__Measurement_of_Joint_Motion__A_Guide_to_Goniometry___Fourth_Edition_compressed

APPENDIX C Numerical Recording Forms 435 Range of Motion—Hand Patient’s Name:______________________________________________________________ Date of Birth ____________ Left Right Date Examiner’s Initials Thumb CMC Flexion CMC Extension CMC Abduction CMC Opposition MCP Flexion IP Flexion IP Extension Index Finger MCP Flexion MCP Extension MCP Abduction PIP Flexion DIP Flexion Middle Finger MCP Flexion MCP Extension MCP Radial Abduction MCP Ulnar Abduction PIP Flexion DIP Flexion Ring Finger MCP Flexion MCP Extension MCP Abduction PIP Flexion DIP Flexion Little Finger MCP Flexion MCP Extension MCP Abduction PIP Flexion DIP Flexion Comments:

436 APPENDIX C Numerical Recording Forms Range of Motion—Lower Extremity Patient’s Name:______________________________________________________________ Date of Birth_________ Left Right Date Examiner’s Initials Hip Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Medial Rotation Lateral Rotation Knee Flexion Ankle Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Inversion—Tarsal Eversion—Tarsal Inversion—Subtalar Eversion—Subtalar Inversion—Midtarsal Eversion—Midtarsal Great Toe MTP Flexion MTP Extension MTP Abduction IP Flexion Toe _____ MTP Flexion MTP Extension MTP Abduction PIP Flexion DIP Flexion Comments:

APPENDIX C Numerical Recording Forms 437 Muscle Length Patient’s Name:______________________________________________________________ Date of Birth ____________ Left Right Date Examiner’s Initials Upper Extremity Biceps Brachii Triceps Brachii Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Superficialis Extensor Digitorum, Indicis, and Digiti Minimi Lumbricals, Palmar and Dorsal Interossei Comments: Lower Extremity Hip Flexors—Thomas Test Rectus Femoris—Ely Test Hamstrings—SLR Hamstrings—Distal Hamstring Length Test Tensor Fascia Lata—Ober Test Gastrocnemius Comments:



Index A knee, 255t, 255–256 for pronation, 99, 99f shoulder, 82, 82t–83t, 84 for supination, 101, 101f Abduction. See specific joints temporomandibular joint, 420t–421t, general procedures for, 27–30, 28f–30f Acromioclavicular joint exercise for, 30–31 430–421 in hand testing anatomy of, 58–59, 59f thoracolumbar, 393–394, 394t–396t for abduction, 153, 153f, 170, 171f arthrokinematics of, 59 wrist, 134t–135t, 134–135 anatomical landmarks for, 147f, 162f–163f osteokinematics of, 59 Age for extension, 150, 151f–152f, 152, 157, Active range of motion. See also Range of motion range of motion and, 13 defined, 8 ankle and foot, 304t–305t, 304–305, 307t 160, 168f–169f, 168–169, 178 testing of, 8, 8f cervical spine, 346–349, 347t–349t, 351t for flexion, 148, 149f, 155, 156f, 158, Activities of daily living elbow, 106, 106t–107t cultural differences and, 235, 258, 311 hand, 186t–188t, 186–188 159f–160f, 164, 165f–166f, 166 functional range of motion in hip, 229t–231t, 229–231 for muscle length, 184, 185f knee, 254t–255t, 254–256 in hip testing ankle and foot, 309f–310f, 309t, 309–311 shoulder, 82, 83t, 84 for abduction, 204, 205f cervical spine, 352–354, 353f–354f temporomandibular joint, 420t–421t, for adduction, 207, 207f elbow, 108, 109f–110f, 109t, 110 anatomical landmarks for, 198f–199f hand, 189–190, 190t 420–421 for extension, 202, 203f hip, 234f–235f, 234t, 234–235 thoracic and lumbar spine, 393–394, for flexion, 200, 201f knee, 256, 257f–258f, 257t, 258 for lateral rotation, 210f–211f, 211 shoulder, 85t, 85–86, 86f–87f 394t–396t for medial rotation, 209, 209f thoracic and lumbar spine, 397f, 397–398 wrist, 134t–135t, 134–135 for muscle length, 216, 217f, 223, 223f, 226, wrist, 137t–138t, 137–139, 138f–139f Algodystrophy Adduction. See specific joints hand testing for, 192 227f–228f, 228 Adductor longis and brevis muscles Alignment in knee testing anatomy of, 213 in ankle and foot testing in Thomas test, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 for abduction, 297, 297f anatomical landmarks for, 243f Adductor longus, magnus, and brevis muscles anatomical landmarks for, 269f, 281f, for flexion, 244, 245f muscle length testing in, 14, 14f for muscle length, 249, 249f, 253, 253f Adolescents 290f–291f in shoulder testing range of motion in, 13 for dorsiflexion, 271f–272f, 271–272 for abduction, 72, 72f–73f ankle and foot, 304–305, 305t, 307t for eversion, 280, 280f, 285, 285f, 289, 289f anatomical landmarks for, 60, 60f–61f cervical spine, 346, 348t, 351t for extension, 294, 295f for extension, 68, 68f–69f elbow, 106–107, 107t for flexion, 292, 293f, 298–299 for flexion, 64, 64f–65f hand, 188t for inversion, 277, 277f, 283, 283f, 287, for lateral rotation, 80, 80f–81f hip, 229–230, 231t for medial rotation, 76, 76f–77f knee, 254, 255t 287f in temporomandibular joint testing shoulder, 82, 83t for muscle length, 302f–303f, 302–303 anatomical landmarks for, 412f temporomandibular joint, 420t–421t, for plantarflexion, 274, 274f in thoracic and lumbar spine testing in cervical spine testing anatomical landmarks for, 368f 420–422 anatomical landmarks for, 323f–325f for extension, 373–375, 373f–375f, 388, thoracolumbar, 395, 395t–396t, 397 for extension, 332, 332f, 334f–335f, wrist, 134, 134t 389f–390f, 390 Adults 334–335 for flexion, 369–372, 369f–372f, 385, permanent teeth in, 412f for flexion, 327f–330f, 327–330 range of motion in, 13 for lateral flexion, 337, 337f, 339f–340f, 385f–387f, 387 ankle and foot, 304t–305t, 305, 307t for lateral flexion, 376–379, 376f–381f, 381, cervical spine, 346t–349t, 346–349, 351t 339–340 elbow, 106t–107t, 106–107 for rotation, 341, 342f, 343, 344f–345f, 345 391–392, 392f hand, 186t–188t, 186–188 in elbow testing for rotation, 382, 382f–384f, 384 hip, 229t, 229–231, 231t anatomical landmarks for, 94f–95f in wrist testing for extension, 98 anatomical landmarks for, 117f for flexion, 27–31, 28f–30f, 96, 96f–97f for extension, 120–121, 121f of muscle length, 103, 103f, 105, 105f for flexion, 118–119, 119f 439 439

