KATCH AND KATCH - Essentials of Exercise Physiology

•Index 687 computing percentage, 542 Buffers Carbon dioxide in coronary heart disease, 622 chemical, 295–296 as bicarbonate, 285, 286 essential and storage fat, 534 defined, 29 calculation of production, 675 gender differences, 534–538, 536, 537t as ergogenic aid, 113–114, 114t as carbamino compounds, 284 heat acclimatization and, 510 phosphate, 296 transport, 284–286 loss pyruvate and, 127–128 physiologic, 296 in lungs, 286 percentage and obesity, 568–569 renal, 296 in solution, 284 Body mass sodium bicarbonate, 292 in tissues, 286 creatine supplementation and, 120–121 ventilatory, 296 ventilatory equivalent for, 292 energy expenditure and, 242–243, 243 fat-free, 536 Bundle of His, 314 Carbonic acid, as buffer, 295–296 lean, 536, 536–537 Buoyancy Carbonic anhydrase, 285, 286 Carcinoma, 659 gaining, 590 gender differences, 258t Body mass index (BMI), 554, 554–555 swimming and, 258 bronchogenic, 653t Burnout, 190 Cardiac arrest, defined, 61 calculation of, 562–563 Cardiac catheterization, 648 gender differences, 563t C Cardiac muscle, 358, 359t racial considerations, 563t Cardiac output Body size Cable tensiometer, 448, 448 oxygen uptake and, 191 Caffeine, 129–133 aerobic exercise training effects on, 418, 418 in resting metabolism, 238–239, 239 arteriovenous-oxygen (a-v O2) difference and, Body surface area (BSA), 238–239 sources of, 130 Body temperature warnings about, 133 330–332, 331 assessing, 637 Cajal, Santiago Ramón (1852–1934), 357 distribution during exercise in heat, 500, 500 Calcium, 61t measurement of, 73, 494 osteoporosis and, 62, 62–63 during exercise, 328–330, 329 in pulmonary ventilation regulation, 290 physical activity and, 62–64 at rest, 328, 329 regulation of. See Thermoregulation resorption, 62 formula for, 325 Body volume measurement, 542–545, 544 Calories, 82–86 gender differences, 330 by air displacement, 544, 544–545 calculating value of food, 82–83, 83t maximum, maximal oxygen uptake and, 330 residual lung volume, 543–544 equal calories, 85–86 oxygen transport and, 330 Body weight. See also Weight loss food energy from, 82–86 trained vs. untrained goal Calorimeter exercise, 326 Atwater-Rosa, 214 resting, 325–326 determining, 556–558 human, 213, 213 Cardiac patients, strength training for, 474 maintaining, 588–590, 589 Calorimetry Cardiopulmonary disease, signs and symptoms, guidelines for, 95 calibration, 216–217 underweight, 538 direct, 82, 82, 212–214, 213 639 weight gain, 590–591 indirect, 214–217 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 319 Body weight-loaded training, 470, 470 indirect vs. direct, 217–218 Cardiovascular disorders, 632–652, 632t. See Bohr, Christian (1855–1911), 20, 20, 284 Cancers, 659–663 Bohr effect, 282, 284 breast, 662, 662–663 also Coronary heart disease (CHD) Bomb calorimeters, 82, 82 exercise prescription, 660–662, 661t, 662t aneurysm, 634–635 Bone, adaptations to resistance training, 482 incidence, 659, 670 angina pectoris, 633, 633 Bone and Joint Decade Monitor Project, 464 testing functional capacity of, 660, 661t arrhythmias, 635–636 Bone density values, 63 treatment effects, 660, 661t assessment for, 636–652 Bone health, 65 Capillaries Borg scale, for perception of effort, 429,429 in skeletal muscle, 359–361 echocardiography, 638, 638–639 Bowditch, Henry Pickering (1840–1911), 11–12 structure and functions of, 303, 304, 305 electrocardiogram (ECG), 636, 638, 638t Boyle’s law, 273, 672 Carbamino compounds, 284, 285 graded exercise stress test, 639–644 Bradycardia, 315, 648 Carbohydrate intake invasive tests, 648 Brain intense exercise and, 96, 98 patient history, 636 anatomy of, 338, 340 post-exercise, 99 epidemic, 617 blood flow to, with rest and exercise, 329–33 Carbohydrate loading, 101–106 exercise-induced indicators for, 644–645, 645, preservation of function, 663 classic, 104 Breast cancer, 662, 662–663 limited applicability of, 103, 105–106 648 Breath-holding, pulmonary ventilation and, 288 modified procedure, 10 exercise prescription for patients, 648–652, Breathing precompetition, 104 abnormal patterns, 274 rapid, 103, 103 649 depth, 273–274, 274 Carbohydrate(s), 34–41 guidelines, 651 hyperoxic gas, 525–527 aerobic exercise training effects on catabolism, resistance training, 651–652 work of, 294 functional classification of, 648, 649 Breathing rate 415–416 heart failure, 634 assessing, 637 carbohydrate-protein-creatine supplementa- myocardial, 632–635 in pulmonary ventilation, 273–274, 274 myocardial infarction, 633–634, 634 British Association of Sport and Exercise Science tion, 124, 124–125 pericarditis, 634 complex, 35 valvular diseases, 635 (BASES), 24 confusion, 38–39 Cardiovascular drift, 328 Bronchiectasis, 653t conversion to fat, 178, 178 Cardiovascular system. See also Heart Bronchitis, 653t disaccharides, 34–35 adaptations energy release from, 166–175 with aerobic exercise training, 416, 416–420 acute, 652 exercise and, 40, 40–41 to altitude, 515t, 518 chronic, 652, 654t glycemic index, 39–40, 40 to resistance training, 482–483, 482t Bronchogenic carcinoma, 653t monosaccharides, 34 blood distribution, 319, 322–323 BSA (body surface area), 238–239 need during intense exercise, 100–106 components of, 302–306, 303, 304 Buchner, Eduard (1860–1917), 153 polysaccharides, 35–37 dynamics during exercise, 325–333 Buffering, 295–297 recommended intake, 38 in older adults, 608, 608–610 in anaerobic exercise performance, respiratory quotient for, 218 regulation of, 313–324 role in body, 37–38 Carnitine, 127 211–212 role in obesity, 39 Carotid artery palpation, heart rate and, changes with exercise training, 414 role in overtraining, 190 defined, 29 318–319 Carotid bodies, 288, 288 Catabolic reactions, 160, 160 Catabolism minerals in, 60, 62 protein, 49

•688 Index Catalysts Citric acid cycle, 171–172, 172, 173 CPK, 638 enzymes as, 157–158 Clenbuterol, 140–141 CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 319 reaction rates, 158 Climate, total daily energy expenditure and, CRAC (contract-relax with agonist contraction), Catecholamines, 314, 389 240–241 354 Cell body, of motor neuron, 247, 347,348 Closed-circuit spirometry, 214, 214 C-Reactive protein, in coronary heart disease, Cellular oxidation, 162–165 Clothing Cellular respiration, 156, 157 622 Central nervous system (CNS), 338–341, 339 cold-weather, 498 Creatine kinase, 162 in thermoregulation, 498 Creatine kinase reaction, 162 brain, 338, 340 warm-weather, 498 Creatine phosphate, 161–162 carbohydrates and, 38 CNS. See Central nervous system (CNS) Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), 638 reflexes, 343–34 Coal workers’ pneumoconiosis, 653t Creatine supplementation, 99, 118–122 spinal cord, 338, 341, 342 Cobalamin, 55t Cerebral cortex, 338, 340 Coenzyme Q-10, 125 benefits of, 119–120, 120 Cerebral edema, high-altitude, 518 Coenzymes, 54, 158 body composition and, 120–121 Cerebrovascular attack, 656–657, 657t Cognitive and emotional disorders, 632t, body mass and, 120–121 Certification, 26–27, 27 caffeine use and, 131 ACSM, 27–29 663–665 carbohydrate-protein-creatine supplementa- CF (cystic fibrosis), 653t, 654–655, 654 Cold Charles’ law, 672 tion, 124, 124–125 CHD. See Coronary heart disease (CHD) acclimatization to, 510–511 loading, 121, 121–122 Cheating, 446t exercise in, 510–511, 510t physiologic mechanisms of, 119 Chemical buffers, 295–296 Cold stress, thermoregulation, 495–496, 495t Criterion-referenced standards, 426 Chemical work, 156 Combustion, heat of, 82 Crossbridges, 363, 365–367, 366 Chemoreceptors Compliance, 294 mechanical action of, 365–366, 366 defined, 28 Computed tomography, for body composition Crossed-extensor reflex, 345–346, 346 in pulmonary ventilation regulation, 288, 288 Crossover velocity, 250 Chemotherapy, 661t assessment, 555–556, 556 CRT (circuit resistance training), 446t, 482–483, Chest pain. See also Angina Concentric action, 446, 446t, 447 differential diagnosis, 636, 636t 483, 483t Children eccentric/concentric muscle strength testing, Cureton, Dr. Thomas Kirk (1901–1993), 21, 21 aerobic training program for, 427–428 448–449, 449, 452, 452–453 Curl-up muscular endurance test, 484–485, 485t anaerobic power in, 211 Cycle ergometer body fat measurement in, 542, 543t Concentric hypertrophy, 416 cardiac output in, 330 Congenital heart defects, 635 glycolytic power test, 208–210 cardiorespiratory fitness standards for, Connective tissue, adaptations to resistance measuring work, 199 stress testing, 642 428, 428t training, 482 Cyclic-AMP, 383 CHD risk factors in, 623–624, 625 Consciousness level, assessing, 637 Cystic fibrosis (CF), 653t, 654–655, 654 cholesterol checks in, 619 Conservation of energy, 152 in heat acclimatization, 509 Constant errors, 216 D physical activity participation in, 600 Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), recommended intakes for iron, 65t Daily energy expenditure resistance training for, 449, 458, 459t 656 average rate of, 243, 244t skinfold measurements in, 549 Contract-relax-contract stretching, 354 resting, 239–240 Chloride, 61t Contract-relax stretching, 354 total, 238, 238, 240–241 Chloride shift, 286 Contract-relax with agonist contraction (CRAC), Chlorine, 61t, 64 DASH diet, 66–68 Cholesterol, 42 354 DCER (dynamic constant external resistance) bad, 42. See also High-density lipoprotein Control center, of motor neuron, 247, 347,348 Conversational exercise, 424, 424–425 training, 446t, 447, 461–463 (HDL) COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Dead space classification of, 619 coronary heart disease and, 618, 618–620 652, 653t anatomic, 271, 273 endogenous, 43 Copper, 