NSCA's guide to tests and assessments by Todd Miller

References 341 Clemons, J., and M. Harrison. 2008. Validity and reliability of a new stair sprinting test of explosive power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22 (5): 1578-1583. Clemons, J.M., B. Campbell, and C. Jeansonne. 2010. Validity and reliability of a new test of upper body power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24 (6): 1559-1565. Cormie, P., and S.P. Flanagan. 2008. Does an optimal load exist for power training? Point- counterpoint. Strength and Conditioning Journal 30 (2): 67-69. Cormie, P., G.O. McCaulley, and J.M. McBride. 2007. Power versus strength-power jump squat training: Influence on the load-power relationship. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39 (6): 996-1003. Cormie, P., G.O. McCaulley, T.N. Triplett, and J.M. McBride. 2007. Optimal loading for maximal power output during lower-body resistance exercises. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39 (2): 340-349. Cormie, P., McGuigan, M.R., and R.U. Newton. 2011a. Developing maximal neuromuscular power. Part 1 – Biological basis of maximal power production. Sports Medicine 41 (1): 17-38. Cormie, P., McGuigan, M.R., and R.U. Newton. 2011b. Developing maximal neuromuscular power. Part 2 – Training considerations for improving maximal power production. Sports Medicine 41 (2): 125-146. Cronin, J., and G. Sleivert. 2005. Challenges in understanding the influence of maximal power training on improving athletic performance. Sports Medicine 35 (3): 213-234. Earles, D.R., J.O. Judge, and O.T. Gunnarsson. 1997. Power as a predictor of functional abil- ity in community dwelling older persons. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 29: S11. Evans, W.J. 2000. Exercise strategies should be designed to increase muscle power. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Science 55A: M309-M310. Faulkner, J.A., D.R. Claflin, and K.K. McCully. 1986. Power output of fast and slow fibers from human skeletal muscles. In Human Power Output, edited by N.L. Jones, N. McCartney, and A.J. McComas. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Flanagan, E.P., W.P. Ebben, and R.L. Jensen. 2008. Reliability of the reactive strength index and time to stabilization during depth jumps. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22 (5): 1677-1682. Flanagan, E.P., and A.J. Harrison. 2007. Muscle dynamics differences between legs, in healthy adults. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21: 67-72. Fox, E., R. Bowers, and M. Foss. 1993. The Physiological Basis for Exercise and Sport. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark. Friedman, J.E., P.D. Neufer, and L.G. Dohm. 1991. Regulation of glycogen synthesis follow- ing exercise. Sports Medicine 11 (4): 232-243. Garhammer, J. 1993. A review of power output studies of Olympic and power lifting: Methodology, performance prediction, and evaluation tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 7 (2): 76-89. Gibala, M., J. Little, M. van Essen, G. Wilkin, K. Burgomaster, A. Safdar, S. Raha, and M. Tarnopolsky. 2006. Short-term sprint interval versus traditional endurance training: Similar initial adaptations in human skeletal muscle and exercise performance. Journal of Physiology 575 (Pt. 3): 901-911. Gollnick, P.D., and A.W. Bayly. 1986. Biochemical training adaptations and maximal power. In Human Muscle Power, edited by N.L. Jones, N. McCartney, and A.J. McComas. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Ham, D.J., W.L. Knez, and W.B. Young. 2007. A deterministic model of the vertical jump: Implications for training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (3): 967-972.

342 References Harman, E., and J. Garhammer. 2008. Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests. In NSCA’s Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 3rd ed., edited by T.R. Baechle and R.W. Earle. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Harman, E.A., M.T. Rosenstein, P.N. Frykman, R.M. Rosenstein, and W.J. Kraemer. 1991. Estimation of human power output from vertical jump. Journal of Applied Sport Science Research 5 (3): 116-120. Harris, R.C., R.H.T. Edwards, E. Hultman, L.O. Nordesjo, B. Nylind, and K. Sahlin. 1976. The time course of phosphorylcreatine resynthesis during recovery of the quadriceps muscle in man. Pflugers Archives 367: 137-142. Hill, A.V. 1938. The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 126: 136. Hill, A.V. 1964. The effect of load on the heat of shortening of muscle. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 159: 297. Hoffman, J. 2006. Norms for Fitness, Performance and Health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Inbar, O., O. Bar-Or, and J.S. Skinner. 1996. The Wingate Anaerobic Test. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Josephson, R.K. 1993. Contraction dynamics and power output of skeletal muscle. Annual Review of Physiology 55: 527-546. Kalamen, J.L. 1968. Measurement of maximum muscular power in man. PhD diss., The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. Kaneko, M., T. Fuchimoto, H. Toji, and K. Suei. 1983. Training effect of different loads on the force-velocity relationship and mechanical power output in human muscle. Scan- dinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 5: 50-55. Krogh, A., and J. Lindhard. 1913. The regulation of respiration and circulation during the initial stages of muscular work. Journal of Physiology 47: 112-136. Lunn, W.R., J.A. Finn, and R.S. Axtell. 2009. Effects of sprint interval training and body weight reduction on power to weight ratio in experienced cyclists. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23 (4): 1217-1224. Margaria, R., P. Aghemo, and E. Rovelli. 1966. Measurement of muscular power (anaerobic) in man. Journal of Applied Physiology 21: 1662-1664. Maud, P.J., and B.B. Shultz. 1989. Norms for the Wingate Anaerobic Test with comparison to another similar test. Research Quarterly for Exercise & Sport 60 (2): 144-151. McArdle, W.D., F.I. Katch, and V.L. Katch. 2007. Exercise Physiology: Energy, Nutrition, and Human Performance, 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. McGuigan, M.R., T.L.A. Doyle, M. Newton, D.J. Edwards, S. Nimphius, and R.U. Newton. 2006. Eccentric utilization ratio: Effect of sport and phase of training. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20 (4): 992-995. Nindl, B.C., M.T. Mahar, E.A. Harman, and J.F. Patton. 1995. Lower and upper body anaero- bic performance in male and female adolescent athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 27: 235-241. Nordlund, M.M., A. Thorstensson, and A.G. Cresswell. 2004. Central and peripheral contri- butions to fatigue in relation to level of activation during repeated maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexions. Journal of Applied Physiology 96: 218-225. Patterson, D.D., and D.H. Peterson. 2004. Vertical jump and leg power norms for young adults. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 8: 33-41. Poussen, M., J. Van Hoeke, and F. Goubel. 1990. Changes in elastic characteristics of human muscle induced by eccentric exercise. Journal of Biomechanics 23: 343-348.