440 Index of muscle length, 129, 129f, 133, 133f inversion of of subtalar joint, 265 for radial deviation, 122, 123f reliability and validity of testing of, 313t, of tarsometatarsal joints, 267 for ulnar deviation, 124, 125f 313–314 of temporomandibular joint, 411 American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons tarsal testing of, 276f–277f, 276–277 of thoracic spine, 365–366 range of motion findings of of tibiofibular joints, 263 ankle, 304t, 428t muscle length testing in, 300f–303f, 300–303 of wrist, 116 elbow, 106, 106t, 425t osteokinematics of, 263, 265–268 Arts foot, 304t, 428t plantarflexion of range of hip motion and, 233 hand, 186, 186t, 426t–427t Ascending stairs hip, 229, 229t, 427t age and gender and, 304t–305t, 304–306 range of motion necessary for shoulder, 82, 82t, 425t–426t reliability and validity of testing of, spine, 393t, 428t–429t ankle and foot, 310 wrist, 134, 134t, 425t 311–314, 313t hip, 234, 234f, 234t American Medical Association talocrural testing of, 273f–274f, 273–274 knee, 256, 257t, 258 range of motion findings of range of motion of Athletes ankle, 304t, 428t age and, 304t–305t, 304–305, 307t body mass index of, 232 elbow, 106, 106t, 425t functional, 309f–310f, 309t, 309–311 Atlantoaxial joint. See also Cervical spine foot, 304t, 428t gender and, 305–306, 307t anatomy of, 319, 319f–320f hand, 186, 186t, 426t–427t injury and, 308–309 arthrokinematics of, 320 hip, 229, 229t, 427t normative values for, 304, 304t, 428t capsular pattern in, 320 knee, 254t, 427t numerical recording form for, 436t osteokinematics of, 319–320 shoulder, 82, 82t, 425t–426t reliability and validity in testing of, Atlanto-occipital joint. See also Cervical spine spine, 346t, 393t, 428t–429t anatomy of, 319, 319f–320f wrist, 134, 134t, 425t 311–314, 312t–313t arthrokinematics of, 320 recording guide of, 34 research findings in, 304t–305t, 304–314, capsular pattern in, 320 Anatomical landmarks osteokinematics of, 319–320 goniometer alignment using, 27–28, 28f–30f 307t, 309f–310f, 309t, 312t–313t Axes ankle, 269f, 275f, 281f testing position and, 20t, 306, 308, 431t in osteokinematics, 5–6, 6f–7f cervical spine, 323f–325f subtalar eversion of elbow, 94f–95f testing of, 284f–285f, 284–285 B foot, 269f, 281f, 290f–291f subtalar inversion of hand, 147f, 162f–163f testing of, 282f–283f, 282–283 Back range of motion device hip, 198f–199f, 212, 212f, 218, 219f talocrural dorsiflexion of in thoracic and lumbar spine testing knee, 243f testing of, 270f–272f, 270–272 reliability of, 404 shoulder, 60f–61f talocrural plantarflexion of temporomandibular joint, 412f testing of, 273f–274f, 273–274 Ballet thoracic and lumbar spine, 368f tarsal eversion of range of hip motion and, 233 wrist, 117f testing of, 278f, 278–280, 280f Anatomical position tarsal inversion of Baseball players forearm, 7f testing of, 276f–277f, 276–277 shoulder range of motion in, 84 Anatomy Anterior-posterior axis cervical spine, 319f–325f, 319–321 defined, 5–6, 6f Beighton hypermobility score, 12, 12t elbow and forearm, 91f–95f, 91–93 Arm. See also specific joints; Upper–extremity Benign joint hypermobility syndrome hand, 143f–145f, 143–146, 147f testing hip, 197f–199f, 197–198, 219f structure and function of, 57f–60f, 57–59, defined, 12 knee, 241f–243f, 241–242, 246, 247f, 250, 250f 91f–95f, 91–93 Biceps brachii muscle lumbar spine, 366, 367f–368f Arthralgia shoulder, 57f–61f, 57–59 in hypermobility syndrome, 12 muscle length testing of, 102f–103, 102–103 temporomandibular joint, 409, 409f–412f Arthritis strain of thoracic spine, 365, 366f, 368f capsular patterns in, 10 wrist, 115f–117f, 115–116, 126f, 128f, 130, Arthrokinematics example of, 11b 132f of acromioclavicular joint, 59 Biceps femoris muscle Ankle, 263–314. See also Foot of atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints, 320 anatomical landmarks of, 269f, 275f, 281f basic concepts of, 4f–5f, 4–5 anatomy of, 218, 219f anatomy of, 263, 264f–266f, 265–267, 269f of carpometacarpal joint, 145 in straight leg raising test, 218, 219f–223f, 220, arthrokinematics of, 263, 265–268 defined, 4 dorsiflexion of of elbow, 92–93 222–223 age and gender and, 304t–305t, 304–306, 307t of glenohumeral joint, 58 Biological variation end-feel determinations and, 22 of hand, 143–146 reliability and validity of testing of, of iliofemoral joint, 197–198 standard deviation indicating, 43–44, 44t of interphalangeal joints Body mass index 311–314, 312t fingers, 144 talocrural testing of, 270f–272f, 270–272 thumb, 146 range of motion and testing position and, 306, 308 toes, 268 elbow, 107–108 eversion of of intervertebral and zygapophyseal joints, 322 hip, 232 reliability and validity of testing of, 313t, of knee, 242 knee, 256 of lumbar spine, 366–367 shoulder, 84 313–314 of metacarpophalangeal joints, 143–145 tarsal testing of, 278f, 278–280, 280f of metatarsophalangeal joints, 267–268 Body position of midtarsal joint, 266 joint measurements and, 431t of scapulothoracic joint, 59 of sternoclavicular joint, 58 Body size cervical spine mobility and, 352 Bony landmarks. See Anatomical landmarks Bubble goniometers, 25, 26f C Calibration training in temporomandibular joint testing reliability and, 423

Index 441 Capsular fibrosis gender and, 348t–349t, 349–350, 351t Cylindrical grip capsular pattern in, 10 normative values for, 346, 346t–347t, 428t range of motion necessary for, 189–190, 190f numerical recording form for, 433t Capsular pattern of restricted motion reliability in testing of, 353–356, 357t–358t, D of atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints, 320 of carpometacarpal joints, 11t 359–361 Dancers defined, 9 research findings in, 346t–349t, 346–361, range of hip motion in, 233 of elbow, 11t example of, 9b–10b 351t, 353f, 357t–358t Degrees of freedom of motion of glenohumeral joint, 11t, 58 testing position and, 20t, 352, 431t defined, 6 of hip, 11t, 198 validity in testing of, 353–356, 359–361 of humeroulnar joint, 92 validity of testing of, 40–41 Degrees of range of motion. See also Range of of iliofemoral joint, 198 rotation of motion; specific joints of interphalangeal joints, 11t age and, 346–349, 349t, 351t notation systems for, 6–8, 7f–8f of intervertebral and zygapophyseal joints, 322 testing of, 341f–345f, 341–345 of knee, 242 Children Depression of lumbar spine, 367 hypermobility syndrome in, 12 mandibular, 410f, 410–413, 413f–415f of metacarpophalangeal joints, 11t, 144–145 range of motion in, 13 of metatarsophalangeal joints, 11t, 268 ankle and foot, 304, 305t, 307t Descending stairs of midtarsal joint, 11t, 266 cervical spine, 349, 351t range of motion necessary for of radioulnar joints, 11t, 93 elbow, 106–107, 107t ankle and foot, 310, 310f of subtalar joint, 11t, 265 hand, 187 hip, 234, 234t of talocrural joints, 11t, 263 hip, 229t–231t, 229–230 knee, 256, 257f, 257t, 258 of temporomandibular joint, 411 knee, 254, 254t–255t of thoracic spine, 366 shoulder, 82, 83t DeVore goniometer of tibiofemoral joints, 11t, 263 temporomandibular joint, 420t–421t, reliability and validity of variability among joints of, 10, 11t in hand testing, 190 of wrist, 11t, 116 420–421 thoracolumbar, 395 Dexter Hand Evaluation and Treatment System Cardinal planes wrist, 134, 134t reliability of, 191 defined, 5, 6f Clavicle as shoulder anatomical landmark, 60f Diabetes mellitus Carpal tunnel syndrome Coefficients range of motion and wrist position and, 139 correlation, 45 ankle and foot, 308–309 intraclass, 46–47 hip, 234 Carpometacarpal joint. See also Hand Pearson product moment, 45–46, 46t anatomy of, 144, 144f–145f of variation Disability arthrokinematics of, 145 defined, 45 range of motion and osteokinematics of, 144–145 in reliability evaluation, 45 hip, 233–234 range of motion of, 186, 188t of replication, 45 thoracic and lumbar spine, 397 Composite finger flexion Carrying angle reliability and validity of Disability scoring elbow, 91, 92f in hand testing, 191–192 goniometry versus Concurrent validity in hand testing, 192 Cervical range of motion device, 25–26 criterion-related validity and, 39 in cervical spine testing Construct validity Disorders. See also specific conditions of extension, 335, 335f applications of, 40–41 ankle and foot, 308–309 of flexion, 330f, 330–331 defined, 40 of lateral flexion, 340, 340f Content validity Distal hamstring length test, 250f–253f, 250–251, reliability of, 359 defined, 39 253 of rotation, 345, 345f Correlation coefficients validity of, 40, 359–360 intraclass, 46–47 Distal interphalangeal joints. See Interphalangeal Pearson product moment, 45–46, 46t joints Cervical spine, 319–361 in reliability evaluation, 45–47, 46t anatomical landmarks of, 323f–325f Criterion-related validity, 39–40 Distal tibiofibular joint. See Tibiofibular joints anatomy of, 319f–325f, 319–321 of extremity joint studies, 39–40 Diurnal effects arthrokinematics of, 320, 322 of spinal studies, 40 extension of Crossed-legged sitting range of motion and age and, 346–349, 349t, 351t range of motion necessary for thoracic and lumbar spine, 395 testing of, 331f–335f, 331–335 ankle and foot, 311 flexion of hip, 235 Doorknob turning age and, 346–349, 348t–349t, 351t knee, 258 range of motion necessary for testing of, 326f–331f, 326–331 Cultural differences wrist, 137, 137t, 138f lateral flexion of activities of daily living and, 235, 258, 311 age and, 346–349, 348t, 351t Cup holding Dorsiflexion. See Ankle; Foot testing of, 336–340. 336f–340f range of motion necessary for, 189, 190f Double inclinometers muscles of Cybex inclinometer temporomandibular joint muscles and, 410 reliability of in cervical spine testing osteokinematics of, 319–322 in knee testing, 260 of extension, 334, 334f range of motion of in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, 399 of flexion, 329, 329f active versus passive, 350, 352 of lateral flexion, 339, 339f age and, 346–349, 347t–349t, 351t of rotation, 343, 343f–344f body size and, 352 functional, 352–353, 353f in thoracic and lumbar spine testing of extension, 375, 375f, 390, 390f of flexion, 372, 372f, 387, 387f of lateral flexion, 381, 381f reliability and validity of, 399–400 of rotation, 384, 384f Dressing. See Personal care activities Drinking range of motion necessary for elbow, 108, 109f, 109t, 110 shoulder, 85, 85t, 87f wrist, 137, 137t