61t physiologic, 273, 273 exogenous, 43 Core training, concepts, 470–471 Deamination, 48–49, 49 good, 42. See also Low-density lipoprotein Cori cycle, 170, 171 Death Coronary angiography, 648 causes in United States, 610, 611 (LDL) Coronary arteries, 310, 311 during exercise, 604 guidelines for, 95 Coronary circulation, 310, 311 risk of, exercise training and, 612, 612 reverse transport of, 42 Coronary heart disease (CHD) sedentary death syndrome, 604 terms on food labels, 85 Dehydration, 501–504 Cholinergic fibers, 323, 34 atherosclerosis development, 615–616, 616 Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 142, 142–143, Cholinesterase, 349 blood lipid abnormalities, 618, 618–620 Chromium, 61t, 117–118, 118t calculating risk of, 624 392 Chronic bronchitis, 652, 654t cellular causes of, 614–615 Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), Chronic fatigue syndrome, 639 cigarette smoking and, 617–618 Chronic kidney disease, 658–659 diabetes and, 620–621 486–487, 488 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), epidemic, 617 Delta efficiency, 24 exercise-induced indicators for, 644–645, 645, Dendrites, of motor neuron, 247, 347, 348 294, 652, 653t Depression, 632t, 663–665 Cigarette smoking 648 functional classification of, 648, 649 clinical features, 663–664, 664t coronary heart disease and, 617–618 genetic considerations, 621, 632 exercise prescription, 664–665 exercise and, 294–295 hypertension, 620 factors in, 664 Circuit resistance training (CRT), 446t, 482–483, mortality rates and exercise, 622, 622t types of, 663 pathogenesis of, 632 Dextrose, 34, 34 483, 483t prevalence, 614, 614 DHEA, 142, 142–143, 392 Circulation risk factor interactions, 623, 625 Diabetes mellitus, 394–397 risk factors for, 621–623 coronary heart disease and, 620–621 adjustments at altitude, 518, 518 risk factors in children, 623, 625, 625 exercise benefits in, 39 coronary, 310, 311 vulnerable plaque in, 615 exercise risks in, 398, 399 pulmonary, 302 Cortical influence exercise training and, 398 systemic, 302 on heart rate, 317–319, 318 genetics of, 395–396 in thermoregulation, 497–500 in pulmonary ventilation regulation, 289 gestational, 394 Corticotropin, 387, 400 incidence, 395 Cortisol, 390, 391, 402 reducing risk for, 397 Coupled reactions, 159 signs and symptoms, 394 CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure), 656

•Index 689 tests for, 396–397 Electrocardiogram (ECG), 314 heart rate estimates of, 244–246, 245 type I, 394, 395, 396t in cardiovascular assessment, 636, 638, 638t metabolic equivalents, 244–246 type II, 394, 395, 396t, 398 determining heart rate, 646, 646–647 net, 242 Diastole, 306 exercise-induced indicators, 644–645, 645, during physical activity, 242–246 Diastolic filling, vs. systolic emptying, 327–328 648 resistance training and, 482–483, 483, 483t Diet. See Nutritional considerations for angina pectoris, 645 resting, 238–241 Dietary-induced thermogenesis, 240 for premature ventricular contractions, Dietary reference intakes (RDIs), 87–91, 89 645, 645 daily, 239–240 Guidelines, 91, 94 for S-T segments depressions, 645, 645 predicting, 240 minerals, 92t lead placement for, 316 during running, 253–257 vitamins, 90t normal reading, 315, 646 for sporting activities, 242–243, 242t Dietary supplementation, vitamins, 57–58 during swimming, 257, 257–258 Dieting. See also Weight loss Electrolytes, 64 total daily, 238, 238 high-protein, 583 physical activity and, 64 factors affecting, 240–241 low-carbohydrate, 582 replacement of, 505 during treadmill walking or running, 252 semistarvation, 583 water uptake and, 99–100 walking and, 250–253, 483, 483t Diet Quality Index, 97t Energy metabolism Diffusion, 156–157 Electron transport, 163, 163–164 aerobic. See Aerobic metabolism Digestive efficiency, 82–8 oxidative phosphorylation and, 165 aerobic exercise training effects on, 415, Dill, D. B. (1891–1986), 14–16, 15 6-diphosphate, 168 Elementary Anatomy and Physiology for Colleges, 415–416 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), 284 Academics, and Other Schools (Hitchcock), anaerobic. See Adenosine triphosphate- Direct calorimetry, 82, 82, 212–214, 213, 9, 9, 14 phosphocreatine (ATP-PCr) system; 217–218 Embden-Meyerhoff pathway, 168 Lactic acid system Disaccharides, 34–35 Empedocles (ca. 500–430 BC), 1 blending of systems, 193–194 Disordered eating behaviors, 63–64, 64 Emphysema, 652, 653t, 654, 654t carbohydrate, 166–175, 194 Diuretic use, fluid loss and, 50 Endergonic, defined, 15 interconversions, 181, 182 DOMS (delayed-onset muscle soreness), Endocarditis, 635 lipid, 175–179 Endocrine glands, 378, 378, 379t–381t. See also oxygen role in, 165 486–487, 488 protein, 179, 179–180 Dose-response relationship, 587–588 specific gland; specific hormo regulating, 181 Double-blind experiments, 113, 113 adrenal, 379t, 389, 389 resistance training effects on, 479, 482–483, 483t Doubly labeled water technique, 218 parathyroid, 380t, 389 Energy release, 154–155 Drafting, while running, 256 pituitary from food, 166, 166, 167 Drag, swimming and, 258 carbohydrates, 166–175 Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 553, anterior, 380t, 385, 385 lipids, 175–179 posterior, 380t, 385, 386, 388 proteins, 179, 179–180 553–554 thyroid, 381t, 388, 388 Energy reserve, lipids for, 44, 44 Duration, in energy transfer systems, 193–194 Endocrine system Energy source(s) DXA (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), 553, changes with age, 606–607, 607 average energy intakes, 94, 94–99, 96 components of, 378, 378 calories as measurement, 82–86 553–554 function carbohydrates as, 37 Dynamic constant external resistance (DCER) endurance training and, 398–403, 400t protein as, 49 resistance training and, 403 terms on food labels, 85 training, 446t, 447, 461–463 glands of, 378, 378, 379t–381t Energy systems Dynamic lung volumes, 270–271 hormones of, 381–384 immediate, 186. See also Adenosine Dynamometer, 448 Endomysium, 358, 360 triphosphate-phosphocreatine Endorphins, 404, 665 (ATP-PCr) system back-leg lift, 448, 448 End-stage renal disease, 659 long-term, 188–192. See also Aerobic system hand-grip, 448, 448 Endurance, defined, 67 short-term, 186, 186–188. See also Lactic acid isokinetic, 453 Endurance capacity, glycogen storage and, system Dyspnea, 274, 655 specificity-generality concept of, 204, 204 Dyspnea scale, 655, 656 100, 102 Energy transfer, 152 Dysrhythmias, 635–636 Endurance performance ATP and, 159–161, 160, 161. See also Dysthymia, 663 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) aerobic exercise training effects on, 421, 422 energy conservation, 154–155 E caffeine and, 132 energy release, 154–155 onset of blood lactate accumulation and, during exercise, 185–200 EAR (estimated average requirements), 87, 89 fast- vs. slow-twitch fibers, 19 Eccentric action, 446–447, 446t, 447, 293–294 from food, 166, 166, 167 pyruvate and, 127 carbohydrates, 166–175 486–487 Endurance training, endocrine function and, lipids, 172–174, 174 Eccentric/concentric muscle strength testing, proteins, 179, 179–180 398–403, 400t intensity and duration in, 193–194 448–449, 449, 452, 452–453 Energy net, from glucose catabolism, 172–174, 174 Eccentric hypertrophy, 416 potential vs. kinetic, 152, 152 ECG. See Electrocardiogram (ECG) conservation of, 152 specificity-generality concept of, 204, 204 Economy of movement defined, 67 Energy value forms of, 154, 155 of food energy expenditure, 249 free, 160 gross, 82 running, 254 interconversion of, 154, 155–156 net, 82 walking, 250–253 kinetic, 152, 152 of a meal, 83, 83t ECSS (European College of Sports Science), 24 law of conservation of, 575 Enzymes Edema, pulmonary, 653t potential, 152, 152 aerobic exercise training effects on, 415 Ederle, Gertrude, 258 Energy availability hypothesis, 538 assessment of serum, 638 Efferent division, of central nervous system, 339 Energy balance equation as catalysts, 157–158 Efferent neurons, 338 altering, 576–584 flavin adenine dinucleotide, 16 Efficienc in weight loss, 575–576, 576, 584–585 hormones effects on, 383 delta, 248 Energy conservation, 154–155 phosphatase, 194 energy expenditure and, 246–249 Energy expenditure factors influencing, 248–24 average daily rates of, 243, 244t mechanical, 247 body mass and, 242–243, 243 calculation, Weir method for, 231 gross, 247–248 classification of work by, 243–24 net, 248 economy of movement and, 249 Ejection fraction, 634 efficiency and, 246–24 gross, 242