References 343 Puthoff, M.L., and D.H. Nielsen. 2007. Relationships among impairments in lower-extremity strength and power, functional limitations, and disability in older adults. Physical Therapy 87 (10): 1334-1347. Racinais, S., D. Bishop, R. Denis, G. Lattier, A. Mendez-Villaneuva, and S. Perrey. 2007. Muscle deoxygenation and neural drive to the muscle during repeated sprint cycling. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39: 268-274. Sayers, S.P., D.V. Harackiewicz, E.A. Harman, P.N. Frykman, and M.T. Rosenstein. 1999. Cross-validation of three jump power equations. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 31: 572-577. Stone, M.H., D. Collins, S. Plisk, G. Haff, and M.E. Stone. 2000. Training principles: Evalu- ation of modes and methods of resistance training. Strength and Conditioning Journal 22 (3): 65-76. Suetta, C., P. Aagaard, S.P. Magnusson, L.L. Andersen, S. Sipila, A. Rosted, A.K. Jakobsen, B. Duus, and M. Kjaer. 2007. Muscle size, neuromuscular activation, and rapid force characteristics in elderly men and women: Effects of unilateral long-term disuse due to hip-osteoarthritis. Journal of Applied Physiology 102: 942-948. Suetta, C., P. Aagaard, A. Rosted, A.K. Jakobsen, B. Duus, M. Kjaer, and S.P. Magnusson. 2004. Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse. Journal of Applied Physiology 97: 1954-1961. Suzuki, T., J.F. Bean, and R.A. Fielding. 2001. Muscle power of the ankle flexors predicts functional performance in community-dwelling older women. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 49: 1161-1167. Thorstensson, A., J. Karlsson, H.T. Viitasalo, P. Luhtanen, and P.V. Komi. 1976. Effect of strength training on EMG of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 98: 232-236. Walshe, A.D., G.J. Wilson, and A.J. Murphy. 1996. The validity and reliability of a test of lower body musculotendinous stiffness. European Journal of Applied Physiology 73: 332-339. Wilson, G.J., A.J. Murphy, and J.F. Pryor. 1994. Musculotendinous stiffness: Its relationship to eccentric, isometric, and concentric performance. Journal of Applied Physiology 76 (6): 2714-2719. Wu, J.Z., and W. Herzog. 1999. Modeling concentric contraction of muscle using an improved cross-bridge model. Journal of Biomechanics 32: 837-848. Yucesoy, C.A., J.M. Koopman, P.A. Huijing, and H.J. Grootenboer. 2002. Three-dimensional finite element modeling of skeletal muscle using a two-domain approach: Linked fiber-matrix mesh model. Journal of Biomechanics 35 (9): 1253-1262. Zupan, M.F., A.W. Arata, L.H. Dawson, A.L. Wile, T.L. Payn, and M.E. Hannon. 2009. Wingate Anaerobic Test peak power and anaerobic capacity classifications for men and women intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23 (9): 2598-2604. Chapter 10 Altug, Z., T. Altug, and A. Altug. 1987. A test selection guide for assessing and evaluating athletes. National Strength and Conditioning Association Journal 9 (3): 62-66. Bandy, W.D., J.M. Irion, and M. Briggler. 1998. The effect of static stretch and dynamic range of motion training on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Journal of Orthopedic and Sports Physical Therapy 4: 295-300. Behm, D.G., D.C. Button, and J.C. Butt. 2001. Factors affecting force loss with prolonged stretching. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 26 (3): 261-272.

344 References Church, J.B., M.S. Wiggins, F.M. Moode, and R. Crist. 2001. Effect of warm-up and flex- ibility treatments on vertical jump performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 15 (3): 332-336. Cressey, E.M., C.A. West, D.P. Tiberio, W.J. Kraemer, and C.M. Maresh. 2007. The effects of ten weeks of lower-body unstable surface training on markers of athletic performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (2): 561-567. Farlinger, C.M., L.D. Kruisselbrink, and J.R. Fowles. 2007. Relationships to skating perfor- mance in competitive hockey players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (3): 915-922. Fletcher, I.M., and B. Jones. 2004. The effect of different warm-up stretch protocols on 20 meter sprint performance in trained rugby union players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18 (4): 885-888. Gabbett, T.J. 2007. Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of elite women rugby league players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (3): 875-881. Gabbett, T., and B. Georgieff. 2007. Physiological and anthropometric characteristics of Australian junior national, state, and novice volleyball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21 (3): 902-908. Harman, E., and J. Garhammer. 2008. Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests. In Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 3rd ed., edited by T.R. Baechle, and R.W. Earle, 250-292. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Hedrick, A. 2000. Dynamic flexibility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal 22 (5): 33-38. Hoffman, J. 2006. Norms for Fitness, Performance, and Health. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Hoffman, J.R., N.A. Ratamess, K.L. Neese, R.E. Ross, J. Kang, J.F. Nagrelli, and A.D. Faigen- baum. 2009. Physical performance characteristics in NCAA Division III champion female lacrosse athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 23 (5): 1524-1539. Kovacs, M.S., R. Pritchett, P.J. Wickwire, J.M. Green, P. Bishop. 2007. Physical performance changes after unsupervised training during the autumn/spring semester break in competitive tennis players. British Journal of Sports Medicine 41 (11): 705-710. Mann, D.P., and M.T. Jones. 1999. Guidelines to the implementation of a dynamic stretching program. Strength and Conditioning Journal 21 (6): 53-55. Nelson, A.G., and J. Kokkonen. 2001. Acute muscle stretching inhibits maximal strength performance. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport 72 (4): 415-419. Plisk, S. 2008. Speed, agility, and speed-endurance development. In Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, 3rd ed., edited by T.R. Baechle, and R.W. Earle, 458-485. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Power, K., D. Behm, F. Cahill, M. Carroll, and W. Young. 2004. An acute bout of static stretching: Effects on force and jumping performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36 (8): 1389-1396. Young, W.B., and D.G. Behm. 2003. Effects of running, static stretching, and practice jumps on explosive force production and jumping performance. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 43 (1): 21-27. Chapter 11 Berryman Reese, N., and W.D. Bandy. 2002. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. Bobbert, M.F., and G.J. van Ingen Schenau. 1988. Coordination in vertical jumping. Journal of Biomechanics 21: 249-262.

References 345 Brosseau, L., S. Balmer, M. Tousignant, J.P. O’Sullivan, C. Goudreault, M. Goudreault, and S. Gringras. 2001. Intra- and intertester reliability and criterion validity of the parallelogram and universal goniometers for measuring maximum active knee flex- ion and extension of patients with knee restrictions. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 82: 396-402. Burkhart, S.S., C.D. Morgan, and W.B. Kibler. 2003. The disabled throwing shoulder: Spec- trum of pathology part 1: Pathoanatomy and biomechanics. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery 19: 404-420. Cook, G. 2001. Baseline sports-fitness testing. In High Performance Sports Conditioning: Modern Training for Ultimate Athletic Development, edited by B. Foran, 19-48. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Corkery, M., H. Briscoe, N. Ciccone, G. Foglia, P. Johnson, S. Kinsman, L. Legere, B. Lum, and P.K. Canavan. 2007. Establishing normal values for lower extremity muscle length in college-age students. Physical Therapy in Sport 8: 66-74. Croxford, P., K. Jones, and K. Barker. 1998. Inter-tester comparison between visual esti- mation and goniometric measurement of ankle dorsiflexion. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 14: 107-113. Fayad, F., S. Hanneton, M.M. Lefevre-Colau, S. Poiraudeau, M. Revel, and A. Roby-Brami. 2008. The trunk as a part of the kinematic chain for arm elevation in healthy subjects and in patients with frozen shoulder. Brain Research 1191: 107-115. Fleisig, G.S., S.W. Barrentine, R.F. Escamilla, and J.R. Andrews. 1996. Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Medicine 21: 421-437. Haff, G.G., J.T. Cramer, T.W. Beck, A.D. Egan, S.D. Davis, J. McBride, and D. Wathen. 2006. Roundtable discussion: Flexibility training. Strength and Conditioning Journal 28: 64-85. Houglum, P.A. 2005. Therapeutic Exercise for Musculoskeletal Injuries. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Kadaba, M.P., H.K. Ramakrishnan, M.E. Wooten, J. Gainey, G. Gorton, and G.V.B. Cochran. 1989. Repeatability of kinematic, kinetic, and electromyographic data in normal adult gait. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 7: 849-860. Kendall, F.P., E.K. McCreary, and P.G. Provance. 1993. Muscles: Testing and Function. Phila- delphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Kiesel, K., P.J. Plisky, and M.L. Voight. 2007. Can serious injury in professional football be predicted by a preseason functional movement screen? North American Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2: 147-158. Knapik, J.J., C.L. Bauman, B.H. Jones, J.M. Harris, and L. Vaughan. 1991. Preseason strength and flexibility imbalances associated with athletic injuries in female collegiate athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine 19: 76-81. Knudson, D.V., and C.S. Morrison. 1997. Qualitative Analysis of Human Movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Lett, K.K., and S.M. McGill. 2006. Pushing and pulling: Personal mechanics influence spine loads. Ergonomics 49: 895-908. Levangie, P.K., and C.C. Norkin. 2001. Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Loudon, J.K., W. Jenkins, and K.L. Loudon. 1996. The relationship between static posture and ACL injury in female athletes. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 24: 91-97. Markolf, K.L., D.I. Burchfield, M.M. Shapiro, M.E. Shepard, G.A.M. Finerman, and J.L. Slauterbeck. 1995. Combined knee loading states that generate high anterior cruciate ligament forces. Journal of Orthopaedic Research 13: 930-935.

