiology of, 149–150 individual factors for, 151 muscular fatigue and, 152 occupational risk groups for, 149–150 pathomechanisms of, 151–152 prevention of, 152

Index 427 Sports, foot and ankle injuries related to Stress fractures, of foot and ankle, diagnosis and Thumb basilar joint, osteoarthritis of, 245–245f causes of, 333–337, 334t, 335f, 336f treatment of, 373–374 Tibial pilon fractures, workplace–related, 352 anatomic/biomechanical abnormalities, Tibialis posterior tendon insufficiency, workplace 334–335, 335f Stressor(s) lack of flexibility, 335 job-related, physical, in analysis of job task adaptation of workers with, 390, 391f lack of stability, 335 demands, 202–204, 203f. See also Physical Tibialis posterior tendon overuse problems, lack of strength, 335 job stresses, in analysis of job task demands playing surfaces, 337 neck and shoulder, identification and control diagnosis and treatment of, 371–372 shoe wear and orthoses, 336–337, 336f of, sample documentation and analysis Time-based observations, event-based epidemiology of, 333, 334t of “claims processor” job in, 88t prevalence of, 333, 334t observations vs., in analysis of job prevention of, 337 “Stretcher adapter,” in carpet installation, task demands, 203 318–319 Tinea pedis, 381 Sprain(s) Tinel’s sign, 364, 375 ankle Subtalar joint, 342 Tinel’s test, 239 diagnosis and treatment of, 367–368 Subtalar joint dislocations, diagnosis and TMT joint injuries. See Tarsometatarsal (TMT) workplace adaptation of workers with, 389 joint injuries foot, workplace-related, 362–364, 362f–364f treatment of, 372 Toe(s) hip, treatment of, 301 Subtalar joint injuries, diagnosis and hammer, 379–380 knee, treatment of, 303–304, 303f, 304f soccer, 381 midtarsal, 377–378 treatment of, 372 “tennis,” 381 of MTP joint, treatment of, 378 Subungual exostosis, 381 Toe blisters, safety footwear and, case study, neck. See Neck sprain Subungual hematomas, 381 388, 388f wrist and hand, 240–242, 240f–242f Superficial peroneal nerve, entrapment of, 376 Toe fractures, workplace-related, 361–362 Supervisor(s), interviews with, 202 Toenail(s) Spur(s), heel, diagnosis and treatment of, 374 Supramalleolar orthosis, UCBL, 390, 391f fungal infections of, 382 Spurling’s sign, 64, 65f Sural nerve, entrapment of, 377 ingrown, 381 Spurling’s test, in neck injury evaluation in Survival curve, 9, 10f problems related to, 381–382 Tool counterbalancers, 259–260 workers, 59 T Tool torque buildup model, 260–261, 260f Squatting, during ADLs, joint forces and, Tool weight control, in workplace adaptation Talocalcaneal joint, 342 for shoulder disorders, 206 281–283, 283f Talus, 341, 341f Torque reaction arms, 258, 259f SSEPs. See Somatosensory evoked potentials Torx head screws, 251f, 252, 252t fractures of Total contact cast, 391, 391f (SSEPs) diagnosis and treatment of, 372 Total hip replacement, indications for, 299, 301 Stability, lack of, sports-related foot and ankle workplace-related, 359–360, 359f Touch-Test Sensory Evaluators, 231, 231f Touch-Test Two-Point Diskcriminator, injuries due to, 335 osteochondral lesions of 231, 231f Stability testing, of elbow, 178 diagnosis and treatment of, 368 Training, described, 89 Stair climbing, during ADLs, joint forces and, workplace-related, 355, 355t Transversal tarsal joint, 342 Trendelenburg sign, 375 283–284 TARGA-16–based video-digitization system, 316 Trendelenburg test, 290, 290f Standard error (SE), 9 Tarsal bones, of midfoot fractures, workplace- Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC), Standing, prolonged 240f, 241, 241f related, 360 Trigger finger, 237–238, 238f antifatigue mats for jobs requiring, 319–320 Tarsal navicular stress fracture, 374 Trochanteric bursitis, treatment of, 301 physiology/biomechanics of, 315 Tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint, 342 2000–2010 Bone and Joint Decade Task Force Static forces, with power hand