Optimizing Exercise and Physical Activity in Older People

Ell Index osteoarthritis (OA) (collfd) traumatic impacts 86 frail individuals ]09 hydrotherapy 88,222 weight bearing 88 gender prevalence differences impact 214 weight loss recommendations incidence 82,213-214 188,248 joint changes 83,2] 5 222 hormone replacement, exercise joint loading and 84-86 weight support devices 219 knee joint 83-84 sce also tibiofernoral enhancement iosuo SCI' also tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (TFOA) osteoarthritis (TFOA) incidence 99, 188 locomotion force linked osteoblasts 100 individualized exercise susceptibility 85 osteocalcin, strength training mean body mass index 217 prescription 108-109 medication influence and effect effect 145 pathogenesis and early life on pain 221 osteoclasts 100 muscle weakness 86-87 osteopenia 80 origin ] 01 neuromuscular factors 86-87 postmenopausal 28 NSAIDs with exercise 219,221 back pain reduction 108 prescription for exercise nutriceutical recommendations definition 188 223 exercise regimes, effects 81 recommendations occupational therapy 222 gender differences 188 110-111 PAeffects 11,217-220 incidence 188 algorithm guide Ill PA precautions/ individualized exercise risk level and recommendations contraindications 293-294 111 patient education and self prescription 108-109 vertebral fracture association management 222 prescribing exercise 80-81 100 pharmacological intervention osteoporotic fractures sce hip recommendations 222-223 recommendations 110 fractures physiotherapy 222 osteophytes 83,2]5 overuse injury pre- and post-surgery recovery osteoporosis management 295 89,89-90 prevention, appropriate prevention and rehabilitation absolute risk in populations 78 footwear 295 implications 87-88 biornechanical considerations proprioception 87, 88 p protection from falls 90-91 77-82 quadriceps 86-87 bone mass augmentation paced auditory serial addition test target training 88 (PASAT) 282 radiographic changes 216-217 children and adolescents resistance training 87-88 104-105 PACE programme 54 aerobic IIS 220 pain risk with vigorous activity 12 exercise regimes and effects strength training 81-82 back sec back pain isokinetic 218 exercise prescription guideline pain and disability reduction recommendations 103, 219-220 107-108 for fractures ]91, 195-] 96 study of risk, criticisms 215 foot, walking speed 231 symptoms 216,216-217 resistance training for see osteoarthritis and strength therapeutic exercise for resistance training management 2] 7-221 training 219-220 clinical recommendations 222 studies on effect, different plantar 230, 237, 240 combination programmes 220 exercises 105-108 tibiofemoral osteoarthri tis physiological effects 217-2]8 roles for 218-220 definition 77, 188 (TFOA) 86 setting 2]7 dietary prevention 112-118 work-related 65 parathyroid hormone, strength antioxidant vitamins 116 calcium see calcium training effect 145 magnesium and sodium 116 Parkinson's disease phosphorus 115-116 protein 116-117 cardiopulmonary function recommendations 118 compromised 291 vitamin D see vitamin D vitamin K 115 dual task interference zinc 116 akinesia 279 epidemiology 99,188 balance impairment 275, exercise in prevention 101-112 277-278 stage of life factor 101-102 foot fractures 238 fracture of hip see hip fractures

11IIIndex movement disorders 278, physical inactivity see targeting and tailoring 54-,55 279-280 sedentariness/sedentary telephone strategies 34, 52 lifestyle vigorous seevigorous physiotherapy 291 patient empowerment 50 Physician-based Assessment and programmes PEDro scale 127 Counseling for Exercise workplace 68-71 pendular exercises, fractures (PACE) programme 54 worker involvement 69 196,196 physiotherapists, requirements for seca/so workplace peripheral neuropathy, health promotion 39 see alsospecific examples progressive resistance training 175 PA precautions/ physiotherapy promotional strategies (of PAl contra indications 319 fractures 18<) addressing perceived risks 33 peripheral vascular disease osteoarthritis 222 secalso barriers, to PA (PVD), PA precautions/ Parkinson's disease 291 health professionals see health contra indications 291 claudication 319 phytochemicals 116 professionals mode of exercise 313-314 plantar pain 230,237,240 women 27 personal coaches 56 