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International Olympic Committee. 2005. https://stillmed.olympic.org/media/Docu- 124. Stetka, B and Correll, C. A Guide to DSM-5: Binge ment %20L ibrar y/Oly mpicOrg / IOC / Who-We-A re / Eating Disorder. 2013. www.medscape.com/viewar- Commissions/Medical-and-Scienti c-Commission/ ticle/803884_5. Accessed January 1, 2016. EN-Position-Stand-on-the-Female-Athlete-Triad. p d f #_ g a =1.118 8517 21.16 4 0 9 9 9716.14 82 5 07 714. 125. Stojanovskaa, L, Apostolopoulosa, V, Polmanb, R, and Accessed December 23, 2016. Borkolesb, E. To exercise, or, not to exercise, during menopause and beyond. Maturitas 77:318-323, 2014. 112. Satariano, W, Haight, T, and Tager, I. Living arrange- ments and participation in leisure-time physical 126. Sundgot-Borden, J. Weight and eating disorders in activities in an older population. J Aging Health elite athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 12:259-260, 2002. 14:427-451, 2002. 127. Sundgot-Borgen, J and Torstveit, M. Aspects of disor- 113. Schierbeck, L, Rejnmark, L, Tofteng, C, Stilgren, dered eating continuum in elite high-intensity sports. L, Eiken, P, Mosekilde, L, Køber, L, and Jensen, J. Scand J Med Sci Sports 20:112-121, 2010. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardio- vascular events in recently postmenopausal women: 128. Szymanski, L and Satin, A. Exercise during preg- randomised trial. BMJ 345:e6409, 2012. nancy: fetal responses to current public health guide- lines. Obstet Gynceol 119:603-610, 2006. 114. Schiff, I. Invited reviews: a new addition to meno- pause. Menopause 20:243, 2013. 129. Szymanski, L and Satin, A. Strenuous exercise during pregnancy: is there a limit? Am J Obstet Gynecol 115. Schoenfeld, B. Resistance training during pregnancy: 207:179, 2012. safe and effective program design. Strength Cond J 33:67-75, 2011. 130. Talmadge, A, Kravitz, L, and Robergs, R. Exercise during pregnancy: research and application. IDEA 116. Setji, T, Brown, A, and Feniglos, M. Gestational dia- Health Fitness Source 18:28-35, 2000. betes mellitus. Clin Diabetes 23:17-24, 2005. 131. Teixeira-Coelho, F, Uendeles-Pinto, J, Sera m, A, 117. Smink, F, van Hoeken, D, and Hoek, H. Epidemiol- Wanner, S, de Matos Coelho, M, and Soares, D. The ogy of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and paroxetine effect on exercise performance depends mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep 14:406-414, 2012. on the aerobic capacity of exercising individuals. J Sports Sci Med 13:232-243, 2014. 118. Smink, F, van Hoeken, D, and Hoek, H. Epidemiology, course, and outcome of eating disorders. Curr Opin 132. Temme, K and Hoch, A. Recognition and rehabilita- Psychiatry 26:543-548, 2013. tion of the female athlete triad/tetrad: a multidiscipli- nary approach. Curr Sports Med Rep 12:190-199, 2013. 119. Sorensen, T, Williams, M, Lee, I, Dashow, E, Thomp- son, M, and Luthy, D. Recreational physical activity 133. The Medical Letter. Drugs for postmenopausal osteo- during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia. Hyper- porosis. Issue 1452, 2014. tension 41:1273-1280, 2003. 134. Thurston, R, Joffe, H, Soares, C, and Harlow, B. 120. Sourel-Cubizolles, M and Kaminski, M. Pregnancy Physical activity and risk of vasomotor symptoms women’s working conditions and their changes in women with and without a history of depression: during pregnancy; a national study in France. Br J results from the Harvard study of moods and cycles. Ind Med 44:236-243, 1987. Menopause 213:553-560, 2006.

References | 503 135. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 141. Wolfe, L. Pregnancy. In Exercise Testing and Exercise 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. Prescription for Special Cases: Theoretical Basis and Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Clinical Application. Skinner, J, ed. Philadelphia: Services, 2008. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1993. 136. van der Wijden, C, Kleijnen, J, and Van den Berk, T. 142. Woo, S, Hellstein, J, and Kalmar, J. Systematic review: Lactational amenorrhea for family planning. Cochrane bisphosphonates and osteonecrosis of the jaw. Ann Database Syst Rev CD001329, 2003. Intern Med 144:753-761, 2006. 137. Van Poppel, M and Brown, W. “It’s my hormones, 143. World Health Organization. Assessment of fracture doctor”–does physical activity help with menopausal risk and its application to screening for postmeno- symptoms? Menopause 15:78-85, 2008. pausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 843:1-129, 1994. 138. Villaverde-Gutierrez, C, Araujo, E, Cruz, F, Roa, J, Barbosa, W, and Ruiz-Villaverde, G. Quality of life of 144. Writing Group for the Women’s Health Initiative rural menopausal women in response to a customized Investigators. Risks and bene ts of estrogen plus exercise programme. J Adv Nurs 54:11-19, 2006. progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: prin- cipal results from the Women’s Health Initiative ran- 139. Warr, B and Woolf, K. The female athlete triad: domized controlled trial. JAMA 288:321-333, 2002. patients do best with a team approach to care. J Am Acad Physician Assist 24:50-55, 2011. 140. WebMD. Menopause and Hot Flashe s. 2016. w w w.webmd.com /menopause /guide /meno- pause-hot- ashes. Accessed December 24, 2016.