tools, 254–258, Tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint injuries on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders, 25, 26 254f, 255t, 256f–258f, 257t diagnosis and treatment of, 378 Static work, 136–137 workplace-related, 362–363, 362f, 363f U Statistical analysis, 9–11, 10f, 11t Technetium bone scanning in elbow evaluation, 180 UCBL. See University of California estimates and confidence limits in, 9–10 in shoulder evaluation, 176 Biomechanical Laboratory (UCBL) methods of, 9, 10f Tendinitis, 237–238, 237f, 238f statistical hypothesis testing in, 10 ankle-related, diagnosis and treatment of, 370–372 UCBL supramalleolar orthosis, 390, 391f statistical power and sample size in, knee-related, treatment of, 305–306 Ulceration(s), neuropathic, on plantar surface of lower extremity–related, 269 10–11, 11t Tendinopathy, 238, 370 foot in diabetics, 391, 391f Statistical hypothesis testing, 10 about elbow, 177 Ulnar artery, superficial palmar branch of, Statistical power and sample size, 10–11, 11t Tendon excursion, wrist and hand, 220–221, 222f Stature(s), for males and females ages 18 and Tennis elbow, 149 occlusion of, 213 resistant, 152 Ulnar tunnel syndrome, 239 over, 197, 198t “Tennis toe,” 381 Ulnohumeral joint, articulation of, Steel-shank footwear, 385 Testing, defined, 398t Stener lesion, 242 TFCC. See Triangular fibrocartilage complex 163–164, 163f Sternoclavicular joint Ultrasonography, in low back pain evaluation, (TFCC) articulation of, 155 The Medical Disability Advisor, 411 121–122 fracture-dislocations of, 189 Thomas test, 290, 291f University of California Biomechanical Stiffness, elbow-related, 176 Thoracic outlet syndrome, tests for, 65 “Straight leg raise,” 290 Thoracic spine, biomechanics of, 41–54 Laboratory (UCBL) supramalleolar Strain(s), hip, treatment of, 301 Thumb(s) orthosis, 390, 391f Strength lack of, sports-related foot and ankle injuries gamekeeper’s, 242, 242f skier’s, 242, 242f due to, 335 wrist and hand, 220

428 Index University of Michigan Three-Dimensional Work activities, biomechanical demands on foot Wrist and hand, 209–263 Static Strength Prediction Program, 204 and ankle during, 384 biomechanics of, 219–225 force through wrist carpal joint, 223–224, Unna’s paste boot bandage, 386, 387f Work equipment, measurements of, 223f Upper Body Musculoskeletal Assessment, 228 as job task, 202 motion, 219–220 Upper extremities, 145–263. See also Shoulder(s); muscle and joint forces, 221–223, 223f Work methods, 88 posttraumatic injury, 224, 224f specific sites, e.g., Hand(s) Work objects, placement of, 197t, 198t, skeletal and ligamentous anatomy/joint impairments of, rating of, AMA guides in, 414 constraint, 219, 220f, 221f U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 3, 4 202t, 204 strength, 220 U.S. Department of Labor Work populations, accommodation for, process tendon excursion, 220–221, 222f DOT of, 399, 400t clinical evaluation of, 228–232 O*NET of, 234 of, 195, 195f edema, 228–229, 229f U.S. Dictionary of Occupational Titles, Worker “Work sampling,” 201 muscle performance testing, 229–230, 230f Work standards, 88 pain, 232 Qualification Profiles of, 234 Work stations range of motion, 228 U.S. Marine Corps, 332 sensation, 230–232, 231f, 232f U.S. National Health survey, 88 designing of, placement of work objects, 197t, evaluation of, 227–235. See also specific types, U.S. Social Security Disability Insurance 198t, 202t, 204 e.g., Wrist and hand, clinical evaluation of clinical assessment, 228–232 System, 103 measurements of, as job task, 202 functional assessment, 232–234 U.S. Supreme Court, 56 suppliers for, websites of, 144 multidimensional assessment, 227–228 Utility, of FPE, 406 Worker(s) functional evaluation of, 232–234 accommodation for, process of, 195, 195f ADLs, 233 V activities of, observations of, 200–201 dexterity, 233–234, 233f, 234f interviews with, 202 