Joint Structure & Function-A Comprehensive Analysis Fourth Edition Pamela K.

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. compression of, 30–31, 31f range of motion of, 10, 10f. See also connective tissue of, 72–77. See also Range of motion (ROM). 576 ■ Index Connective tissue. rib cage, 196–198, 197f–198f Interfibrillar component, of extracellu- costochondral, 194f, 197–198 scapuloclavicular, 234–237, lar matrix, 73–74, 73t, 74t, 75f, 75t costotransverse, 165, 197, 197f–198f costovertebral, 165, 196–197 235f–237f, 242–246, 243f–246f Intermetacarpal ligaments, 337 design of, 70–71 scapulothoracic, 242–246, 243f–246f International System of Units (SI sellar, motion at, 100–101, 101f complexity of, 91–98 shoulder, 233–267. See also Shoulder units), 9 principles in, 71 Interossei muscles, 333–335, 334f, 336t diarthrodial (nonsynovial), 93–98, complex. 94f–98f sternoclavicular, 234–237, 235f–237f dorsal, 329, 472, 473t distraction of, 28–31, 28f, 30f–31f structure of, 70–71, 70f–71f plantar, 472 effect of disease on, 102 subacromial (suprahumeral), 234 volar, 329 effect of injury on, 102–103 subclassifications of, 96 Interosseous membrane, 291, 441 elbow, 273–300. See also Elbow com- subtalar, 445–452. See also Subtalar Interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments, plex. 446, 447f fibrous, 91–92, 91f–92f joint. Interphalangeal joint(s), 96, 96f, finger. See Finger(s). synovial, 91–93, 91f–93f function of, 70–71, 70f–71f, 98–102 synovial fluid in, 91 324–325, 324f glenohumeral, 246–259. See also talonavicular, 453–454, 453f of fingers Glenohumeral joint. tarsometatarsal, 458–460. See also hinge, 96 extension of, role of interossei hip, 97–98, 355–388. See also Hip Tarsometatarsal joint(s). muscles in, 335 joint. temporomandibular, 215–228. See humeroradial. See also Humeroradial function of, influence of extensor also Temporomandibular joint. mechanism on, 331–333 joint. tibiofibular, 440–441, 440f function of, 282–288 transverse tarsal, 452–458. See also of thumb, 338–339 structure of, 274–282 of toes, 464 humeroulnar. See also Humeroulnar Transverse tarsal joint. Interspinous ligaments, 150, 151t triaxial, 97 Intertransverse ligaments, 150, 151t joint. types of, 132 Intervertebral disk(s), 145–147 function of, 282–288 uniaxial, 96 annulus fibrosus of, 146f, 147 structure of, 274–282 vertebral column, 147–148, cervical, 160, 160f immobilization (stress deprivation) innervation of, 147 of, 103–104, 104t 147f–148f. See also Vertebral lumbar, 168, 168f interbody column. nucleus pulposus of, 146, 146f of cervical region, 161, 161f in cervical region, 157, 157f thoracic, 165 of lumbar region, 168 in lumbar region, 168, 169f vertebral end plates of, 146f, 147 of thoracic region, 165 in sacral region, 173, 173f Intrinsic muscles, 333–336 interchondral, 198 in thoracic region, 165 extension in absence of, 331, 332f interphalangeal. See also wrist, 305–319. See also Wrist Inversion Interphalangeal joint(s). complex. of ankle-foot complex, 438, 439f of fingers, 96, 324–325 xiphisternal, 196 talar, 442 of thumb, 338–339 zygapophyseal, 148 Ischiofemoral ligaments, 364, 364f of toes, 464 function of, 155t Isoinertial exercise, and testing, knee, 393–431. See also Knee joint. of cervical region, 161 128–129 loose-packed position of, 102 of lumbar region, 168, 169f Isokinetic exercise, and testing, 128 lubrication of, 95–96, 95f of thoracic region, 165 Isometric contraction, of muscle, 116, lumbosacral, 167 Joint angles 116f in standing posture analysis, 490, frontal plane, 526f, 527 Isotropic materials, 83 sagittal plane, 524, 525f, 527 490f transverse plane, 526f, 527 J manubriosternal, 196 Joint capsule, 93–94, 94f materials found in, 71–83 acromioclavicular, 238, 238f Joint(s) metacarpophalangeal. See also ankle, 441 acromioclavicular, 237–242, elbow, 276–277, 278f 238f–241f. See also Metacarpophalangeal joint(s). glenohumeral, 248, 249f, 254 Acromioclavicular joint. of fingers, 97, 321–325 hip, 362 adaptation of, to loading, 107, 107f of thumb, 338–339 increased/decreased load on, effects ankle, 440–445. See also Ankle joint. metatarsophalangeal, 460–464. See of, 104t atlantoaxial, 96, 97f, 157, 157f, 162 also Metatarsophalangeal joint(s). knee, 399–402, 400f–402f atlanto-occipital, 157, 157f, 162, 162f multiaxial, 97 fibrous layer of, 401–402, 402f axis of, identification of, 40–41, 41f number of, 132 ligaments of, 405, 407, 407f, 407t ball-and-socket, 97, 98f overuse of, 106, 106f synovial layer of, 400–401, biaxial, 96–97 ovoid, motion at, 100, 100f–101f 400f–401f calcaneocuboid, 454 pivot (trochoid), 96 radiocarpal, 309 carpal, 97. See also Wrist complex. plane, 97 receptors in, 94t carpometacarpal. See also radiocarpal, 306–309. See also sternoclavicular, 235 Carpometacarpal joint(s). Radiocarpal joint. temporomandibular joint, 218, of fingers, 319–321, 319f radioulnar, 289–295. See also 219f of thumb, 97, 337–338 Radioulnar joint. fibrosis of, 226 cartilaginous, 92–93, 93f zygapophyseal, 150, 151t chondrosternal, 93, 93f, 198 Joint effusion, 408–409 close-packed position of, 102 close-packing of, 31

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. Index ■ 577 Joint motion of parallel force systems, 38–41, Levator scapula muscle, 176–177, 178, in gait, 524, 525f–526f, 527 38f–41f 178f in running gait, 556, 557f, 558t of rotation by force, 62–63 overactivity of, 177 Joint play, 101 vertebral column, 154–155 Levatores costarum muscle, 206, 207f Joules (J), 534 Levers, 48–53 Juvenile scoliosis, 501 in cervical region, 164 in lumbar region, 172–173 analysis of, limitation in, 53 K in sacral region, 175–176 first-class, 49, 49f in thoracic region, 166 Keratan sulfate, 74, 74t Knee joint, 393–431. See also mechanical advantage of, 53 Kienbock’s disease, 309, 309f Patellofemoral joint; Tibiofemoral muscles in, 51, 51f Kilograms (kg), 11 joint. mechanical advantage of, 51–52 automatic or locking mechanism of, second-class, 49, 49f as force units, 12 413 muscles in, 50–51, 50f–51f Kinematic chains, open and closed, bursae of, 408–409, 408f third-class, 49, 50f capsule of, 399–402, 400f–402f muscles in, 50, 50f 98–99, 98f flexed posture of, 495, 495f Lifting Kinematics, 4–5, 5f gait affecting, 541t, 542t intra-abdominal pressure in, role of, hyperextended posture of, 411, 495, 186 arthrokinematics and, 99–102, 495f squat vs. stoop, in injury prevention, 100f–101f iliotibial band of, 407–408, 408f 185–186, 185f in frontal plane postural deviations, Ligament(s) as motion, 5–10. See also Motion. 500, 500f–501f acetabular, transverse, 357 concepts in, 5–6 in sagittal plane postural deviations, acromioclavicular, 238 in joint function, 98–99, 98f 494–495, 495f alar, 151t, 159, 159f of foot and ankle, 534 in standing posture analysis, 488 annular, 289, 289f, 291 of gait, 519–527 injury to, 429–431 apical, 159, 159f lateral and medial compartments of, arcuate, 201, 202f, 402, 407t trunk and, 551–553, 552f 394 atlantal cruciform, 158, 159f upper extremities and, 553 ligaments of, 402–407 bifurcate, 452, 453f of posture, 484–487 malalignment of, 397 calcaneocuboid, 454 coincident action lines in, 485–486, meniscus of, 397–399, 397f–398f. See calcaneofibular, 442, 442f also Meniscus(i). carpal 486f muscles of, 413–419 dorsal, 311, 311f ground reaction forces in, 485, stabilizers of, 419–420, 419t–420t, volar, 310–311, 311f 421t cervical, 446, 447f 485f Knee-ankle-foot orthosis, 488, 489f collateral, 322–323, 461 inertial and gravitational forces in, Knock knees (genu valgum), 396, 498, lateral, 279–280, 279f, 403, 403f, 500, 500f 485 Kyphosis, 496–497, 496f–497f 441 sagittal plane in, 486–487, medial, 278–279, 279f, 398, 398f, L 486f–487f 402–403, 402f, 441, 442f osteokinematics