•690 Index Enzyme-substrate complex, 158 Exercise duration, in energy transfer systems, nonobese vs. obese, 572–573, 573 Ephedrine, 122–123 193–194 in obesity, 571–576, 572, 573 Epidemiology Fat-free body mass (FFM), 536 Exercise efficiency. See Efficienc computing percentage, 542 defined, 59 Exercise high, 404 Fatigue physical activity, 599–600 Exercise-induced asthma, 279 anaerobic, 208, 210 Epimysium, 358, 360 Exercise intensity, 446t nutrient-related, 194 Epinephrine, 389, 402, 403 Fatigue Laboratory, Harvard University, EPOC. See Excess post-exercise oxygen defined, 67 in energy transfer systems, 193–194 14–16, 196 consumption (EPOC) Exercise interval, in aerobic training, 435–436 Fat mass, computing percentage, 542 Ergogenic aids Exercise leader, 28 Fat(s). See also Lipid(s) Exercise physiologist, employment options for, amino acid supplements, 123–125, 124 body. See Body fat anti-cortisol-producing compounds, 115–116 25–26, 26t distribution of, obesity and, 569, 569–571, 572 beta-hydroxy-beat-methylbutyrate, 116, Exercise physiology local deposits, targeted exercise for, 589–590 macronutrients’ conversion to, 178, 178 116–117 first textbook in, 1 Fatty acids buffering solutions, 113–114, 114t origins of, 4–21 breakdown of, 175–176, 176 caffeine, 130–133 in diet, 42 chromium, 117–118, 118t ancient, 4–5, 6 saturated, 41, 42, 46t coenzyme Q-10, 125 Nordic, 16–20 unsaturated, 41, 42, 46t creatine, 118–122 United States, 6–16 FDA. See Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defined, 11 professional organizations, 22, 24 Federation Internationale de Medicine Sportive ephedrine, 122–123 science triangle, 4, 4 ginseng, 122 Exercise physiology education (FIMS), 24 glycerol, 128 departments for, 15 Female athlete triad, 63–64, 64 (-)-hydroxycitrate, 126–127 first textbook, 1 Females lipid supplementation, 125–126, 126 Harvard University early curriculum, 12–14 mechanism of, 110 Exercise stress hypothesis, 538 iron intake for, 69 phosphate loading, 114–115 Exercise test technologist, 28 steroids risks for, 138–139 pyruvate, 127–128 Exercise training, 26–27, 27t. See also Aerobic Ferritin, 65 research on, 110, 113, 113 Fetal blood supply, 437 ribose, 122 training; Anaerobic training; Interval FFM (fat-free body mass), 536 Ergolytic effects training; Resistance training; Fiber, 35 of alcohol, 134 Strength training terms on food labels, 85 defined, 13 adaptations to, 413–422 water-insoluble, 36 Ergometer aerobic. See Aerobic training water-soluble, 36 cycle, 199, 208–210 anaerobic, 432–434 Fibrinogen, in coronary heart disease, 623 defined, 19 death risk and, 612, 612 Fibromyalgia (FM), 643 measuring power, 198 endocrine function and, 398–403, 400t FIMS (Federation Internationale de Medicine measuring work, 198 general principles for, 410–413, 411 treadmill, 198 high-altitude, 519–521 Sportive), 24 types of, 198 individual differences principle, 411 First law of thermodynamics, 152, 575 Errors methods of, 432–436 First messenger, 383 constant, 216 older adults’ response to, 609 First Surgeon General’s Report on Physical variable, 216 overload principle, 410 ERV (expiratory reserve volume), 269, 270 during pregnancy, 437–438 Activity and Health, 600 Erythrocythemia, induced, 522 reversibility principle, 411, 412, 413 Fish consumption, 43–44 Erythropoietin, 516, 523 specificity principle, 410–41 Fish oils, 43–44 Essential fat, 534 Exergonic, defined, 15 Fitz, G. W., MD (1860–1934), 10–13, 11 Estimated average requirements (EAR), 87, 89 Exocrine glands, 381 Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 163 Estradiol (estrogen), 392 Experiments. See also Research Flint, A., Jr., MD (1836–1915), 6–8, 7 Euhydration, 73 double-blind, 113, 113 Fluid intake European College of Sports Science (ECSS), 24 Expiration, 268, 269 Expiratory reserve volume (ERV), 269, 270 fluid concentration and, 99–10 European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupa- Explosive jump training, 468, 469, 469–470 oral rehydration beverage, 100 tional Physiology, 14 Extracellular, 72 recommendations for, 99 Extrafusal fibers, of muscle spindle, 35 sodium and, 100 Evaporation, in thermoregulation, 496, 498 Extramitochondrial, 169 Fluid loss Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption Extrapolation procedure, 230 to altitude, 516 Extrapyramidal tract, 338, 341 diuretic use and, 504 (EPOC), 194, 194–200 Extrasystoles, 319 during exercise in heat, 500, 501, 501 implications for exercise and recovery, water replacement and, 504–506, 504t F in winter environments, 504 196–197 Fluid replacement metabolic dynamics of, 196 Facilitation alcohol and, 134 Excitation at neuromuscular junction, 350 during exercise, 74–77 at neuromuscular junction, 349 Fluorine, 61t Excitation, at neuromuscular junction, 348–349 FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide), 16 FM (fibromyalgia), 64 Excitation-contraction coupling, 367, 367–368, FADH2, 163–165 Folate, 55t Fartlek training, 436 Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), 388, 369 Fasciculus, 358, 360 Exercise Fast component, of recovery oxygen uptake, 400–401 Food, thermic effect of, 240 conversational, 424, 424–425 194, 195 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defined, 599, 67 Fast food, obesity in adolescents and, 564 energy spectrum of, 193, 193–194 Fasting plasma glucose test, 396 on body-building products, 135 energy transfer during, 185–200 Fast-twitch muscle fiber, 368, 370, 371 ephedrine ban, 123 intense. See Intense exercise Food intake nutrition and vs. slow-twitch fibers, 19 average energy intakes, 94, 94–99, 96 Fat cells energy value of, 82 carbohydrate use during, 40 Food labels, reading, 84–85 lipids contribution to, 47 development of, 582 Football uniforms, 498 vitamins and, 60 following weight loss, 581, 581–582 Foot-strike hemolysis, 70 steady-rate, 188–189 hyperplasia, 573 Force, defined, 67 weight-bearing, 63, 242 hypertrophy, 573 weight-supported, 242

•Index 691 Forced expiratory capacity (FEC) to forced vital Glands HDL (high-density lipoprotein), 42, 618t, 619, capacity (FVC) ratio, 270–272 endocrine. See Endocrine glands 619t exocrine, 381 Forced vital capacity (FVC), 269, 270 Health, defined, 60 to forced expiratory capacity (FEC) ratio, Glucagon, 37, 392 Health/fitness director, 2 270–272 exercise training and, 402–403 Health/fitness instructor, 2 functions of, 394, 394 Health-related physical fitness, 600, 600 Force-velocity relationship, in strength training, secretion of, 394 Healthspan, 596 456, 456 Healthy life expectancy, 597, 598, 599 Glucocorticoids, 390, 391 Healthy People 2010, 601, 604 Frank, Otto (1865–1944), 327 Glucogenesis, 35, 37 Heart Frank-Starling’s law of the heart, 327 Glucogenic, 180 Free energy, 160 Glucolipids, 42 auscultation of, 636 Free fatty acids, 175 Gluconeogenesis, 37, 49 blood flow to, with rest and exercise, 329–33 Free radicals Glucose, 34, 34 blood supply to, 310, 311 Frank-Starling’s law of the, 327 antioxidants and, 57–59 ATP yield from catabolism of, 172–174, 174 functional residual volume of the, 327 formation of, 171 breakdown of. See Glycolysis myocardial oxygen utilization, 311 Frontal lobe, 338, 340 lipids as source of, 167 rate-pressure product, 312 Frostbite, stages of, 511 water uptake and, 99–100 size Fructose, 34 Glucose-insulin interaction, 393 Fructose 1, 168 Glucose paradox, 170 aerobic exercise training effects on, 416 Fructose intake, pre-exercise, 98 Glucose 6-phosphate, 168 resistance training effects on, 482, 482t Fructose 6-phosphate, 168 Glucose polymers, 97 structure and functions of, 302, 304 FRV (functional residual capacity), 269, 270 Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum, 638 Heart attack. See also Myocardial infarction FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), 388, 400–401 Glutamine, 115–116 defined, 61 Functional anemia, 69 Glycemic index, 39–40, 40, 103 warnings signs of, 616–617 Functional foods, 11, 110 athletic performance and, 98 Heartburn vs. angina, 633t Functional residual capacity (FRC), 269, 270 Glycemic load, 39 Heart defect, congenital, 635 Functional residual volume of the heart, 327 Glycerol, 128 Heart failure (HF, CHF), 634 FVC. See Forced vital capacity (FVC) breakdown of, 175–176, 176 Heart rate (HR) in rehydration, 504, 506 aerobic exercise training effects on, 418, 418 G Glycogen, 35 assessing, 637 depletion in short-term energy system, cardiovascular drift and, 328 Galactose, 34 as coronary heart disease indicator, 648 Galen (131–201), 1, 5, 5, 302, 444 207–208, 208 counting, 320, 321t, 322, 322t Gamow Bag Hypobaric Chamber, 521 storage, 37 defined, 32 Gas concentration, 276 determining with electrocardiogram, 646, Gas exchange, 276–280 creatine supplementation and, 99 endurance capacity and, 100–101, 102 646–647 alveolar air, 277 enhanced. See Carbohydrate loading to estimate energy expenditure, 244–246, 245 ambient air, 276–277, 277t supercompensation, 101. See also exercise, 328, 328 in lungs, 280 maximal pressure differential, 278, 278 Carbohydrate loading pressure gradients in, 278, 279 Glycogenolysis, 37, 168 changes with age, 609–610 respired gases, 276–277 Glycogen synthase, 168 for swimmers, 431 solubility in, 278–279 Glycolysis training at percentage of, 428–429, in tissues, 278, 280 tracheal air, 277 aerobic, 168, 171–172, 172, 173 430–431 Gas pressure, 276 anaerobic, 168–171, 169, 170 measurement of, 320–322, 321t, 322t Gastric emptying, water balance and, 75–76 Glycolytic power, performance tests of, 208–210 to predict maximal oxygen uptake, 230, 232, Gas volumes, standardizing, 672–675, 673t Goal body weight Gay-Lussac’s law, 273 determining, 556–558 232 Gender differences maintaining, 588–590, 589 regulation of, 313–319, 314, 318 in anaerobic power, 211 Golgi, Cammillo (1843–1926), 357 upper-limit target, 430 in body fat, 534–538, 536, 537t Golgi tendon organs (GTO), 353, 356, 356–357 Heart rate reserve, 430–431 in body mass index, 563t Gonadotropin hormones, 388 Heart rhythm, irregularities, 319 in buoyancy, 258t Gradation of force principle, 351–352 Heat in cardiac output, 330 Graded exercise stress test (GXT), 223, 639–644. acclimatization to, 506, 506 in coronary heart disease, 621 exercise in, 499–506 in dynamic constant external resistance See also Stress testing physiologic strain of, 508 Gray, Henry, 6 Heat acclimatization, 506 training, 463, 464 Gray matter, 338, 340 Heat cramps, 75, 502t in heat acclimatization, 509 Gray’s Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical, 6 Heat dissipation, 497–498 in lean body mass, 536, 538 Gross energy expenditure, 242 Heat exhaustion, 75, 502t in maximal oxygen uptake, 228, 228t Gross mechanical efficiency, 247–24 Heat loss in muscle fiber hypertrophy, 48 Growth hormone (GH), 386, 386–387, 399–400, evaporative, 496 in muscular strength, 458, 458, 458t in humidity, 496–497 Generality of metabolic capacity, 204 401, 606–607 Heat of combustion, 82 Genetic considerations GXT (graded exercise stress test), 223, 639–644. Heat stress, 495t, 496–497, 497, 502 in coronary heart disease, 621, 632 Heat stroke, 74, 75, 502t in diabetes, 395–396 See also Stress testing Heat syncope, 75, 502t in exercise trainability, 426 Gynecomastia, 138 Heat tolerance, factors that influence, 506–51 maximal oxygen uptake and, 227–228 Gynoid-type obesity, 571 Hemoglobin (Hb) in obesity, 564–565, 565, 566 in oxygen transport, 281 Gerontology, new, 596–597 H partial pressure of oxygen and, 282, 283 Gestational diabetes, 394 Hemosiderin, 65 GH (growth hormone), 386, 386–387, 399–400, Haldane, John Scott (1860–1936), 20, 20 Henderson, Lawrence J., MD (1878–1942), 15 Haldane transformation, 674 Henry, Franklin M. (1904–1993), 16, 16 401, 606–607 Hand-grip dynamometer, 448, 448 Henry’s law, 273 Gigantism, 141 Hansen, J. W., 18 Hepatitis, peliosis, 138 Ginseng, 122 Harden, Arthur (1865–1940), 153 Heptoses, 34 Girth measurements, 550, 550–551, 676, 676t–682t Harvard University, 1–2 Heredity. See also Genetic considerations maximal oxygen uptake and, 227–228 waist-to-hip girth ratio, 570 exercise physiology origins at, 12–14 Fatigue Laboratory, 14–16 Fitz’s research at, 10–11 Harvey, William, 302