442 Index reliability of in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, 369, in cervical spine testing, 360 373, 376, 382, 385, 388, 391 Driving in hip testing, 236 range of motion necessary for in knee testing, 260 in wrist testing, 118, 120, 122, 124, cervical spine, 352–354, 354f 128, 131 validity of E in cervical spine testing, 360 in range of motion testing, 9 in shoulder Eating Electronic digital inclinometer range of motion necessary for reliability of abduction of, 72 elbow, 108, 109t, 110 in knee testing, 260 extension of, 68 shoulder, 85, 85t, 87f flexion of, 64 wrist, 137t, 137–139 Elevation lateral rotation of, 80 mandibular, 410f, 410–411 medial rotation of, 76 Elbow, 91–112. See also specific joints in temporomandibular joint anatomical landmarks of, 94f–95f Ely test depression of, 415 anatomy of, 91f–95f, 91–93, 102f, 104f of rectus femoris muscle length, 246, lateral excursion of, 418 arthrokinematics of, 92–93 247f–249f, 249 protrusion of, 417 capsular pattern in, 11t, 92–93 in thoracic and lumbar spine example of, 9b–10b End-feels extension of, 373, 388 carrying angle of, 91, 92f abnormal, 9, 10t flexion of, 369, 385 extension of in ankle and foot lateral flexion of, 376, 391 end-feel determinations and, 22, 98 abduction of, 296 rotation of, 382 testing of, 98, 98f dorsiflexion of, 22, 271 in wrist flexion of eversion of, 279, 285, 289 extension of, 120 end-feel determinations and, 22, 96 extension of, 294 flexion of, 118 exercise for, 36 flexion of, 292, 298–299 muscle length testing in, 128, 131 goniometer alignment for, 27–31, 28f–30f, inversion of, 277, 283, 287 radial deviation of, 122 96, 97f muscle length testing in, 301 ulnar deviation of, 124 recordings of, 31–32, 32f, 34b plantarflexion of, 274 Errors reliability studies of, 41 in cervical spine measurement, 28–29, 41, 43–45, 44t testing of, 14, 15f, 96f–97f, 96–97 flexion of, 326 Eversion. See Ankle; Foot ligaments of, 91, 92f–93f lateral flexion of, 336–337 Exos Handmaster muscle length testing in, 102f–105f, 102–105 rotation of, 341 reliability of, 190–191 example of, 14, 15f defined, 9 Explanation procedures, 35–36 osteokinematics of, 92–93 in elbow example of, 35 pronation of extension of, 22, 98–99 exercise for, 36 testing of, 98f–99f, 98–99 flexion of, 22, 96 Extension. See also specific joints range of motion of, 94f–101f, 94–101 muscle length testing in, 103, 105 defined, 7 age and, 106, 106t–107t pronation of, 98–99 Extensor digiti minimi muscle body mass index and, 107–108 supination of, 101 muscle length testing of, 130f–133f, 130–132, functional, 108, 109f–110f, 109t, 110 in hand 133 gender and, 106t–107t, 106–107 abduction of, 153, 170 Extensor digitorum muscle normative values for, 425t extension of, 150, 157, 160, 167, 178, 181 muscle length testing of, 130f–133f, 130–132, numerical recording form for, 434t flexion of, 148, 155, 158, 161, 164, 176, 179 133 reliability in testing of, 110–112 muscle length testing in, 184 Extensor indicis muscle research findings in, 106t–107t, 106–108, opposition of, 174 muscle length testing of, 130f–133f, 130–132, 109f–110f, 109t in hip 133 right versus left side and, 108 abduction of, 204 Extremity joint studies sports and, 108 adduction of, 207 criterion-related validity of, 39–40 testing position and, 431t extension of, 202 validity in testing of, 112 flexion of, 200 F supination of lateral rotation of, 211 testing of, 100f–101f, 100–101 medial rotation of, 209 Face validity muscle length testing in, 216, 223, 226 types of, 39 Elderly adults in knee range of motion in, 13 extension of, 246 FASTRAK system ankle and foot, 305, 305t, 307t flexion of, 244 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing cervical spine, 346–349, 348t–349t, 351t muscle length testing in, 251 reliability of, 404–405 elbow, 106–107, 107t normal, 9, 9t hand, 188t in ankle and foot testing, 271, 274, 277, 279, Finger. See also Hand hip, 230–231, 231t 283, 285, 287, 289, 292, 294, 296 anatomical landmarks of, 147, 147f knee, 255t, 255–256 in cervical spine testing, 326, 336–337, 341 anatomy of, 143f–145f, 143–146 shoulder, 83t, 84 in elbow testing, 96, 98–99, 101, 103, 105 arthrokinematics of, 143–144 temporomandibular joint, 420t–421t, in hand testing, 148, 150, 152–153, 155, capsular pattern in, 144 430–421 157–158, 160–161, 164, 167, 170, 174, osteokinematics of, 143–144 thoracolumbar, 393–394, 394t, 396t 176 range of motion of, 186, 186t–188t wrist, 135, 135t in hip testing, 200, 202, 204, 207, 209, 211 age and, 186t–188t, 186–188 in knee testing, 244, 246, 251 functional, 189–190 Electrogoniometers in shoulder testing, 64, 68, 72, 76, 80 gender and, 186t–188t, 188 in elbow testing, 108, 111 in temporomandibular joint testing, 415, normative values for, 426t overview of, 26 417–418 numerical recording form for, 435t

Index 443 reliability and validity testing and, 190–192 normative values for, 304, 304t, 428t arthrokinematics of, 57–58 right versus left sides and, 188–189 numerical recording form for, 436t capsular pattern in, 58 Fingertip-to-floor test reliability and validity in testing of, osteokinematics of, 57 of thoracolumbar flexion, 371, 371f range of motion of reliability and validity of, 403–404 311–314, 312t–313t of thoracolumbar lateral flexion, 378, 378f research findings in, 304t–305t, 304–314, abduction in, 70, 71f–73f, 72 Fingertip-to-thigh test extension in, 66, 67f–69f, 68 of thoracolumbar lateral flexion, 379, 307t, 309f–310f, 309t, 312t–313t flexion in, 62, 63f–65f, 64 379f–380f testing position and, 20t, 306, 308, 431t lateral rotation in, 78, 79f–81f, 80 reliability of, 404 transverse tarsal eversion of, 288f–289f, medial rotation in, 74, 75f–77f, 76 Flexion. See also specific joints 288–289 normative values for, 426t basic concepts of, 7, 7b, 8f transverse tarsal inversion of, 286f–287f, research findings in, 82, 83t Flexor digitorum muscles 286–287 testing procedures for, 60f–61f, 60–61 muscle length testing of, 126f–130f, 126–130 Forearm. See also Elbow Glide Flexor muscles of hip anatomical landmarks of, 94f–95f in arthrokinematics, 4 anatomy of, 212, 212f anatomical position of, 7f Goniometers muscle length testing in, 212f–217f, 212–214, neutral position of, 7f alignment of, 27–31, 28f–30f. See also 216 range of motion of, 96–101, 96–101f Alignment Flock of Birds tracking device normative values for, 425t cervical range of motion device as, 25–26 reliability and validity of numerical recording form for, 434t electrogoniometers as, 26 in hip testing, 238 testing position for, 20t fluid (bubble), 25, 26f Fluid goniometers, 25, 26f structure and function of, 91f–93f, 91–93 gravity-dependent, 25–26, 26f reliability of Forefoot. See also Foot Myrin OB, 25–26 in elbow testing, 110 in transverse tarsal eversion testing, 288f–289f, pendulum, 25, 26f Foot. See also Ankle 288–289 reliability of, 42, 42t abduction of in transverse tarsal inversion testing, in cervical spine testing, 354–355, 360 metatarsophalangeal testing of, 296f–297f, 286f–287f, 286–287 in elbow testing, 110–112 Freedom of motion degrees in hand testing, 190–191 296–297 defined, 6 in hip testing, 236–238 adduction of Frontal plane in knee testing, 258–260 defined, 5, 6f in shoulder testing, 86–88 metatarsophalangeal testing of, 298 Fulcrum in wrist testing, 139–140 anatomical landmarks of, 269f, 281f, in goniometer alignment, 28 universal, 21–22, 23f–25f, 24. See also Functional hand patterns, 189 Universal goniometer 290f–291f Functional range of motion validity of anatomy of, 263, 264f–267f, 265–268, 269f ankle and foot, 309f–310f, 309t, 309–311 in knee testing, 261 arthrokinematics of, 263, 265–268 cervical spine, 352–353, 353f visual estimation versus, 26–27 eversion of elbow, 108, 109f–110f, 109t, 110 Goniometry hand, 189f–190f, 189–190, 190t basic concepts in, 3f–8f, 3–15, 9t–12t, 14f–15f transverse tarsal testing of, 288f–289f, hip, 234f–235f, 234t, 234–235 basic objectives in, 1 288–289 knee, 256, 257f–258f, 257t, 258 defined, 3 shoulder, 85t, 85–86, 86f–87f example of, 3b, 3f extension of thoracic and lumbar spine, 397f–398f, 397–398 indications for, 4 interphalangeal testing of, 299 wrist, 137t–138t, 137–139, 138f–139f instruments in, 21–22, 23f–25f, 24–31, 28f–30f metatarsophalangeal testing of, 294, skills required for, 19 294f–295f G testing procedures in, 19–36. See also Procedures; specific procedures and flexion of Gastrocnemius muscle structures interphalangeal testing of, 298–299 anatomy of, 300, 300f–301f Gravity-dependent goniometers metatarsophalangeal testing of, 292, muscle length testing in, 300f–303f, 300–303 overview of, 25–26, 26f 292f–293f Great toe Gender range of motion of interphalangeal extension of range of motion and, 13 numerical recording form for, 436t testing of, 299 ankle and foot, 305–306, 307t Grip strength cervical spine, 348t–349t, 349–350, 351t post-wrist fracture function and, 141 interphalangeal flexion of elbow, 106t–107t, 106–107 Gripping testing of, 298–299 hand, 186t–188t, 188 range of motion necessary for, 189–190, 190f hip, 229t–231t, 231–232 Grooming. See Personal care activities inversion of knee, 256 Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment, transverse tarsal testing of, 286f–287f, shoulder, 82t–83t, 84 34, 174, 399 286–287 temporomandibular joint, 420t–421t, 421–422 H metatarsophalangeal abduction of thoracic and lumbar spine, 394t–396t, testing of, 296f–297f, 296–297 394–395 Hamstrings wrist, 134t–135t, 135–136 anatomy of, 218, 219f metatarsophalangeal adduction of muscle length testing in, 218, 219f–223f, testing of, 298 Glenohumeral joint 222–223 range of motion of distal, 250f–253f, 250–251, 253 metatarsophalangeal extension of numerical recording form for, 434t reliability and validity of testing of, 314 testing of, 294, 294f–295f Glenohumeral joint anatomy of, 57, 57f–58f metatarsophalangeal flexion of testing of, 292, 292f–293f osteokinematics of, 263, 265–268 range of motion of age and, 304t–305t, 304–305, 307t functional, 309f–310f, 309t, 309–311 gender and, 305–306, 307t injury and, 308–309