346 References McGill, S.M., R.L. Hughson, and K. Parks. 2000. Changes in lumbar lordosis modify the role of the extensor muscles. Clinical Biomechanics 15: 777-780. Norkin, C.C., and D.J. White. 1995. Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry. Phila- delphia: F.A. Davis. Novacheck, T.F. 1998. The biomechanics of running. Gait & Posture 7: 77-95. Robertson, V.J., A.R. Ward, and P. Jung. 2005. The effect of heat on tissue extensibility: A comparison of deep and superficial heating. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilita- tion 86: 819-825. Scannell, J.P., and S.M. McGill. 2003. Lumbar posture: Should it, and can it, be modified? A study of passive tissue stiffness and lumbar position during activities of daily living. Physical Therapy 83: 907-917. Shultz, S.J., P.A. Houglum, and D.H. Perrin. 2005. Examination of Musculoskeletal Injuries. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Sigward, S.M., S. Ota, and C.M. Powers. 2008. Predictors of frontal plane knee excursion during a drop land in young female soccer players. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 38: 661-667. Silder, A., S.B. Reeder, and D.G. Thelen. 2010. The influence of prior hamstring injury on lengthening muscle tissue mechanics. Journal of Biomechanics 43: 2254-2260. Starkey, C., and J. Ryan. 2002. Evaluation of Orthopedic and Athletic Injuries. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Stone, M., M.W. Ramsey, A.M. Kinser, H.S. O’Bryant, C. Ayers, and W. Sands. 2006. Stretch- ing: Acute and chronic? The potential consequences. Strength and Conditioning Journal 28: 66-74. Thacker, S.B., J. Gilchrist, D.F. Stroup, and C.D. Kimsey. 2004. The impact of stretching on sports injury risk: A systematic review of the literature. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 36: 371-378. Thelen, D.G., E.S. Chumanov, M.A. Sherry, and B.C. Heiderscheit. 2006. Neuromusculosk- eletal models provide insights into the mechanisms and rehabilitation of hamstring strains. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 34: 135-141. Weir, J., and N. Chockalingam. 2007. Ankle joint dorsiflexion: Assessment of true values necessary for normal gait. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation 14: 76-82. Wenos, D.L., and J.G. Konin. 2004. Controlled warm-up intensity enhances hip range of motion. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18: 529-533. Werner, S.L., M. Suri, J.A. Guido, K. Meister, and D.G. Jones. 2008. Relationships between ball velocity and throwing mechanics in collegiate baseball pitchers. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery 17: 905-908. Whiteley, R. 2007. Baseball throwing mechanics as they relate to pathology and performance: A review. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 6: 1-20. Willson, J.D., M.L. Ireland, and I. Davis. 2006. Core strength and lower extremity alignment during single leg squats. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38: 945-952. Youdas, J.W., C.L. Bogard, and V.J. Suman. 1993. Reliability of goniometric measurements and visual estimates of ankle joint active range of motion obtained in a clinical setting. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 74: 1113-1118. Zatsiorsky, V.M. 1998. Kinematics of Human Motion. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

References 347 Chapter 12 Aaltonen, S., H. Karjalainen, A. Heinonen, J. Parkkari, and U.M. Kujala. 2007. Prevention of sports injuries: Systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Archives of Internal Medicine 167: 1585-1592. Arnold, B.L., and R.J. Schmitz. 1998. Examination of balance measures produced by the biodex stability system. Journal of Athletic Training 33: 323-327. Ashton-Miller, J.A., E.M. Wojtys, L.J. Huston, and D. Fry-Welch. 2001. Can proprioception really be improved by exercises? Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy 9: 128-136. Behm, D.G., M.J. Wahl, D.C. Button, K.E. Power, and K.G. Anderson. 2005. Relationship between hockey skating speed and selected performance measures. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 19: 326-331. Blackburn, T., K.M. Guskiewicz, M.A. Petschauer, and W.E. Prentice. 2000. Balance and joint stability: The relative contributions of proprioception and muscular strength. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 9: 315-328. Bressel, E., J.C. Yonker, J. Kras, and E.M. Heath. 2007. Comparison of static and dynamic balance in female collegiate soccer, basketball, and gymnastics athletes. Journal of Athletic Training 42: 42-46. Broglio, S.P., J.J. Sosnoff, K.S. Rosengren, and K. McShane. 2009. A comparison of balance performance: Computerized dynamic posturography and a random motion platform. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 90: 145-150. Burkhart, S.S., C.D. Morgan, and W.B. Kibler. 2000. Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: The “dead arm” revisited. Clinics in Sports Medicine 19: 125-158. Cressey, E.M., C.A. West, D.P. Tiberio, W.J. Kraemer, and C.M. Maresh. 2007. The effects of ten weeks of lower-body unstable surface training on markers of athletic performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 21: 561-567. Docherty, C.L., T.C.V. McLeod, and S.J. Shultz. 2006. Postural control deficits in participants with functional ankle instability as measured by the balance error scoring system. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 16: 203-208. Drouin, J.M., P.A. Houglum, D.H. Perrin, and B.M. Gansneder. 2003. Weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing knee-joint reposition sense and functional performance. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 12: 54-66. Duncan, P.W., D.K. Weiner, J. Chandler, and S. Studenski. 1990. Functional reach: A new clinical measure of balance. Journals of Gerontology 45: M192-M197. Eechaute, C., P. Vaes, and W. Duquet. 2009. The dynamic postural control is impaired in patients with chronic ankle instability: Reliability and validity of the multiple hop test. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 19: 107-114. Evans, T., J. Hertel, and W. Sebastianelli. 2004. Bilateral deficits in postural control following lateral ankle sprain. Foot & Ankle International 25: 833-839. Gribble, P. 2003. The star excursion balance test as a measurement tool. Athletic Therapy Today 8: 46-47. Gribble, P.A., and J. Hertel. 2003. Considerations for normalizing measures of the star excursion balance test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science 7: 89-100. Gribble, P.A., W.S. Tucker, and P.A. White. 2007. Time-of-day influences on static and dynamic postural control. Journal of Athletic Training 42: 35-41. Hamilton, R.T., S.J. Shultz, R.J. Schmitz, and D.H. Perrin. 2008. Triple-hop distance as a valid predictor of lower limb strength and power. Journal of Athletic Training 43: 144-151.