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Index Note: The italicized f and t following page numbers refer to figures and tables, respectively. A de ned 146 body fat standards 58t effects of exercise 151-152, 152f body mass index (BMI) 42-43, 408 accessibility 5 exercise recommendations 152-153, body weight assessment 33 acquired immune de ciency syndrome bone marrow transplantation 344 153t bone mass loss 405-406 (AIDS). See HIV/AIDS pathology and pathophysiology 146-149, bone mineral density (BMD) 386, 390 activities of daily living 34 bradykinesia 273 AD. See dementia and Alzheimer’s disease 147f, 149f, 150f breast cancer 344, 349, 364t ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act) prevalence and costs 146 bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) 150 therapy of 149 bronchiectasis 170 10, 11 ataxia 35, 281 Bruce treadmill test 36, 37, 52t, 53t ADA Standards for Accessible Design 11 atherogenic 128 Buffalo Concussion Treadmill Test 287 adipokines 110-111 atherosclerosis 182, 185 bulimia nervosa 406-407 adipose tissue 110-111 atrial brillation adolescents. See children and adolescents case study 198 C aerobic capacity 387 common medications 197, 213t AIDS-related complex (ARC) 238 de ned 196 CABG. See coronary artery bypass graft Alzheimer’s disease (AD). See dementia and effects of exercise 197 cancer exercise recommendations 197-198, Alzheimer’s disease aerobic training research 351, 354t, 355 amenorrhea 405 198t cancer-related fatigue 345-346, 346f American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons pathophysiology 196-197 cancer-related lymphedema 358 prevalence 196 case study 359 (AAOS) 83, 87, 89 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) common medications 347-350, 362-365t American College of Rheumatology (ACR) case study 326-327 de ned 342 common medications 325 demographics 342 84, 217, 231 effects of exercise 325 effects of exercise 350-355, 352-354t American Physical Therapy Association history and demographics 324 exercise recommendations 355, 356t pathology 324 hormone therapy 348-350, 364-365t 88-89 pathophysiology 324 key terms and study questions 360-361 Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) training considerations 325 lymphedema 346-347 autoimmune disorders. See systemic auto- management and treatment of patients 10, 11 anemia 137 immune disease 343-344 aneurysms 290 autonomic dysre exia 295, 296 pathology 342 angina autonomic neuropathy 122 pathophysiology 342 avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder program design guidelines 358, 359t case study 190 resistance training research 351, 352- common medications 189, 210t 407-408 de ned 188 353t effects of exercise 35, 189 B side effects of treatment 344-345 exercise recommendations 189-190, special considerations 355-356, 357t back scratch test 42 cancer-related fatigue 345-346, 346f 190t balance assessment 45-46, 59t cardiac index 158 medical clearance and 28 Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) cardiac output 182 pathophysiology 188 cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) prevalence 188 45-46, 59t animal-based diets 111t Balke-Ware treadmill test 36, 37, 53t, 287 192 anorexia nervosa 406 Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) 278 cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) anthropometric assessment 42-45, 44f, bench press 40 β2-adrenergic agonists 150, 151f 167 56t, 57t BHR (bronchial hyperresponsiveness) 150 cardiovascular disease (CVD) antiretroviral therapy (ART) 238 Big Team 345 ARC (AIDS-related complex) 238 binge-eating disorders 407-408 angina. See angina arm ergometer test 39 bioelectrical impedance 45 arterial disease. See peripheral arterial ART (antiretroviral therapy) 238 biological response modi ers 217 arterial disease. See peripheral arterial biological therapy 344 disease blood lipid classi cations 128, 129t atrial brillation. See atrial brillation disease blood pressure 32-33, 51t, 389. See also heart failure. See chronic heart failure arthroplasty 91. See also joint replacements hypertension. See hypertension ASD. See autism spectrum disorder hypertension ICDs and 199-201, 201t Asperger’s syndrome 324 BMD. See Becker muscular dystrophy; bone key terms and study questions 207-208 asthma and EIB mineral density case study 154 BMI (body mass index) 42-43, 408 classi cation system 147, 148t body composition assessment 42-45, 44f, common medications 149-150, 151f, 56t, 57t 175t 505