and, 99 Labrum radial, 310, 311f rib cage, 198–200, 199f–200f acetabular, 357–358 ulnar, 307, 310, 311f tibiofemoral joint, 409–413, damage to, 358 conoid, 238, 238f in aging hip, 358 coracoclavicular, 238, 238f 410f–412f cartilaginous, 91 coracohumeral, 248, 250f vertebral column, 150–153, glenoid, 248, 249f coronary, 398 costoclavicular, 235 152f–153f Lamellar bone, 82 costosternal, 198 in cervical region, 161–164, Laminae costotransverse, 197, 197f–198f cruciate 162f–163f function of, 155t anterior, 398, 398f, 403–405, in lumbar region, 170–171, of cervical vertebrae, 159 of lumbar vertebrae, 166 403f–405f 171f–172f of neural arch, 144, 144f, 145t, 153t deficiency of, muscular conse- in sacral region, 174–175, 175f of thoracic vertebrae, 164 in thoracic region, 165–166 Laminin, 74 quences of, 418 Kinetic friction, 34 Lateral compartment, of knee, 394 injury to, 405, 406f Kinetics, 35–66 Latissimus dorsi muscle, 180, 180f posterior, 398, 398f, 403f, 405 of acceleration, 37–38, 37f function of, 266 role of, in flexion/extension, with changing torque, 46 Leg 410–411, 410f–411f of equilibrium, 37–38, 37f discrepancy in length of, 373 deltoid, 442 meeting conditions for, 41–42, 42f effect of weight-bearing subtalar joint dorsoradial, 337 of foot and ankle, 534 effects of immobilization on, 103, of force components, 53–60, 55f–59f motion on, 449–450, 450f 104t translatory effects of, 60–62, Length-tension relationship, of muscle, humeral, transverse, 257, 257f iliofemoral, 363, 363f 60f–62f 123–125, 124f–125f iliolumbar, 151t, 169, 169f of gait, 527–551 application of, 124–125, 124f intercarpal, 319, 319f Levator ani muscle, 186–187 dorsal, 311, 311f analysis of, 528–530, 529f, 530t interclavicular, 234 trunk and, 551–553, 552f intermetacarpal, 337 upper extremities and, 553 of levers, 48–53, 49f–52f of moment arm of force, 45–46, 45f–46f angle of application and, 46–48, 47f–49f of moment of force, 35–36, 35f–36f of muscle forces, 42–44, 42f–44f

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. 578 ■ Index dorsal, 311, 311f Low back volar, 310, 311f effect of creep on, 155 Ligament(s) (Continued) radiolunate (radiolunotriquetral), pain in, exercises for, 184–185, 185f interosseous talocalcaneal, 446, 310, 311f 447f radioscaphocapitate (radiocapitate), Lubrication, of joint, 95–96, 95f interspinous, 150, 151t 310, 311f Lubricin, 95 intertransverse, 150, 151t radioscapholunate, 310, 311f Lumbar lordosis, relationship between ischiofemoral, 364, 364f response of, to exercise, 105–106 ligamentum flavum, 77, 149–150, retinacular sacral inclination and, 490 151t dorsal, 329 Lumbar spine, 142, 142f ligamentum nuchae, 150, 151t, 158 oblique, 330 ligamentum teres, 362, 363f transverse, 322 articulations in, 168, 169f longitudinal, anterior and posterior, sacroiliac, 173–174 compression of, 172 148–149, 149f, 151t scapholunate, injury to, 315, 315f curvature of, in sagittal plane in lunotriquetral interosseous, 307 scapholunate interosseous, 307 meniscofemoral, 398, 407 sphenomandibular, 218–219, 219f standing posture, variations in, metacarpal, deep transverse, 319, sternoclavicular, 235–236, 236f 492t 319f stresses and strain on. See Stress- fascia in, 169–170, 170f metatarsal, deep transverse, 458 strain. function of, 170–173 oblique structure of, 77–78, 78t interbody joints in, 168 anterior, 337 stylomandibular, 218, 219f intervertebral disks in, 168, 168f posterior, 402, 407t supraspinous, 150, 151t kinematics of, 170–171, 171f–172f of acromioclavicular joint, 238–239, talocalcaneal, 442 kinetics of, 172–173 238f–239f talofibular, 442, 442f ligaments in, 168–169, 169f of ankle joint, 441–442, 442f–443f talonavicular, dorsal, 454 shear in, 172 of Bigelow, 363 tibiofibular, 440, 441 structure of, 166–170 of elbow complex, 278–280, 279f transverse, 158–159, 159f, 398 typical vertebrae of, 166–167, of glenohumeral joint, 248–250, transverse carpal, 316, 317f 166f–167f. See also Vertebra(e). 249f–251f trapezoid, 238, 238f variations in, 153t of hip joint, 362–364, 363f–364f triangular, 329 zygapophyseal joints in, 168, 169f of knee joint, 402–407 ulnocarpal complex, 310 Lumbar-pelvic rhythm, 171, 172f posterior capsule, 405, 407, 407f, ulnolunate, 310, 311f Lumbosacral angle, 167, 167f 407t Y, of Bigelow, 363 Lumbosacral joint, 167 of meniscus, 398, 398f Ligamentum flavum, 77, 149–150, 151t in standing posture analysis, 490, of metacarpophalangeal joints, Ligamentum nuchae, 150, 150t, 158 490f 322–323 Ligamentum teres ligament, 362, 363f shear stresses at, 167 of midcarpal joint, 310–311, 311f Line of gravity (LoG), 15, 17–18, 17f Lumbrical muscles, 335–336, 335f, 472, of radiocarpal joint, 309 in fixed-support synergies, 482, 483f 473t of radioulnar joint, 290–292, 291f location of, above fifth lumbar verte- Lunate, 306f, 307 dorsal and volar, 307 bra, 491, 492t avascular necrosis of, 309, 309f of rib cage, 197–198, 197f–198f, Linear force system, 20f, 21, 22f Lung capacity, 201, 201t 200–208 additional considerations in, 25–35 Lung function, chronic obstructive pul- of subtalar joint, 446–447, 447f horizontal, 32, 34–35 monary disease affecting, 202, of temporomandibular joint, vertical, 32, 34–35 210–212, 211f 218–219, 219f Link protein, 74, 75f Lung volumes, 201, 201t of vertebral column, 148–150, Load, 83, 84 Lunotriquetral interosseous ligament, 148f–149f, 151t, 176–187 carried, hip adjustment of, 385 307 in cervical region, 157–159, compressive, on spine, in sitting pos- Lying posture. See also Posture. 158f–159f ture, 505–506, 505f–506f analysis of in lumbar region, 168–169, 169f increased/decreased, effects of, interdiskal pressures in, 508, 508f in sacral region, 173–174, 173f 103–104, 104t surface interface pressures in, in thoracic region, 165 levels of, joint adaptation to, 107, of wrist complex, 310–311, 311f 107f 508 patellar, 416 types of, 86f patellofemoral Load deformation, 86–87 M lateral, 402 Load-deformation curve, 83, 84f medial, 401, 402 Locking mechanism, of knee, 413 M band, 115, 115f patellomeniscal, 398, 398f Longissimus capitis muscle, 177 Malalignment medial, 402 Longissimus cervicis muscle, 177 patellotibial, lateral, 402 Longissimus thoracis muscle, 180, 181f of body, possible effects of, 496t plantar calcaneonavicular (spring), Longitudinal ligaments, anterior and of knee joint, 397 452, 453, 453f posterior, 148–149, 149f, 151t Mandible, 215, 216f plantar, long, 454 Longus capitis muscle, 179 elevation and depression of, 219–221, popliteal, oblique, 407t Longus colli muscle, 179 properties of, 90 Lordosis, 496–497, 496f–497f 220f, 223 pubic, superior and inferior, 174 lumbar, relationship between sacral lateral deviation of, 221–222, pubofemoral, 363, 363f inclination and, 490 quadrate, 291 Lordotic curves, 143, 143f 221f–222f radiate, 197, 197f–198f palpation and asymmetry of, 222 radiocarpal protrusion and retrusion of, 221, 221f Manubriosternal joint, 196 Manubrium, 194f, 195 Mass alterations in, 18–19, 19f