444 Index Hand, 143–192. See also specific joints muscle length testing in Iliotibial band anatomical landmarks of, 147f, 162f–163f of adductors, 14, 14f anatomy of, 224, 224f anatomy of, 143f–145f, 143–146, 147f example of, 14, 14f in Ober test, 224, 224f–228f, 226, 228 arthrokinematics of, 143–146 of flexors, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 capsular pattern in, 144–146 of hamstrings, 218, 219f–223f, 222–223 Inclinometers carpometacarpal abduction of of iliotibial band, 224, 224f–228f, 226, 228 in cervical spine testing testing of, 170f–171f, 170–171 Ober test in, 224, 224f–228f, 226, 228 of extension, 334, 334f carpometacarpal adduction of straight leg raising test in, 218, 219f–223f, of flexion, 329, 329f testing of, 172 222–223 of lateral flexion, 339, 339f carpometacarpal extension of of tensor fascia lata, 224, 224f–228f, 226, 228 reliability and validity of, 356, 359 testing of, 167f–169f, 167–169 Thomas test in, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 of rotation, 343, 343f–344f carpometacarpal flexion of overview of, 25–26, 26f testing of, 164, 164f–166f, 166 osteokinematics of, 197 reliability of carpometacarpal opposition of range of motion of in cervical spine testing, 356 testing of, 172, 173f–175f, 174 in elbow testing, 111 interphalangeal extension of age and, 229t–231t, 229–231 in hip testing, 237–238 testing of, 157, 160, 181 arts and, 233 in knee testing, 260 interphalangeal flexion of body mass index and, 232 in shoulder testing, 88 testing of, 155, 155f–156f, 158, 158f–160f, disability and, 233–234 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing 161, 161f, 179, 179f functional, 234f–235f, 234t, 234–235 of extension, 375, 375f, 390, 390f metacarpophalangeal abduction of gender and, 229t–231t, 231–232 of flexion, 372, 372f, 387, 387f testing of, 153, 153f–154f normative values for, 427t of lateral flexion, 381, 381f metacarpophalangeal adduction of numerical recording form for, 436t reliability of, 399–400, 400t testing of, 155 reliability and validity in testing of, of rotation, 384, 384f metacarpophalangeal extension of validity of testing of, 150, 150f–152f, 152, 178 235–238, 236t–237t in cervical spine testing, 356, 359 metacarpophalangeal flexion of sports and, 233 testing of, 148, 148f–149f, 161, 161f, 176, testing position and, 20t, 232, 431t Index finger. See also Hand 176f–177f Hockey players range of motion of, 187t muscle length testing in, 182f–185f, 182–184 range of hip motion in, 233 numerical recording form for, 435t osteokinematics of, 143–146 Humeroulnar joint. See also Elbow range of motion of, 147–192 anatomy of, 91, 91f–92f Infants. See also Children age and, 186t–188t, 186–188 arthrokinematics of, 92 range of motion in, 13 functional, 189f–190f, 189–190, 190t capsular pattern in, 92 ankle and foot, 304, 305t gender and, 186t–188t, 188 osteokinematics of, 91–92 hip, 229–230, 230t normative values for, 425t–427t Humerus knee, 254, 254t–255t numerical recording form for, 435t as shoulder anatomical landmark, 60f–61f reliability and validity in testing of, 190–192 Hydrogoniometers Injury research findings in, 186t–188t, 186–192, reliability of ankle and foot, 308–309 189f–190f, 190t in shoulder testing, 88 dance-related, 233 right versus left sides and, 188–189 Hyperextension repetitive wrist, 139 testing position and, 20t, 189, 431t defined, 7 Hypermobility Instruments, 21, 23f–26f, 24–31, 28f–30f. See Head. See Cervical spine; Temporomandibular causes of, 12 also specific instruments joint defined, 11 electrogoniometers as, 26 in goniometry recordings, 31–32, 33f gravity-dependent goniometers as, 25–26, 26f Hip, 197–238 in range of motion testing, 11–12, 12t universal goniometer as, 21, 23f–25f, 24 abduction of Hypermobility syndrome visual estimation versus, 26–27 recordings of, 34b defined, 12 testing of, 204, 204f–205f Hypomobility Interossei muscles adduction of causes of, 9–11 muscle length testing in, 182f–185f, 182–184 recordings of, 34b defined, 9 testing of, 206f–207f, 206–207 in goniometry recordings, 31–32, 32f Interphalangeal joints anatomical landmarks of, 198f–199f in range of motion testing, 9–11, 11t foot. See also Foot anatomy of, 197f–199f, 197–198, 212, 212f, examples of, 9b–11b anatomy of, 267f, 268 218, 219f arthrokinematics of, 268 arthrokinematics of, 197–198 I extension of, 299 extension of flexion of, 298–299 testing of, 202, 202f–203f Ice hockey players osteokinematics of, 268 flexion of range of hip motion in, 233 hand. See also Hand recordings of, 33f anatomy of, 143f–145f, 144–146 testing of, 200, 200f–201f Iliacus muscle arthrokinematics of, 144, 146 lateral rotation of anatomy of, 212, 212f capsular pattern in, 146 recordings of, 34b in Thomas test, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 extension of, 155, 156f, 157, 160, 181 testing of, 210f–211f, 210–211 flexion of, 158, 158f–160f, 161, 161f, medial rotation of Iliofemoral joint. See also Hip 179f–180f, 179–180 example of, 20b–21b, 21f anatomy of, 197, 197f–198f osteokinematics of, 144, 146 recordings of, 34b arthrokinematics of, 197–198 range of motion of, 186, 186t–188t testing of, 208f–209f, 208–209 capsular pattern in, 198 osteokinematics of, 197 Intersubject variation standard deviation indicating, 43 Iliopsoas muscles anatomy of, 212, 212f Intertester reliability defined, 47 evaluation of, 41 in ankle and foot testing, 311–314, 312t–313t