506 | Index cardiovascular disease (CVD) (continued) bene ts of exercise 369-370 classical autism 324 mechanism and risk factors 182 case study 380 claudication 29, 35 MI. See myocardial infarction considerations for overweight youth 378 clotting factor VIII 246, 247 pacemakers and 199-200, 200t, 201t exercise guidelines 374-377, 376t, 377t CMs (chylomicrons) 128 surgical procedures. See coronary artery exercise modi cations 378-379, 379t CNS (central nervous system) 268 bypass graft; percutaneous translu- exercise recommendations 373-374, 374t cognitive disorders minal coronary angioplasty growth, maturation, and physical activ- valvular disorders. See valvular disor- Alzheimer’s. See dementia and Alzheim- ders ity 370-371 er’s disease key terms and study questions 381-382 cardiovascular endurance assessments physical activity’s importance to 368 autism. See autism spectrum disorder activities of daily living and 34 physiological measures for 371t dementia. See dementia and Alzheimer’s arm ergometer test 39 term de nitions 368 classi cations for adults 52t trainability of 373 disease exercise test modalities 35 trends in physical activity 368-369 described 320 maxim. al work rate plot 39f chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) Down syndrome. See Down syndrome peak VO2 and 34, 53t case study 230-231 exercise recommendations 321-323, recumbent stepper 37-38 common medications 226-227, 258-259t standard protocol use disadvantages 35 de ned 225 323t testing protocols 35-36 effects of exercise 227 ID. See intellectual disability test termination 35 exercise and training recommendations key terms and study questions 340 treadmill test 36-37, 52t, 53t philosophy of exercise programming for YMCA cycle ergometer test 38, 54t 227-229, 228t, 231 YMCA step test 37, 53t history and demographics 225-226 339 pathophysiology 226 complete dislocation 88 CDD (childhood disintegrative disorder) chronic heart failure (CHF) complex dislocation 88 324 case study 193 concussions 286, 287 common medications 191-192, 211t congenital muscular dystrophy 278 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention de ned 191 congestive heart failure 191 (CDC) 110, 320, 324 effects of exercise 192 controllers 150 exercise recommendations 192, 192- COPD. See chronic obstructive pulmonary central nervous system (CNS) 268 cerebral palsy (CP) 193t disease pathophysiology 191 coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) case study 284-285 prevalence and costs 191 common medications 282, 312t chronic kidney disease case study 206 de ned 281 common medications 137 common medications 204, 209-213t effects of exercise 282-283 de ned 136 de ned 204 exercise modi cations 283-284 effects of exercise 137-138 effects of exercise 204-205 exercise recommendations 283, 284t epidemiology and pathophysiology 136- exercise recommendations 205, 205- pathology 281-282 pathophysiology 282 137 206t cerebrovascular accident (CVA) 289. See exercise recommendations 138 corticosteroids 217 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CP. See cerebral palsy also stroke CPET (cardiopulmonary exercise testing) Certi ed Special Populations Specialist (COPD) case study 164, 164t 167 (CSPS) 7 common medications 162, 177t criterion-referenced data 30-31 CF. See cystic brosis de ned 161 CRPD. See chronic restrictive pulmonary CFS. See chronic fatigue syndrome effects of exercise 162 CFTR (cystic brosis transmembrane reg- exercise recommendations 163, 163t disease pathology and pathophysiology 161-162 CRT. See cardiac resynchronization therapy; ulator) 170 prevalence and costs 161 chair sit-and-reach test 48-49, 65t chronic restrictive pulmonary disease circuit resistance training Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease 268 CSPS (Certi ed Special Populations Spe- chemotherapy 343-344 (CRPD) chemotherapy medications case study 169 cialist) 7 classi cations of 165, 166t CVA (cerebrovascular accident) 289. See alkylating agents 347, 362t common medications 166-167, 178t antimetabolites 347-348, 362-363t de ned 165 also stroke antimitotic or mitotic inhibitors 348, effects of exercise 167 CVD. See cardiovascular disease exercise recommendations 168 cyanosis 35 364t pathology and pathophysiology 165 cycle ergometer test 38, 54t antitumor antibiotics 348, 363t prevalence 165 cystic brosis (CF) corticosteroids 348, 364t therapy of 165 topoisomerse inhibitors 348, 363t chylomicrons (CMs) 128 case study 173 CHF. See chronic heart failure circuit resistance training (CRT) 297 de ned 170 childhood disintegrative disorder (CDD) effects of exercise 171 exercise recommendations 171-173, 172t 324 pathology and pathophysiology 170 children and adolescents prevalence 170 therapy and common medications 170- age-related differences in performance 371-373 171, 179t cystic brosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) 170

Index | 507 D E exercise recommendations 408 menstrual dysfunction 405 dementia and Alzheimer’s disease early side effects 344 pathophysiology 404-405 case study 338 eating disorders prevention of 408, 410, 411t common medications 336-337 female-speci c conditions. See female ath- de ned 335 anorexia nervosa 406 demographics 336 binge-eating disorders 407-408 lete triad; menopause and postmen- effects of exercise 337 bulimia nervosa 406-407 opause; pregnancy and postpartum pathology 335-336 common medications 408, 425t FEV1 (forced expiratory volume) 148, pathophysiology 336, 386 de ned 406 150, 161 training considerations 337 prevalence 406 bromyalgia (FM) eating disorders not otherwise speci ed case study 235-236 demyelination 268 common medications 232-233, 260-261t Department of Health and Human Services (EDNOS) 406 de ned 231 EDD (exercise de cit disorder) 369 effects of exercise 233 (DHHS) 5, 70, 297, 323, 413 edema 28 exercise and training recommendations diabetes. See type 1 diabetes mellitus; type EDNOS (eating disorders not otherwise 233-235, 234t, 237 history and demographics 231-232 2 diabetes mellitus speci ed) 406 pathophysiology 232 Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes EEPA (thermic effect of activity) 112-113 tness assessment EIB (exercise-induced bronchoconstric- anthropometric and body composition Study 119 42-45 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental tion). See asthma and EIB cardiovascular endurance. See cardio- 8-foot up-and-go test 46, 60t vascular endurance assessments Disorders (DSM-5) 406 embolus 290 categories of 34 diastolic heart failure 191 Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 278 client factors 31 diet and weight loss 111t, 113-114 end-stage renal disease (ESRD). See chronic for clients with limited ability or restric- diplegia 281 tions 47-49 discoid lupus erythematosus 221 kidney disease exibility 41-42, 42f disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs energy balance 112-113 functional performance 46 energy ux 113-114 goals for 30 (DMARDs) 217 epilepsy local muscular endurance 40-42, 41f dislocations. See joint disorders muscular strength 39-40, 54t distal muscular dystrophy 278 case study 305 neuromuscular 45-46 DMARDs (disease-modifying antirheumatic common medications 302, 318t protocols for. See tness assessment de ned 301 protocols drugs) 217 effects of exercise 303 rationale for and bene ts of 30 DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) 278 exercise modi cations 303-304 standardization in 30-31 Down syndrome (DS) exercise recommendations 303, 304t test order 32 pathology 301-302 tness assessment protocols case study 330-331 pathophysiology 302 body weight 33 common medications 328 ESRD (end-stage renal disease). See chronic height 33 de ned 327-328 lung function 33-34 demographics 328 kidney disease resting blood pressure 32-33, 51t effects of exercise 328-329 estradiol 418 resting heart rate 32 exercise modi cations 330 estrogen 418 FitnessGram 31 exercise recommendations 329-330 estrone 418 are-ups 269 pathology 328 European League Against Rheumatism 217 FM. See bromyalgia pathophysiology 328 euthyroid 133 Food and Drug Administration, U.S. (FDA) DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of exacerbations 269 69, 232 exercise de cit disorder (EDD) 369 forced expiratory volume in the rst second Mental Disorders) 406 exercise equipment 12-13 (FEV1) 148, 150, 161 dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB). forced vital capacity (FVC) 161 frailty 405 See asthma and EIB case study 97 Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) 278 exercise pulmonary hypertension 157 common medications 95, 106t dynamic warm-up 89, 376, 380 exertional rhabdomyolysis 244 de ned 94 dyslipidemia exertional sickling 244 effects of exercise 95 exercise recommendations 95-96, 97t case study 131-132 F key terms and study questions 100 common medications 129, 143t pathophysiology 95 de ned 128 facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy prevalence and costs 94-95 epidemiology and pathophysiology 128- 278 FRC (functional residual capacity) 165 129, 129t factor replacement therapy 247 exercise precautions 131 female athlete triad exercise recommendations 130, 130t lifestyle management and exercise bone mass loss 405-406 case study 409 effects 129-130 common medications 408, 424t type 2 diabetes and 118 de ned 404, 404f dyspnea 156 eating disorders 406-408 dystrophin 278 effects of exercise 408

508 | Index functional independence measure 390 breast cancer 349, 364t case study 334 functional performance assessment 46 prostate cancer 349-350, 365t common medications 332 functional residual capacity (FRC) 165 HTN. See hypertension de ned 332 fundamental movement skill 368 human immunode ciency virus. See HIV/ demographics 332 FVC (forced vital capacity) 161 effects of exercise 333 AIDS exercise modi cations 333-334 G hyaluronic acid 85 pathology 332 hyperkyphosis 72, 73, 73f pathophysiology 332 gene replacement therapy 247 hyperlordosis 72, 73, 73f training considerations 333 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive hypertension (HTN) intermittent claudication (IC) 185, 186 interstitial lung disease (ILD) 168 Lung Disease 164 case study 184 intima 128 glucocorticoid 217 common medications 182-183, 209t intra-abdominal fat 385, 386, 388, 389 glucose 119 de ned 182 ischemia 28 glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 120, 124 effects of exercise 183 goiter 133 exercise recommendations 183-184, J Golgi tendon organs 386 graded sprains 88 185t joint replacements Guillain-Barre syndrome 268 pathophysiology 182 case study 94 prevalence 182 common medications 92, 105t H hypertonia 281 de ned 91, 91f hypoglycemia 121 effects of exercise 92 HAART (highly active antiretroviral ther- hypokinetic disease 369 exercise recommendations 92-93, 93t apy) 238 hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism pathophysiology 91-92 cardiometabolic effects 133-134, 135t prevalence and costs 91 HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) 120, 124 common medications 134, 144f HDAC-2 (histone deacetylase-2) 151 de ned 132 joint structure disorders HDLs (high-density lipoproteins) 128 effects of exercise 134, 135t case study 90 health appraisal. See medical and health epidemiology and pathophysiology 133 common medications 88 exercise recommendations 135, 135t effects of exercise 88-89 