•692 Index Hermansen, Lars A. (1933–1984), 19, 19–20 Hypertension, 307, 309, 620 carbohydrate intake before exercise, 96, 98. as coronary heart disease indicator, 648 See also Carbohydrate loading Herodicus (ca. 480 BC), 5 sodium-induced, 64 carbohydrate needs during, 100–106 Hexoses, 34 Hypertensive exercise response, 636 energy intake and expenditure, 94–95, 97 Hyperthermia, 76 recovery from, 197, 200, 200 hGH (human growth factor), 141–142 Hyperthyroidism, 388 Intensity, in energy transfer systems, 193–194 Hypertrophy International Council of Sport Science and High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE), 518 concentric, 416 Physical Education (ICSSPE), 24 High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), 517 eccentric, 416 International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), muscle fibe High-altitude retinal hemorrhage (HARH), 518 nutrient timing, 105 defined, 47 Internet, exercise physiology and, 21–22 High-altitude training, 519–521 gender differences, 481 Interval training, 434–435 with resistance training, 478–481 vs. sea-level training, 520 testosterone and, 481 recovery from, 200 pathologic, 482 running, 435t High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 42, 618t, 619, 619t physiologic, 482 swimming, 435t Hyperventilation, 274 Intervertebral discs, 338, 342 High-energy bonds, 159 pulmonary ventilation and, 288 Intracellular, 72 Hypervitaminosis, 56 Intrafusal fibers, of muscle spindle, 35 High-energy phosphates, 160, 162, 165. See also Hypoglycemia, 37, 392 Intramuscular high-energy phosphates, 162 rebound, 98 Intrapulmonic pressure, 268 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Hypohydration, 73 Intrinsic regulation, of heart rate, 313–314, 314 Hyponatremia, 76 Iodide, 61t intramuscular, 162 Hypophyseal stalk, 385 Iodine, 61t Hypophysis, 385 Iron, 61t High-protein diets, 583 Hypotension, as coronary heart disease indicator, marginal deficiency, 6 physical activity and, 64–65, 69 Hill, A. V. (1886–1977), 14, 195–196 648 recommended intakes, 65, 65t Hypotensive exercise response, 636 stores, 65 Hill, Vivian, 16 Hypotensive recovery response, 311 supplements for females, 69 Hypothalamus, in thermoregulation, 494–495 vegetarians and, 69 Hill’s oxygen debt theory, 196 Hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal axis, 606 Iron deficiency anemia, 6 Hypothyroidism, 388 IRV (inspiratory reserve volume), 269, 270 Hip, joint flexibility assessment for, 60 Hypoxia, 513 Ischemia, 638 Hypoxico altitude test, 520–521 Islets of Langerhans, 392 Hippocrates (460–377 BC), 5 Hypoxic threshold, 288 Isokinetic action, 446t H zone, of sarcomere, 362, 363 Isokinetic dynamometer, 453 Hitchcock, Edward (1793–1864), 8–10, 8–10 Isokinetic training, 467, 467–469 I Isometric action, 446t, 447, 447 Hitchcock, Edward, Jr. (1828–1911), 8–10, 8–10 Isometric muscle testing, 448, 448 I band, of sarcomere, 361, 362, 363 Isometric training, 460–461 Hohwü-Christensen, Erik (1904–1996), 17, 17–18 IC (inspiratory capacity), 269, 270 ISSN (International Society of Sports Nutrition), ICSSPE (International Council of Sport Science Holmér, Gösta (1891–1983), 436 nutrient timing, 105 and Physical Education), 24 Homocysteine, in coronary heart disease, 621–622 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, 653 J IGFs (insulin-like growth factors), 387, Homologous transfusion, 522 James, William (1842–1910), 13 606–607 Jogging, vs. running, 253 Hooker, John D., 8 Immediate energy system, 162, 186. See also Joint flexibilit Hormonal blood boosting, 523 Adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine assessment of, 602 (ATP-PCr) system in older adults, 606 Hormonal factors measuring and evaluating, 204–207 Jones, James Francis, 13 Immunologic factors, in coronary heart disease, Jumping power test, 205–206 in adjustments for exercise, 323–324, 324 621 Jump training, explosive, 468, 469, 469–470 Indirect calorimetry, 214–217, 217–218 in blood flow, 32 Inferior vena cava, 305 K Informed consent, 640, 641 Hormone-hormone interactions, 384 Infusions, red blood cell reinfusion, 522, Karvonen, Matti, MD, PhD, 20 522–523, 523t Karvonen method, 430–431 Hormones, 381–384. See also specific hormon Inhibition, at neuromuscular junction, 350 Katch test, 208 Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP), 350 Ketogenic, 180 classification of, 382–383, 382 Insensible perspiration, 74 Ketones, 177 Inspiration, 268, 269 Ketosis, 177 control of secretion, 384, 384 Inspiratory capacity (IC), 269, 270 Kidney disease Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), 269, 270 functions of, 383 Insufficiency, valvular, 63 chronic, 658–659 Insulin, 392 end-stage, 659 patterns of release, 385 exercise training and, 402–403 Kinetic energy, 152, 152 factors that influence release of, Komi, Paavo, 20, 20 in thermoregulation, 498 392–393 Krebs cycle, 171–172, 172, 173 functions of, 393, 393 Krogh, August, PhD (1874–1949), 16, 16–18, HHHRoRr--mVVии OOon22,e(-2ms4ea4nx–siim2ti4av6le,ol2ixp4ya5gseen, 175 glucose-insulin interaction, 393 consumption), relative deficiency, 39 17, 196 Insulin antagonist, 37 Krogh, Marie, 17, 17–18 244–246, 245 Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), 387, 606–607 L Hultman, Eric, 19, 19 Insulin resistance, 395 Intense exercise Lactacid oxygen debt, 196 Human calorimeter, 213, 213 acid-base balance and, 296–297, 297 Lactate Human growth factor (hGH), 141–142 blood, 170–171 accumulation of, 186, 186–187 Humidity heat loss in, 496–497 relative, 74, 497 Humoral factors, in pulmonary ventilation regulation, 287–288 Hunger suppressor, lipids as, 45 Huxley, Hugh (1924–),364 Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding (1917–), 364 Hydration, 504–506, 504t weight loss and, 584 Hydrocortisone, 390, 391 Hydrogen concentration, plasma partial pressure of oxygen and, 288 Hydrogen release, during rapid glycolysis, 168–169, 169 Hydrolysis, 34, 159, 161 Hydrostatic weighing, 540–545, 544 Archimedes’ principle and, 540–541, 541 for body density, 541–542 for body fat, fat mass, and fat-free body mass, 542 limitation and errors in, 542 modifications for subgroups, 542, 543 residual volume and, 544–545 specific gravity in, 540–541, 541 (-)-Hydroxycitrate, 126–127 Hyperhydration, 73, 505 Hyperlipidemia, 618, 618–620 Hyperoxic gas mixtures, 525–527 Hyperplasia, muscle fibe defined, 47 with resistance training, 481–482

•Index 693 aerobic exercise training effects on, 421, 421 Low-back pain syndrome, strength training and, Metabolic equivalents (METs), 244–246 as energy source, 188 464–465 Metabolic primer, carbohydrates as, 37–38 onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), Metabolic rate Low-carbohydrate diets, 582 187, 292–294, 293 Low-density lipoprotein (LDL), 42, 618t, 619t, 620 basal, 238 in short-term energy system, 207, 208 Lower back injury, strength training and, 464–465 resting, 238, 577, 580 threshold, 187 Lundsgaard, Ejar, 18 Metabolic stress, of resistance training, 482–483, in Cori cycle, 170, 171 Lung compliance, 294, 652 formation of, 169–171, 170 Lungs 483t producing capacity, 187 Metabolic syndrome, 397–398, 397t removal of, and recovery, 197, 200, 200 carbon dioxide transport in, 286 Metabolic water, 72 shuttling, 188 gas exchange in, 280 Metabolism. See Energy metabolism threshold, 187 partial pressure of oxygen in, 282, 283 Metric system conversions, 669–671 training at, 432, 432–433 in pulmonary ventilation, 266, 266–267 METs (metabolic equivalents), 244–246 Lactate dehydrogenase, 638 Lung volume, 268–271 Micronutrients, 53–71 Lactate-generating capacity, 432, 434 dynamic, 268, 270–271 Lactic acid, pH and, 187 residual, 269–270, 270 minerals, 59–71 Lactic acid system, 186, 186–188, 193–194 static, 268–270 vitamins, 53–59 Lactose, 34–35 Luteinizing hormone (LH), 388, 400–402 Mineralocorticoids, 391 Lactovegetarians, 50 Lymphoma, 659 Minerals, 59–71 Lagrange, Fernand, 14 dietary reference intakes (RDIs), 92t Lavoisier, Antoine (1743–1794), 8, 20, 20, 212 M exercise performance and, 69–71 Law of partial pressure, 273 functions of, 59–61, 61t LBM. See Lean body mass (LBM) Macronutrients, 34–52 listing of, 61t LDL (low-density lipoprotein), 42, 618t, 619t, 620 major, 59, 61t Lean body mass (LBM), 536, 536–537 carbohydrates, 34–41 nature of, 59 