Index 445 in cervical spine testing, 353–356, muscle length testing in osteokinematics of, 366 357t–358t, 359–361 distal hamstring length test in, 250f–253f, range of motion of 250–251, 253 in elbow testing, 110–112 Ely test in, 246, 247f–249f, 249 age and, 393–394, 394t–396t exercise for, 50–51 disability and, 397 in hand testing, 190–191 osteokinematics of, 242 diurnal effects on, 395 in hip testing, 236–238, 238t range of motion of functional, 397f–398f, 397–398 in knee testing, 258–260, 259t gender and, 394t–396t, 394–395 in shoulder testing, 86–88 age and, 254t–255t, 254–256 normative values for, 393t, 429t in temporomandibular joint testing, body mass index and, 256 numerical recording form for, 433t functional, 256, 257f–258f, 257t, 258 occupation and lifestyle and, 395–397 423, 423t gender and, 256 reliability and validity of, 398–405, 400t, in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, normative values for, 254, 254t, 427t numerical recording form for, 436t 402t 399–404, 400t reliability in testing of, 258–260, 259t research findings in, 393t–396t, 393–405, in wrist testing, 139–140 research findings in, 254t–255t, 254–261, Intervertebral joints. See also Cervical 397f–398f, 400t, 402t spine 257f–258f, 257t, 259t testing position and, 20t, 431t anatomy of, 321, 321f–322f testing position and, 19b, 20t, 244, 431t rotation of arthrokinematics of, 322 validity in testing of, 261 testing of, 382, 382f–384f, 384 capsular pattern in, 322 Lumbrical muscles osteokinematics of, 321–322 L muscle length testing in, 182f–185f, Intraclass correlation coefficients 182–184 in reliability evaluation, 45–47, 46t Landmarks Intrasubject variation anatomical. See Anatomical landmarks M standard deviation indicating, 43 Intratester reliability Lateral excursion Mandibular length. See also Temporomandibular defined, 47 mandibular, 410–411, 411f, 414f, 418, 418f–419f joint evaluation of, 41 range of motion and in ankle and foot testing, 311–314, Lifestyle temporomandibular joint, 421–422 range of motion and 312t–313t thoracic and lumbar spine, 395–397 Mandibular motions, 410, 410f–411f in cervical spine testing, 353–356, Mean Ligaments 357t–358t, 359–361 elbow, 91, 92f–93f defined, 43 in elbow testing, 110–112 hip, 197, 198f–198f standard error of, 47 exercise for, 48–49 shoulder, 58f–60f, 58–59 Measurement in hand testing, 190–191 standard error of, 47 in hip testing, 236–238, 237t Little finger. See also Hand Measurement errors in knee testing, 258–260, 259t range of motion of, 187t defined, 43 in shoulder testing, 86–88 numerical recording form for, 435t goniometer-related, 28–29 in temporomandibular joint testing, 423 reliability and, 41 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, Looking upward standard deviation indicating, 44t, 44–45 range of motion necessary for Measurement instruments, 21, 23f–26f, 24–31, 399–404, 400t cervical spine, 353, 353f 28f–30f. See also Goniometers; Instruments; in wrist testing, 139–140 other instruments Inversion. See Ankle; Foot Lordosis Medial-lateral axis occupational, 396–397 defined, 5, 6f J Men. See Adults; Gender Low-back pain Metacarpophalangeal joints. See also Hand Jaw. See Temporomandibular joint in adolescents, 397 abduction of Joint effusions range of motion and, 397 testing of, 153, 153f–154f capsular patterns in, 10 Lower-extremity testing. See also specific adduction of Joint measurements structures ankle and foot in, 263–314 testing of, 155 body position and, 431t hip in, 197–238 arthrokinematics of, 143–145 Joint motion testing knee in, 241–261 capsular pattern in, 144–145 numerical recording forms for, 436t–437t extension of basic concepts in, 4f–7f, 4–6 objectives in, 195 instruments for, 21–22, 23f–25f, 24–31, reliability studies of, 41–42 testing of, 150, 150f–152f, 152, 178 flexion of 28f–30f Lumbar spine procedures for, 12–13, 19–21, 20t, 21f anatomical landmarks of, 368f testing of, 148, 148f–149f, 161, 161f, 176, recording of, 31–34, 32f–33f anatomy of, 366, 367f–368f 176f–177f arthrokinematics of, 366–367 K capsular pattern in, 367 osteokinematics of, 143, 145 extension of range of motion of, 186t–188t, 1186 Knee, 241–261 age and, 394, 394t anatomical landmarks of, 243f testing of, 373f–375f, 373–375, 388, age and, 186t–188t, 186–188 anatomy of, 241f–243f, 241–242, 246, 247f, 389f–390f, 390 functional, 189f–190f, 189–190, 190t 250, 250f flexion of gender and, 186t–188t, 188 arthrokinematics of, 242 age and, 393–394, 394t reliability and validity in testing of, capsular pattern in, 242 testing of, 369f–372f, 369–372, 385, extension of 385f–387f, 387 190–192 testing of, 246 lateral flexion of right versus left sides and, 188–189 flexion of age and, 394, 394t testing position and, 189 testing of, 244f, 244–245 testing of, 376f–381f, 376–379, 381, Metal goniometers 391–392, 392f universal, 21, 23f, 24

446 Index Metatarsophalangeal joints. See also Foot of lumbricals and interossei, 182f–185f, basic concepts of, 5 abduction of 182–184 of carpometacarpal joint, 144–145 testing of, 296f–297f, 296–297 defined, 5 adduction of numerical recording form for, 437t of elbow, 92–93 testing of, 298 of popliteal angle, 250f–253f, 250–251, of glenohumeral joint, 57 anatomical landmarks of, 290f–291f of iliofemoral joint, 197 anatomy of, 267, 267f 253 of interphalangeal joints arthrokinematics of, 267–268 of rectus femoris, 246, 247f–249f, 249 capsular pattern in, 268 of tensor fascia lata, 224, 224f–228f, 226, fingers, 144 extension of thumb, 146 reliability and validity of testing of, 314 228 toes, 268 testing of, 294, 294f–295f of triceps brachii, 104f–105f, 104–105 of intervertebral and zygapophyseal joints, flexion of Muscle paralysis 321–322 testing of, 292, 292f–293f range of motion and of knee, 242 osteokinematics of, 267 example of, 8b of lumbar spine, 366 Myrin OB Goniometer, 25, 26f of metacarpophalangeal joints, 143, 145 Midcarpal joint. See also Wrist of metatarsophalangeal joints, 267 anatomy of, 115f–116f, 115–116 N of midtarsal joint, 266 arthrokinematics of, 116 of scapulothoracic joint, 59 osteokinematics of, 116 Neck. See Cervical spine; Temporomandibular of sternoclavicular joint, 58 joint of subtalar joint, 265 Middle finger. See also Hand of tarsometatarsal joints, 267 range of motion of, 187t Neutral position of temporomandibular joint, 409–410, numerical recording form for, 435t forearm, 7f 410f–411f of thoracic spine, 365 Midtarsal joint. See also Ankle Neutral zero method of tibiofibular joints, 263 anatomy of, 265–266, 266f in range of motion testing, 7, 7f–8f of wrist, 116 arthrokinematics of, 266 Overbite capsular pattern of, 266 Noncapsular pattern of restricted motion defined, 416 osteokinematics of, 266 defined, 10 testing for, 416, 416f example of, 11b Modified Ober test in range of motion testing, 10–11 P of tensor fascia lata muscle length, 228, 228f reliability of, 236–237 Normative values Pain range of motion causes in passive range of motion of, 8–9 Modified Schober test ankle and foot, 304, 304t, 428t in thoracic and lumbar spine testing cervical spine, 346, 346t–347t, 428t Passive insufficiency of extension, 388 elbow and forearm, 425t defined, 14 of flexion, 387, 387f finger, 426t reliability and of, 401–403, 402t glenohumeral joint, 426t Passive range of motion. See also Range of hip, 427t motion Modified-modified Schober test knee, 254, 254t, 427t causes of pain during, 8–9 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing shoulder, 425t–426t defined, 8 of extension, 388 temporomandibular joint, 429t testing of, 8–9 of flexion, 385, 385f–386f thoracic and lumbar spine, 393t, 429t example of, 8b procedure for, 385, 388 thumb, 427t reliability of, 398, 402t, 403 wrist, 425t Patellofemoral joint. See also Knee anatomy of, 241–242, 242f Motion Numerical recording forms range of. See Range of motion; specific joints instructions for completing, 32, 33f Pearson product moment correlation coefficient testing. See Testing motion for muscle length, 437t in reliability evaluation, 45–46, 46t for range of motion, 433t–436t Motion analysis systems Pectineus muscle in thoracic and lumbar spine testing O anatomy of, 213 reliability of, 404–405 in Thomas test, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 OB Myrin Goniometer, 25, 26f Mouth opening Ober test Pelvis temporomandibular joint in anatomical landmarks in, 199f disorders of, 422 of tensor fascia lata muscle length, 224, functional motions in, 410f–411f, 410–411 224f–228f, 226, 228 Pendulum goniometers maximum, 420, 420t reliability of, 236–237 reliability of testing of, 412–413, 413f–419f, 415–418 in shoulder testing, 87–88 Obesity. See also Body mass index Muscle length cervical spine mobility and, 352 Pendulum goniometers, 25, 26f defined, 13 reliability of testing of, 13–15, 14f–15f Occupation in elbow testing, 110–111 of biceps brachii, 102f–103f, 102–103 range of motion and in wrist testing, 140 examples of, 14, 14f–15f cervical spine, 352–354 of extensor digitorum muscles, 130f–133f, thoracic and lumbar spine, 395–397 Personal care activities 130–131, 133 range of motion necessary for of flexor digitorum muscles, 126f–129f, Opposition elbow, 108, 110 126–129 thumb, 172, 173f–175f, 174 hip, 235, 235f of gastrocnemius, 300f–303f, 300–303 shoulder, 85t, 85–86, 86f–87 of hamstrings, 218, 219f–223f, 222–223, Ortho Ranger goniometer wrist, 137–139, 138t, 139f 250f–253f, 250–251, 253 reliability of of hip flexors, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 in elbow testing, 110–111 Picking up coin of iliotibial band, 224, 224f–228f, 226, 228 in hip testing, 236 range of motion necessary for hand, 189, 189f Osteokinematics of acromioclavicular joint, 59 of atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints, 319–320