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. center of. See also Center of gravity Midcarpal joint, 305. See also Wrist Index ■ 579 (CoG). complex. abductor digiti minimi, 473t center of mass, in static and dynamic ligaments of, 310–311, 311f abductor hallucis, 473t postures, 480 movements of, 311–314 abductor pollicis brevis, 339 structure of, 310–311 abductor pollicis longus, 317, 318f units of, 11–12 Midfoot, 438, 438f. See also Foot. abductors, hip, 376 Masseter muscles, 222, 223f Midstance action of Mechanical advantage (M Ad), 51–52 gait characteristics from initial con- types of, 126–127, 126f–127f trade-offs in, 52–53 tact, to toe-off, 542t under controlled conditions, Mechanical axis, in tibiofemoral joint gait characteristics from initial con- 128–129 alignment, 396, 396f tact to, 541t adductor brevis, 375 Mechanical behavior, of connective in gait cycle, 520, 521f adductor hallucis, 473t Midswing, in gait cycle, 522 adductor longus, 375 tissue, 83–87 Midtarsal joint. See Transverse tarsal adductor magnus, 375 force and elongation in, 83–84, joint. adductor pollicis, 339 Minute ventilation, calculation of, 205 adductors, hip, 375 84f–85f Mobile segment, of vertebral column, agonist, 129–130, 130f load deformation and stress-strain 143 anconeus, 281, 281f Mobility disorders, osseous, of temporo- antagonist, 129–130, 130f curves in, 86–87 mandibular joint, 226–227 architecture of, 120–121, 120f stress and strain in, 84–85, 86f Mobility (nonpostural) muscle, 119 Young’s modulus in, 85–86 Moment arm (MA), 36, 43–44, 44f classification based on, 130–131, Mechanical energy and angle of application of force, 131f kinematic approach to, 534–536, 46–48, 47f–48f attachment of, 132 535f–536f changes to, 45–46, 45f–46f biceps brachii, 280, 286–287, 287f, of walking, 534 muscle classification based on, 131 Mechanical perturbation, 482 of muscle, 127, 127f 292 Medial compartment, of knee, 394 Moment conventions, gait and, 530 in glenohumeral stabilization, 257, Membrane, intercostal, 204 Moment of force. See Torque (T). Meniscofemoral ligament, 398, 407 Motion, 5–10. See also Displacement; 257f Meniscus(i), 91. See also Disk(s). biceps femoris, 376, 403, 414 acromioclavicular, 238 Kinematics. bipennate, 121 injury to, 430 acromioclavicular, 239–242, brachialis, 280, 286 of knee, 387f–398f, 397–399 brachioradialis, 280, 287 240f–241f changes in, lateral epicondylitis and, attachments in, 397–398, 398f curvilinear, 6–7 entrapment of, 411 glenohumeral, 252–254, 253f–254f 281t innervation of, 399 in joint function, 99–102 classification of, 129–131 ligaments of, 398, 398f mandibular, 219–222, 220f–222f nutrition of, 399 of ankle-foot complex, 438–439, 439f based on architecture, 130–131, role of, 398–399, 399f 131f terminology used in, 439–440 in flexion/extension, 410–411, range of. See Range of motion based on length of moment arm, 410f–411f 131 (ROM). structure of, 397, 398f rotatory, 6, 6f based on movement, 129–130, 130f sternoclavicular, 235, 235f coccygeus, 186–187 Meniscus homolog, 307 magnitude of, 9–10, 10f compartment Metacarpal ligaments, deep transverse, scapular, 243–245 319, 319f anterior, 471–472 Metacarpophalangeal joint(s), 97, 97f, anterior/posterior tipping, 245, lateral, 471, 471f 246f posterior, 468–471, 470f–471f 321–325 components of, parallel and elastic, flexion of, role of interossei muscles elevation/depression, 244, 244f 122, 122f internal/external rotation, 245, contractile unit of, 115–117, in, 334 115f–116f. See also Muscle function of, influence of extensor 245f protraction/retraction, 244–245, contraction. mechanism on, 330–331, 330f deltoid, 238, 263–264, 264f ligaments of, 322–323 245f of thumb, 338–339, 338f upward/downward rotation, in glenohumeral stabilization, range of motion of, 323–324, 323f 255–256, 255f stability of, volar plates in, 321–323, 243–244, 244f sternoclavicular, 236–237, 236f–237f diaphragmatic, 201–204, 202f–204f 322f–323f three-dimensional, 7 digastric, 222, 222f Metatarsal(s), 438f translatory, 6, 6f erector spinae, 180–181, 181f, 182f length of, 460 in linear and concurrent force sys- location and function of, 183 Metatarsal break, at metatarsopha- tems, 20–25, 20f, 22f–25f overstretching of, 182 extensor carpi radialis brevis, 281, langeal joints, 461–462, 462f Motor neuron, alpha, 117, 118f 281f, 316 Metatarsal ligaments, deep transverse, Motor unit, of muscle, 117–119 extensor carpi radialis longus, 281, 281f, 316 458 organization of, 117, 118f extensor carpi ulnaris, 281, 281f Metatarsalgia, 471 recruitment of, 117–119 extensor digiti minimi, 316 Metatarsophalangeal joint(s), 460–464 Mucopolysaccharides, 73 extensor digitorum brevis, 473t Multiaxial joint(s), 97 extensor digitorum communis, 281, flexion, abduction, and adduction of, Multifidus muscle, 183 281f, 316 462–463, 463f Multipennate muscles, 121 extensor digitorum longus, 445 Muscle(s), 113–136 extensor digitorum minimi, 281, 281f function of, 461–464 abdominal, 206, 207f, 208 extensor hallucis longus, 445 metatarsal break at, 461–462, 462f structure of, 460–461, 461f Metatarsus varus, 463, 463f

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. levator scapula, 176–177, 178, 178f palmaris longus, 280, 281f, 316, 317f overactivity of, 177 parasternal, 203 580 ■ Index passive insufficiency of, 132–133, 133f levatores costarum, 206, 207f pectineus, 375 Muscle(s) (Continued) longissimus capitis, 177 pectoral, function of, 266 extensor indicis proprius, 316 longissimus cervicis, 177 pectoralis major, 206, 207f extensor pollicis brevis, 317 longissimus thoracis, 180, 181f pectoralis minor, 206, 207f extensor pollicis longus, 316–317, longus capitis, 179 peroneus brevis, 445 318f longus colli, 179 peroneus longus, 445 extensors, 129 lumbricals, 335–336, 335f, 472, 473t piriformis, 374, 377 elbow, 287–288, 288f masseter, 222, 223f plantaris, 414 finger, 328–329, 328f–329f medial rotators, hip, 378 popliteus, 398, 415 mechanism of action of, moment arm of, 127, 127f postural (stability), 119 329–333, 330f motor unit of, 117–119, 118f pronator quadratus, 292, 293, 293f hip, 376 multifidus, 183 pronator teres, 280, 281f, 287, 292 knee, 415–419, 416f–419f multipennate, 121 psoas, 184, 374 vertebral column, 152–153, 152f nonpostural (mobility), 119 pterygoid, 218, 222, 223f wrist, 316–319, 318f oblique abdominis, external and quadratus femoris, 377 flexor carpi radialis, 280, 281f, 316, quadratus lumborum, 183, 184f 317f internal, 184, 206, 207f quadratus plantae, 470, 473t flexor carpi ulnaris, 280, 281f obturator externus, 377 quadriceps flexor digiti minimi, 473t obturator internus, 377 flexor digitorum longus, 445 of ankle-foot complex, 468–472, function of, patellar influence on, flexor digitorum profundus, 316, 416–417 317f 469f–471f flexor digitorum superficialis, 280, of depression, 266–267 inhibition of, 426 281f, 316, 317f of elbow complex, 280–282, 281f strengthening of, 418–419 flexor hallucis brevis, 473t weakness of, 417–418, 417f–419f flexor hallucis longus, 445 action of, 286–288, 287f–288f quadriceps femoris, 415–416 flexor pollicis longus, 316, 317f effects of aging on, 296t rectus abdominis, 183–184, 184f, 206, flexors, 129 factors affecting activity of, 286 207f elbow, 286–287, 287f–288f of elevation, 263–266, 264f rectus capitis, 179 finger, 325–328, 325f–327f of hip joint, 373–378 rectus femoris, 367 hip, 374–375 abductor, 376 passive insufficiency of, 411 knee, 414–415, 414f–415f adductor, 375 rhomboid, function of, 266–267, 266f vertebral column, 151–153, bilateral stance and, 378–379 rotators, 129 152f–153f extensor, 376 hip, 377–378, 378f wrist, 316, 317f flexor, 373–375 scapula, 261–262, 262f force-velocity relationship in, lateral rotator, 377–378, 378f sartorius, 374, 402, 414f, 415 125–126, 125f medial rotator, 378 scalene, 178, 179f, 205, 205f, 207f function of, 123–136 unilateral stance and, 379–381, semimembranosus, 376, 398, 414 factors affecting, 132–135 semispinalis capitis, 177 gastrocnemius, 400, 414, 445 380f semispinalis cervicis, 177 shortening of, 470 reduction of muscle forces in, semitendinosus, 376, 409, 414, 414f gemellus inferior, 377 sensory receptors of, 133–135, 134f gemellus superior, 377 381–385 serratus gluteus maximus, 180, 180f, 376, 415 of knee joint, 413–419 anterior, 261, 262f gluteus medius, 376 of radioulnar joint, 292, 293–294, gluteus minimus, 376 function of, 264–266 gracilis, 367, 375, 409, 414f, 415 293f posterior, 206, 207f hamstring, 367, 414 of shoulder