348 References Herrington, L., J. Hatcher, A. Hatcher, and M. McNicholas. 2009. A comparison of Star Excur- sion Balance Test reach distances between ACL deficient patients and asymptomatic controls. Knee 16: 149-152. Hertel, J., R.A. Braham, S.A. Hale, and L.C. Olmsted-Kramer. 2006. Simplifying the star excursion balance test: Analyses of subjects with and without chronic ankle instability. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 36: 131-137. Hertel, J., S.J. Miller, and C.R. Denegar. 2000. Intratester and intertester reliability during the Star Excursion Balance Tests. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 9: 104-116. Hertel, J., and L.C. Olmsted-Kramer. 2007. Deficits in time-to-boundary measures of postural control with chronic ankle instability. Gait & Posture 25: 33-39. Hof, A.L. 2007. The equations of motion for a standing human reveal three mechanisms for balance. Journal of Biomechanics 40: 451-457. Horak, F.B., and L.M. Nashner. 1986. Central programming of postural movements: Adapta- tion to altered support-surface configurations. Journal of Neurophysiology 55: 1369-1381. Hrysomallis, C. 2011. Balance ability and athletic performance. Sports Medicine 41: 221-232. Hrysomallis, C., P. McLaughlin, and C. Goodman. 2007. Balance and injury in elite Australian footballers. International Journal of Sports Medicine 28: 844-847. Iverson, G. L., M. L. Kaarto, and M. S. Koehle. 2008. Normative data for the balance error scoring system: Implications for brain injury evaluations. Brain Injury 22:147-152. Johnson, B.L., and J.K. Nelson. 1986. Practical Measurements for Evaluation in Physical Educa- tion. New York: MacMillan. Kinzey, S.J., and C.W. Armstrong. 1998. The reliability of the star-excursion test in assessing dynamic balance. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 27: 356-360. Lafond, D., H. Corriveau, R. Hebert, and F. Prince. 2004. Intrasession reliability of center of pressure measures of postural steadiness in healthy elderly people. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 85: 896-901. Lanning, C.L., T.L. Uhl, C.L. Ingram, C.G. Mattacola, T. English, and S. Newsom. 2006. Baseline values of trunk endurance and hip strength in collegiate athletes. Journal of Athletic Training 41:427-434. Lee, A.J.Y., and W.H. Lin. 2008. Twelve-week biomechanical ankle platform system training on postural stability and ankle proprioception in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability. Clinical Biomechanics 23: 1065-1072. Mackey, D.C., and S.N. Robinovitch. 2005. Postural steadiness during quiet stance does not associate with ability to recover balance in older women. Clinical Biomechanics 20: 776-783. MacKinnon, C.D., and D.A. Winter. 1993. Control of whole-body balance in the frontal plane during human walking. Journal of Biomechanics 26: 633-644. Marsh, D.W., L.A. Richard, L.A. Williams, and K.J. Lynch. 2004. The relationship between balance and pitching error in college baseball pitchers. Journal of Strength and Condi- tioning Research 18: 441-446. McCurdy, K., and G. Langford. 2006. The relationship between maximum unilateral squat strength and balance in young adult men and women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 5: 282-288. McKeon, P.O., C.D. Ingersoll, D.C. Kerrigan, E. Saliba, B.C. Bennett, and J. Hertel. 2008. Balance training improves function and postural control in those with chronic ankle instability. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 40: 1810-1819. Nashner, L.M. 1997a. Computerized dynamic posturography. In Handbook of Balance Func- tion Testing, edited by G.P. Jacobson, C.W. Newman, and J.M. Kartush, 280-307. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.

References 349 Nashner, L.M. 1997b. Practical biomechanics and physiology of balance. In Handbook of Balance Function Testing, edited by G.P. Jacobson, C.W. Newman, and J.M. Kartush, 261-279. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group. Olmsted, L.C., C.R. Carcia, J. Hertel, and S.J. Shultz. 2002. Efficacy of the star excursion bal- ance tests in detecting reach deficits in subjects with chronic ankle instability. Journal of Athletic Training 37: 501-506. Pai, Y.C., B.E. Maki, K. Iqbal, W.E. McIlroy, and S.D. Perry. 2000. Thresholds for step initia- tion induced by support-surface translation: A dynamic center-of-mass model provides much better prediction than a static model. Journal of Biomechanics 33: 387-392. Plisky, P.J., M.J. Rauh, T.W. Kaminski, and F.B. Underwood. 2006. Star excursion balance test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 36: 911-919. Reeves, N.P., K.S. Narendra, and J. Cholewicki. 2007. Spine stability: The six blind men and the elephant. Clinical Biomechanics 22: 266-274. Riemann, B.L., N.A. Caggiano, and S.M. Lephart. 1999. Examination of a clinical method of assessing postural control during a functional performance task. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 8: 171-183. Riemann, B.L., K.M. Guskiewicz, and E.W. Shields. 1999. Relationship between clinical and forceplate measures of postural stability. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 8: 71-82. Robinson, R.H., and P.A. Gribble. 2008. Support for a reduction in the number of trials needed for the Star Excursion Balance Test. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilita- tion 89: 364-370. Ross, S.E., and K.M. Guskiewicz. 2003. Time to stabilization: A method for analyzing dynamic postural stability. Athletic Therapy Today 8: 37-39. Ross, S.E., and K.M. Guskiewicz. 2004. Examination of static and dynamic postural stabil- ity in individuals with functionally stable and unstable ankles. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 14: 332-338. Ross, S.E., K.M. Guskiewicz, M.T. Gross, and B. Yu. 2009. Balance measures for discrimi- nating between functionally unstable and stable ankles. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41: 399-407. Schmitz, R., and B. Arnold. 1998. Intertester and intratester reliability of a dynamic balance protocol using the Biodex stability system. Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 7: 95-101. Shimada, H., S. Obuchi, N. Kamide, Y. Shiba, M. Okamoto, and S. Kakurai. 2003. Relation- ship with dynamic balance function during standing and walking. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 82: 511-516. Starkey, C., and J. Ryan. 2002. Evaluation of Orthopedic and Athletic Injuries. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. Whiting, W.C., and S. Rugg. 2006. Dynatomy: Dynamic Human Anatomy. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. Yaggie, J.A., and B.M. Campbell. 2006. Effects of balance training on selected skills. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20: 422-428. Zajac, F.E., and M.E. Gordon. 1989. Determining muscles force and action in multi-articular movement. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews 17: 187-230. Zajac, F.E., R.R. Neptune, and S.A. Kautz. 2002. Biomechanics and muscle coordination of human walking—Part I: Introduction to concepts, power transfer, dynamics and simulations. Gait & Posture 16: 215-232.

