Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy Fifth Edition Lynn S. Lippert

Index Note: Page numbers followed by “f” and “t” indicate figures and tables, respectively. Abdomen, 5 of hip joint, 262f Abdominal muscles, 222–224 horizontal, 8f, 9 of shoulder, 8f external oblique, 223, 223f of thumb, 172 internal oblique, 223, 223f Adductor brevis muscle, 269–270, 269f layers of, 223f Adductor longus muscle, 268–269, 269f rectus abdominis, 222f, 223 Adductor magnus muscle, 270 transverse abdominis, 223f, 224 Adductor pollicis muscle, 182, 182f Abducted gait, 352 Adductor tubercle, 265, 286 Abduction, 8–9, 8f, 132 Adhesive capsulitis, 143 of ankle, 304 Afferent impulses, 55 of fingers, 173, 173f Afferent lymph vessels, 89 of hip joint, 262f Agonist, 48 horizontal, 8f, 9 AIIS. See Anterior inferior iliac spine of shoulder, 8f Ala, of sacrum, 249 of thumb, 172, 172f Alveolus, 238 Abductor digiti minimi muscle, 182f, 184–185 Alzheimer’s disease, 71 Abductor pollicis brevis muscle, 181, 181f Amphiarthrodial joints, 22 Abductor pollicis longus muscle, 177–178, 178f Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, 71 Abnormal bony end feel, 32 Anastomosis, 87, 87f Acceleration, 94, 346 Anatomical position, 4, 4f Accessory expiratory muscles, 242, 243t Anatomical snuffbox, 179, 179f Accessory inspiratory muscles, 241, 243t Anconeus muscle, 154, 154f Accessory motion, 36, 171–172 Aneurysm, 91 forces, 36, 37f Angina, 91 terminology, 32 Angion, 88, 88f Acetabular labrum, 266 Angle of inclination, 275, 276f Acetabulum, 264 Angle of pull, 121 Achilles tendon, 292, 311 Angle of torsion, 276, 277f Achilles tendonitis, 323 Angular force, 97, 98f Acquired bursae, 26 Angular motion, 6, 6f, 7f Acromioclavicular joint, 118, 118f Ankle. See also Foot Acromioclavicular ligaments, 118, 118f joint capsule, 308 Acromioclavicular separation, 142 joints of Acromion process, 133 Action-reaction, law of, 94 subtalar, 306–307 Active insufficiency, 43, 43f talocrural (talotibial), 305–306, 305f Active tension, 42 tibiofibular, 305f Adam’s apple, 238 transverse tarsal, 307, 307f Adduction, 8–9, 8f, 132, 172f ligaments of of ankle, 304 deltoid, 308 of fingers, 173, 173f lateral, 308, 308f 377

378 Index motions of, 304, 304f, 305f, 306–307, 306t Arch muscles of of aorta, 81 foot, 308–310, 309f anatomical relationships, 317–321 anterior group, 314–315, 320f Arm, 5 deep posterior group, 312–314 Arteries, 79–80 extensor digitorum longus, 314–315 extensor hallucis longus, 314, 315f coronary, 81 extrinsic, 310–311, 311t major, 81t, 84f, 85f, 86f flexor digitorum longus, 313–314, 313f pathways, 81–86 flexor hallucis longus, 313, 313f Arterioles, 79 gastrocnemius, 311–312, 311f Arteriosclerosis, 91 innervation of, 321–322, 323t Arthokinematic motion (joint surface motion), 6, 32–37 intrinsic, 317 of knee, 284, 284f lateral group, 315–317, 320f types of, 33–34 peroneus brevis, 316, 317f Arthrokinematics, 8, 31–38, 93–94 peroneus longus, 315–316, 316f Articular cartilage, 22, 25, 25f peroneus tertius, 316–317, 317f Articular disk, 164, 201–202 plantaris, 312 Articular fossa, 199 soleus, 312, 312f Articular process, 214 superficial posterior group, 311–312 Articular system, 21–28 tibialis anterior, 314, 315f Articular tubercle, 199 tibialis posterior, 312–313, 312f Ascending aorta, 81, 81t, 82f triceps surae, 312 Assisting mover, 48 pathologies of, 322–323 Asthma, 245 Ankle dorsiflexors, 350 Ataxic gait, 353 Ankle fracture, 323 Atherosclerosis, 91 Ankle fusion, 352 Atlantoaxial joints, 213, 217, 217f Ankle sprains, 323 Atlanto-occipital joint, 213, 217 Ankylosing spondylitis, 230 Atlas vertebra (C1), 215, 215f Annular ligament, 151 Atria, 76–77 Annulus fibrosus, 215 Atrioventricular (AV) valves, 77 Antagonist, 48 Auditory meatus, 200 Antalgic gait, 354 Auricular surface, 250 Anterior, 4, 4f Autonomic dysreflexia, 71 Anterior (ventral) ramus, 60, 62 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 53, 53f Anterior cerebral arteries, 86 Axes, 27, 28f Anterior communicating artery, 86 frontal, 27, 28f Anterior cord syndrome, 71 sagittal, 27, 28f Anterior cruciate ligament, 288, 288f vertical, 27, 28f Anterior deltoid muscle, 135–136, 135f Axial extension, 213 Anterior horn, 58 Axial skeleton, 13, 14t, 15f Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS), 263, 285 Axillary artery, 81t, 85 Anterior longitudinal ligament, 218 Axillary border, 133 Anterior position, 4, 333, 333f Axillary nerve, 65, 66f Anterior root, 54 Axis (A), 102 Anterior sacroiliac ligament, 251 Axis vertebra (C2), 215, 215f Anterior scalene muscle, 220, 220f Axons, 54, 54f Anterior shoulder dislocations, 143 Axon terminal, 54 Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), 254f, 255–256, 263, 285 Anterior tibial arteries, 83 Back knees (genu recurvatum), 294 Anterior tibial veins, 83 Baker’s cyst, 295 Anterior tilt, 253, 254f Ball-and-socket joint, 24, 24f Anteversion, 276, 277f Ballet dancers, 11f, 331–332, 332f Antigravity muscles, 331, 331f Basal ganglia, 56 Aorta, 79, 82f Base of support (BOS), 99, 100f, 101, 101f, 102f ascending, 81, 82f Basilar area, 213 descending, 82f Basilar artery, 86 Aortic arch, 81t, 82f, 86f Basilic vein, 85 Aortic valve, 77 Bell-clapper gait, 351–352, 351f Ape hand, 72 Bell’s palsy, 72 Aponeurosis, 26 Bending force, 36, 37f Appendicular skeleton, 13, 14t, 15f Biaxial joint motion, 24 Approximation, 36 Biceps brachii muscle, 152–153, 152f, 156f Arachnoid, 57 supination action of, 153f