complex soleus, 415, 445 iliacus, 184, 374 shortening of, 470 iliocostalis lumborum, 180, 181f depression, 266–267, 266f splenius capitis, 177 iliopsoas, 374 elevation, 263–266, 264f splenius cervicis, 177 in connective tissue, organization of, of temporomandibular joint, sternocleidomastoid, 178–179, 206, 121–122, 121f–122f 222–223, 223f–224f 207f in levers, 50–51, 50f–51f of thumb strap (fusiform), 120 infraspinatus, 256, 256f extrinsic, 339 structure of, 119–121, 119t, 120f function of, 264 intrinsic, 339–340, 340f elements of, 114–122 injury to, exercise-induced, 136 of ventilation, 200–201 subclavius, 206, 207f interaction of, with tendon, 127–128 accessory, 205–206, 207f–208f, 208 subcostales, 204, 204f intercostal, 203–204, 204f coordination and integration of, suboccipital, 177–178 interossei, 333–335, 334f, 336t subscapularis, 256, 256f dorsal, 329, 472, 473t 208 function of, 264 plantar, 472 primary, 201–206, 202f–206f supinator, 292, 293–294, 293f volar, 329 of vertebral column, 176–187 supinator teres, 280 intrinsic, 333–336 in craniocervical/upper thoracic supraspinatus, 256, 256f extension in absence of, 331, 332f function of, 264 lateral rotators, hip, 377–378, 378f region, 176–180, 176f–179f in glenohumeral stabilization, latissimus dorsi, 180, 180f in lower thoracic/lumbopelvic function of, 266 256–257 levator ani, 186–187 regions, 180–186, 180f–182f, temporalis, 222, 223f 184f–185f in pelvic floor, 186–187, 187f of wrist complex, 316–319 dorsal, 316–319, 318f volar, 316, 317f opponens digiti minimi, 321, 321f opponens pollicis, 339

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. Index ■ 581 tensor fascia lata, 367 Neonate, chest wall in, structure and Ossification, endochondral, 81 teres major, function of, 266–267, function of, 209–210, 209f Osteoarthritis 266f Neural arch, 143–144, 143f of carpometacarpal joints, 338, 338f teres minor, 256, 256f Newton (N), 10, 13 of hip, 386 Newton’s law of acceleration, 20 of knee, 430 function of, 264 Newton’s law of inertia, 19–20, 31–32, of temporomandibular joint, 225 thenar, 339 Osteoblasts, 72, 72t, 82 tibialis anterior, 445 31f Osteoclasts, 82 tibialis posterior, 445 Newton’s law of reaction, 24–25, Osteocytes, 73, 82 transversus abdominis, 184, 206 Osteokinematics, 99. See also transversus thoracis, 206, 207f 24f–25f Kinematics. trapezius, 176, 206, 207f, 261, 262f Nonpostural (mobility) muscle, 119 Osteonectin, 74 Non–weight-bearing exercise, vs. Osteoporosis, 82, 510 function of, 264–266 risk of, 510–511 triceps, 281, 287–288, 288f weight-bearing exercise Overuse injuries, 106 trunk, strengthening of, 504 in quadriceps strengthening, effects of, 135 unipennate, 121 susceptibility to, 511 vastus intermedius, 416 418–419 Ovoid joint, motion at, 100, 100f–101f vastus lateralis, 408, 416, 426 with patellofemoral pain, 428–429, vastus medialis, 402, 416, 426 P ventilatory, 200–201 429f Non-weight-bearing motion, of subtalar Pad-to-pad prehension, 344, 345f accessory, 205–206, 207f–208f, 208 Pad-to-side prehension, 345–346, 345f coordination and integration of, joint, 447–449, 448f, 448t Pain Nucleus pulposus, 146, 146f 208 affecting gait, 563 primary, 201–206, 202f–206f function of, 155t hip, 377 Muscle activity Nursemaid’s elbow, 298f, 299 in gait, 543–544, 544f–546f, 546–547 Nutation, 174, 175f adjustment to carried load and, in running gait, 556, 558 Nutrition, of meniscus, 399 385 Muscle contraction, 115–116, 116f concentric, 126, 127f O strategies to reduce, 385 eccentric, 126, 127f low back, exercises for, 184–185, isometric, 126, 126f Oblique abdominis ligament, external vs. muscle action, 117 and internal, 184, 206, 207f 185f Muscle fibers patellofemoral, weight-bearing exer- age-related changes of, 136 Oblique cord, 291 composition of, 114–115, 114f Oblique ligament cise vs. non–weight-bearing exer- extrafusal, 134 cise with, 428–429, 429f intrafusal, 133–134 anterior, 337 soft tissue structures causing, 170 types of, 119, 119t posterior, 402, 407t spondylolisthesis causing, 145 Muscle force, reduction of, in unilateral Obturator externus muscle, 377 Palmar arches, 320–321, 321f stance, 381–385 Obturator internus muscle, 377 Palmaris longus muscle, 280, 281f, 316, Muscle force vector, 42–44, 42f–44f Occipital condyle, 156, 156f 317f Muscle spindle(s), 133–134, 134f Occlusion, dental, 225 Parallel force system, 38–41, 38f–41f Muscle spindle reflex, 134 Occupation, effects of, posture, Paralysis/paresis, calcaneal gait in, 562 Muscle synergies, in posture control, 511–512 Parasternal muscles, 203 482–484 Odontoid process (dens), 157, 157f Paratenon, 78 change-in-support, 483, 484f Olecranon fossa, 274, 274f Parkinson’s disease, characteristic gait fixed-support, 482, 483f–484f Opponens digiti minimi muscle, 321, in, 562 head-stabilizing, 483–484 321f Pars interarticularis, 144, 144f Muscle tension, 123–129 Opponens pollicis muscle, 339 Passive stretch, of extensor muscles, active, 123 Optimal posture, 487. See also Posture. 331 factors affecting, 129 frontal plane alignment and analysis Patella factors affecting, 126 as anatomic pulley, 44, 44f force-velocity relationship in, of, 498, 498f, 498t, 499t extension of, 422 125–126, 125f frontal plane deviations from, flexion of, 422 isometric length relationship in, grasshopper-eyes, 500, 501f 123–125, 124f–125f 498–503 influence of, on quadriceps muscle application of, 124–125, 124f at foot and toes, 498–500, function, 416–417 passive, 123, 123f–124f motions of, 422–423, 422f–424f types of muscle action in, 126–127, 499f–500f squinting or cross-eyed, 500, 501f 126f–127f at knee, 500, 500f–501f Patella alta, 421, 500 Muscle-tendon junction, 79, 79f at vertebral column, 500–503, Patellar groove, 395 Myofilaments, 114, 114f, 115f Patellar ligaments, 416 Myosin, 114, 115f 501f–503f Patellar plica, 400–401, 401f Myotendinous junction, 79, 79f sagittal plane deviations from, Patellar retinaculum, 399 Patellar rotation, medial/lateral, 423, N 493–497 423f at foot and toes, 493–494, 494f Patellar tendon, 399 Navicular bone, 438f at head, 497, 497f Patellar tilt, medial/lateral, 422, 422f at knee, 494–495, 495f Patellectomy, 417 at pelvis, 495–496, 496f, 496t at vertebral column, 496–497, 496f–497f Orthosis ankle-foot, 536 effect of, on gait, 561 knee-ankle-foot, 488, 489f Osseous mobility disorders, of temporo- mandibular joint, 226–227

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. 582 ■ Index Pes planus (flat foot), 449, 457–458, coincident action lines in, 485–486, 498–499, 499f–500f 486f Patellofemoral joint, 420–429, 421f articulating surfaces of, 421–422, archy, 472 ground reaction forces in, 485, 422f in gait cycle, 520, 521f 485f capsule of, 399–402 Phalanges, 438f congruence of, 421–422 Piriformis muscle, 374, 377 inertial and gravitational forces in, injury to, 430–431 Pisiform, 307 485 motions of patella in, 422–423, Pivot (trochoid) joint, 96 422f–424f Plantar aponeurosis, 461, 466–467, sagittal plane in, 486–487, pain in, weight-bearing exercise vs. 466f 486f–487f non–weight-bearing exercise with, Plantar arches, 464–468 428–429, 429f function of, 465–468, 466f–467f optimal, 487 stability of muscular contribution to, 468 frontal plane alignment and analy- asymmetry in, 427–428, 427f–428f structure of, 464–465, 465f sis of, 498, 498f, 498t, 499t frontal plane, 425–428, 425f Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) liga- frontal plane deviations from, stresses on, 423–425, 424f ments, 452, 453, 453f 498–503 Plantar fasciitis, 467 at foot and toes, 498–500, Patellofemoral ligament Plantar flexion 499f–500f lateral, 402 of ankle-foot complex, 438, 439f, at knee, 500, 500f–501f medial, 401, 402 at vertebral column, 500–503, 444–445 501f–503f