history exercise recommendations 89, 90t Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project– I osteoarthritis. See osteoarthritis pathophysiology 87-88 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) IC (intermittent claudication) 185, 186 prevalence and costs 88f 247 ICDs. See implantable cardioverter de - replacements. See joint replacements heart disease. See cardiovascular disease sprains and dislocations 87, 87f, 88f height assessment 33 brillators hematologic disorders ICSs (inhaled corticosteroids) 150 K hemophilia. See hemophilia ID. See intellectual disability HIV/AIDS. See HIV/AIDS idiopathic 155 Kegel exercises 415 sickle cell disease. See sickle cell disease idiopathic osteoarthritis 83 ketoacidosis 124 hemiplegia 281 ILD (interstitial lung disease) 168 kidney disease. See chronic kidney disease hemophilia immunological disorders kinesiophobia 227 case study 250-251 kyphotic 72 common medications 247, 265t CFS. See chronic fatigue syndrome de ned 246 de ned 216, 246 L effects of exercise 247-248 exercise and training recommendations bromyalgia. See bromyalgia LABAs (long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists) 248-249, 249t, 251 key terms and study questions 252-253 151 history and demographics 246-247 lupus. See lupus erythematosus pathophysiology 247 rheumatoid arthritis. See rheumatoid late side effects 344 hemophilia A/B/C 246, 247 LBP. See low back pain high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) 128 arthritis LDLs (low-density lipoproteins) 128 highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) implantable cardioverter de brillators leg press 40 238 leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) 115 histone deacetylase-2 (HDAC-2) 151 (ICDs) leptin 111 HIV/AIDS case study 201 leukodystrophy 268 case study 241-242 common medications 199 leukotriene modi ers 150 common medications 238-239, 262-263t effects of exercise 199-200 light-intensity exercise 29 de ned 237 exercise recommendations 200, 200- limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 278 effects of exercise 239 lipoproteins 128 exercise and training recommendations 201t long-acting β2-adrenergic agonists (LABAs) 239-240, 240t, 242 pathophysiology 199 history and demographics 237 purpose of 199 151 pathophysiology 237-238 inclusive tness 10 lordotic 72 hormone therapy 344 in ammation 216-217 low back pain (LBP) informed consent form 17, 24-25f inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) 150 case study 71-72 insulin resistance 120 intellectual disability (ID)

Index | 509 common medications 69-70, 102t microtrauma 387 National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical de ned 68, 69f minute ventilation 372 Center 295 effects of exercise 70 mitochondria 391 exercise recommendations 70-71, 71t MMD (myotonic muscular dystrophy) 278 National Strength and Conditioning Asso- pathophysiology 68-69 moderate-intensity exercise 29 ciation (NSCA) 7, 11 prevalence and costs 68 motivational and coaching techniques low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 128 National Weight Control Registry 114 LTPA (leisure-time physical activity) 115 49-50 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) 247 lung function assessment 33-34 multiple-joint exercises 391 NEPA (nonexercise physical activity) 115 lupus erythematosus multiple sclerosis (MS) neuromuscular assessment 45-46 case study 224-225 neuromuscular disorders common medications 221-222, 256-257t case study 272-273 de ned 221 common medications 270, 308-309t CP. See cerebral palsy effects of exercise 222 de ned 268-269 de ned 268 exercise and training recommendations effects of exercise 270-271 epilepsy. See epilepsy exercise modi cations 272 key terms and study questions 306-307 222-223, 223t, 225 exercise recommendations 271, 271t MD. See muscular dystrophy history and demographics 221 pathology 269 MS. See multiple sclerosis pathophysiology 221 pathophysiology 269-270 PD. See Parkinson’s disease Lupus Foundation of America 221 muscle hypertrophy 373, 387 SCI. See spinal cord injury lymphedema 346-347, 358 muscle spindles 386 stroke. See stroke muscular dystrophy (MD) TBI. See traumatic brain injuries M common medications 278-279, 311t NNRTIs (non-nucleoside reverse tran- de ned 278 malignant neoplasm 342 effects of exercise 279 scriptase inhibitors) 238 maximal oxygen uptake 131, 387 exercise modi cations 280 nocturnal hypoglycemia 125 MD. See muscular dystrophy exercise recommendations 280, 280t nonexercise physical activity (NEPA) 115 medical and health history pathology and pathophysiology 278 non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhib- muscular strength assessments 39-40, 54t tness assessment. See tness assess- muscular system disorders. See frailty; itors (NNRTIs) 238 ment nonsteroidal anti-in ammatory drugs sarcopenia key terms and study questions 50-51 musculoskeletal system. See joint structure (NSAIDs) 217 motivational and coaching techniques norm-referenced data 30-31 disorders; muscular system disor- NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase 49-50 ders; skeletal system disorders; spine preparticipation screening 16-17, 18-25f, disorders inhibitors) 238 mutation 342 NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-in