podiatric treatment at work secworkplace, health phosphorus, osteoporosis prevention 115-116 corns and calluses 235,239 promotion programmes physical activity (PA) 218 nail disorders treatment 233 seea/so health promotion activity patterns 16,16-17 podiatrist, requirements for health adherence seeadherence, to programmes exercise promotion 39 proprioception 87 aerobic training sec aerobic pollution of air, PA precautions training improvement activities 88 barriers sec barriers, to PA 298, 298 knee injury 87,88 benefit/ damage balance population studies see proprioceptive neuromuscular 77,78 sec a/so health benefits epidemiology (methods) facilitation (PNF) ofPA postrnenopause sec menopause/ technique 199 definition 2,214 protein domains 2, 19 postrnenopause low in diet, muscle mass increasing needs ix-xi postural control, dual task loss 165 knowledge of current osteoporosis prevention recommendations 17,]8 interference effects see dual 116-117 participation 15-19,16 task interference proximal femur fracture SI'(, hip results 16-18 Prochaska and Di Clemente, fractures surveys 15-16 model sec stages of change psychological factors set' mental seca/so epidemiology model health/ psychosocial factors (methods) progesterone, replacement 109-110 physiological effect 5-7, 19 programmes/ interventions Q programmes sec programmes/ adherence sec adherence, interventions to exercise quadriceps trends in prevalence rates 17,18 behavioural change 'avoidance gait' patterns 87 types 2, x incorporation 54-56, 257 inhibition 87 vigorous programmes see clear purpose for 69 anterior cruciate ligament vigorous programmes effectiveness for women 33-35 transection 86 women secwomen enjoyment factors 55,69 muscle mass reduction 160 work issues see workplace evaluation building 57 OA role Sl'(, osteoarthritis seca/so exercise; specific iupes future provision 56 people with long-term training, Physical Activity Readiness home-based 34,52,177-179, ultrasound imaging results Questionnaire 289 253-254 164 Phvsical Activity Scale for the individualized advice 53-54 post-fracture control 201-202, Elderly (PASE) 18 Internet provision 56 202 intervention guidelines 57-58 strength and steadiness 173 methodological problems 33 target exercises 176 older adults 53-56 designing for 56-57 screening and evaluation prior to secscreening specificity principle 175

III Index quality of life (QOL) 5,13-14 high-intensity 82, ] 76 sedentariness/sedentary lifestyle dose-response relationship 13 low-intensity 81, 176 BMD association ]2 toot problems 240 bone formation potential 80 fungal nail infection 234 fractures 190 children and adolescents 104 measures sec SF-36 QOL mobility limited individuals chronic disease risk 27 muscle function, compromise compensatory effect after with decline 162,163 177-178 vigorous exercise 7 muscle power 172 coronary heart disease risk 7-8 R muscle strength and deaths per year 38 diabetes type 2 aetiology randomized controlled trials hypertrophy 167-172,168 305-306 (RCTs) 2,4 frail and healthy participants seealso diabetes mellitus (type 2) rehabilitation, after fractures see 169, 169-170 group identification 15 fractures lower-intensity training 176 health benefits and intensity of neuromuscular effects 170--17] PA 288 reinforcement management osteoarthritis 87--88 hip fractures risk 12-13 maintenance phase 53 aerobic walking 'Us 220 initiators for women 32-33 stages of change model 45,46 free un weighted exercise vs initiators of see barriers, to PA muscle alterations J64 relative risks (RR) 3 219 negative effects x-xi repetitions, strength training 317 osteoporosis prevention as obstacle to health x repetitive office work, injury pre-participation assessment 107-108 289 association 65 physical performance benefits rate increase with age J7, 17, x repetiti ve strain, musculoskeletal reasons for x 172-173 sedentary leisure activities x 79 prescription 175 work economics 64-65 research designs seeepidemiology goal for 175 self-care see functional status (methods) progressive ] 75 self-efficacy resistance training purpose/benefits 6 sarcopenia, countermeasures measures 17-18,18 bone density studies 106-107 model see health locus of bone modelling stimulus 80 159 definition 2 sequence 176 control I self-efficacy depression, effect on 15,107 