Patellomeniscal ligament, 398, 398f of rays, 459 sagittal plane deviations from medial, 402 Plantar flexion moment, 488 at foot and toes, 493–494, 494f Plantar ligaments, long, 454 at head, 497, 497t Patellotibial ligament, lateral, 402 Plantar plates, 461 at knee, 494–495, 495f Pectineus muscle, 375 Plantaris muscles, 414 at pelvis, 495–496, 496f, 496t Pectoral muscles, function of, 266 Plates at vertebral column, 496–497, Pectoralis major muscle, 206, 207f cartilaginous, 91 496f–497f Pectoralis minor muscle, 206, 207f vertebral end, 146f, 147 in sagittal plane alignment, Pedicles Plica, patellar, 400–401, 401f 493–497 Plica syndrome, 400 function of, 155t Plumb line, 487 overview of, 479 of cervical vertebrae, 159 Popliteal ligaments, oblique, 407t static and dynamic, 480–484, 480f of lumbar vertebrae, 166 Popliteus muscles, 398, 415 of neural arch, 143f, 144, 145t, 153t Posteromedial band, 403 control in, 481 of thoracic vertebrae, 164 Postural (stability) muscle, 119 goals and basic elements of, Pelvic drop, 369, 369f Postural sway, 485 481–484 Pelvic floor, muscles of Posture, 479–512. See also Stance. function of, 187 analysis of lying, 508–509 swayback, 489–490 structure of, 186–187, 187f Potential energy, 534 Pelvic hike, 369, 369f interdiskal pressures in, 508, 508f Pound (lb), 10, 13 Pelvic rotation surface interface pressures in, 508 Power anterior/posterior, 370–371, analysis of sitting, 503–508 interdiskal pressure and compres- in running gait, 558 370f–371f mechanical, in gait, 537, 538f–540f, in gait, 371, 371f sive loads on spine in, 505–506, Pelvic tilt 505f–506f 541t, 542–543, 542t anterior/posterior, 368, 369f muscle activity in, 504–505, Power absorption, in gait, 524 504f–505f Power generation, in gait, 524 vs. torsion, 368 seat interface pressures in, Power grip, 341–344 excessive anterior, 495–496, 496f, 506–508, 507f analysis of standing, 487–503 cylindrical, 341–343, 342f 496t alignment of body segments in, hook, 343–344, 343f lateral, 368–370, 369f–370f 492, 493t spherical, 343, 343f Pelvic femoral motion, 371–372 at ankle, 488, 488f Precision handling, 344–346 Pelvic femoral rhythm, 372 at head, 492, 492t Pregnancy, effects of, on posture, 511 Pelvis at hip and pelvis, 489, 489f–490f Prehension, 340–346, 341f in sagittal plane postural deviations, at knee, 488 grip in, 340–344 at lumbosacral and sacroiliac handling in, 344–346 495–496, 496f, 496t joints, 490, 490f lateral, 344 in standing posture analysis, 489, at vertebral column, 490–492, 491f, pad-to-pad, 344, 345f 491t, 492t pad-to-side, 345–346, 345f 489f–490f sagittal plane alignment in, tip-to-tip, 344–345, 345f motion of, on femur, 368–371, 488–492 Prestyloid recess, 307 compensatory, 493 Proactive (anticipatory) responses, in 369f–371f effects of age on, 509–511, 509t, 510f posture control, 481 Perimysium, 121, 121f effects of occupation and recreation Procollagen, 82. See also Collagen. Periosteum, 82 on, 511–512 Proline, 76 Peritendon, 78 effects of pregnancy on, 511 Pronation Peroneal retinaculum, 442, 443f kinetics and kinematics of, 484–487 of ankle-foot complex, 439 Peroneus brevis muscle, 445 subtalar, 447, 448t Peroneus longus muscle, 445 weight-bearing hindfoot, and trans- Peroneus longus tendon, 471, 471f Perturbation, 482 verse tarsal joint motion, 455–456, 457f of erect stance equilibrium, 484f Pronation twist, of tarsometatarsal Pes anserinus, 414, 414f joints, 459–460, 460f Pes cavus (supinated foot), 472–473, 499, 500f

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. Index ■ 583 Pronator quadratus muscle, 292, 293, Radiolunate (radiolunotriquetral) liga- Rehabilitation, predicted progression 293f ment, 310, 311f of, 480 Pronator teres muscle, 280, 281f, 287, Radioscaphocapitate (radiocapitate) lig- Relaxin, 175 292 ament, 310, 311f Repetitive motion disorder, 106 Repetitive strain injury, 106 Proteins, in muscle fibers Radioscapholunate ligament, 310, 311f Retinaculae, 121, 122f, 401 contractile, 114, 114f–115f Radioulnar disk, 306 structural, 114–115, 115f Radioulnar joint extensor, 317, 399, 442, 443f peroneal, 442, 443f Proteoglycans, 73 articulating surfaces of, 290, 290f Retinacular ligaments characteristics of, 74 function of, 292–295 dorsal, 329 classification of, 73t inferior, 289–290, 289f oblique, 330 ligaments of, 290–292, 291f transverse, 322 Protrusion, mandibular, 221, 221f muscles of, 292, 293–294, 293f Retrodiskal pad, bilaminar, 218 Psoas muscle, 184, 374 range of motion of, 293 Retroversion, acetabular, 360, 361f Pterygoid muscle, 218, 222, 223f stability of, 294–295, 294f Retrusion, mandibular, 221 Pubic ligament, superior and inferior, Rheumatoid arthritis, of temporo- ligamentous and muscular contri- mandibular joint, 226 174 butions to, 295t Rhomboid muscles, function of, Pubofemoral ligament, 363, 363f 266–267, 266f Pulleys superior, 289, 289f Rib(s), 194f, 195–196, 196f Radius, 306 costovertebral facets of, 196–197 anatomic, 43, 43f demifacets of, 196 function of, 43–44, 44f articulating surfaces of, 275, vertebral (floating), 196 275f–276f vertebrochondral (false), 196 annular, 327 vertebrosternal (true), 196 cruciate, 327 distal, 307, 307f, 308f Rib cage, 193, 194f, 195–200. See also Pythagorean theorem, 56, 56f fracture of, 308, 309f Chest wall. age-related changes of, 210 Q head of, 275, 276f articulations of, 196–198, 197f–198f Range of motion (ROM), 10, 10f. See effects of scoliosis on, 200, 200f Q-angle (quadriceps angle), 427, kinematics of, 198–200, 199f–200f 427f–428f also Kinematics; Motion. muscles associated with, 200–208 flexion/extension, 411 Rolling, of joint, 100, 100f Quadrate ligament, 291 limited, effects of, 101 Rotation, 6, 6f Quadratus femoris muscle, 377 of atlanto-occipital joint, 162, 162f acromioclavicular Quadratus lumborum muscle, 183, of carpometacarpal joints, 320 of dysplastic hip, 367–368, 368f internal/external, 239, 240f 184f of elbow complex, 284–286 upward/downward, 241–242, 241f Quadratus plantae muscle, 470, 473t autonomic (terminal), of knee joint, Quadriceps femoris muscle, 415–416 two-joint muscle effects on, 285, 413 Quadriceps lag, 417–418, 417f–419f 285f clavicular, anterior/posterior, 237 Quadriceps muscle magnitude of, 9–10, 10f of glenohumeral joint, 253, 258 medial/lateral, of tibiofemoral joint, function of, patellar influence on, of joints, 99 412–413, 412f 416–417 of metacarpophalangeal joints, parallel force components produc- ing, 62, 62f inhibition of, 426 323–324, 323f patellar, medial/lateral, 423, 423f strengthening of, 418–419 of radioulnar joint, 293 pelvic weakness of, 417–418, 417f–419f of subtalar joint, 450–452 anterior/posterior, 370–371, Quadriceps tendon, 400 of wrist complex, 314 Ray 370f–371f R definition of, 458 in gait, 371, 371f dorsiflexion of, 459 perpendicular force components pro- Radial bursa, 327 plantar flexion of, 459 ducing, 61–62, 61f Radial deviation, of wrist complex, Reaction, Newton’s law of, 24–25, scapular 24f–25f internal/external, 245, 245f 313–314, 314f Reaction forces, 30–31, 31f upward/downward, 243–244, 244f Radial fossa, 274, 274f ground, 485, 485f total, force producing, 62–63 Radial notch, ulnar, 289, 289f Rotational energy, 534 Radian, 9 of gait, 527–528 Rotational stability, components of, sagittal plane analysis in, 547, 421t arc of, 10f 548f–552f, 551 Rotational stabilizers, internal/external, Radiate ligaments, 197, 197f–198f of knee, 420t Radiation therapy, for breast cancer, tensile forces and, 26–28, 27f Rotator cuff, in glenohumeral stabiliza- Reactive (compensatory) responses, in tion, 256, 256f 267 Rotator muscles, 129 Radiocarpal joint, 305, 306–309. See also posture control, 481 hip Reciprocal click, in temporomandibular lateral, 377–378, 378f Wrist complex. medial, 378 capsule of, 309 joint, 227 ligaments of, 309 Recreation, effects of, on posture, movements of, 311–314 proximal and distal segments of, 511–512 Rectus abdominis muscle, 183–184, 306–309, 307f–309f structure of, 306–309 184f, 206, 207f Radiocarpal ligaments Rectus capitis muscle, 179 dorsal, 311, 311f Rectus femoris muscle, 367 volar, 310, 311f passive insufficiency of, 411 Reflex deep tendon, 134 muscle spindle, 134 stretch, 134