gaining, 590 physical activity and, 61–69 gender differences, 536, 538 conversion to fat, 178, 178 trace, 59, 61t Learned reflexes, 345–34 Minimal body mass, 536 Left coronary arteries, 310, 311 lipids, 41–46 Minimum effort, 255 Leg press, one-repetition maximum (1-RM) Minot, Charles S., 13 proteins, 46–52 Minute ventilation, 27 strength testing, 450, 451 MIT (mitral valve prolapse), 635 Leisure science, for exercise physiology Magendie, François (1783–1855)?, 8 Mitochondria, 163 Mitral valve, 302 education, 15 Magnesium, 61t Mitral valve prolapse (MIT), 635 Leptin, 538, 565–566 M line, of sarcomere, 362, 363 “Let’s move” initiative, 601 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for body Monoamines, 341 Leukemia, 659 Monosaccharides, 34 LH (luteinizing hormone), 388, 400–402 composition assessment, 556, 556 Motoneuron, anatomy of, 247–350, 347–350, Life expectancy, 597, 598, 599 Major depressive disorder, 663 348, 349 exercise and, 661 Motor end-plate, 248–350, 348, 349 Lift tensiometer, back-leg, 448 Maltose, 35 Motor neurons, 338, 342 Lindhard, Johannes, MD (1870–1947), 16, 16 Motor unit, 247–352, 347–352 Ling, Hjalmar (1820–1886), 18, 444 Marathon running, 256, 256–257 Ling, Per Henrik (1776–1839), 18, 444 adaptations to resistance training, 478 Ling system for resistance training, 458–459, 460 Marey, Etienne-Jules (1830–1904), 7, 7 anatomy of, 247–350, 347–350, 348, 349 Lipid catabolism, aerobic exercise training effects defined, 247, 34 Mass, defined, 67 (HR-Vи O2), identifying muscle fibers with, 350, 350 on, 415, 415 Maximal oxygen consumption neuromuscular fatigability of, 352 Lipid peroxidation, 57 neuromuscular junction, 248–350, 348, 349 Lipid(s), 41–46 244–246, 245 physiology of, 350–352, 351 recruitment of, 352 blood abnormalities, 618, 618–620 Maximal oxygen uuppttaakkee,(2Vи2O22max), 192, 192 tension-generating characteristics, 350–352 compound, 42 Maximal oxygen Movement, economy of, 249 conversion to fat, 178, 178 MRI, for body composition assessment, derived, 42 adjustments at altitude, 518, 518, 520 energy release from, 175–179 556, 556 exercise and, 46, 47 cardiovascular fitness categories by, 42 MS (multiple sclerosis), 657–658 fish oils, 43–4 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 657–658 in food, 44, 44 changes with age, 608, 608 Multiple-sprint sports, 186 as glucose source, 167 Muscle action, 365. See also Muscle contraction hyperlipidemia, 618, 618–620 factors affecting, 226–229 recommended intake, 45, 46t concentric action, 446, 446t, 447 respiratory quotient for, 218–219 maximum cardiac output and, 330 eccentric action, 446–447, 446t, 447 role in body, 44–45 isometric action, 446t, 447, 447 simple, 41–42, 42 predictions, 227, 229–232 maximal voluntary, 446t, 455 synthesis of, 49 voluntary maximal, 455 terms on food labels, 85 cautions about, 232 Muscle contraction, 365–368, 369 trans-fatty acids, 43 excitation-contraction coupling, 367, Lipid supplementation, 125–126, 126 heart rate, 230, 232, 232 Lipolysis, 175 367–368, 369 Lipoprotein(a), 622 stroke volume and, 326–327 sequence of events, 368, 369 Lipoprotein lipase, 42, 175 sliding-filament theory of, 364–367, 366 Lipoproteins, 42, 638 tests for, 22, 192, 192, 221–223, 222 vs. muscular action, 365 Load-repetition relationship, in strength training, Muscle cross-sectional area (MCSA), 458 comparison of, 224–225, 225t Muscle fiber(s 457, 457 actin-myosin orientation, 361, 363, 364 Lohmann, Karl (1898–1978), 153 criteria for, 222–223, 223 aerobic exercise training effects on, 416 Longevity, 600 composition in exercise efficiency, 24 Long slow distance (LSD) training, 434 exercise mode and, 226–227 differences between athletic groups, 371–373, Long-term energy system, 188–192. See also graded exercise test (GXT), 223 373 Aerobic system fast fatigable, 350t, 351 manipulating protocol to increase, 225–226 fast fatigue resistant, 350t, 351 step test, 224 treadmill protocols, 225, 226 training at percentage of, 428 Maximal voluntary muscle action, 446t, 455 Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), 271–272 ME. See Mechanical efficiency (ME Mechanical efficiency (ME), 24 gross, 247–248 net, 248 Mechanical work, 156 Mechanoreceptors, 290 Medicine and Science in Sports, 14 Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise,14, 22 Mediterranean Pyramid, 91, 93 Medium-chain triacylglcerols, 126, 126 Menopause, 606 Menstrual irregularity, 538–539 Mercurialis, Hieronymus, 5 Metabolic calculations, 675 Metabolic capacity generality of, 204 individual differences in, 204 specificity of, 20

•694 Index Muscle fiber(s) continued) Myofilaments, 361, 362 Nutrient timing, 105 fast-twitch, 192, 368, 370, 371t Myoglobin, 284 Nutritional considerations histochemical staining assays of, 370 Myosin, 361, 362 hyperplasia athletic performance and, 86–87, 88t defined, 47 actin-myosin orientation, 361, 363, 364 carbohydrate needs during exercise, with resistance training, 481–482 ATP and actin link, 366–367 100–106 hypertrophy crossbridges, 363, 365–366, 366 before exercise, 96, 98. See also defined, 47 Myosin-ATPase, 366 Carbohydrate loading gender differences, 481 MyPyramid, 91, 93 during exercise, 98, 98–99 with resistance training, 478–481 high-risk sports, 83 testosterone and, 481 N key points, 112 identifying with motor units, 350, 350t liquid meals, 96 neuromuscular fatigability of, 352 NADH, 163–165 nutrient timing, 105 sarcomere, 361–363, 362, 363 NADϩ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), 158 post-exercise, 99 slow-twitch, 192, 350t, 371, 371t National Weight Control Registry, 588 precompetition meal, 95–96 tension-generating characteristics, 350–352 Near-infrared interactance (NII), 555 transformation with resistance training, Near-Vegetarian Pyramid, 91, 93 average energy intakes, 94, 94–99, 96 479–481 Neck, joint flexibility assessment for, 60 calories, 82–86 T-tubule system, 364, 365 Necrosis, 638 dietary reference intakes (RDIs), 87–91, 90t, type I, 192, 371t Nerve supply, to muscle, 346–347 type II, 192, 370, 371t Nervous system. See also Neuromotor system 92t Diet Quality Index, 97t Muscle glycogen autonomic, 339, 341, 343 exercise and creatine supplementation and, 99 central, 338–341, 339 endurance capacity and, 100–101, 102 changes with age, 607–608 carbohydrate use during, 40, 40–41 enhanced. See Carbohydrate loading parasympathetic, 339, 343, 344 lipids contribution to, 46, 47 peripheral, 338, 339, 341, 343 protein requirements, 51–52 Muscle remodeling, resistance training and, somatic, 339, 341 vitamins and, 58–59, 60 479–480 sympathetic, 339, 343, 344 water requirements during, 74–77 Net energy expenditure, 242 functional foods, 11, 110 Muscle(s) Net kcal value, 83 macronutrients. See Macronutrients adaptations to resistance training, 477, Net mechanical efficiency, 24 micronutrients. See Micronutrients 478–482 Neural adaptations, to resistance training, MyPyramid, 91, 93 cardiac, 358, 359t physical activity and, 91, 94 factors in force generation, 352 476–478, 477 sedentary vs. active lifestyle, 86–87, 88t nerve supply to, 346–347 Neural factors total daily energy expenditure and, 240–241 skeletal, 358–373. See also Skeletal muscle Nutrition Labeling and Education Act, 84 smooth, 358, 359t in adjustments for exercise, 323–324, 324 Nutrition transition, 564 in blood flow, 32 Muscle soreness, 488 in pulmonary ventilation regulation, 287, O delayed-onset, 486–487, 488 289–290 Obese syndrome, 560 Muscle spindles Neurilemma, 247, 248, 347 Obesity functions of, 353 Neurohypophysis, 388 structural organization of, 353, 353, 355 Neuromotor system in adolescents, 625, 625 aerobic training and, 429 Muscle stiffness, 486–487, 488 autonomic reflex arc, 343, 345, 345 body mass index definition, 55 Muscular endurance central nervous system (CNS), 338, 340, carbohydrates role in, 39 causes of, 561, 563–568 defined, 446t, 48 341, 342 central or android-type, 571 tests for, 484–486 motor unit, 247–352 classification by BMI, 561, 561 neuromuscular junction, 248–350, 348, 349 coronary heart disease and, 620 curl-up, 484–485, 485t organization of, 338–347 defined, 56 push-up, 485–486, 486t peripheral nervous system (PNS), 338, 339, fast food and, 564 Muscular strength fat cell size and number, 571–576, 572, 573 absolute, 458 341, 343 fat distribution and, 569, 569–571, 572 defined, 44 proprioceptors, 352–357 genetic considerations, 564–565, 565, 566 gender differences in, 458, 458, 458t reflexes, 345, 345–347, 346 health risk of, 568 historical perspectives about studying, Neuromuscular disorders, 632t, 656–658 “Let’s move” initiative, 601 multiple sclerosis, 657–658 overeating and, 564, 564t 444, 445 Parkinson’s disease, 658 percentage of body fat and, 568–569 measures of, 448–455, 462, 462. See also stroke, 656–657, 657t peripheral or gynoid-type, 571 Neuromuscular junction, 248–350, 348, 349 physical inactivity and, 567 Strength testing excitation at, 349 racial considerations, 566–567 in older adults, 605, 606 facilitation at, 350 in United States, 559–560, 560 relative, 458 inhibition at, 350 worldwide, 560–561 training for, 458. See also Resistance training; Neurons OBLA. See Onset of blood lactate accumulation motor (efferent), 338 Strength training sensory (afferent), 338 (OBLA) Muscular system Neuropeptides, 341 ob protein, 566 Neurotransmitters, 341 Occipital lobe, 338, 340 cardiac muscle, 358, 359t New gerontology, 596–597 Older adults skeletal muscle, 358–373. See also Skeletal Nicotinic acid, 55t Nielson, Marius (b. 1903), 17, 17 adaptations to resistance training, 480, 480 muscle NII (near-infrared interactance), 555 benefits of increased energy output for smooth muscle, 358, 359t Nitric oxide, 341 Musculoskeletal conditions, strength training Nitrogen balance, 180 567–568 Nitrogen intake, 180 body composition in, 609–610 and, 464–465 Nitrogen output, 180 cardiovascular system in, 608, 608–610 MVV (maximum voluntary ventilation), 271–272 Nodes of Ranvier, 247, 248, 348 endocrine changes in, 606–607, 607 Myelin sheath, 247, 347, 348 Non-protein RQ, 219, 220t graying of America, 596, 596t, 597 Myerhoff, Otto (1884–1951), 20, 20 Nonresponders, 413 healthy life expectancy, 597, 598, 599 Myocardial infarction, 633–634 Nordic origins, of exercise physiology, 16–20 heat acclimatization and, 509 Norepinephrine, 343, 389, 402, 403 joint flexibility in, 60 ATHS gene and, 632 Nutrient-related fatigue, 194 muscular strength in, 605, 606 causes of, 616 defined, 31 warnings signs of, 616–617, 634 Myocardial oxygen utilization, 311 Myocardial work, rate-pressure product for, 312 Myocardium, 302 Myofibrils, 361, 362