stair climbing ] 77-178 self-esteem 14 detraining and retraining 171, steadiness 173 self-liberation, stages of change types 2 171-172 walking 173 model 45-46 duration 177 weighted vests 177 self-management elastic bands for 177 scealso strength training exercises for osteogenic effect rest, ice, compression and behaviour change incorporation 49,50,51 81,82 elevation (RICE), acute exercise targeting 176 injury management 294 coaches, and learning 50 frequency 177,178 resting metabolic rate (RMR) 7 concept 39-40,49,58 functional mobility retinopathy, PA precautions/ definitions 49 contraindications 319 interventions improvements 170,178,178 reward strategies 58 guidelines for prescription rheumatoid arthritis, muscle educational 49-50 strengthening 11 integration 58 176-179 RICE, musculoskeletal injury model 49-51 diabetes type 2 321 management 294 programmes 49 high-intensity 82,176 rotator cuff tears 293 self-re-evaluation, stages of high velocity liS conventional rowing 82 change model 45,46 172 s SF-36 QOL ]3 home-based 177-179 sarcopenia 158 foot health status 240 equipment to provide screening 134, 175-176 women PA participants resistance 174, 177, 179 stress testing 175,318 29-30,30 impact exercise incorporation see also quality of life 108 intensity 176-177

IIIIndex <hoes 01'1' footwear strain frequency 79 sit-to-stand 147-148,148 ~i t-to-stand maneuver, strength strain gradient 79 skeletal muscle 139-140 strain history, concept 80 training 147-148,148 strain magnitude, mechanical cross-sectional area 141, 142 <ocial barriers 51-52 fibres 141-142,142 sllcialliberation, stages of change strain on musculoskeletal stair-climbing, changes in system 79 model 45,46 strain rate 79 activity 148-149,149 socia I support strength training 125-157 static and dynamic balance activity changes 146-151 for activity in women 35 adverse incidents 133-134 149-151, /50 lack of 01'1' barriers, to PA aerobic capacity 137 studies providing and receiving, body fat changes 144,144-145 body function changes electronic databases 126 motivating PA 32,69,257 134-138 evaluation of effects 126 workplace 70 body structure changes identification and selection sodium, osteoporosis prevention 139-142 bone mineral density effect 126-128 116 142-144, 143 inclusion criteria 126 <oft drinks 116 measuring 80 programme content 128-132, sornatosensation 87 data analysis 127 'iOy products 116 depression, effect on 139,140 129-131 spatial memory task 270 diabetes type 2 01'1' diabetes quality 128 ,;pin<lCh 115 mellitus (type 2) theory of planned behaviour spinal cord injured persons, dual endurance 137-138 environmental factors 132-133 application 43, 43 task interference 277 falls protection scc fall upper body strength 134, 135 <pinal disc degeneration 294 prevention stages of change model 45--49 flexibility 138 exercises for 176 foot problems 239 walking 91, 146-147 action 47, 320 fractures SCI' fractures weight-lifting stress test 175 application 46--47,47,54 graduated elastic tubing 132 weight types 129-13/ assumptions 45,48 guidelines, providers of 175 SCI' also resistance training contemplation 45,46,47,320 haematology 145,145-146 stress testing SCI' screening decisional balance 46 stress, workplace 65,68 first tenet 45 injury rate, aerobic training vs stretching exercises guidelines 57 fractures scc fractures intervention targeting and 134 heel pain 237 isokinetic 218 osteoarthritis 218 tailoring 54, 55 lower limb strength 134-137, stroke guidelines 57 cardiopulmonary function maintenance 45,47, 320 136,137 techniques for 53 exercises for 176 compromised 291 pre-contemplation 45,46,47 OA rehabilitation 87-88 dual task interference 277 preparation 45,47 quadriceps 01'1' quadriceps prevention 9-10 processes required for change muscle mass 140,141 sets of repetitions 317 mechanism 10 45--46 neuromuscular effects 91,92, types 9-10 progress direction 46 sunlight exposure 113-114 second tenet 45--46 173 surgery sequence of changes 45 OA, pain and disability corns and calluses, careful third tenet 46 stair-climbing red uction 219-220 considerations for 235 resistance training, weighted participation changes 151 postoperative recovery, OA 89, personal factors 133 vests 177-178 psychological function effect 89-90 strength training, changes in 139,140 T activity 148-149,149 screening and evaluation prior static balance, strength training tai chi, falls red uction sec fall to 134, 175 prevention 149-151. 150 <timulus control tarsal tunnel syndrome 23H team inclusiveness, in workplace maintenance phase 53 stages of change model 46 69