ammatory 28 myalgias 131 program supervision recommendations myelin 268 drugs) 217 myocardial infarction (MI) NSCA (National Strength and Conditioning 29-30 case study 196 SMART goal setting 49 common medications 194, 212t Association) 7, 11 medical clearance 9, 17, 26-27f, 28-29 de ned 194 NSCA’s Essentials of Personal Training 11 medical history questionnaire 17, 22-23f effects of exercise 194-195 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors menarche 370 exercise recommendations 195, 195t menopause and postmenopause pathophysiology 194 (NRTIs) 238 case study 421-422 prevalence 194 common medications 418, 426t myokines 384 O de ned 417 myotonic muscular dystrophy (MMD) 278 effects of exercise 418-419 myxedema 133 OA. See osteoarthritis exercise recommendations 419, 419- obesity N 420t, 422 animal- versus plant-based diets 111t key terms and study questions 422-423 narcotic pain relievers 85 asthma and 147 pathophysiology 417-418 National Athletic Training Association case study 116-117 menstrual dysfunction 405 cognitive disorders and 320 metabolic disorders (NATA) 286 common medications 112, 140t diabetes. See type 1 diabetes mellitus; National Cholesterol Education Program considerations for overweight youth 378 de ned 110 type 2 diabetes mellitus 128 diet and weight loss and 113-114 kidney disease. See chronic kidney dis- National Collegiate Athletic Association effects of exercise 112 energy balance and 112-113 ease 242 epidemiology 110 lipoproteins and. See dyslipidemia National Health and Nutrition Examination exercise modi cations 115-116 low- versus high-risk lifestyles 110f exercise recommendations 114-115, 116t obesity. See obesity Survey III 133 medical costs of 3 thyroid gland and. See hypothyroidism National Institutes of Health 76, 150, 247 pathophysiology 110-111 National Multiple Sclerosis Society 269 societal issues contributing to inactivity and hyperthyroidism National Scoliosis Foundation 72 metabolic syndrome 2 4 MI. See myocardial infarction type 2 diabetes and 118 OCSs (oral corticosteroids) 150 oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy 278

510 | Index older adults P physical therapist 6-7 aerobic endurance exercise 395-396, pica 407 396t pacemakers plant-based diets 111t aging factors 391 case study 201 PNS (peripheral nervous system) 268 blood lipid pro les 389 common medications 199 postconcussion syndrome (PCS) 287 body fat 388 effects of exercise 199-200 postexertional malaise 226 bone mineral density 390 exercise recommendations 200, 200- postmenopausal osteoporosis 77 brain and nervous system 385-386 201t postmenopause. See menopause and post- cardiorespiratory system 385 pathophysiology 199 cardiovascular health 389-390 purpose of 199 menopause case study 398, 399t postpartum 412. See also pregnancy and common medications 386 PAD. See peripheral arterial disease effects of exercise 386 PAH (pulmonary arterial hypertension) 155 postpartum exercise recommendations 384, 391-394, pallor 35 postprandial 118 394t, 395-396, 396t PAP (pulmonary artery pressure) 155 posture conditions key terms and study questions 400-401 paraplegia 295 mental health 390-391 Parkinson’s disease (PD) case study 75 muscle mass 387 common medications 74, 102t muscular system 384-385 case study 277 de nitions 72-73, 73f physical function 390 common medications 274, 310t effects of exercise 74 resistance training 391-394, 394t de ned 273 exercise recommendations 74-75, 75t resting blood pressure 389 effects of exercise 274-275 pathophysiology 73 resting energy expenditure 387-388 exercise modi cations 276 preeclampsia 413 strategies for instructing 396-398 exercise recommendations 275-276, 276t pregnancy and postpartum type 2 diabetes 388-389 pathology 273 bene ts of exercise 410 pathophysiology 273-274 case study 416 oligomenorrhea 405 PAR-Q+ 16, 18-21f common medications during 412-413, 1RM bench press 40, 55t partial curl-up test 40, 41f, 55t 1RM leg press 40 partial dislocation 88 425t oral corticosteroids (OCSs) 150 PCS (postconcussion syndrome) 287 effects of exercise 413 orthopnea 28 PD. See Parkinson’s disease exercise recommendations 413-415, orthostatic hypotension 414 PDD-NOS (pervasive development disor- OSFED (other speci ed feeding or eating 415t der—not otherwise speci ed) 324 pathophysiology 411-412, 412t disorders) 406, 407 peak expiratory ow (PEF) 150 prehypertension 182 osteoarthritis (OA) peak height velocity (PHV) 371 preparticipation screening peak o.xygen uptake 373 informed consent form 17, 24-25f case study 86 peak VO2 34, 53t medical clearance form 17, 26-27f common medications 84-85, 104t pelvic oor exercises 415 medical clearance process 9, 28-29 de ned 82-83, 83f percutaneous transluminal coronary angi- medical history questionnaire 17, 22-23f effects of exercise 85 purpose of 16 exercise recommendations 85, 85t oplasty (PTCA) readiness questionnaire 16, 18-21f key terms and study questions 100 case study 206 review 17, 28 pathophysiology 83 common medications 204, 209-213t primary osteoporosis 77 prevalence and costs 83 de ned 194, 204 prophylaxis 150, 247 osteoblasts 418 effects of exercise 204-205 prostate cancer 344, 349-350, 365t osteoclasts 418 exercise recommendations 205, 205- pseudohypertrophy 278 osteopenia 80-82, 