•Index 695 nervous system in, 607–608 calculation of, 674–675 anabolic steroids, 134–139 physical activity epidemiology, 599–600 economy of movement and, 249–250, 250 androstenedione, 139–140 physical activity in older women, 613, during exercise, 188–192 banned substances, 111 maxim(VиaOl.2Smeaex)Maximal oxygen uptake 613–614 peak, 222–223, 223 ephedrine, 123 physical activity modifications for, 59 recovery, 194, 194–200 urine testing, 113 pulmonary function in, 608, 653t caffeine, 129–133 regular exercise in, 663 implications for exercise and recovery, clenbuterol, 140–141 response to exercise training, 609 196–197 dehydroepiandrosterone, 142, 142–143 strength training for, 474 human growth factor, 141–142 successful aging, 596–599, 598 metabolic dynamics of, 196 tetrahydrogestrinone, 140 Oligomenorrhea, 64, 538 during recovery, 194, 194–200 Phosphagens, 162 Omega fatty acids, 44 relative, 191 Phosphatase enzyme, 194 One-repetition maximum (1-RM) strength Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve, 282, 283 Phosphate-bond energy, 159. See also Adenosine Oxytocin, 388, 402 testing, 448–449, 449, 452–453, 452t triphosphate (ATP) bench press, 450, 451 P Phosphate buffer, 296 leg press, 450, 451 Phosphate loading, 114–115 testing protocol, 452–453 Pacemaker, SA node as, 313–314, 314 Phosphates, high-energy, 160, 162, 165. See also Online social networking, exercise physiology Pacinian corpuscles, 357 PAC (premature atrial contraction), 319 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and, 21–22 Pain, assessing, 637 Phosphatidylserine, 116 Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA), Pancreas, 380t, 392, 392 Phosphocreatine (Pcr), 161–162, 162 Pancreatic hormones, 380t, 392, 392–394, 187, 292–294, 293 adenosine triphosphate-phosphocreatine causes of, 293 402–403 (ATP-PCr) system, 162, 162, 186, endurance performance and, 293–294 Pancreatic polypeptide, 392 193–194, 432 Open-circuit spirometry, 214–215, 215 Pantothenic acid, 55t Opioid peptides, 404 PAPw (peak anaerobic power output), 206 Phosphofructokinase (PFK), 168 Oral rehydration beverage, 100 Parasympathetic influences, on heart rate, 315 Phospholipids, 42 Osteopenia, 63 Phosphorus, 61t Osteoporosis 315t, 317, 318 Phosphorylation, 162 bone health and, 65 Parasympathetic nervous system, 339, 343, 344 defined, 6 Parathormone, 389 oxidative, 164, 164–165 exercise and, 63 Parathyroid gland, 380t, 389 Photosynthesis, 155–156, 156 risk factors for, 63 Parathyroid hormone (PTH), 389, 402 Phylloquinone, 54t Overeating, 564, 564t Parietal lobe, 338, 340 Physical activity Overfatness, defined, 56 Parkinson’s disease (PD), 658 Overhydration, 76–77 PAR-Q and You test, 650 defined, 59 Overload Partial pressure energy expenditure during, 240, 242–246 defined, 446 nutritional considerations and, 91, 94 progressive, 446t law of, 273 participation in, 600 in strength training, 455–456 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide, 278 pyramid, 601, 601 Overload principle, 410, 455 Partial pressure of oxygen, 278, 282, 283 Physical Activity Recommendations, American Overreaching, 436 Overtraining, 190, 436–437 hemoglobin saturation and, 282, 283 College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), 422t parasympathetic form, 436 in lungs, 282, 283 for older adults, 423t sympathetic form, 436 plasma Physical fitnes Overweight defined, 60 classification by BMI, 554, 561, 561 chemoreceptors and, 288, 288 health-related, 600, 600 defined, 554, 56 hydrogen concentration and, 288 Physiologic dead space, 273, 273 Ovolactovegetarians, 50 in pulmonary ventilation regulation, 288–289, Physiologic hypertrophy, 482 Oxidation Physiology of Bodily Exercise, The (Lagrange), 14 cellular, 162–165 289 defined, 16 tissue, 283–284 Physiology of Man; Designed to Represent the Existing Oxidation reactions, 163, 165 Partnership for a Healthier America, 601 Oxidative phosphorylation, 164, 164–165 Pasteur, Louis (1822–1895), 153 State of Physiological Science as Applied to Oxidative stress, antioxidants and, 57–59 Patellar reflex, 343, 345, 355 Oxidized, defined, 16 Pathologic hypertrophy, 482 the Functions of the Human Body, The Oxygen Pcr (phosphocreatine), 161–162, 162 (Flint), 7 role in energy metabolism, 165 PD (Parkinson’s disease), 658 Physiology of Muscular Activity (Dill), 16 ventilatory equivalent for, 291 Peak anaerobic power output (PAPw), 206 Pituitary gland Oxygenation reaction, 281 Peak oxygen uptake, 222–223, 223 anterior, 380t, 385, 385, 399–402, 400t Oxygen debt, 194, 194–200 Peak power output, 208, 210 posterior, 385, 386, 388, 402 alactacid, 196 Peak velocity region, 456 Pituitary hormones lactacid, 196 Peliosis hepatitis, 138 anterior, 380t, 385, 385–388 Oxygen defici Pentoses, 34 posterior, 385, 386, 388 during exercise, 188–189, 189 Peptide hormones, 382–383, 382t Plaque trained vs. untrained individuals, 191, Perception of effort, training at, 429, 432 in coronary heart disease, 615 Pericarditis, 634 development of, 615–616, 616 191–192 Perimysium, 358, 360 Plasma volume, aerobic exercise training effects Oxygen extraction, 330–332 Periodization on, 417 defined, 446 Pleural effusion, 653t aerobic exercise training effects on, 419, 419 sport-specific training principles, 473–47 Plyometric training, 446t, 468, 469, 469–470 Oxygen loading, at altitude, 514–515 in strength training, 472–474, 473 rebound jumping technique in, 468, 469 Oxygen storage, muscle, 282, 284 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 338, 339, 341, Pneumonia, 653t Oxygen transport, 281–284 PNS (peripheral nervous system), 338, 339, 341, 343 343 cardiac output and, 330 Permissiveness, hormone interaction, 384 Poiseuille’s law, 322 hemoglobin in, 281 PFK, 168 Polycythemia, 516 in physical solution, 281 Pflüger, Edward (1829–1910), 8, 20, 20 Polysaccharides, 35–37 Oxygen uptake pH, lactic acid and, 187 animal, 35–37 absolute, 191 Pharmacologic aids, 129–143 plant, 35 body size and, 191 Portable spirometry, 214, 215 alcohol, 133–134 Porter, William T. (1862–1949), 13 amphetamines, 143 Postabsorptive state, 238 Postpartum depression, 663 Potassium, 61t, 64

•696 Index Potential energy, 152, 152 adaptations with aerobic exercise training, Readiness for physical activity test, 650 Power 420–422 Rebound hypoglycemia, 98 Rebound jumping technique, in plyometric defined, 446t, 67 carbon dioxide transport, 284–286 measuring with ergometer, 198 during cold weather exercise, 512 training, 468, 469 Power output gas exchange, 276–280 Reciprocal inhibition, 354 average, 208 lung volumes, 268–271 Recommended daily allowances (RDAs), 87, 89 formula for, 205 in older adults, 608 Recovery peak, 208 overview, 266, 266 Power-velocity relationship, in strength training, oxygen transport, 281–284 blood pressure during, 310–311 ventilation. See Pulmonary ventilation breathing hyperoxic gas during, 526, 456–457, 457 Pulmonary ventilation, 266, 266–268, 271–274 Precompetition meal, 95–96 alveolar ventilation, 271–273, 273t 526–527 Prediabetes, 394 alveoli in, 267, 268 exercise training and, 419, 419 Pregnancy anatomic dead space, 271, 273 hypotensive recovery response, 311 buffering, 295–297 from interval training, 200 exercise training during, 437–438 depth vs. rate, 273–274, 274 lactate removal and, 197 total daily energy expenditure and, 241 energy demands and, 291–294, 292 from non-steady-rate exercise, 197, 200, 200 Preload, 327 during exercise, 291–297 oxygen uptake during, 194, 194–200 Premature atrial contraction (PAC), 319 from steady-rate exercise, 197 Premature ventricular contraction (PVC), 319, non-steady-rate, 292–294, 293 Recovery oxygen uptake, 194, 194–200 steady-rate, 291–292 implications for exercise and recovery, 635, 645, 645 expiration, 268, 269 Pressure differential, in gas exchange, inspiration, 268, 269 196–197 lungs in, 266, 266–267 metabolic dynamics of, 196 278, 278 mechanics of, 267–268 Red blood cell reinfusion, 522, 522–523, 523t Presynaptic terminals, 248, 348, 349 minute ventilation, 27 Reduced, defined, 16 Preventative/rehabilitative director, 28–29 physiologic dead space, 273, 273 Reduction reactions, 163, 165 Preventative/rehabilitative exercise specialist, 28 regulation of, 287, 287–290 Reference man Principles and Practice of Medicine, The (Flint), 7 during exercise, 288–290 Behnke’s, 534, 536 Principles of Physiology and Hygiene (Fitz), 11 during rest, 287–288 Reference woman PRL (prolactin), 388, 400 work of breathing, 294 Behnke’s, 534, 536 Professional organizations, 22, 24 Pulse, assessing, 637 Reflex(es Pupils, assessing, 637 complex, 345–347 training and certification by, 26–27, 27 Purkinje system, 314 crossed-extensor, 345–346, 