Ell Index telephone reminder, strategies 34 u seca/so gait telephone support 52 walking speed tendon injury, precautions for undecenoic acid 234 US Surgeon General's Report on foot pain 231 exercise 293 measure for muscle strength terbinafine 234 Physical Activity and testosterone, replacement Health, importance of PA 14, 162 27,64 walking while talking test, dual 165-166 TFOA sec tibiofernoral v task interference 275-276, 282 osteoarthritis vertebral fractures see fractures warm-up periods 295 theory of planned behaviour vigorous programmes water activities 81 osteoarthritis 82 42-43,54 compensatory sedentariness 7 seca/so hydrotherapy application of model 43,43 osteoarthritis risk 12,82, weight assumptions 42-43,48 loss recommendations, OA 222 criticism of 43 215-216 overweight classification 328 intervention guidelines programme cautions 218 weight-bearing vitamin D 113-115 exercises, after fractures 190 57-58 cutaneous synthesis 113-114, foot role 229 theory of reasoned action sec osteoarthritis 8H 114 weighted vests 177 theory of planned deficiency status in elderly 114 weight-lifting stress test 175 behaviour weights, types 129-131 Theraband' resistance exercises reasons 113,115 weight support devices 219 Hl,177 recommended dietary intake white collar workers 65 thrombus, risk red uction by women 26-37 PA 10 114-115 Alzheimer's disease 30 Thurstone's Word-Fluency vitamin K, osteoporosis attitudes to activity 32 Test 275 barriers to PA sec barriers, tibialis posterior dysfunction prevention 115 toPA 238 common participation activities tibiofernoral osteoarthritis w 32 (TFOA) H3 disease prevalence 27 aetiology 85-86 walking activity effectiveness of interventions cartilage 83-H4 biomechanics 91 33-35 impact loading 83 dogs and 32-33 health behaviour effect on injury 87,88 falls reduction 34-35, 253 longevity 30 knee varus moments 84-85,88 foot problems effect 231 individual tailoring of activities obesity / overweight people 84, hip fracture reduction 29, 188 34,35 85,88 individual programmes for levels of PA 31,31-32 risk of developmen t 215 women 34 life expectancy 26 weight loss recommendations large heel strike, OA menopause see menopause/ 222 susceptibility 85,87 postmenopause pain H6 loading cycles 79 mental health 29 stance phase 83 lower injury rate liS sports 12 osteoporosis secosteoporosis secalso osteoarthritis (OA) neurological control 269 premature death reduction timed up and go test (TUG) 281 OA seeaerobic training 27-28 toe(s) resistance training effect 173 promotional (of PAl strategies gait pattern retraining 88 secondary task interference on 27 nail problems sec nail(s) see dual task interference reasons for PA 32 secII/SO foot; foot problems strength training effect 91, reasons for PA promotion tolnaftate 234 146-147 total hip arthroplasty (THA), toe-out 88 27-30 exercise programme after vigorous 292 89,H9-90 stereotypes 32 tumour necrosis factor-ex (TNF-lX) study bias 27 310

I~ workforce injuries 65 incidence of chronic conditions age and performance 63-64, 66 costs 65 303 <lge statistics 63 prevention 68 health benefits of activity /)4 International Classification of manual tasks 68 PA programmes 6R--71 Functioning (ICF), target physical inactivity 64-65 barriers 68 therapy 191 clear purpose 69 workplace leadership and commitment obesity and overweight cla ims 66 69 classification 328 culture 70 measure outcomes 70-71 employers' responsibilities 66 opportunities for PA 70 PA role '19 environment 64 social support 70 l'xereise/ fitness programmes team inclusiveness 69 y 67-68 worker involvement 69 expenses/costs 65,66 Yale measure 18 gyms 67 physically demanding jobs, health insurance 66 changes with technology z health promotion programmes 64 64-65,66 Z band disruption 160 financial return 66-67 repetitive work 65 zinc, osteoporosis prevention health outcome 66 strenuous PA, joint damage international examples 71 116 motivating factors 66 216 types of activity 67 stress 65 World Health Organization (WHO) chronic disease incidence ix