103t, 385, 405-406 PTCA. See percutaneous transluminal cor- osteoporosis 206t case study 80 perimenopause 417 onary angioplasty common medications 77-78, 103t peripheral arterial disease (PAD) puberty 370 de ned 76 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) 155 effects of exercise 78 case study 187-188 pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) 155 exercise recommendations 78-79, 79t, common medications 186, 210t pulmonary disorders de ned 185 419-420t effects of exercise 210t asthma. See asthma and EIB female athlete triad and 405-406 exercise recommendations 186-187, 187t CF. See cystic brosis menopause and 417, 418, 426t pathophysiology 185 COPD. See chronic obstructive pulmo- pathophysiology 77 prevalence 185 prevalence and costs 77, 385 peripheral nervous system (PNS) 268 nary disease other speci ed feeding or eating disorders pervasive development disorder—not oth- CRPD. See chronic restrictive pulmonary (OSFED) 406, 407 erwise speci ed (PDD-NOS) 324 disease overweight 110. See also obesity PH. See pulmonary hypertension key terms and study questions 174-175 PHV (peak height velocity) 371 PH. See pulmonary hypertension Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans pulmonary hypertension (PH) case study 160 3-4, 5 common medications 156-157, 176t de ned 155

Index | 511 effects of exercise 157-158 SCI. See spinal cord injury societal issues contributing to inactivity exercise recommendations 158-159 scoliosis 72-73, 73, 73f 4 pathology and pathophysiology 155-156 secondary osteoporosis 77 prevalence and costs 155 secondary sex characteristics 368 sphygmomanometer 32, 33 pulmonary parenchyma 165 seizure 301 spinal cord injury (SCI) self-perpetuating fatigue cycle 345-346, Q case study 300-301 346f common medications 296, 316-317t quadriplegia 295 senile osteoporosis 77 de ned 295 severe dislocation 88 effects of exercise 296-297 R short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists (SABAs) exercise modi cations 298-300, 299f exercise recommendations 297-298, RA. See rheumatoid arthritis 151 radiation therapy 343 shortness of breath 28 298t recumbent stepper 37-38 sickle cell disease pathology 295 rehabilitation plans 9-10 pathophysiology 295-296 relievers 150 case study 245 prevalence 295 remission 269 common medications 243, 264t spine disorders remodeling 418 de ned 242 key terms and study questions 100 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone 133 effects of exercise 243-244 low back pain. See low back pain resistance training guidelines exercise and training recommendations posture conditions 72-75, 73f, 75t sprains 88. See also joint structure disorders asthma and EIB 153t 244, 246 stable angina 188 cancer 351, 352-353t history and demographics 242 statins 131 cardiovascular disorders 190t, 193t, pathophysiology 242-243 step test 37, 53t sick sinus syndrome 199 stroke 195t, 198t, 201t, 203t, 206t silent ischemia 121 case study 294 cognitive disorders 322 simple dislocation 88 common medications 290-291, 314-315t COPD 163t single-joint exercises 391 de ned 289 hypertension 185t sit-and-reach test 41-42, 42f effects of exercise 291-292 older adults 391-394, 394t 6-minute walk test 47, 61t exercise modi cations 293-294 osteopenia 419t skeletal system disorders exercise recommendations 292-293, PAD 187t osteopenia 80-82, 103t, 405-406 type 2 diabetes and 120 osteoporosis. See osteoporosis 293t youth 375 system structure 76, 76f pathology 289-290 respiratory rate 372 skinfold measurements 43-45, 44f, 57t pathophysiology 290 resting blood pressure 32-33, 51t SMART goal setting 49 subclinical hypothyroidism 133 resting energy expenditure 387-388 spasticity 281 sundowning 338 resting heart rate 32 special populations supervised programs 29 resting metabolic rate (RMR) 112-113 appropriate environments for training symptom-limited exhaustion 34 reverse cholesterol transport 128 syncope 28, 156 rheumatic fever 202 11-13 systemic autoimmune disease. See chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) bene ts of exercise 2-3 case study 219-220 certi cation process for a specialist 7 fatigue syndrome; bromyalgia; common medications 217, 254-255t chronic diseases associated with inac- lupus erythematosus; rheumatoid de ned 216 arthritis effects of exercise 217-218 tivity 3 systolic heart failure 191 exercise and training recommendations common conditions, disorders, and T 218, 219t, 220 diseases of 8-9t history and demographics 216 consequences of an inactive lifestyle 3 tachycardia 29 pathophysiology 216-217 considerations for exercise program- tachyphylaxis 154 RMR (resting metabolic rate) 112-113 TBI. See traumatic brain injuries rumination disorder 407 ming for 5-6 TC (total cholesterol) 128 de ned 2 TEE (total energy expenditure) 112 S exercise equipment and 12-13 TEF (thermic effect of food) 112-113 expectations in the training of 10-11 tetraplegia 281 SABAs (short-acting β2-adrenergic agonists) government legislation addressing 10 TGs (triglycerides) 128 151 individual issues contributing to inac- thermic effect of activity (EEPA) 112-113 thermic effect of food (TEF) 112-113 sarcopenia tivity 4-5 30-second arm curl test 48, 64t case study 100 key terms and study questions 13-14 30-second chair stand test 48, 63t common medications 98, 107t opportunities for exercise professionals thyroid gland. See hypothyroidism and de ned 97, 385 effects of exercise 98 7, 9-10 hyperthyroidism exercise recommendations 99, 99t percent of adults with an active lifestyle thyrotoxicosis 134 pathophysiology 97-98 TIA (transient ischemic attack) 289. See prevalence and costs 97 3-4 recommendations for exercise 5 also stroke scope of practice of the exercise profes- sional 6-7