346 Progesterone, 392 Push-up muscular endurance test, 485–486, 486t learned, 345–346 Progressive overload, 446t Pyramid patellar, 343, 345, 355 Progressive resistance exercise, 461–463 functional guide, 111 stretch, 355–356 Prolactin (PRL), 388, 400 Mediterranean, 91, 93 Regurgitation, 635 Prolapse, valvular, 635 MyPyramid, 91, 93 Rehydration, 73, 76, 504–506, 504t Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation Near-Vegetarian, 91, 93 adequacy of, 505 Pyramidal tract, 338 oral beverage, 100 stretching, 354–355 Pyridoxine, 55t Relative humidity, 74, 497 Proprioceptors, 352–357 Pyruvate, 127–128 Relative muscular strength, 458 Relative oxygen uptake, 191 Golgi tendon organs, 353, 356, 356–357 Q Relative peak power output, 210 muscle spindles, 353, 353, 355 Relief interval, in aerobic training, 436 Pacinian corpuscles, 357 Québec 10-second test, 205 Renal buffer, 296 Protein(s), 46–52 Renal disorders, 658–659 amino acids, 46–48 R Renin, 69, 391 carbohydrate-protein-creatine supplementation, Renin-angiotensin mechanism, 391 Racial considerations Repetition, 446t 124, 124–125 in body fat measurement, 542, 543t Repetition maximum (RM), 446t complete, 48 in body mass index, 563t RER (respiratory exchange ratio), 219–220 conversion to fat, 178, 178 in obesity, 566–567 Research dietary sources of, 48, 48 in skinfold measurements, 549 discerning reliable, 23 energy release from, 179, 179–180 double-blind experiments, 113, 113 estimating individual requirements, 180 Radiation therapy, 661t on ergogenic aids, 110, 113, 113 exercise and, 51–52 Radionucleotide studies, 648 Research journals, 14 high-protein diets, 583 Ramp test, 224 Residual lung volume, 269–270, 270 incomplete, 48 Range of motion (ROM), 446t in body volume measurement, 543–544 recommended intake, 50–51, 50t predicting, 545 respiratory quotient for, 219 assessment of, 602 Resistance training. See also Strength training role in body, 49–50 dynamic, 602 adaptations to, 476, 476–482, 478t synthesis of, 48–49, 49 static, 602 vegetarians and, 50 Rapid glycolysis, 168–171, 169, 170 muscular, 477, 478–482 Protein sparer, carbohydrates as, 37 hydrogen release during, 168–169, 169 neural, 476–478, 477 Psychological benefit lactate formation, 169–171, 170 ballistic, 470 from exercise training, 417, 421 Rate-pressure product (RPP), 312 blood pressure during, 309, 310 from warming up, 524 Rating of perceived exertion (RPE), 429 in cardiac patients, 651–652 Pulmonary circulation, 302 RDAs (recommended daily allowances), 87, 89 for children, 449, 458, 459t Pulmonary congestion, 634 RDEE (resting daily energy expenditure), 239–240 circuit, 446t, 482–483, 483, 483t Pulmonary disorders, 632t, 652–656 RDIs. See Dietary reference intakes (RDIs) combined with aerobic training, 474 assessment for, 655 RDS (respiratory distress syndrome), 653t dynamic constant external, 446t, 447, chronic bronchitis, 652, 654t Reaction rates, 158 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Reactions 461–463 anabolic, 160, 160 endocrine function and, 403 (COPD), 652, 653t catabolic, 160, 160 functional, 472 cystic fibrosis, 654–655, 654 coupled, 159 historical perspectives, 458–460, 460 emphysema, 652, 654, 654t oxidation, 163 low-back pain syndrome and, 465 exercise prescription, 655–656, 656 reduction, 163 metabolic stress of, 482–483, 483t restrictive lung dysfunction, 652, 653 objectives of, 444, 446 Pulmonary edema, 653t older adults adaptations to, 480, 480 high-altitude, 517 Pulmonary emboli, 653t Pulmonary system abnormal breathing patterns, 274

•Index 697 progressive, 461–463 Sarcopenia, 605 dietary intake, 64 terminology about, 446, 446t Sarcoplasm, 359, 360 fluid intake and, 10 variable, 446t, 463–464 Sarcoplasmic reticulum, 359, 360, 487 physical activity and, 64 Respiration, cellular, 156, 157 Sargent, Dr. Dudley (1849–1924), 13 sensitivity, 65 Respiratory chain, 164 Satellite cells, 479 terms on food labels, 85 Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 653t Scholander, Per (1905–1980), 19 Sodium bicarbonate, as buffer, 292, 295–296 Respiratory exchange ratio (RER), 219–220 Schwann cells, 247, 347 Sodium bicarbonate solution, 114 Respiratory membrane, 267 Science triangle, 4, 4 Sodium citrate, 114 Respiratory quotient (RQ), 218–219 Seasonal affective disorder, 663 Solubility, in gas exchange, 278–279 calculation of, 675 Second messenger, 383 Somatic nervous system, 339, 341 for carbohydrates, 218 Sedentary adults, strength training for, 474 Somatomedins, 387 for lipids, 218–219 Sedentary death syndrome (SeDS), 604 Somatopause, 606 for mixed diet, 219, 220t SeDS (sedentary death syndrome), 604 Somatostatin, 387, 392 for proteins, 219 Seelye, Hiram H., MD, 10 Spatial summation, 350 Respiratory system. See Pulmonary system SEE (standard error of estimate), 232 Specific gravity, in hydrostatic weighing Responders, 413 Selenium, 61t Rest Semilunar valves, 302 540–541, 541 arteriovenous-oxygen (a-v O2) difference at, Semistarvation diets, 583 Specificit Sensitivity, defined, 64 331–332 Sensory neurons, 338, 342 of metabolic capacity, 204 blood pressure at, 306–307 Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in strength training, 471–472 cardiac output distribution at, 328, 329 Specificity-generality concept, of energy systems energy expenditure during, 238–241 (SGOT), 638 oxygen transport at, 330 Set, 446t 204, 204 pulmonary ventilation regulation during, Setpoint theory, in weight loss, 580 Specific training, in anaerobic exercis Sex-specific fat, 534–538, 536, 537t 287–288 SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic performance, 211 Resting daily energy expenditure (RDEE), Speed, defined, 67 transaminase), 638 Sphygmomanometer, 308–309 239–240 Shivering thermogenesis, 241 Spinal cord, anatomy of, 338, 341, 342 Resting metabolic rate, 238 Short-term energy system, 186, 186–188. See also Spirometry weight management and, 577, 580 Lactic acid system bag technique, 214, 215 Restrictive lung dysfunction, 652, 653 measuring and evaluating, 207–212 calibration, 216–217 Resuscitation, 319 Shoulder, joint flexibility assessment for closed-circuit, 214, 214 Retinal hemorrhage, high-altitude, 518 open-circuit, 214–215, 215 Retinol, 54t 602–603 portable, 214, 215 Reverse transport, of cholesterol, 42 Sick sinus node syndrome, 648 Sport medicine, exercise physiology and, 26 Revised rPAR-Q and You test, 650 Simple sugars, 34–35 Sprint-power training, adaptations to, 413–414 Rheumatic fever, 635 Sinoatrial (SA) node, 313–314, 314 Staleness, 100, 190, 436–437 Riboflavin, 55 Sinus bradycardia, 635–636 Standard error of estimate (SEE), 232 Ribose, 122 Sinus tachycardia, 635–636 Starch, 35 Right atrium, 305 Siri, Dr. William (1926–2004), 542 Starling, Ernest H. (1866–1927), 327 Right coronary arteries, 310, 311 Siri equation, 542 Static lung volumes, 268–270 Right ventricle, 305 SI units, 670–671 Steady-rate exercise, 188–189 RM (repetition maximum), 446t Size principle, in motor unit recruitment, 352 pulmonary ventilation during, 291–292 ROM. See Range of motion (ROM) Skeletal muscle, 358–373 recovery from, 197 Rosa, E. B., 214 Stearns, William Augustus, DD, 8 Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG), action and relaxation, 365–368 Stenosis, 635 blood supply to, 359 Step test, for maximal oxygen uptake, 224 18, 444 chemical composition of, 359 Steroid hormones, 382t, 383 RPE (rating of perceived exertion), 429 contraction and relaxation, 369 Steroids, 134–139 RPP (rate-pressure product), 312 gross structure of, 358–361, 360 ACSM position statement on, 138 RQ. See Respiratory quotient (RQ) muscle fiber types, 368, 370–373. See also actions of, 135 Rubner, Max (1854–1932), 20, 20 alternatives Running Muscle fiber(s ultrastructure of, 361–364, 362, 363 androstenedione, 139–140 air resistance and, 255–256 clenbuterol, 140–141 drafting and, 256 actin-myosin orientation, 361, 363, 364 human growth factor, 141–142 economy, 254 sarcomere, 361–363, 362, 363 tetrahydrogestrinone, 140 energy cost of, 254, 254t T-tubule system, 364, 365 dosage factors, 136, 136–137 energy expenditure during, 253–257 Skin color, assessing, 637 effectiveness, 136 interval training, 435t Skinfold measurements, 545–550, 683–684 illegal use of, 135 jogging vs., 253 calipers for, 546–547, 547 potential side effects, 137–138, 137t marathon, 256, 256–257 guidelines for, 548, 550 risks for females, 138–139 stride length, 255 racial considerations, 549 risks of, 137–139, 137t treadmill sites for, 546–547, 548 Sticking strength, 446t timing of, 546 Storage fat, 534 predicting energy expenditure, 252 using data, 547–548 Strength, defined, 446 vs. track, 256 Sliding-filament theory, 364–367, 366 Strength testing, 448–455 Slow component, of recovery oxygen uptake, considerations for, 453–454 S eccentric/concentric muscle strength testing, 194, 195 Safety, exercise and, 604 Slow glycolysis, 168, 171–172, 172, 173 448–449, 449, 452, 452–453 SAID principle (specific adaptations to impose Slow-oxidative fibers, 37 isokinetic dynamometer, 453 Slow-twitch muscle fiber, 371, 371 isometric muscle testing, 448, 448 demands), 411 Strength training, 454–457 Saltatory conduction, 348 vs. fast-twitch fibers, 19 assigning load and repetitions, 454–455, 454t Saltin, Dr. Bengt, 18, 18–19 Smoking body weight-loaded training, 470, 470 Salt sensitive, 64 dynamic constant external resistance training, SA node, 313–314, 314 coronary heart disease and, 617–618 Sarcolemma, 248, 348, 349, 359, 360 exercise and, 294–295 446t, 447, 461–463 Sarcoma, 659 Smooth muscle, 358, 359t force-velocity relationship, 456, 456 Sarcomere, 361–363 Social networking, online, exercise physiology functional, 472 identifying training goals, 454 actin-myosin orientation, 361, 363, 364 and, 21–22 Sodium, 61t DASH diet to lower, 66–68