Index Note: The italicized f and t following page numbers refer to figures and tables, respectively. A anaerobic power (maximal power) anaerobic activity  223, 224 accelerometers maximal anaerobic capacity, evaluating  224 advantages over pedometers  77 relative intensity, energy system and respective description of  77 power production capacity for time courses indirect calorimetry  82 of activity  224, 224t raw acceleration signal of accelerometer  82 using  82 anaerobics  65 activity monitors aneroid devices  61 accelerometers  77 description of  76 antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (vasopressin)  59 heart rate monitors  77 pedometers  76-77 Archimedes’ principle for determining body den- sity  29 activity surveys and diaries accuracy of  78 arterial blood pressure (ABP). See also blood pres- description of  77-78 sure (BP) International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)  78 acute arterial blood pressure regulation  58-59 Previous Day Physical Activity Recall arterial blood pressure regulation  58 (PDPAR)  78-79 description of  57 exercise and arterial blood pressure regula- adenosine triphosphate (ATP)  219 tion  59-60 aerobic metabolism  65 long-term regulation of arterial blood pres- aerobic power. See also maximal exercise testing sure  60 methods; regression equation calculations; mean arterial pressure (MAP), calculat- submaximal exercise testing methods ing  57-58 anaerobic system recovery  91-92 pulse pressure (PP)  57 description of  91 renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism  60 developing aerobic power  91 systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood maximal and submaximal exercise tests  93, pressure (DBP)  57 94t-97t, 98t-101t maximal and submaximal tests  94t-97t, 98t- arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurement early methods for measuring  61 101t, 121 Korotkoff sounds  61, 62, 62t proper progression of muscle adaptations  92 procedure  62-63, 62t recovery process  92 sphygmomanometer (cuff method)  61 regression equation variables  93, 94t-97t, 98t- arthrokinematics  276 101t selecting aerobic power tests for anaerobic automated BP cuffs  61 sports  92 B SMARTS (Specificity, Mode, Application, balance and stability, measuring Research, and Training Status)  121-123, balance and stability evaluations, compar- 122t ing  306t, 309 tests for measuring  91 balance error scoring system (BESS)  308f, 309- 310, 314 age-predicted maximal heart rate (APMHR)  46 description of  309 landing error and balance error  312 agility tests. See also speed and agility, measuring modified Bass test  309, 312-313, 312f, 314 description of  263 star excursion balance test (SEBT)  309, 310- Edgren side step test  266t, 270, 270f 312, 310f hexagon test  266t, 271, 272f 5-10-5 or pro-agility test  264-265, 264f, 266t balance and stability. three-cone test  266t, 268-269, 269f body mechanics  296-299 T-test  265-268, 266t, 267f control theory  299-301, 299f description of  295, 313 air displacement plethysmography (ADP) injury and  313 BOD POD  33 measuring  309-313 description of  33 results, interpreting  312, 312t, 313t equipment and procedure  34 screening for  314 sources of error for ADP testing  33 sport performance and  305-309 350

Index 351 testing  295 C training  314 calcium (Ca2+)  248 balance and stability tests. balance test, quantities measured using  302 carbon dioxide (CO2)  74 composite tests  305 cardiac cycles (H.R)  58 description of  301-302 cardiac output (Q)  58 dynamic stability test  305 postural stability tests  304-305 cardiovascular disease (CVD)  16 postural steadiness tests  302-303 reach tests  303-304 central nervous system (CNS)  300 robustness  301-302 circumference measurement. See girth measure- balance error scoring system (BESS)  302, 308f, ments 309-310, 314 computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic baroreceptors  59 resonance imaging (MRI) Biodex Stability System  303 benefits of  36-37 description of  36 bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) BIA devices, accuracy among  32-33 computerized dynamic posturography  305 description of  31-32 equipment and procedure  32 contractile history percent body fat classifications  33, 38t fatigue  153 postactivation potentiation  153-154 blood pressure (BP). See also arterial blood pres- sure (ABP); heart rate (HR) and blood pres- Con-Trex dynamometer  186 sure (BP) control theory description of  53 balance training  300-301 hypertension  54-55, 54t control theory schematic  299-300, 299f hypotension  55 performance  300 physiology of BP control and assessment, under- potential sources of “failure” in system  299f, 300 standing  53-54 proprioceptive deficits  300 pressure gradients (PG) and blood pressure stability, definition of  300 tests of balance (proprioception tests)  301 (BP)  55-57, 56f cross-sectional area (CSA)  219 body composition. See also height, body weight, and body mass index, measuring D anthropometry and body composition, descrip- data evaluation and statistical analysis. See also tion of  15 tests, data analysis, and conclusions assessing obesity via height-weight tables  16 applied statistics  4 body composition analysis  16 central tendency, measures of  5-6 body composition and anthropometric tests  15 descriptive analysis  5-6 body composition testing  18-19 difference in performance measures, determin- body fat measurement  19 body fat standards  37-38, 39t ing magnitude of  9 calibration sessions  41 differences among performance variables  8-10, essential and nonessential body fat  37-38 as health-related component of fitness  15-16 10t, 11t issues facing strength and conditioning profes- difference starting points  9 effect size  9-10, 10t, 11t sionals  40-41 fitness professionals and evaluation of informa- measurement and quantification of percent tion  3-4 body fat, importance of  18 probability versus magnitude  4-5 measurement program  40 relationships among performance variables  6-8, measuring, frequency of  40 overweight  16 7f, 7t, 8t sport performance and  16-19 statistical analysis  8-9 techniques, comparison of  38, 38t techniques and circumstances of testing  8 techniques, consistency in  41 variability in scores, evaluation of  6 uses for body composition tests  15 diastolic blood pressure (DBP)  57, 61 body mechanics of balance and stability balance  297, 298f, 299 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) center of gravity (COG)  296 advantages of  35 center of pressure (COP) and base of support description of  34 (BOS)  296-297 equipment  34 ground reaction force (GRF)  296 limitations of  36 stability  298-299 procedure  35 steadiness  297-298, 298f dynamic stability  299 E ease of movement. See mobility electrocardiography (ECG) ECG strips and calculating heart rate  51, 52, 52f ECG wave form  51, 52f normal electrocardiogram  51, 52f