512 | Index tidal volume 372 de ned 123 V TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system 343 effects of exercise 125 total cholesterol (TC) 128 epidemiology and pathophysiology 123- Valsalva maneuver 394 total energy expenditure (TEE) 112 valvular disorders total peripheral resistance 182 124 transient ischemic attack (TIA) 289. See exercise precautions 126 case study 203 exercise recommendations 125, 125t common medications 202, 209-213t also stroke type 1 osteoporosis 77 de ned 202 transverse myelitis 268 type 2 diabetes mellitus effects of exercise 202 traumatic brain injuries (TBI) case study 122-123 exercise recommendations 202-203, classi cations of 118t case study 288-289 common medications 119, 141t 203t common medications 286-287, 313t effects of exercise 119-120, 120f pathophysiology 202 de ned 285 epidemiology and pathophysiology 118- prevalence 202 effects of exercise 287 very low calorie diets (VLCD) 113, 115 exercise modi cations 288 119 very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) 128 exercise recommendations 287-288, exercise precautions 121-122 v.igorous-intensity exercise 29 exercise recommendations 120, 121t VO2max 34, 53t 288t mechanism of 118 pathology 285-286 medical costs 3 W pathophysiology 286 in older adults 388-389 treadmill test 36-37, 52t, 53t type 2 osteoporosis 77 waist-to-hip girth ratio 43, 56t triglycerides (TGs) 128 type 3 osteoporosis 77 weight loss diets 113-114 trisomy 21. See Down syndrome Type I muscle bers 385 wheelchairs 11-12 Tumor, Node, Metastasis (TNM) system 343 Type II muscle bers 98, 385 World Health Organization (WHO) 76, 405 2-minute step test 47, 62t type 1 diabetes mellitus U Y case study 126-127 common medications 124, 142t unstable angina 188 YMCA cycle ergometer test 38, 54t YMCA step test 37, 53t

©Lifetouch Portrait Studios Inc. About the Editor Patrick L. Jacobs, PhD, CSCS,*D, earned his doc- torate in Exercise Physiology from the University of Miami and is the owner and head coach at Supe- rior Performance. He is a Fellow of the National Strength and Conditioning Association, American College of Sports Medicine, and the International Society of Sports Nutrition. He is a licensed Ath- letic Trainer (Florida) and a Certified Strength and Conditioning Specialist. Jacobs has published many peer-reviewed sci- enti c articles on exercise and nutritional inter- ventions in populations ranging from people with spinal cord injuries to the elite athletic competitor. He has coordinated the performance programs of collegiate and professional championship athletes including football, baseball, powerlifting, body- building, auto racing, and sailing. He is also an inventor whose name appears on several exercise device patents. 513

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Contributors Jill A. Bush, PhD, CSCS,*D Benjamin Reuter, PhD, ATC, CSCS,*D The College of New Jersey, Ewing California University of Pennsylvania, California, PA James E. Clark, MS, CSCS Manchester Community College, CT Jeffrey L. Roitman, EdD Rockhurst University (Retired) Brett A. Comstock, PhD, CSCS Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, PA Kenneth W. Rundell, PhD Geisinger Commonwealth School of Medicine, Jay Dawes, PhD, CSCS,*D, NSCA-CPT,*D, FNSCA Scranton, PA University of Colorado, Colorado Springs Alejandro F. San Juan, PhD, PT Avery D. Faigenbaum, EdD, CSCS, CSPS, FNSCA Department of Health Sciences, Public University The College of New Jersey, Ewing of Navarre (Spain) Steven J. Fleck, PhD, CSCS, FNSCA Carwyn Sharp, PhD, CSCS,*D Andrews Research & Education Foundation, Gulf National Strength and Conditioning Association, Breeze, FL Colorado Springs John F. Graham, MS, CSCS,*D, RSCC*E, FNSCA James M. Smoliga, DVM, PhD, CSCS St Luke’s University Health Network, High Point University, High Point, NC Pennsylvania/New Jersey Paul Sorace, MS, CSCS Patrick L. Jacobs, PhD, CSCS,*D, FNSCA Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ Superior Performance, LLC Stephanie M. Svoboda, MS, DPT, CSCS, CISSN Misty Kesterson, EdD, CSCS Superior Performance, LLC and Nicklaus Texas A&M University—Corpus Christi Children’s Hospital, Miami, FL William J. Kraemer, PhD, CSCS,*D, FNSCA Ann Marie Swank, PhD, CSCS The Ohio State University, Columbus University of Louisville, KY Thomas P. LaFontaine, PhD, CSCS, NSCA-CPT Pnina Weiss, MD, FAAP Optimus: The Center for Health and Yale University School of Medicine, Performance, Columbia, MO New Haven, CT Anna Lepeley, PhD, CSCS, CISSN Wayne L. Westcott, PhD, CSCS Quincy College, MA Don Melrose, PhD, CSCS,*D Texas A&M University—Corpus Christi Malcolm T. Whitehead, PhD, CSCS, FMS Stephen F. Austin State University, Alejandro Lucia, MD, PhD Nacogdoches, TX Universidad Europea de Madrid (Polideportivo) 515

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