Index 447 Picking up objects from floor Putting on socks evaluation of, 43–51 range of motion necessary for range of motion necessary for coefficient of variation in, 45 knee, 257t hip, 235, 235f correlation coefficients in, 45–47, 46t thoracolumbar, 397, 398f knee, 258f exercises for, 48–51 thoracolumbar, 397, 398f intertester, 41, 50–51 Pictorial charts intratester, 41, 48–49 in goniometry recordings, 32, 33f R standard deviation in, 43–45, 44t standard error of measurement in, 47 Planes Radiocarpal joint. See also Wrist in osteokinematics, 5–6, 6f–7f anatomy of, 115f–116f, 115–116 goniometric study summary of, 41–42 arthrokinematics of, 116 of hand testing, 190–191 Plantarflexion. See Ankle; Foot osteokinematics of, 116 of hip testing, 235–238, 236t–237t Plastic goniometers of knee testing, 258–261, 259t Radiography recommendations for improving, 42, 42t universal, 21, 23f, 24 goniometry versus of shoulder testing, 86–88 Pleurimeter inclinometer in hand testing, 191–192 of thoracic and lumbar spine testing, 398–405, reliability of Radioulnar joint. See also Elbow 400t, 402t in hip testing, 238 anatomy of, 92–93, 93f of wrist testing, 139–140 in shoulder testing, 88 arthrokinematics of, 93 Repetitive trauma in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, 399 capsular pattern in, 93 wrist, 139 osteokinematics of, 93 Replication Plumb lines coefficient of variation of, 45 skin markings and. See Skin markings Range of motion. See also specific joints Restricted motion active, 8, 8f capsular pattern of, 9b–10b, 9–10, 11t. See also Polhemus Navigation Science system basic concepts in, 6–13, 7f–8f, 9t–12t in thoracic and lumbar spine testing defined, 6 Capsular pattern of restricted motion reliability of, 405 end-feels in, 9, 9t–10t noncapsular pattern of, 10–11, 11b factors affecting, 12–13 Retrusion Popliteal angle test, 250f–253f, 250–251, 253 functional. See Functional range of motion mandibular, 410, 410f, 416, 416f Positioning. See also Testing positions hypermobility in, 11–12, 12t Right versus left side hypomobility in, 9b–11b, 9–11, 11t range of motion and, 12 general procedures for, 19–20, 20t neutral zero method of testing, 7, 7f example of, 19b example of, 7b elbow, 91, 108 normative values for, 425t–429t hand, 188–189 in range of motion testing, 19–20, 20t notation systems for, 6–8, 7f–8f wrist, 136 Positions numerical recording forms for, 433t–436t Ring finger. See also Hand passive, 8b, 8–9 range of motion of, 187t testing. See Positioning; Testing positions recording of, 31–34, 32f–33f numerical recording form for, 435t Posture reliability studies of, 41–42 Rising from chair exercises for, 48–51 range of motion necessary for spinal statistical methods in, 43–47 ankle and foot, 310, 310f disability and, 397 testing procedures for, 12–13, 19–21, 20t, 21f. elbow, 108, 109f, 109t effects of stooped, 396–397 See also Procedures; specific procedures and knee, 257f, 257t, 258 structures wrist, 137, 137t Pouring from pitcher validity studies of, 40–41 Roll range of motion necessary for in arthrokinematics, 4, 5f wrist, 137, 137t Reaching Rotation. See also specific joints range of motion necessary for sagittal-frontal-transverse-rotation method of Power grip shoulder, 85t, 85–86, 86f–87f recording, 33–34 range of motion necessary for, 189–190, Rulers 190f Reading a newspaper in temporomandibular joint testing range of motion necessary for in lateral excursion, 418, 419f Power lifters elbow, 108, 109t, 110f of mouth opening, 415, 415f elbow range of motion in, 108 of overbite, 416, 416f shoulder range of motion in, 85 Rearfoot. See Subtalar joint in protrusion, 417, 417f Recordings reliability and, 422–423 Procedures, 19–36 Running for alignment, 27–30, 28f–30f procedures for, 31–34, 32f–33f range of motion necessary for explanation of, 35–36 AMA guides in, 34 ankle and foot, 310 instruments in, 21, 23f–26f, 24–31, numerical tables in, 32, 33f 28f–30f. See also Instruments; specific pictorial charts in, 32, 33f S instruments sagittal-frontal-transverse-rotation method for muscle length testing, 13–15, 14f–15f in, 33–34 Sagittal plane for positioning, 19b, 19–20, 20t defined, 5, 6f for range of motion testing, 12–13, 19–21, Rectus femoris muscle 20t, 21f. See also specific joints and anatomy of, 212, 212f, 246, 247f–248f Sagittal-frontal-transverse–rotation method structures in Ely test, 246, 247f–249f, 249 in goniometry recordings, 33–34 for stabilization, 20b, 20–21, 21f in Thomas test, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 testing, 35–36 Sartorius muscle Reliability, 41–51 anatomy of, 212, 212f Pronation. See Elbow of ankle and foot testing, 311–314, 312t–313t in Thomas test, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216 Prone press–up of cervical spine testing, 353–356, 357t–358t, 359–361 Scapula in thoracic and lumbar spine testing defined, 41 as shoulder anatomical landmark, 60f reliability of, 403 of elbow testing, 110–112 Protrusion mandibular, 410f, 410–411, 417, 417f Proximal interphalangeal joints. See Interphalangeal joints Proximal tibiofibular joint. See Tibiofibular joints Psoas major muscle anatomy of, 212, 212f in Thomas test, 212f–217f, 212–214, 216

448 Index Scapulothoracic joint Sit to stand Standard deviation anatomy of, 59 range of motion necessary for defined, 43 arthrokinematics of, 59 elbow, 108, 109f, 109t formulas for, 43 osteokinematics of, 59 thoracolumbar, 397, 397f in reliability evaluation, 43–45, 44t wrist, 137, 137t biological variation and, 43–44, 44t Schober test determination of mean and, 44t, 44–45 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing Sitting measurement error and, 44t, 44–45 reliability and validity of, 401–402, range of motion necessary for 402t hip, 235, 235f Standard error of mean knee, 257t standard error of measurement versus, 47 School bus use low-back mobility and, 396 Skin markings Standard error of measurement in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, 379, in reliability evaluation, 47 Semimembranosus muscle 379f–380f, 385, 385f–386f, 387–388 anatomy of, 218, 219f, 250, 250f age and, 393 Standing on tiptoe in straight leg raising test, 218, 219f–223f, 220, reliability of, 399–400 range of motion necessary for 222–223 ankle and foot, 309f, 309–310 Slide Semitendinosus muscle in arthrokinematics, 4, 4f–5f Statistical methods anatomy of, 218, 219f, 250, 250t of evaluating measurement reliability, 43–47, in straight leg raising test, 218, 219f–223f, 220, Spin 44t 222–223 in arthrokinematics, 4, 4f Steering wheel turning Sewer workers Spinal Motion Analyzer range of motion necessary for stooped posture in, 396–397 activities of daily living and, 397 wrist, 137, 137t Shoulder, 57–88. See also specific joints Spine Sternoclavicular joint abduction cervical, 319–361. See also Cervical spine anatomy of, 58, 58f recording of, 34b range of motion of arthrokinematics of, 58 reliability studies of, 41 numerical recording form for, 433t osteokinematics of, 58 testing of, 70, 71f–73f, 72 studies of adduction criterion-related validity of, 40 Sternum recording of, 34b reliability of, 41–42 as shoulder anatomical landmark, 60f testing of, 74 testing objectives in, 317 anatomical landmarks of, 60f–61f thoracic and lumbar, 365–405. See also Straight leg raising test anatomy and function of, 57–59 Lumbar spine; Thoracic spine of hamstring muscle length, 218, 219f–223f, acromioclavicular joint, 58–59, 59f 222–223 glenohumeral joint, 57, 57f–58f SPINETRAK system scapulothoracic joint, 59 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing Subtalar joint. See also Ankle sternoclavicular joint, 58, 58f reliability of, 404–405 anatomical landmarks of, 281f extension of anatomy of, 263, 265, 265f recordings of, 34b Spondylometers arthrokinematics of, 265 testing of, 66, 67f–69f, 68 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing capsular pattern in, 265 flexion of reliability of, 399–400 eversion of notation of, 7, 7b testing of, 284f–285f, 284–285 recordings of, 34b Sports inversion of testing of, 7, 8f, 62, 63f–65f range of motion and testing of, 282f–283f, 282–283 range of motion of cervical spine, 353 osteokinematics of, 265 age and, 82, 83t, 84 elbow, 108 alignment for testing of, 60, hip, 233 Supination. See Elbow 60f–61f shoulder, 84–85 Swimmers basic concepts in, 7, 7b, 8f body mass index and, 84 Squatting range of cervical spine motion in, 353 functional, 85t, 85–86, 86f–87f range of motion necessary for Synovial inflammation gender and, 82t–83t, 84 ankle and foot, 311 normative values for, 425t–426t capsular patterns in, 10 numerical recording form for, 434t Stabilization reliability and validity of, 86–88 procedures for, 20–21 T research findings in, 82, 82t–83t, 84–88, 85t, ankle and foot, 270, 273, 276, 278, 282, 284, 86f–87f 288, 292, 294, 298–299 Talocrural joint. See also Ankle sports and, 84–85 cervical spine, 326, 331, 336, 341 anatomical landmarks of, 269f testing position for, 20t, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78, elbow, 96, 98, 100, 103–104 anatomy of, 263, 264f–265f 84, 431t example of, 20b–21b, 21f arthrokinematics of, 263 rotation of hand, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157–158, capsular pattern in, 263 lateral, 78, 79f–81f, 80 160–161, 164, 167, 170, 172, 176 dorsiflexion of medial, 74, 75f–77f, 76 hip, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 214, 220, testing of, 270f–272f, 270–272 reliability studies of, 41 224, 228 osteokinematics of, 263 sports and, 84–85 knee, 244, 246, 251 plantarflexion of shoulder, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78 testing of, 273f–274f, 273–274 Simplified skin attraction test temporomandibular joint, 413, 417–418 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, 388 thoracic and lumbar spine, 369, 373, 376, Tape measure 382, 385, 388, 391 in cervical spine testing Simplified skin distraction test wrist, 118, 120, 122, 124, 128, 131 of extension, 333, 333f in thoracic and lumbar spine testing, 385, of flexion, 328, 328f 385f–386f Stair ascent and descent of lateral flexion, 338, 338f range of motion necessary for reliability and validity of, 355–356 ankle and foot, 310, 310f of rotation, 343, 343f hip, 234, 234f234t in thoracic and lumbar spine testing knee, 256, 257f, 257t, 258 age and, 393–394 of extension, 374, 374f, 388, 389f of flexion, 370, 370f, 385, 386f