352 Index end-feel  278t-279t, 280t, 287 bench press to failure (load as percentage of 1RM)  196-197 energy expenditure, components of energy of physical activity  70 bench press to failure with absolute load of 132 24-hour energy expenditure  70 pounds (60 kg)  198-199, 198f, 199t resting metabolic rate (RMR)  66-69 thermal effect of food (TEF)  66 field tests, description of  196 flexed-arm hang  209-210, 209f, 211t energy expenditure, measurement of leg press or squats to failure (load as percentage direct calorimetry  72 doubly labeled water  74 of 1RM)  207, 208-209 indirect calorimetry  72-74 partial curl-up  206-207, 206f, 207t, 208t pull-ups to failure  203, 204f, 205t energy pathways and lactate metabolism push-ups to failure  200-203, 201f, 202t, 203t activation of glycolysis and lactate production and accumulation  126 fitness data, normalizing aspects of glycolytic NADH and H+ production allometric scaling  11-12 to exercise production  127-128 muscular strength capacity  10 formation of pyruvate  128 other ways for normalizing strength  10, 11 glycolysis, NAD, and NADH + H+  128-129 validity of test data, confounding factors influ- glycolysis and importance of ATP to exercise encing  10 metabolism  126 glycolytic ATP formation  126 functional reach test  303 lactate  129-130 lactate threshold  130, 131f G NADH H+  126-127, 127f process of glycolysis  126, 127, 127f girth measurements (circumference measure- ments) epinephrine (EPI)  59 circumference percent body fat estimation estimation of 24-hour and physical activity energy equations  29 expenditure description of  26 accelerometers and heart rate monitors  77 equipment and procedure  27, 28-29 activity monitors  76-77 percent body fat classifications  29, 38t activity surveys and diaries  77-79 description of  76 H pedometers  76-77 heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP). See also excess postexercise oxygen consumption blood pressure (BP); heart rate measure- (EPOC)  70 ment exercise intensity and heart rate (HR) blood pressure norms and fluctuations in pres- age-predicted maximal heart rate (APMHR)  46 sure  43 calculating training intensity using heart rate reserve method  47 description of description of  44, 45 exercise intensity and heart rate  44, 45-47 heart rate reserve (HRR)  46-47 heart rate as training tool  63 maximal heart rate (MHR)  46 heart rate control  44, 45f steady state HR (SSHR)  45-46 heart rate monitors  43 heart rate monitors and new technology  64 F resting heart rate as measure of fitness  63 sport performance and heart rate (HR)  47-48, fast glycolysis  65 49f field tests for muscular strength. See also muscular strength heart rate measurement. See also heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) allometric method  162-163 description of  162 auscultation  51 isoinertial  162 description of  48 maximal load  162-163 electrocardiography (ECG)  51-52, 52f 1RM bench press (free weights)  170-172, 170f, heart rate monitors  53 palpation  49-50, 50f 172t 1RM bench press (machine)  172-173 height, body weight, and body mass index, mea- 1RM bilateral back squat  163-165, 164f, 165t suring. See also body composition 1RM eccentric machine leg press  169-170, 169f 1RM machine leg press  167-169, 167f, 168t air displacement plethysmography (ADP)  33-34 3RM tests versus 1RM tests  163 bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA)  31-33, 1RM unilateral back squat  165-167, 166f 38t field tests of muscular endurance. See also muscu- body mass index (BMI)  21-22 lar endurance body weight and mass  20-21 computed tomography (CT) scans and magnetic bench press to failure (absolute load)  197 bench press to failure (load as percentage of resonance imaging (MRI)  36-37 description of  20 body mass)  196 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)  34-36 girth measurements (circumference measure- ments)  26, 27, 28-29, 38t height  20

Index 353 hydrodensitometry  29-31, 38t Storer-Davis protocol  105, 106 near-infrared interactance (NIR)  37 uses for  105 skinfold measurement  23-26 techniques, consistency in  41 laboratory maximal treadmill tests waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)  22, 23t Balke protocol (females)  105 Balke protocol (males)  104 hydrodensitometry Bruce and Balke-Ware treadmill protocols  94t- description of  29 97t, 103 dry body weight and body weight in water  30 Bruce protocol  104 equipment and procedure  30-31, 38t general guidelines for  94t-97t, 103-104, 119t lean tissue density, variations in  29-30 modified versions of Bruce protocol  103 limitations of  30 treadmill and bicycle ergometer  102-103 variables for performing  30 laboratory submaximal cycle ergometer tests hypermobility  275 alternatives for working with untrained people  116 hypertension Åstrand submaximal bike test (females)  118 classification of  54, 54t Åstrand submaximal bike test (males)  116t, 117 prevalence of  54 general guidelines for submaximal cycle ergom- symptoms and diagnosing  54, 55 eter tests  98t-101t, 116-117, 119t multistage YMCA submaximal bike test  115, hypomobility  275 116 protocol’s pedal cadence and position of legs I during downstroke  114 review of research on Åstrand and YMCA sub- indirect calorimetry maximal bike tests  114-115, 115f biochemical equation for metabolism of food  72 YMCA submaximal bike test  98t-101t, 116t, 117 closed-circuit spirometry and open-circuit spi- rometry  73-74 laboratory submaximal treadmill tests description of  72 general guidelines for  98t-101t, 111t, 112, 119t indirect respiratory calorimetry  72, 73 multistage submaximal treadmill protocols  98t- metabolic rate  73 101t, 111t, 113-114 respiratory exchange ratio (RER)  73 single-stage submaximal treadmill proto- cols  112 International Physical Activity Questionnaire submaximal treadmill jogging test protocol (IPAQ)  78, 83-84 (females)  113 submaximal treadmill jogging test protocol isokinetic strength testing. See also muscular (males)  113 strength submaximal treadmill walking test proto- col  112 general procedures for  185-186 submaximal walk/jog/run protocol  114 isokinetic, defining  182 isokinetic dynamometers  182 laboratory tests for maximal muscular strength. isokinetic measures of muscular strength, reli- See also muscular strength ability of  184-185 description of  176 isokinetic measures of muscular strength, valid- dynamic measures of maximal muscular ity of  183-184 strength  176-177 joint motion and shortening velocity of con- force platform, using  176 isometric measures of maximal muscular tracting muscle fibers  182 maximal muscular strength of knee flexors and strength  177-182 maximal GRF, accuracy of measurements extensors  186-187, 187t of  176 isometric measures of maximal muscular strength peak eccentric force during bench press  177 contrary findings  178 peak eccentric force during bilateral back description of  177 general procedures for isometric test  178 squat  176-177 isometric muscular strength tests, problems with  177-178 lactate threshold. See also lactate threshold data, peak isometric force during bench press  181- using; lactate threshold test, performing 182, 181f peak isometric force during bilateral squats  179 competitive distance runner, step protocol for peak isometric force during midthigh clean improvements  143-144 pulls  180-181, 180f energy pathways and lactate metabolism  126- K 130, 127f, 131f kilocalories (kcal)  72 lactate, description of  125 lactate threshold test  125 kinematic chain  275 maximal lactate steady state (MLSS)  L 138-140 sport performance and  130 laboratory maximal cycle ergometer tests Andersen protocol (females)  105, 107 lactate threshold data, using. See also lactate Andersen protocol (males)  105, 106 threshold bicycle ergometer protocols  105 general guidelines for  94t-97t, 105-106, 119t 5K cycle ride  107