Biceps femoris muscle, 40, 271, 291, 292 Index 379 Bicipital tendonitis, 144 Bicuspid valve, 77 Burner syndrome, 72 Bilateral, 5 Bursae, 26, 26f, 288–289, 289f Bimalleolar fracture, 323 Biomechanics, 3, 93–94, 93f acquired, 26 of knee, 289f, 290t force, 95–97 Bursitis, 29 laws of motion, 94 prepatellar, 295 stability, 99–102, 102f trochanteric, 277 torque, 97–99 Bipennate muscles, 41 C7 (vertebra prominens), 215 Birth canal, 248 Cadence, 339–340 Blood, flow through heart, 77–78, 77f, 78f Calcaneal positions, 305f Blood pressure, 80–81 Calcaneal tuberosity, 302 Blood supply, 86–87 Calcaneus, 287, 302 Blood vessels, 80f Calcaneus foot, 322 pathways, 81–86 Calcific tendonitis, 144 pulse and blood pressure, 80–81 Cancellous bone, 14 types of, 79–80 Capillaries, 79 arteries, 79–80 lymph, 88 capillaries, 79 Capitate bone, 162, 163f veins, 79–80 Capitulum, 149 Body proportions, 99, 99f Capsular ligaments, 25 Body segments, 5–6, 6f Capsule, 25 Boggy end feel, 32 Capsulitis, 29 Bone markings, 18f Cardiac cycle, 78–79 Bone(s). See also specific bones and body areas Cardinal plane, 27 cancellous, 14 Cardiovascular system, 75–87 compact, 14 composition of, 13–14, 15f blood vessels, 79–87 fractures, 17 common pathologies of, 90–91 of human body, 14t heart, 76–79 irregular, 16, 16f Carotid artery, 81, 85 joint structure and, 24–25 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 72, 186 longitudinal cross section of, 15f Carpometacarpal (CMC) joints, 24, 161–162, 171–173, 172f, 173f structure of, 14–16 structure of, 24 types of, 16–17, 16f, 17t Carrying angle, 148–149, 149f flat, 16, 16f, 17t Cartilage, 25 irregular, 17t articular, 25, 25f long, 16, 16f, 17t elastic, 26 sesamoid, 16–17 fibrocartilage, 25–26 short, 16, 16f, 17t hyaline, 25 Bony end feel, 31–32 types of, 22 Boutonnière deformity, 187 Cartilaginous joint, 22, 22f Bow legs, 294 Cauda equina, 58, 58f Brachial artery, 81t, 85 Caudal, 5 Brachialis muscle, 152, 152f Cell body, 54 Brachial plexus, 64f, 65f Center of gravity (COG), 27, 27f, 99–101, 99f, 100f, 101f, 102f, 218 terminal nerves of, 65–68, 66f Central cord syndrome, 71 Brachial vein, 85 Central nervous system (CNS), 53, 53f, 55–60 Brachiocephalic, 81t brain, 55–58 Brachiocephalic trunk, 81 common pathologies of, 71 Brachioradialis muscle, 153, 153f spinal cord, 58–60 Brain, 55–58, 56f Cephalic vein, 85 protection of, 57–58 Cerebellum, 56–57 Brainstem, 56, 60f Cerebral arteries, 86 Breath-holding, 244–245 Cerebral hemispheres, 55 Breathing. See Respiration Cerebral hemorrhage, 90 Bronchial tree, 238 Cerebral palsy, 71 Bronchioles, 238 Cerebrospinal fluid, 57f, 58 Bronchitis, 245 Cerebrovascular accident, 91 Brown-Séquard’s syndrome, 71 Cerebrum, 55–56, 56f, 60f Buccinator muscle, 207–208, 207f Cervical nerves, 62f Cervical orientation, 217f Cervical plexus, 64, 64f Cervical protraction, 213