Index 449 of lateral flexion, 378f–380f, 378–380 extension of, 294, 294f foot, 20t reliability of, 401, 402t, 403 flexion of, 292, 292f, 298–299 forearm, 20t Tarsal joints. See also Ankle; Foot inversion of, 276, 276f, 282, 282f, 286, 286f hand, 20t, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157–158, anatomical landmarks of, 275f muscle length in, 301, 301f, 303, 303f eversion of plantarflexion of, 273, 273f 160–161, 164, 167, 170, 172, 176, 189 testing of, 278f, 278–280, 280f cervical spine hip, 20t, 200, 202, 204, 206, 208, 210, 232, inversion of extension of, 331, 331f, 334f–335f, 334–335 testing of, 276f–277f, 276–277 flexion of, 326, 326f, 329, 329f–330f, 331 233t Tarsometatarsal joints. See also Foot lateral flexion of, 336, 336f, 339f–340f, knee, 19b, 20t, 244 anatomy of, 266–267 overview of, 431t arthrokinematics of, 267 339–340 procedures for, 19–21, 20b–21b, 20t, 21f osteokinematics of, 267 rotation of, 341, 341f, 343, 345 shoulder, 20t, 62, 66, 70, 74, 78 Teeth elbow temporomandibular joint, 20t, 413, 417–418 permanent, 412f extension of, 98 thoracic and lumbar spine, 369, 373, 376, 382, Telephone use flexion of, 96, 96f range of motion necessary for muscle length in, 103, 103f, 105, 105f 385, 388, 391 elbow, 108, 109t pronation of, 98 thoracolumbar spine, 20t wrist, 137, 137t, 138f supination of, 101 wrist, 20t, 118, 120, 122, 124, 136–137 Temporal variation hand Testing procedures. See Procedures; specific defined, 43 abduction of, 153, 153f, 170, 170f procedures and structures Temporomandibular joint, 409–423 extension of, 150, 150f, 157, 160, 167, 167f, Thomas test anatomical landmarks of, 412f of hip flexor muscle length, 212f–217f, anatomy of, 409, 409f–412f 178, 181 arthrokinematics of, 411 flexion of, 148, 148f, 155, 155f, 158, 158f, 212–214, 216 capsular pattern in, 411 reliability of, 237–238 disorders of, 422 161, 164, 164f, 176, 176f, 179 Thoracic spine mandibular depression of, 410f, 410–411 muscle length in, 184 anatomical landmarks of, 368f testing of, 412–413, 413f–415f, 415 opposition of, 172, 173f anatomy of, 365, 366f, 368f mandibular lateral excursion of, 410, 411f, hip arthrokinematics of, 365–366 414f abduction of, 204, 204f capsular pattern in, 366 testing of, 418, 418f–419f adduction of, 206, 206f extension of mandibular protrusion of, 410, 410f extension of, 202, 202f testing of, 373f–375f, 373–375 testing of, 417, 417f flexion of, 200, 200f flexion of mandibular retrusion of, 410, 410f lateral rotation of, 210, 210f testing of, 369f–372f, 369–372 testing of, 416, 416f medial rotation of, 208, 208f lateral flexion of osteokinematics of, 409–410, 410f–411f muscle length in, 214, 215t, 216, 220, testing of, 376f–381f, 376–379, 381 overbite of osteokinematics of, 365 testing for, 416, 416f 221f–222f, 222, 224, 225f–227f, 226, 228 range of motion of range of motion of knee age and, 393–394, 394t–396t age and, 420t–421t, 420–421 disability and, 397 gender and, 420t–421t, 421–422 flexion of, 244, 244f diurnal effects on, 395 head and neck positions and, 422 muscle length in, 248f, 249, 251, 252f functional, 397f–398f, 397–398 mandibular length and, 421–422 shoulder gender and, 394t–396t, 394–395 normative values for, 429t abduction of, 70, 71f normative values for, 393t, 429t numerical recording form for, 433t extension of, 66, 67f numerical recording form for, 433t reliability and validity of testing of, 422–423 flexion of, 62, 63f occupation and lifestyle and, 395–397 research findings in, 420t–421t, 420–423, lateral rotation of, 78, 79f reliability and validity of, 398–405, 400t, medial rotation of, 74, 75f 423t temporomandibular joint 402t testing position and, 20t, 413, 417, 422, 431t depression of, 413, 413f–415f, 415 research findings in, 393t–396t, 393–405, recording of motions of, 413, 414f lateral excursion of, 418, 418f testing objectives in, 317 protrusion of, 417, 417f 397f–398f, 400t, 402t Temporomandibular ligament thoracic and lumbar spine testing position and, 20t, 431t function of, 410, 410f extension of, 373, 373f, 388 rotation of Tendinitis flexion of, 369, 369f, 385 testing of, 382, 382f–384f, 384 wrist, 139 lateral flexion of, 376, 376f, 391 Thumb. See also Hand Tennis players rotation of, 382, 382f anatomical landmarks of, 162f–163f elbow range of motion in, 108 wrist anatomy of, 144f–145f, 145–146 shoulder range of motion in, 84–85 extension of, 120, 120f arthrokinematics of, 145–146 Tensor fascia lata muscle flexion of, 118, 118f capsular pattern in, 145–146 anatomy of, 212f, 213, 224, 224f muscle length in, 128, 128f, 131, 131f–132f carpometacarpal joint testing in, 164, in Ober test, 224, 224f–228f, 226, 228 radial deviation of, 122, 122f 164f–171f, 166–172, 173f–175f, 174 Testing motion ulnar deviation of, 124, 124f interphalangeal joint testing in, 179f–180f, ankle and foot Testing positions 179–180, 181 abduction of, 296, 296f ankle, 20t metacarpophalangeal joint testing in, 176, dorsiflexion of, 270f, 270–271 ankle and foot, 270, 273, 276, 278, 282, 284, 176f–177f, 178 eversion of, 278f, 278–279, 284f, 284–285, 286, 288, 292, 294, 296, 298–299 opposition of, 172, 173f–175f, 174 cervical spine, 20t, 326, 331, 336, 341, 352 osteokinematics of, 145–146 288, 288f defined, 19 range of motion of, 186, 188t elbow, 20t, 96, 96f, 98, 98f, 99, 99f, 100, 100f, age and, 186t–188t, 186–188 102, 102f, 104, 104f functional, 189–190 example of, 19b gender and, 186t–188t, 188 normative values for, 427t