354 Index blood lactate concentrations, increases in  141 maximal power. See anaerobic power description of  140 exercise intensity, knowing  140-141 maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)  221 lactate threshold as predictor of endurance mean arterial pressure (MAP)  57-58 exercise performance  141 lactate threshold mechanisms and exercise median power frequency (MPF)  297 training  141 metabolic acidosis  92 lactate threshold training effect  141-142, 142f prescribing proper training intensities  142 metabolic equivalent (MET)  84 lactate threshold test, performing. See also lactate metabolic rate. See also metabolic testing threshold benefits of knowledge about  65-66 description of  65 administering test  132-134, 133f energy expenditure, components of  66-70 blood samples  133, 134 estimation of 24-hour and physical activity description of  130 energy expenditure  76-79 exercising modes for test  130, 131 Jill’s deteriorating gymnastics performance pretest considerations  131-132 (case study 2)  75t, 87-88 ramp versus step protocol  132-133, 133f John’s inability to lose weight (case study 1)  test termination and data analyses  134-138 75t, 76t, 86-87 measurement of energy expenditure  72-74 lactate threshold test termination and data analy- metabolic rate measurement methods, compar- ses ing  84-85, 85t metabolism  65 0.5 and 1.0 mmol . L1 criteria  131f, 135-136, prediction of energy expenditure  75-76, 75t, 76t 135f rate of energy expenditure (metabolism)  65 sport performance and metabolic rate  71 description of  131f, 134-135, 134f terms for describing  65 D-max method  137-138, 138f regression analyses  136-137, 136f, 137f metabolic testing. See also metabolic rate accelerometers  82 lower body power tests heart rate monitors  82-83, 83f Margaria-Kalamen test  231-235, 233f, 234t, International Physical Activity Questionnaire 235f (IPAQ)  83-84 reactive strength index (RSI)  240-241 metabolic prediction equations  80-81 standing long jump (SLJ)  242-243, 243t pedometers  81-82 vertical jump (VJ) test  235-240, 236f, 238t, 239t Previous Day Physical Activity Recall Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT)  229-231, 231t, (PDPAR)  84 232t resting metabolic rate (RMR) testing  79-80, 80f M millimeters of mercury (mmHg)  61 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed mobility, fundamental concepts of. See also mobil- tomography (CT) scans ity (ease of movement) benefits of  36-37 arthrokinematic motion and osteokinematic description of  36 motion  277, 277f, 279 maximal exercise testing methods. See also aerobic biarticular muscles and polyarticular mus- power cles  280-281 age-predicted maximal heart rate concerns  102 extensibility of periarticular structures  279, interpreting results of maximal effort test  94t- 280 97t, 102 individual joint motion, parts of  276 laboratory maximal cycle ergometer tests  105- kinematic chain and joints of body  280 monarticular (single) muscle  280 107 number of DOFs and amount of ROM in each laboratory maximal treadmill tests  102-105 maximal effort, confirming  102 DOF, factors for  276, 277, 278t-279t, 280t maximal field tests  107-110 osteokinematics and arthrokinematics  276, maximal laboratory exercise tests  93, 94t-97t, 277f 102 range of motion (ROM) and degree of freedom maximal field tests (DOF)  276, 277 description of  107 distance maximal field tests  94t-97t, 109 mobility (ease of movement). See also mobility, general guidelines for  94t-97t, 109-110, 119t fundamental concepts of timed maximal field tests  107-109 assessing mobility of athlete, steps for  292-293 maximal heart rate (MHR)  46 description of  275 flexibility versus mobility  275-276 maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) initial evaluation  278t-279t, 283f, 293 beginning of concept of  138, 139 interpretation of results  278t-280t, 290-291, description of  138 determination of  139 290t MLSS test, lactate values from consecutive mobility measurement methods, compar- stages of  139-140, 139f proponents of  139 ing  291, 292t mobility testing  283-286, 294

Index 355 range of motion tests  286-290 force magnitude (peak and mean force)  159 ROM testing  278t-279t, 293 movement patterns  159 screening of fundamental movement pat- rate of force development (peak and mean tern  293 force)  159 sport performance and mobility  281-283 specificity of muscular strength  159-160 static stretching  275-276 timing and order of tests  162 warm-up considerations  160-161 mobility testing active ROM (AROM)  283-284 muscular strength. See also fields tests for muscular assessing mobility  283, 285, 286f strength; isokinetic strength testing; labo- composite testing  285 ratory tests for maximal muscular strength; isolated tests and muscle length tests  285, 286 muscular force production, factors affect- mobility evaluations, comparisons of  284, 292t ing; muscular strength, measuring movement screens  284-285 passive ROM (PROM)  283-284 administering test consistently  190 ROM, classification of  283-284 definition of  148-149, 157 force  148 muscular endurance. See also field tests of muscu- muscular strength measurement methods, com- lar endurance paring  188t-189t, 189 choice of posture (joint angle)  195 predicting 1RM values from multiple repeti- definition of  193-196 expression of muscular strength, factors influ- tions  174-175 prediction equations for older subjects  175 encing  193-194 prediction equations for younger subjects  174- isokinetic laboratory test for  211, 213 laboratory tests for  210, 211, 213 175 maximal muscular strength and muscular selection of nonspecific test  190 sport performance and  158 endurance  194 tests, importance of and uses for  147 measurement methods, comparing  212t, 213 test scores and performance measures  190 methods for testing  194 utility of each test and time available for  189- muscular strength and muscular force  193 proposed validity and absolute loads in 190 when to administer test and timing of improve- tests  215 repetition threshold and cadence  214-215 ments  190 selection of submaximal loads, methods N for  194-195 specificity of tests  196 near-infrared interactance (NIR)  37 submaximal loads and volitional fatigue, norepinephrine (N-EPI)  59 tests  214 tests, description of  193 O useful information and utility of tests  215 validity of relative tests, considerations for  195 osteokinematics  276 . warm-ups and upper body musculature oxygen consumption (VO2)  72 P tests  213-214 Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and muscular force production, factors affecting. See Division, and Addition and Subtraction also muscular strength (PEMDAS)  119 contractile history  153-154 peak anaerobic power  224 contraction type  149-152, 150f, 151f cross-sectional area (CSA)  152 peak isometric force (PIF)  177 eccentric force measurement  151-152 force-length relationship  150, 150f peak rate of force production (PRFP)  226 force-velocity relationship  150, 151, 151f isokinetic contraction  149, 150 pedometers joint torque  155-157, 155f-157f accuracy of  81-82 muscle architecture  152 description of  76-77, 81-82 muscle fiber type  153 metabolic rate used in  81 muscular strength defined  157 myosin heavy chain (MHC)  153 piezoelectric platforms  176 neural influences on muscular strength  154- postactivation potentiation (PAP)  248 155 pennation angle  152 postural stability tests static and dynamic conditions  149 description of  304 stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)  152 landing tests  304 mechanical perturbation tests  304 muscular strength, measuring. See also muscular sensory perturbation tests  305 strength postural steadiness tests acceleration and velocity parameters  160 balance error scoring system (BESS)  302 ballistic versus nonballistic movements  160 computerized tests  303 description of  302 NeuroCom Balance Master System and Biodex Stability System  303 Romberg test  302 unstable platform tests  303