•698 Index T adaptations to, 413–422 general principles for, 410–413, 411 Strength training (continued) Tachycardia, 314, 648 high-altitude, 519–521 isokinetic training, 467, 467–469 Tanner, J. M. (1920–2010), 14 individual differences principle, 411 isometric training, 460–461 Tapering methods of, 432–436 load-repetition relationship, 457, 457 overload principle, 410 lower back injury and, 464–465 overtraining and, 190 during pregnancy, 437–438 for older adults, 474 for peak performance, 426–427 reversibility principle, 411, 412, 413 overload, 455–456 TDEE. See Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) specificity principle, 410–41 periodization in, 472–474, 473 Temperature Training duration, exercise training and, 424,425 plyometric training, 468, 469, 469–470 body Training frequency, exercise training and, power-velocity relationship, 456–457, 457 recommendation for initiating, 474 assessing, 637 423–424 specificity of response, 471–47 during exercise in heat, 500, 500 Training intensity sport-specific training principles, 473–47 measurement of, 73, 494 variable resistance training, 463–464 in pulmonary ventilation regulation, 290 establishing, 428–432 weight-lifting belts for, 465–467 regulation of. See Thermoregulation exercise training and, 424, 425, 424–426 cold Training specificity, 410–41 Strength training zone, 457 acclimatization to, 510–511 Training volume, 446t Stress testing, 639–644 exercise in, 510–511, 510t Transamination, 48, 49 heat Trans-fatty acids, 43 arm-crank ergometer, 643, 644 acclimatization to, 506, 506 Transferrin, 65 bicycle, 642 exercise in, 499–506 Transport candidates for, 640, 640 physiologic strain of, 508 active, 157 contraindications for, 640–641 Temporal lobe, 338, 340 electron, 163, 163–164 criteria for stopping, 642, 642t Temporal summation, 350 Transport work, 156–157 cycle ergometer, 642 Tendons, functions of, 358 Treadmill informed consent for, 640, 641 Tensiometer maximal oxygen uptake protocols, 225, 226 maximal vs. submaximal, 641–642 cable, 448, 448 metabolic calculations, 675 outcome data, 644 hand-grip, 448 predicting energy expenditure, walking or purpose of, 639–640 Testosterone, 392, 400–402, 481 safety of, 644 Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), 140 running, 252 treadmill, 642, 643t Tetroses, 34 stress testing, 642, 643t Stretching Thallium imaging, 648 vs. track running, 256 active assistive, 354 Thatcher, Thomas, 6 Treadmill ergometer, measuring work, 198 passive, 354 Thermic effect of food, 240 Triacylglycerols, medium-chain, 126, 126 proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, Thermodynamics, first law of, 152, 57 Triacylglycerols, 41, 619t Thermogenesis Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 171–172, 172, 173 354–355 dietary-induced, 240 Triceps skinfold measurement, 463, 463 Stretch reflex, 355–35 shivering, 241 Tricuspid valve, 302 Stretch-shortening cycle, 470 Thermoregulation Triiodothyronine (T3), 388 Stride length, running, 255 aerobic exercise training effects on, 421 Trioses, 34 Stroke, 656–657, 657t during cold stress, 495–496, 495t Tropomyosin, 363 Stroke volume effects of clothing, 498 Troponin, 363 exercise Trunk, joint flexibility assessment for, 602–60 aerobic exercise training effects on, 416, in cold, 510–511, 510t TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 387 417–418 in heat, 499–506 T-tubule system, of muscle fiber, 364, 365 heat dissipation, 497–498 Turnover number, 158 cardiovascular drift and, 328 during heat stress, 495t, 496–497, 497 TV (tidal volume), 269, 270 defined, 32 hypothalamus in, 494–495 exercise, 326, 326–328 thermal balance, 494, 495 U maximal oxygen uptake and, 326–327 THG, 140 systolic emptying vs. diastolic filling, Thiamin, 55t Ubiquinone, 125 Thorax compliance, 294 ULs (tolerable upper intake levels), 87, 89 327–328 Thrombus, 311, 616 Ultrasound, for body composition assessment, 555 S-T segments depressions, 645, 645 Thyroid gland, 381t, 388, 388 Underwater weighing. See Hydrostatic weighing Sucrose, 34–35 Thyroid hormones, 388–389, 402 Underweight, 538 Sudden death, during exercise, 604 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 387 Upper body exercise Sulfur, 61t Thyrotropin, 387 Superior vena cava, 305 Thyroxine (T4), 388 blood pressure during, 310 Supplementation, vitamins, 57–58 Tidal volume (TV), 269, 270 cardiovascular adjustments to, 332, 332–333 Suspension training, 446t, 470, 470 TLC (total lung capacity), 269, 270 Upper-limit target heart rate, 430 Susruta, 5 TLR-2, 614 Urine testing, for banned substances, 113 Swimming Tocopherol, 54t Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs), 87, 89 V buoyancy and, 258, 258t Torque, 446t, 670 drag and, 258 Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE), Vagus nerve, 315 energy expenditure during, 257, 257–258 Valsalva maneuver, 275 interval training, 435t 238, 238 Variable errors, 216 maximal heart rate adjustment in, 431 computing for weight loss, 578–579, Variable resistance training, 446t, 463–464 Sympathetic chain, 343 Varicose veins, 306 Sympathetic influences, on heart rate, 314–315 579t–580t Vasomotor tone, 323 factors affecting, 240–241 Vasopressin, 69, 388, 498 315t, 318 Total lung capacity (TLC), 269, 270 Vegans, 50 Sympathetic nervous system, 339, 343, 344 Tour de France, energy intake and expenditures, Vegetarians Sympathoadrenal response, 402 Synapse, 341 94–95, 97 iron and, 69 Synaptic cleft, 248, 349, 349 Tracheal air, 277 Near-Vegetarian Pyramid, 91, 93 Synaptic gutter, 248, 348, 349 Track running, vs. treadmill, 256 nutrition for, 50 Syncope, heat, 502t Training, 26–27, 27t. See also Aerobic training; types of, 50 Synergism, hormone interaction, 384 Veins Systéme International d’Unités (SI) units, Anaerobic training; Exercise training; structure and functions of, 304, 305 Interval training; Resistance varicose, 306 670–671 training; Strength training Systemic circulation, 302 Systole, 306 Systolic emptying, vs. diastolic filling, 327–328

•Index 699 Velocity VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein), 42, 618t, dose-response relationship, 587–588 crossover, 250 620 effectiveness of regular, 586, 586–588, 587 defined, 67 misconceptions about, 585–586 Volume, defined, 67 nutritional aspects Venous pooling, 306 VVи Ool2umnatxa.rSyeme Maxaixmimalaml ouxsyclgeenacutipotna,k4e5(5Vи O2max) computing daily caloric requirement for, Venous return, 305, 305–306 von Liebig, Justis (1803–1873), 8 Venous tone, 306 von Voit, Carl (1831–1908), 8, 20, 20 578–579, 578t–580t Ventilatory buffer, 296 Vulnerable plaque, 615 fat cells following, 581, 581–582 Ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide, high-protein diets, 583 W long-term success, 574–575, 575 292 low-carbohydrate diets, 582 Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen, 291 Waist-to-hip girth ratio, 570 selecting a plan, 582–583 Ventilatory system, 266, 266. See also Pulmonary Walking semistarvation diets, 583 setpoint theory in, 580 system benefits of, 41 strategies to effect, 584, 584 Ventilatory threshold, 292, 292 body mass and, 251, 251t Weight management Ventricular fibrillation, 31 competition, 250–251 computing daily caloric requirement for, Ventriculography, 648 economy of, 250–253 Venules, 305 energy expenditure and, 483, 483t 578–579, 578t–580t Vertebrae footwear and, 253 maintaining goal body weight, terrain and, 251, 251t cervical anatomy, 342 treadmill, predicting energy expenditure, 252 588–590, 589 lumbar anatomy, 342 weight use during, 253 for weight loss. See Weight loss Vertical jump test, 205–206 Warm-up, 523–524 Weight-supported exercise, 242 Very low-calorie diet, 583 Water Weight use, during walking, 253 Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), 42, 618t, balance and gastric emptying, 75–76 Weir method, for energy expenditure calculation, body, 72–77 620 231 Viagra, 131 functions of, 72 WHO (World Health Organization), 24 Vital signs, 637 intake vs. output, 72–73, 73 Wind-chill index, 511–512, 512 Vitamin A, 54t intoxication, 76–77 Wingate test, 208, 210 Vitamin B1, 55t metabolic, 72 Wolffe, Joseph, MD, 22 Vitamin B2, 55t replacement and hydration, 504–506, 504t Work Vitamin B6, 55t requirements during exercise, 74–77 Vitamin B12, 55t Water uptake, 99–100. See also Fluid intake of breathing, 294 Vitamin C, 55t, 59, 59 Webb, Matthew, 258 defined, 67 Vitamin D, 54t Weight, defined, 67 measuring with ergometer, 198 Vitamin E, 54t Weight-bearing exercise, 63, 242 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), 111 Vitamin K, 54t Weight gain, 590–591 World Health Organization (WHO), 24 Vitamins, 53–59 Weight lifting, Valsalva maneuver and, 275 on cost of musculoskeletal conditions, 464 Weight-lifting belts on obesity, 560–561, 576–577 antioxidant, 57–59 for strength training, 465–466 Wrist, joint flexibility assessment for, classification of, 54–5 for workplace, 466–467 dietary reference intakes (RDIs), 90t Weight loss 602 dietary supplementation, 57–58 achieving optimal, 574–591 excess of, 58 caloric restraint/exercise combination for, 588, Y exercise performance and, 58–59, 60 fat-soluble, 54, 54t 588t Young, William (1878–1942), 153 energy balance equation in, 575–576, 576, lipids and, 45 Z toxicity, 55–56 584–585 nature of, 53–54 exercise and, 584–588 Zander, G., MD (1835–1920), 444, 445 role in body, 56, 56–57 Zinc, 61t toxicity, 55–56 Z line, of sarcomere, 361, 362, 363 water-soluble, 54–55, 55t Zuntz, Nathan (1847–1920), 20, 20