450 Index metal, 21, 23f, 24 Visual estimation plastic, 21, 23f, 24 in cervical spine testing numerical recording form for, 435t reliability of, 42 reliability of, 360–361 reliability and validity testing of, 190–192 goniometer use versus, 26–27 research findings in, 186t–188t, 186–192, in cervical spine testing, 354–355 in elbow testing, 110–112 W 189f–190f, 190t in hand testing, 190–191 right versus left sides and, 188–189 in hip testing, 236–237 Walking testing position and, 189 in knee testing, 258–260 range of motion necessary for Tibiofemoral joint. See also Knee in shoulder testing, 86–88 hip, 234t anatomy of, 241f–242f, 241–242 in wrist testing, 139–140 knee, 257t, 258 arthrokinematics of, 242 in thoracic and lumbar spine testing osteokinematics of, 242 of lateral flexion, 377, 377f Women. See Adults; Gender Tibiofibular joints reliability and validity of, 401 Wrist, 115–141. See also specific joints anatomy of, 263, 264f of rotation, 382, 383f arthrokinematics of, 263 uses of, 21 anatomical landmarks of, 117f capsular pattern in, 263 validity of anatomy of, 115f–117f, 115–116, 126f, 128f, osteokinematics of, 263 in cervical spine testing, 355 Toe. See also Foot in knee testing, 261 130f, 132f anatomy of, 267f Upper-extremity testing. See also specific arthrokinematics of, 116 arthrokinematics of, 268 structures capsular pattern in, 116 osteokinematics of, 268 elbow and forearm in, 91–112 extension of range of motion of hand in, 143–192 interphalangeal testing in, 298–299 numerical recording forms for, 434t–435t, 437t reliability studies of, 41 numerical recording form for, 436t objectives in, 55 testing of, 120f–121f, 120–121 research findings in, 304, 304t reliability studies of, 41–42 flexion of testing position and, 20t, 431t shoulder in, 57–88 reliability studies of, 41 Total active motion wrist in, 115–141 testing of, 118f–119f, 118–119 defined, 186 muscle length testing in, 126f–133f, 126–131, Transverse plane V 133 defined, 6, 7f osteokinematics of, 116 Transverse tarsal joint. See also Ankle; Foot Validity, 39–41 radial deviation of anatomy of, 265–266, 266f of ankle and foot testing, 314 testing of, 122, 122f–123f arthrokinematics of, 266 of cervical spine testing, 353–356, 359–361 range of motion of capsular pattern of, 266 concurrent, 39 age and, 134t–135t, 134–135 eversion of construct, 40–41 functional, 137t–138t, 137–139, testing of, 288f–289f, 288–289 content, 39 inversion of criterion–related, 39–40 138f–139f testing of, 286f–287f, 286–287 defined, 39 gender and, 134t–135t, 135–136 osteokinematics of, 266 of elbow testing, 112 normative values for, 425t Triceps brachii muscle face, 39 numerical recording form for, 434t muscle length testing of, 104f–105f, 104–105 of hand testing, 191–192 reliability in testing of, 139–140 example of, 14, 15f of hip testing, 235–238 research findings in, 134t–135t, 134–141, True biological variation of knee testing, 261 defined, 43 of shoulder testing, 86–88 137t–138t, 138f–139f Tying shoes of thoracic and lumbar spine testing, right versus left sides and, 136 range of motion necessary for 398–403 testing position and, 20t, 136–137, 431t knee, 257t of wrist testing, 140–141 validity in testing of, 140–141 repetitive trauma of, 139 U Variation ulnar deviation of coefficient of, 45 testing of, 124, 124f–125f Universal goniometer, 21, 23f–25f, 24 intrasubject and intersubject, 43 Writing in cervical spine testing temporal, 43 range of motion necessary for, 189, 189f of extension, 331f–332f, 331–332 true biological, 43 elbow, 110 of flexion, 326f–327f, 326–327 of lateral flexion, 336f–337f, 336–337 Vertebrae. See also Cervical spine; Lumbar spine; Z of rotation, 341f–342f, 341–342 Thoracic spine components of, 23f–24f, 24 anatomy of, 365–366, 366f–367f Zygapophyseal joints. See also Cervical example of, 24, 25f spine exercise for, 22 Vertical axis anatomy of, 321, 321f–322f defined, 6, 7f arthrokinematics of, 322 capsular pattern in, 322 osteokinematics of, 321–322

Testing Procedures PART II UPPER-EXTREMITY TESTING THUMB: Carpometacarpal Joint Flexion, 164–166 Chapter 4 The Shoulder Extension, 167–169 Abduction, 170–171 Flexion, 62–65 Adduction, 172 Extension, 66–69 Opposition, 172–175 Abduction, 70–73 Medial (Internal) Rotation, 74–77 THUMB: Metacarpophalangeal Joint Lateral (External) Rotation, 78–81 Flexion, 176–177 Extension, 178 Chapter 5 The Elbow and Forearm THUMB: Interphalangeal Joint Flexion, 96–97 Flexion, 179–180 Extension, 98 Extension, 181 Pronation, 98–99 Supination, 100–101 Muscle Length Testing Procedures Muscle Length Testing Procedures Lumbricals, Palmar Interossei, and Dorsal Interossei, 182–185 Biceps Brachii, 102–103 Triceps Brachii, 104–105 PART III LOWER-EXTREMITY TESTING Chapter 6 The Wrist Chapter 8 The Hip Flexion, 118–119 Flexion, 200–201 Extension, 120–121 Extension, 202–203 Radial Deviation, 122–123 Abduction, 204–205 Ulnar Deviation, 124–125 Adduction, 206–207 Muscle Length Testing Procedures Medial (Internal) Rotation, 208–209 Lateral (External) Rotation, 210–211 Flexor Digitorum Profundus and Flexor Digitorum Muscle Length Testing Procedures Superficialis Muscle Length, 126–129 Hip Flexors: Thomas Test, 212–217 Extensor Digitorum, Extensor Indicis, and Hamstring Muscles: Straight Leg Raising Test, Extensor Digiti Minimi Muscle Length, 130–133 218–223 Chapter 7 The Hand Tensor Fascia Lata and Iliotibial Band: Ober Test, FINGERS: Metacarpophalangeal Joints 224–227 Flexion, 148–149 Tensor Fascia Lata and Iliotibial Band: Modified Extension, 150–152 Abduction, 153–154 Ober Test, 228 Adduction, 155 Chapter 9 The Knee FINGERS: Proximal Interphalangeal Joints Flexion, 155–156 Flexion, 244–245 Extension, 157 Extension, 246 Muscle Length Testing Procedures FINGERS: Distal Interphalangeal Joints Flexion, 158–159 Rectus Femoris: Ely Test, 246–249 Extension, 160 Hamstring Muscles: Distal Hamstring Length Test Composite Flexion (MCP, PIP, and DIP Joints), 161 or Popliteal Angle Test, 250–253

Chapter 10 The Ankle and Foot Cervical Lateral Flexion Universal Goniometer, 336–337 Talocrural Joint Tape Measure, 338 Dorsiflexion, 270–272 Double Inclinometers, 339 Plantarflexion, 273–274 CROM Device, 340 Tarsal Joints Cervical Rotation Inversion, 276–277 Universal Goniometer, 341–342 Eversion, 278–280 Tape Measure, 343 Inclinometer, 343–344 Subtalar Joint (Rearfoot) CROM Device, 345 Inversion, 282–283 Eversion, 284–285 Chapter 12 The Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Transverse Tarsal Joint Thoracolumbar Flexion Inversion, 286–287 Tape Measure, 370 Eversion, 288–289 Fingertip-to-Floor, 371 Double Inclinometers, 372 Metatarsophalangeal Joint Flexion, 292–293 Thoracolumbar Extension Extension, 294–295 Tape Measure, 374 Abduction, 296–297 Double Inclinometers, 375 Adduction, 298 Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion Interphalangeal Joint of the First Toe Universal Goniometer, 377 and Proximal Interphalangeal Joints Fingertip-to-floor, 378 of the Four Lesser Toes Fingertip-to-thigh, 379–380 Flexion, 298 Double Inclinometers, 381 Extension, 299 Thoracolumbar Rotation Distal Interphalangeal Joints Universal Goniometer, 382–383 of the Four Lesser Toes Double Inclinometers, 384 Flexion, 299 Extension, 299 Lumbar Flexion Modified-Modified Schober Test or Simplified Muscle Length Testing Procedures Skin Distraction Test, 385–386 Gastrocnemius, 300–303 Modified Schober Test, 387 Double Inclinometers, 387 PART IV TESTING OF THE SPINE AND TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT Lumbar Extension Modified-Modified Schober Test or Simplified Chapter 11 The Cervical Spine Skin Attraction Test, 388 Modified Schober Test, 388–389 Cervical Flexion Double Inclinometers, 390 Universal Goniometer, 326–327 Tape Measure, 328 Lumbar Lateral Flexion Double Inclinometers, 329 Double Inclinometers, 392 Cervical Range of Motion (CROM) Device, 330–331 Chapter 13 The Temporomandibular Joint Cervical Extension Depression of the Mandible (Mouth Opening), Universal Goniometer, 331–332 412–415 Tape Measure, 333 Double Inclinometers, 334 Overbite, 416 CROM Device, 335 Protrusion of the Mandible, 417 Lateral Excursion of the Mandible, 418–419