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. 584 ■ Index Running gait, 555–558, 555f–557f, thoracic, 193, 195f Sliding, joint, 100, 100f–101f 558t treatment of, 208, 208f “Snapping hip” syndrome, 375 Screw axis of motion, 7 Soleus muscle, 415, 445 S Screw displacement axes, of elbow com- plex, 282 shortening of, 470 Sacral spine (sacrum), 142, 142f Screw home mechanism, of knee, 413 Speed, 10 articulating surfaces of, 173, 173f Seat interface pressures, 506–508, 507f function of, 174–176 Sellar joint, motion at, 100–101, 101f of gait, 523–524 kinematics of, 174–175, 175f Semimembranosus muscle, 376, 398, Sphenomandibular ligament, 218–219, kinetics of, 175–176 414 ligaments of, 173–174, 173f Semispinalis capitis muscle, 177 219f structure of, 173–174 Semispinalis cervicis muscle, 177 Spherical grip, 343, 343f symphysis pubis articulation in, 174 Semitendinosus muscle, 376, 409, 414, Spinal curves, 143, 143f 414f Sacroiliac joint, in standing posture Sensory perturbation, 482 in sagittal plane in standing posture analysis, 490, 490f Sensory receptors, of muscle, 133–135, age variations in, 509t 134f variations in, 491t, 492t Sacroiliac ligament, 173–174 Serratus muscles Sagittal bands, 32, 322, 323f anterior, 261, 262f Spine. See Vertebral column. Sagittal plane, of body, 7, 7f Spinning, joint, 100, 100f function of, 264–266 Spinous processes, 144f, 145, 145t, 153t alignment and analysis of, in standing posterior, 206, 207f posture, 488–492, 493t Sesamoiditis, 461 function of, 155t Sharpey fibers, 121 of cervical vertebrae, 160 deviations from optimal alignment Shear force, 32–35, 32f–33f of lumbar vertebrae, 167 in, 493–497 excessive anterior, 172–173 of thoracic vertebrae, 165 vertebral column, 155 Splenius capitis muscle, 177 effect of external forces in, 486–487, Splenius cervicis muscle, 177 486f in lumbar region, 172 Splinting, of hand, in anti-deformity Shear loading, 84, 86f position, 325, 325f Sagittal plane analysis, of gait, 547, Shear stress, at lumbosacral joint, 167 Spondylolisthesis, 144, 144f 548f–552f, 551 Shoulder complex, 233–267 pain due to, 145 Squat lifting vs. stoop lifting, in injury Sagittal plane joint angles, in gait, 524, components of, 234–255. See also prevention, 185–186, 185f 525f, 527 Acromioclavicular joint; Squeeze-film lubrication, of joints, Glenohumeral joint; 95–96 Sagittal plane moments, in gait, 530, Scapulothoracic joint; Squinting patella, 500, 501f 531f–532f, 532 Sternoclavicular joint. Stability of glenohumeral joint Sarcolemma, 114, 114f dynamic stabilization of, 233 Sarcomere, 115, 115f dysfunction of, structural, 262–263 dynamic, 255–259 Sarcoplasm, 114 function of, 259–263 biceps brachii muscle in, 257, Sartorius muscle, 374, 402, 414f, 415 257f Scalene muscle, 178, 179f, 205, 205f, scapulothoracic and glenohumeral costs of, 258–259 contributions to, 259–260, deltoid muscle in, 255–256, 255f 207f 259f–260f rotator cuff and, 256, 256f Scaphoid, 306f, 307 supraspinatus muscle in, Scapholunate advanced collapse sternoclavicular and acromioclavic- 256–257 ular contributions to, 260–262, (SLAC) wrist, 314, 315f 261f static, 254–255, 255f Scapholunate ligament of knee joint, 419–420, 419t–420t, muscles of depression in, 266–267, injury to, 315, 315f 266f 421t interosseous, 307 of patellofemoral joint Scapula, 194f, 234f muscles of elevation in, 263–266, 264f motion of, 243–245 overview of, 233–234 asymmetry in, 427–428, 427f–428f Single-support time, in gait, 522–523 frontal plane, 425–428, 425f anterior/posterior tipping, 245, Sinus tarsi, 445, 446f Stability (postural) muscle, 119 246f Sitting posture. See also Posture. Stabilizers, knee, 419t–420t active erect, 503, 504f Stair gait, 553–555, 553f, 553t, 554t elevation/depression, 244, 244f analysis of, 503–508 vs. ground-level gait, 554–555 internal/external rotation, 245, Stance. See also Posture. interdiskal pressure and compres- bilateral, 378–379 245f sive loads on spine in, 505–506, calculating hip joint compression, protraction/retraction, 244–245, 505f–506f 379 245f muscle activity in, 504–505, quadripedal vs. bipedal, base of sup- upward/downward rotation, 504f–505f port in, 480, 480f 243–244, 244f seat interface pressures in, unilateral, 379–381, 380f resting position of, 242–243, 243f 506–508, 507f upward rotators of, 261–262, 262f calculating hip joint compression Scapulohumeral rhythm, 259 effects of pregnancy on, 511 in, 380 variations in, 260 relaxed erect, 503, 504f Scapulothoracic joint, 242–246, slouched, 503 reduction of muscle forces in, slumped, 503, 504f 381–385 243f–246f vs. standing posture, muscle activity motion of, in shoulder complex, Stance phase, of gait cycle, 519, in, 504–505 519f–522f, 520 259–260, 259f–260f Skeletal muscle. See Muscle(s); named subphases of, 521 stability of, 245–246 Scoliosis, 500–503, 501f–503f muscle. Stance time, in gait, 522 effects of, on rib cage, 200, 200f Standing posture. See also Posture. respiratory changes in, 206, 208, analysis of, 487–503 208f screening for, 502–503

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. alignment of body segments in, Stride duration, in gait, 523 Index ■ 585 492, 493t Stride length, in gait, 523, 523f Structural impairment, in abnormal change-in-support, 483, 484f at ankle, 488, 488f fixed-support, 482, 483f–484f at head, 492, 492t gait, 562 head-stabilizing, 483–484 at hip and pelvis, 489, 489f–490f Structural proteins, in muscle fibers, Synergists, 130 at knee, 488 Synostosis, 91 at lumbosacral and sacroiliac 114–115, 115f Synovial fluid, 91, 95 Stylomandibular ligament, 218, 219f Synovial fold, hypertrophied, 278 joints, 490, 490f Subacromial bursa, 252 Synovial joints, 91–93, 91f–93f at vertebral column, 490–492, 491f, Subacromial (suprahumeral) joint, Synovial layer, of knee joint capsule, 400–401, 400f–401f 491t, 492t 234 Synovial sheath, 91. See also Joint cap- sagittal plane alignment in, Subclavius muscle, 206, 207f sule. Subcostales muscle, 204, 204f Synoviocytes 488–492 Subcutaneous bursa, 80 type A, 94 effects of pregnancy on, 511 Subdeltoid bursa, 252 type B, 94 vs. sitting posture, muscle activity in, Submuscular bursa, 80 Synovium, increased/decreased load Suboccipital muscle, 177–178 on, effects of, 104t 504–505 Subscapularis muscle, 256, 256f Static equilibrium, 19 T Static friction, 33–34, 33f function of, 264 Static posture, 480–484, 480f. See also Subscapularis tendon, 248–249 Talar tilt, 442 Subtalar joint, 445–452 Talocalcaneal joint. See Subtalar joint. Posture. Talocalcaneal ligament, 442 control in, 481 axis of motion of, 447, 448f Talocrural joint. See Ankle joint. function of, 447–452 Talofibular ligament, 442, 442f goals and basic elements of, ligaments of, 446–447, 447f Talonavicular joint, 446, 453–454, 453f 481–484 neutral position of, 451 Talonavicular ligament, dorsal, 454 non–weight-bearing motion of, Talus, 438f, 440f Statics, 19–20. See also Equilibrium. Step, length and duration of, in gait, 447–449, 448f, 448t body of, 441, 441f range of motion of, 450–452 Tarsal canal, 445 523 structure of, 445–447, 446f–447f Tarsometatarsal joint(s), 458–460 Step width, 524 weight-bearing motion of, 449–450, Stepping, 483 axis of motion of, 458–459 Sternoclavicular joint, 234–237 450f function of, 459–460 Subtendinous