information processing, 232–233 Validity MSDs in. See also under specific disorders and physical capacity evaluation, 234 defined, 403t of FPE, 402–405, 403t Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) Wrist and hand disorders. See also specific in aerobic capacity testing, 404–405 neck pain in, epidemiology of, review of, disorders, e.g., de Quervain disease legal constraints challenging, 400 sincerity of effort in, 402–403 25–40. See also Neck pain, in workers, costs of, 213 in work-related activities evaluation, 403–404 epidemiology of disability burden associated with, 212–213 types of, 403t Worker capacity, 198–200, 199t, 200f, 200t, 201f early history of, 211 Worker fitness and weight, in workplace epidemiology of, 211–218, 211f, 212f, 214t, 215t Valleix phenomenon, 375–376 adaptation for shoulder disorders, 207 Valpar Corporation Work Samples (VCWS), 234 Worker Qualification Profiles, of U.S. Dictionary of frequency of, 211–213, 212f Valsalva maneuver, 64 Occupational Titles, 234 incidence of, 211–213, 212f Variance, 10 Workers’ Compensation Board, 135 hand-arm vibration syndrome, 213 Varus stability, of elbow, 178 Workload, as factor in elbow and shoulder hypothenar hammer syndrome, 213 Vascular problems, of lower extremity, disorders, 151–152 individual factors in, 212f, 213–214 Workplace occlusion of superficial palmar branch of ulnar workplace-related, 314–315 activities in, biomechanical demands on foot VCWS. See Valpar Corporation Work Samples and ankle during, 384 artery, 213 footwear at, 387–388, 387f, 388f. See also osteoarthritis of, 213 (VCWS) Shoe(s) treatment of, 237–248 Venous disorders, foot and ankle–related, lower extremity disorders in, 309–327. See also Lower extremity disorders, CRPS, 247 workplace adaptation of workers workplace-related CTS, 238–239 with, 392–393 Workplace adaptation. See also Work stations de Quervain disease, 237, 237f Verrucae vulgares, 381 for foot and ankle disorders, 383–393. fingers, 242 Veterans Affairs Health Care System, exercise See also Foot and ankle disorders, fractures, 242–244, 243f laboratories of, 401 workplace adaptation of workers with gamekeeper’s thumb, 242, 242f Vibration white finger disease, 213, 239-240 for low back pain, 135–144. See also Low back ganglia, 246–247, 246f Video recordings, job-related, 201–202 pain, workplace adaptation for hand-arm vibration syndrome, 239–240 Video-digitization system, TARGA-16–based, 316 to MSDs, neck-related disorders, 87–93 lunotriquetral interval injury, 241 Visual Analog Scale, 227, 232 evaluation of, 87, 88t, 89–90, 89t, 90f–92f, 92 osteoarthritis, 244–246, 244f, 245f Volar retinacular ganglia, 246 specification of, 87–89 scapholunate interval injury, 240–241, 240f for shoulder disorders, 195–208. sprains, 240–242, 240f–242f W See also Shoulder disorders, tendinitis, 237–238, 237f, 238f workplace adaptation for tendinopathies, 238 Walking Workplace injuries, foot and ankle, 351–366. TFCC, 240f, 241, 241f during ADLs, joint forces and, 283–284 See also Foot and ankle disorders, trigger finger, 237–238, 238f prolonged, jobs requiring, shoe inserts/insoles workplace-related ulnar tunnel syndrome, 239 for, 320 Workplace layout, 88 types of, 213 in workplace, 384 Work-related activities vibration white finger disease, 213 evaluation of, FPE validity in, 403–404 work-related factors in, 212f, 214–216, 214t, 215t Wart(s), of foot, 381 FPE of, reliability of, 401–402 Weight, as factor in internal joint forces for hip Work-related performance tests, 399 Y World Health Organization, 97 and knee, 277–279, 278f Wrist. See also Wrist and hand Yergason’s test, 172 Weinstein Enhanced Sensory Test (WEST), 231 carpal joint of, force through, 223–224, 223f Whiplash injury, 82–83 ganglia of, 246, 246f Wilcoxon method, 9 osteoarthritis of, 244–245, 244f Women, at workplace, footwear for, 388 Work ability, in disability evaluation, 411–412