356 Index power. See also power production and expression, reach tests mechanisms of; power tests description of  303 functional reach test  303 assessment of power  249 star excursion balance test (SEBT)  303-304 body-mass-adjusted power  250 case study, body mass and peak power and ver- reactive strength  226-227 tical jump performance  250-252 regression equation calculations. See also aerobic description of  249 power methods of testing power  249-250 operationalizing power  218 aerobic power calculations  120 power output capacity  217 aerobic power interpretations  119t, 120 principle of specificity and power produc- exercise prescription  121 four-step process  119-121 tion  217 heart rate  111t, 120 sport performance and  227-228 Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and types and factors of  223-227 warm-up and postactivation potentiation Division, and Addition and Subtraction (PEMDAS)  119 (PAP)  248-249 relative intensity  60 power production and expression, mechanisms of. See also power residual lung volume (RV)  31 angular displacement and angular velocity  222 respiratory exchange ratio (RER)  73 body size, differences in  219 cross-bridge models and anatomically based resting heart rate (RHR)  44 structural models  220 resting metabolic rate (RMR) force and muscular strength  221 age-related decline in RMR and aerobic exer- force-velocity relationship  220, 221f cise  69 intrinsic physiological factors and muscular description of  66 differences in RMR between races  69 power  219 exercise and RMR, studies on  67-68 muscular peak power  220-221, 221f individual differences in body composi- muscular strength and power  221-222 tion  66-67 principle of specificity  219-220 restrictive dieting and RMR  68-69 task-specific methods to test power  222 unproven products, programs, supplements, velocity and force for coordinated move- and aids  67 variation in  67 ment  220 Romberg test  302 power tests. See also power description of  229 root mean square error (RMS)  297 lower body tests  229-243 upper body tests  243-248 S power types and factors of screening tests anaerobic power  223-225, 224t consistent measurements in  3 description of  223 health risk appraisal  2 maximal instantaneous power  225 physiological components, determining  2 rate of force development (RFD)  225-226, 226f test feasibility in work environments  3 reactive strength  226-227 testing for current fitness  2-3 validity of tests  3 pressure gradients (PG) and blood pressure (BP) blood pressure throughout vascular system  56, sinoatrial (SA) node  44 56f cardiac cycle  56 skinfold measurement description of  55-56 appropriate prediction equation, selection of  26 mechanisms supporting venous circula- body composition assessment techniques, tion  56-57 advantages and disadvantages of  26, 39t description of  23 Previous Day Physical Activity Recall equipment and procedure  24-25, 25f (PDPAR)  78-79, 84 estimating percent body fat from body density estimates  26, 27t R percent body fat classifications  26, 38t population-specific equations  26, 28t range of motion tests prediction equations  23 abnormalities in quality or end-feel of regression analysis  23 ROM  287, 292t Siri and Brozek equations  26 end-feel  278t-279t, 280t, 287 measuring ROM  286 speed and agility, measuring. See also agility tests; muscle length tests  289-290, 290t speed and agility; speed tests quality and quantity of ROM  278t-279t, 280t, 287 closed-skill and open-skill agility tests  257 single-joint tests  278t-280t, 287-289, 288f test performance, factors influencing  258 warm-up and stretching  257-258 rate of force development (RFD)  225-226, 226f speed and agility. See also speed and agility, mea- rate of torque development (RTD)  225 suring rating of perceived exertion (RPE)  106 agility  254-255

Index 357 description of  253 stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)  240 measuring  253 multiple tests and testing order  273 stroke volume (SV)  59 performing tests, purposes of  272 pro-agility test  272-273 submaximal exercise testing methods. See also speed  253-254 aerobic power sport performance and  256 testing environment  273 description of  98t-101t, 110 test results and proper interpretation of  273 general guidelines for submaximal field test selection  256-257, 257t, 272, 273 tests  98t-101t, 118, 119, 119t speed tests. See also speed and agility, measuring laboratory submaximal cycle ergometer description of  258 10-yard sprint test  260, 261t, 262 tests  114-118 40-yard sprint test  259-260, 259f, 261t laboratory submaximal treadmill tests  110, 60-yard sprint with flying 30 yard  261t, 262- 263 112-114 submaximal field tests  118-119 sphygmomanometers (cuff method)  61 systolic blood pressure (SBP)  57, 61 sport performance and balance and stability balance performance and athletic performance, T studies on  306-307 effect of balance training on athletic perfor- tests, data analysis, and conclusions. See also data mance, studies on  307 evaluation and statistical analysis effect of balance training on injury  307 effect of balance training on injury rates, stud- evidence-based practice  13 ies on  309 fitness data, normalizing  10-12 knee or ankle injuries and balance perfor- importance of  1 mance, studies on  308-309 needs analysis  1 link to performance or injury potential, estab- screening tests  2-3 lishing  305, 306 sport performance and testing  2 prospective studies  307, 308 tests and measurements, understanding  13 tracking data over time  12 sport performance and body composition additional body fat and increase in lean body thermal effect of food (TEF)  66 mass  17-18 fitness components and  16-17 total peripheral resistance (TPR)  58, 59 increase in lean body mass, benefits of  17-18 standard levels of body composition, maintain- tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle  128 ing  17 strength and power athletes  17-18 U sport performance and mobility unstable platform tests  303 description of  281 energy generation and absorption  282-283, upper body power tests 283f description of  243 position of end effector  283 medicine ball put  246-248, 247f posture  281-282 Upper Body Wingate Anaerobic Test  244-246, 245t steady state HR (SSHR)  45-46 V strain-gauge platforms  176 Valsalva maneuver (VM)  60 v.asopressin. See antidiuretic hormone (ADH) VO2max (maximal volume of oxygen)  91

About the Editor Todd Miller, PhD, CSCS*D, is an associate professor of exercise science at the George Washington University School of Public Health and Health Services in Washington, DC, where he is responsible for the development and oversight of the master’s degree concentration in strength and conditioning. He has degrees in exercise physiology from Penn State and Texas A&M, and currently studies interactive video gaming as a means of increasing physical activity in children. 358

Contributors Jonathan H. Anning, PhD, CSCS*D Slippery Rock University, Pennsylvania Daniel G. Drury, DPE, FACSM Gettysburg College, Pennsylvania Sean P. Flanagan, PhD, ATC, CSCS California State University, Northridge Todd Miller, PhD George Washington University, District of Columbia Wayne C. Miller, PhD, EMT George Washington University, District of Columbia Gavin L. Moir, PhD East Stroudsburg, University of Pennsylvania Dave Morris, PhD Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina Mark D. Peterson, PhD, CSCS*D University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Nicholas A. Ratamess, PhD, CSCS*D, FNSCA The College of New Jersey, Ewing Matthew R. Rhea, PhD, CSCS*D Arizona State University, Mesa N. Travis Triplett, PhD, CSCS*D, FNSCA Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina 359

Science of Strength and Conditioning Series The Science of Strength and Conditioning series was developed with the expertise of the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA). This series of texts provides the guidelines for converting scientific research into practical application. The series covers topics such as tests and assessments, program design, and nutrition. NSCA’s Guide to Sport and Exercise Nutrition covers all aspects of food selection, digestion, metabolism, and hydration relevant to sport and exercise performance. This comprehensive resource will help you understand safe and effective ways to improve training and performance through natural nutrition-based ergogenic aids like supplementation and macronutrient intake manipulation. You will also learn guidelines about proper fluid intake to enhance performance and the most important criteria for effectively evaluating the quality of sport drinks and replacement beverages. NSCA’s Guide to Sport and Exercise Nutrition National Strength and Conditioning Association Bill I. Campbell, PhD, FISSN, CSCS, and Marie A. Spano, MS, RD/LD, FISSN, CSCS, CSSD, Editors ©2011 • Hardback • 320 pp NSCA’s Guide to Program Design moves beyond the simple template presentation of program design to help you grasp the why’s and how’s of organizing and sequencing training in a sport-specific, appropriate, and safe manner. The text offers 20 tables that are sample workouts or training plans for athletes in a variety of sports, technique photos and instructions for select drills, plus a sample annual training plan that shows how to assemble all the pieces previously presented. Plus, extensive references offer starting points for continued study and professional enrichment. NSCA’s Guide to Program Design National Strength and Conditioning Association Jay R. Hoffman, Editor ©2012 • Hardback • 336 pp NSCA’s Guide to Tests and Assessments presents the latest research from respected scientists and practitioners with expertise in exercise testing and assessment. The text begins with an introduction to testing, data analysis, and formulating conclusions. Then, you’ll find a by-chapter presentation of tests and assessments for body composition, heart rate and blood pressure, metabolic rate, aerobic power, lactate threshold, muscular strength, muscular endurance, power, speed and agility, mobility, and balance and stability. NSCA’s Guide to Tests and Assessments National Strength and Conditioning Association Todd Miller, Editor ©2012 • Hardback • 376 pp For more information, visit our website www.HumanKinetics.com.