bursa, 80 pronation twist of, 459–460, 460f articulating surfaces of, 234–235, 235f Sulcus, 445 structure of, 458–459, 458f capsule of, 235 Supination supination twist of, 459, 459f disk of, 235, 235f Temporal bone, articular eminence of, hypomobility of, 263 of ankle-foot complex, 439 215, 216f ligaments of, 235–236, 236f subtalar, 447, 448t Temporal variables, in gait, 522 motion of, 236–237, 236f–237f weight-bearing hindfoot, and trans- Temporalis muscle, 222, 223f Temporomandibular joint, 215–228 in shoulder complex, 260–262, verse tarsal joint, 456–467, 457f age-related changes in, 225–226 261f Supination twist, of tarsometatarsal articular disk of, 217–218, 218f stress tolerance of, 237 joints, 459, 459f displacement of, 227 Sternoclavicular ligament, 235–236, Supinator muscles, 292, 293–294, 293f articular surfaces of, 216–217, 217f Supinator teres muscle, 280 bruxism and, 226 236f Support moments capsular fibrosis of, 226 Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 178–179, capsule of, 218, 219f adequate, development of, 532, 534 cervical spine relationship with, 206, 207f in gait, 530 Sternum, 194f, 195 Suprahumeral space, 234 223–225, 224f Stiffness, 83, 85 Supraspinatus muscle, 256, 256f degenerative conditions of, 227 function of, 264 dentition and, 225 passive muscle, 123, 124f in glenohumeral stabilization, dysfunction of, 226–228 Strain. See Stress-strain. Strain-rate sensitivity, 88–89 256–257 signs and symptoms of, 228 Strap (fusiform) muscle, 120 Supraspinatus tendon, tears of, 258 function of, 219–225 Stratum fibrosum, of joint capsule, 93, Supraspinous ligament, 150, 151t inflammatory conditions of, 226 Surface interface pressures, in lying internal derangement of, 225 94f ligaments of, 218–219, 219f Stratum synovium, of joint capsule, 93, posture, 508 lower, 219 Sustentaculum tali, 446 mandibular motions of, 219–222 94f Suture joint, 91f Stress(es) Sway envelope, 485 elevation and depression in, Swayback posture, 489–490 219–221, 220f, 223 femoral neck, 366 Swing phase, of gait cycle, 519, patellofemoral, 423–425, 424f lateral deviation in, 221–222, Stress deprivation. See Immobilization. 519f–522f, 522 221f–222f Stress tolerance Symphyses, 92 acromioclavicular, 242 Symphysis pubis, 92, 93f palpation and asymmetry of, 222 sternoclavicular, 237 Symphysis pubis articulation, in sacral protrusion and retrusion in, 221, Stress-relaxation, 88, 88f Stress-strain, 83, 84–85 region, 174 221f effects of, 135 Synarthroses, 91–93, 91f–93f repetitive, injury due to, 106 Synchondroses, 92 tensile (hoop), 90 Syndesmoses, 91, 92, 92f Stress-strain curves, 86–87, 86f Synergies, muscle, in posture control, for bone, 89 Stretch, passive, of extensor muscles, 482–484 331 Stretch reflex, 134

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. 586 ■ Index Temporomandibular joint (Continued) ligaments in, 165 in frontal plane postural deviations, muscular control of, 222–223, scoliosis of, 193, 195f 498–500, 499f–500f 223f–224f structure of, 164–165, 165f osseous mobility disorders of, variations in, 153t in sagittal plane postural deviations, 226–227 vertebra of 493–494, 494f osteoarthritis of, 225 overview of, 215–216, 216f arches of, 164–165 interphalangeal joints of, 464 reciprocal click in, 227 body of, 164, 165f Toe-off rheumatoid arthritis of, 226 typical, 164–165, 165f structure of, 216–219 zygapophyseal joints in, 165 gait characteristics from initial mid- upper, 219 Thorax, 193, 194f–195f. See also Chest stance to, 542t wall; Rib cage. Tenascin, 74 Three-dimensional motion, 7 in gait cycle, 520, 522f Tendinitis, 430 Three-point bending, 39, 40 Toe-out, degree of, in gait, 524 Tendon(s) Thumb Torque (T), 35–42, 44–48 first carpometacarpal joint of, 97, Achilles, 469 337–338, 337f active insufficiency, 125 changes in, lateral epicondylitis and, interphalangeal joint of, 338–339 angular acceleration and equilibrium metacarpophalangeal joint of, 281t 338–339, 338f and, 37f, 38–39 deep reflex of, 134 musculature of changing, angular acceleration with, effects of immobilization on, 103, extrinsic, 339 intrinsic, 339–340, 340f 46 104t structure of, 337–339 hip joint compression and, 382, 383, extensor carpi ulnaris, 307 Tibia finger, 327, 329 anatomic (longitudinal) axis of, 384 flexor carpi ulnaris, 307 395–396 maximizing, manipulation of exter- friction of, 60–61, 61f in tibiofemoral joint, 395, 395f muscle interaction with, 127–128 Tibial facet, of talus, 441 nal forces in, 59, 59f, 60 of wrist complex, 307 Tibial plateau, fracture of, 430 moment arms and, 45–46, 45f–46f patellar, 399 Tibial shear, 405, 406f parallel force system and, 38–41, peroneus longus, 471, 471f Tibial (tibiofibular) torsion, 443 properties of, 89–90 Tibialis anterior muscle, 445 38f–41f quadriceps, 400 Tibialis posterior muscle, 445 production of, muscle changes in, response of, to exercise, 105 Tibiofemoral joint structure of, 78–80, 78t, 79f alignment of, 395–397, 396f 127, 127f subscapularis, 248–249 capsule of, 399–402 stance and, 378, 380 supraspinatus, tears of, 258 coupled motions of, 414 vs. torsional moments, 40, 40f Tendon sheath, digital, 326 femur in, 394–395, 394f–395f Torsion Tennis elbow (lateral epicondylitis), flexion/extension of, 409–412, spinal, 155 281, 298 410f–412f tibial (tibiofibular), 443 diagnosis and treatment of, 299 function of, 409–420 vs. anterior/posterior pelvic tilt, 368 muscle and tendon changes in, injury to, 429–430 Torsional loading, 84 kinematics of, 409–413 Torsional moments, 40, 40f 281t medial/lateral rotation of, 412–413, vs. torque, 40 Tenoblasts, 73 412f Total lung capacity, 201, 201t Tenocytes, 73 meniscus of, 397–399, 397f–398f Trabeculae, bone, 82 Tenosynovium (tendon sheath), 78 muscles of, 413–419 Trabecular systems, in bone, 365, 366f Tensile forces, 26–28, 26f–27f structure of, 394–409 Translational energy, 534 Tensile load, 84, 86f tibia in, 395, 395f Translatory motion, 6, 6f Tensile stresses, 90 valgus/varus of, 414 in linear and concurrent force sys- Tension weight-bearing forces on, 395–397, 396f–397f tems, 20–25, 20f, 22f–25f capsular, 25 Tibiofibular joint, 440, 440f Transverse carpal ligament, 316, 317f muscle, 123–129. See also Muscle distal, 441 Transverse ligaments, 158–159, 159f, proximal, 440–441 tension. Tibiofibular ligament, 440, 441 398 Tensor fascia lata muscle, 367 Tibiofibular (tibial) torsion, 443 Transverse plane, of body, 7–8, 8f Teres major muscle, function of, Tidal breathing, 201–202, 203f Transverse plane joint angles, in gait, Tidal volume, 201, 201t 266–267, 266f Tidemark, cartilaginous, 81 526f, 527 Teres minor muscle, 256, 256f Tilt table standing, 487 Transverse plane moments, in gait, 532, Time/distance variables, of gait, norma- function of, 264 tive values for, 522, 522t 533f, 534 Terminal swing, in gait cycle, 522 Tip-to-tip prehension, 344–345, 345f Transverse processes, 144f, 145, 145t, Thenar muscles, 339 Titin, 114, 123 Thoracic spine, 142, 142f. See also Toe(s) 153t claw, 493–494, 494f function of, 155t Vertebral column. hammer, 462, 463f, 494, 494f of cervical vertebrae, 160 articulations in, 165 of lumbar vertebrae, 167 curvature of, in sagittal plane in of thoracic vertebrae, 164–165 Transverse tarsal joint, 452–458 standing posture, variations in, axis of motion in, 454, 455f–456f 492t calcaneocuboid articulation in, 454 function of, 165–166 function of, 454–457, 457f interbody joints in, 165 structure of, 452–454, 453f intervertebral disks in, 165 talonavicular articulation in, 453–454, kinematics of, 165–166 kinetics of, 166 453f weight-bearing hindfoot pronation and, 455–456, 457f weight-bearing hindfoot supination and, 456–467, 457f Transversus abdominis muscle, 184, 206 Transversus thoracis muscle, 206, 207f

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. Trapezius muscle, 176, 206, 207f, 261, of ankle-foot complex, 439, 439f Index ■ 587 262f of tibiofemoral joint, 414 terminology of, 464 temporomandibular joint relation- function of, 264–266 Varus deformity ship with, 223–225, 224f Trapezoid ligament, 238, 238f effects of, on elbow complex, 298, Trauma. See Injury. typical vertebrae of, 159–160, 160f. Trendelenburg gait, 382 299f See also Vertebra(e). Triangles, cosine law for, 23, 23f forefoot, 460, 460f Triangular fibrocartilage complex of ankle-foot complex, 439, 439f variations in, 153t of forefoot, 460, 460f zygapophyseal joints of, 161 of radiocarpal joint, 306–307, 308f of tibiofemoral joint, 414 coccygeal region of, 142, 142f of radioulnar joint, 289, 289f terminology of, 464 curves of, 143, 143f Triangular ligaments, 329 Varus/valgus stabilizers, of knee, 420t extension of, 152–153, 152f Triaxial joints, 97 Vastus intermedius muscle, 416 fascia in, lumbar region of, 169–170, Triceps muscle, 281, 287–288, 288f Vastus lateralis muscle, 408, 416, 426 170f Triceps surae, 468 Vastus medialis muscle, 402, 416, 426 flexion of, 151–152, 152f Trigger finger, 328 Vectors, force, 12–15, 13f–14f lateral, 153, 153f Triquetrum, 306f, 307 characteristics of, 14 function of, 150–155, 152f–153f, 155t Trochanteric bursa, 375, 377, 377f ground reaction, 485, 486, 486f in frontal plane postural deviations, Trochlea, 274, 274f Velocity, 10, 20 500–503, 501f–503f Trochlear facet, of talus, 441 Ventilation, minute, calculation of, 205 in sagittal plane postural deviations, Trochlear groove, 274, 274f, 275 Ventilatory muscles, 200–201 496–497, 496f–497f Trochlear notch, 275, 275f–276f accessory, 205–206, 207f–208f, 208 in standing posture analysis, 490–492, Trochlear ridge, 275, 275f–276f coordination and integration of, 491f, 491t, 492t Tropocollagen molecule, 76 interdiskal pressure and compressive Tropomyosin, 114, 115f 208 loads on, in sitting posture, Troponoin, 114, 115f primary, 201–206, 202f–206f 505–506, 505f–506f Trunk Vertebra(e) intervertebral disk in, 145–147, 146f and gait, kinematics and kinetics of, cervical joint capsule of, 150 kinematics of, 150–153, 152f–153f 551–553, 552f arches of, 159–160 kinetics of, 154–155 compensatory lateral lean of, atlas (C1), 156–157, 157f ligaments of, 148–150, 148f–149f, axis (C2), 157, 157f 151t 381–382 body of, 159, 160f lumbar region of, 142, 142f muscles of, strengthening of, 504 typical, 159–160, 160f articulations in, 168, 169f Tubercles, intercondylar, 395, 395f lumbar compression of, 172 arches of, 166–167, 167f fascia in, 169–170, 170f U body of, 166, 166f function of, 170–173 typical, 166–167, 166f–167f interbody joints in, 168 Ulna thoracic intervertebral disks in, 168, 168f articulating surfaces of, 275, arches of, 164–165 kinematics of, 170–171, 171f–172f 275f–276f body of, 164, 165f kinetics of, 172–173 head of, 289, 290 typical, 164–165, 165f ligaments in, 168–169, 169f transitional, 156, 164 musculature of Ulnar bursa, 326 typical, 143–145, 143f–145f Ulnar deviation, of wrist complex, components of, 145t anterior, 183–185, 185f Vertebral body, 143, 143f, 145t, 153t lateral, 183, 184f 313–314 cervical, 159, 160f posterior, 180–183, 180f–182f Ulnar notch, 289, 289f function of, 155t shear in, 172 Ulnar radial notch, 289, 289f lumbar, 166, 166f structure of, 166–170 Ulnar variance, negative/positive, 308, thoracic, 164, 165f typical vertebrae of, 166–167, Vertebral column, 141–188 166f–167f. See also Vertebra(e). 308f age-related changes of, 187–188 variations in, 153t Ulnolunate ligament, 310, 311f articulations of, 147–148, 147f–148f zygapophyseal joints in, 168, 169f Uncinate process, 159 axial compression of, 154 mobile segment of, 143 Uniaxial joints, 96 bending of, 154–155 muscles of, 176–187 Unilateral stance, 379–381, 380f. See also cervical region of, 142, 142f in craniocervical/upper thoracic articulations in, 157, 157f region, 176–180, 176f–179f Stance. craniovertebral, 156–157, 157f in lower thoracic/lumbopelvic calculating hip joint compression in, function of, 161–164 regions, 180–186, 180f–182f, intervertebral disk in, 160, 160f 184f–185f 380 kinematics of, 161–164, 162f–163f in pelvic floor, 186–187, 187f reduction of muscle forces in, kinetics of, 164 sacral region of, 142, 142f ligaments in, 157–159, 158f–159f articulations in, 173, 173f 381–385 lower, 159–160, 160t function of, 174–176 Unipennate muscles, 121 kinematics of, 174–175, 175f United States Units (US units), 9 interbody joints of, 161, 161f kinetics of, 175–176 Upper extremities, and gait, kinematics musculature of ligaments in, 173–174, 173f structure of, 173–174 and kinetics of, 553 anterior, 179–180, 179f symphysis pubis articulation in, 174 lateral, 178–179, 179f shear in, 155 V posterior, 176–178, 176f–178f structure of, 142–150, 142f–149 structure of, 156–161, 156f variations in, 153t Valgus deformity effects of, on elbow complex, 298, 299f forefoot, 473

Copyright © 2005 by F. A. Davis. 588 ■ Index Vertebral column, (Continued) Volar plates, in metacarpophalangeal flexion/extension of, 312–313, 312f thoracic region of, 142, 142f joint stability, 321–323, 322f–323f function of, 311–319 articulations in, 165 instability of, 314–316, 315f function of, 165–166 W ligaments of, 310–311, 311f interbody joints in, 165 muscles of, 316–319, 317f–318f intervertebral disks in, 165 Walking radial/ulnar deviation of, 313–314, kinematics of, 165–166 mechanical energy of, 534 kinetics of, 166 tasks for, 518 314f ligaments in, 165 range of motion of, 314 lower Walking speed, 523 relationship of elbow complex to, anterior musculature of, Walking velocity, 523 183–185, 185f Wartenberg’s sign, 334 295–296 lateral musculature of, 183, Weeping (hydrostatic) lubrication, of tendons of, 307 184f posterior musculature of, joints, 95 X 180–183, 180f–182f Weight. See also Mass. structure of, 164–165, 165f Xiphisternal joint, 196 typical vertebrae of, 164–165, 165f. of object, 11 Xiphoid process, 194f, 195, 195f See also Vertebra(e). Weight distribution, of foot, 467–468, upper Y anterior musculature of, 467f 179–180, 179f Weight-bearing, of hip, structural adap- Y ligament of Bigelow, 363 lateral musculature of, 178–179, Yield point, 83 179f tations to, 365–366, 365f–367f Young’s modulus, 85–86 posterior musculature of, Weight-bearing exercise, vs. 176–178, 176f–178f Z variations in, 153t non–weight-bearing exercise zygapophyseal joints in, 165 in quadriceps strengthening, Zone of apposition, of diaphragm, 201, torsion of, 155 202f 418–419 Vertebral end plates, 146f, 147 with patellofemoral pain, 428–429, Zone of weakness, in bone, 366, 366f Vertebral foramen, 145t, 153t Zygapophyseal articular processes 429f of cervical vertebrae, 160 Weight-bearing hindfoot pronation, of cervical vertebrae, 159–160 of lumbar vertebrae, 167 of lumbar vertebrae, 166–167 of thoracic vertebrae, 165 and transverse tarsal joint motion, of thoracic vertebrae, 164 Vertical axis, of body, 7, 7f 455–456, 457f Zygapophyseal joint(s), 148 Vincula tendinum, 328 Weight-bearing hindfoot supination, function of, 155t Viscoelasticity, of connective tissue, and transverse tarsal joint, 456–467, of cervical region, 161 87 457f of lumbar region, 168, 169f Viscosity, 87 Weight-bearing line, in tibiofemoral of thoracic region, 165 Vital capacity, 201, 201t joint alignment, 396, 396f variations in, 172 Volar intercalated segmental instability Weight-bearing motion Zygapophyseal joint capsule, 150, 151t (VISI), 314 of subtalar joint, 449–450, 450f on tibiofemoral joint, 395–397, 396f–397f Work, mechanical, in gait, 537, 538f–540f, 541t, 542–543, 542t Woven bone, 82 Wrist complex, 305–319, 306f