380 Index Contralateral, 5 Conus medullaris, 58, 58f Cervical spine, 213. See also Vertebral column Convex joint surface, 34, 34f functions of, 218–219 Convex-concave rule, 34–35 joints of, 217 Coracoacromial ligament, 118, 118f motions of, 217–218 Coracobrachialis muscle, 140, 140f muscles of, 219–222 Coracoclavicular ligament, 118 of mouth and hyoid bone, 220–221, 221t Coracohumeral ligament, 134, 134f prevertebral, 220–221, 220f Coracoid process, 149 scalene, 220, 220f Cords, 65 splenius capitis, 222, 222f, 222t Coronal plane, 27 splenius cervicis, 222, 222f, 222t Coronary arteries, 81, 91 sternocleidomastoid, 219–220, 219f Coronoid process, 150, 199 suboccipital, 221, 221f, 221t Corpus callosum, 55 Cortex, 55 Cervical sprains, 229–230 Corticospinal tract, 59, 60f Cervical vertebrae, 216f, 216t Costal facets, 215f Chambers, of heart, 76–77 Costoclavicular ligament, 118 Chest breathing, 244 Costovertebral joints, 236, 236f Chrondromalacia patella, 295 Counternutation, 249 Circle of Willis, 86, 87f Coxa plana, 275 Circulatory system, 75–91 Coxa valga, 275 Coxa vara, 275–276 cardiovascular system, 75–87 Cranial, 5 common pathologies of, 90–91 Cranial nerves, 60, 61f, 62t lymphatic system, 87–90 Cranium, bones of, 14t Circumducted gait, 352, 352f Crouch gait, 353 Circumduction, 9, 9f, 161 Cubital fossa, 151–152 Classical motion, 31 Cubital tunnel syndrome, 72 Clavicle, 116, 117, 117f Cuboid, 302 Clavicular fractures, 142 Cuneiforms, 302 Clavicular portion, 136 Curvilinear motion, 6, 6f Claw toe, 322 Cybex Orthotron, 47 Closed kinetic chain, 49, 49f Cylindrical grip, 190, 190f Close-packed position, 35, 35t Coccyx, 13 Deceleration, 345t, 346, 347f Cocontraction, 48 Deep, 5 Collapsed lung, 245 Deep inspiration, 239, 243t Collateral ligaments Deep palm muscles, 181, 182 of elbow, 151 Deep peroneal nerve, 321 of knee, 288 Deep rotator muscles, 271, 271f, 272t Colles’ fracture, 186 Degenerative diseases, 71 Common carotid, 81t, 85 Degrees of freedom, 28 Common iliac arteries, 81t, 82 Deltoid ligament, 308 Common iliac veins, 82 Deltoid muscle, 135–136, 135f Common peroneal nerve, 68 Demifacet, 215, 236 Communicating arteries, 86 Demyelinating diseases, 71 Compact bone, 14 Dendrites, 54, 54f Component movements, 32 Dens, 215 Compression, 36, 36f Depression, 119, 119f, 120, 198 Compression fractures, 231 De Quervain’s disease, 186 Concave-convex rule, 34–35 Dermatomes, 62–63, 63f Concave joint surface, 34 Descending aorta, 81t, 82f Concentric contraction, 45, 45f, 46, 46f, 46t Diaphragm, 238–240, 240f Concurrent forces, 95–96, 95f Diaphragmatic breathing, 244 Condyle, 199 Diaphysis, 15, 15f Condyloid joints, 24, 24f, 161 Diarthrodial joints, 23t Congenital defects, 71 Digastric muscle, 205, 206, 206f Congenital hip dislocation, 275 Disk pressure, 335f Congestive heart failure, 91 Disks, 25–26 Congruent joints, 35 Dislocating force, 98 Contractility, 42 Dislocation, 29 Contraction, muscle, 45–48, 45f Distal, 4f, 5 concentric, 45 eccentric, 45 isometric, 45 isotonic, 45

Distal carpal arch, 175, 175f Index 381 Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint, 307 Distal radioulnar joint, 148 pronator quadratus, 155, 155f Distraction, 36 pronator teres, 154–155, 155f Dorsal, 4 supinator, 155 Dorsal columns, 58 triceps brachii, 154, 154f Dorsal interossei muscles, 182–183, 183f, 183t, 321f pathologies of, 156–158 Dorsalis pedis artery, 83 structure and motions of, 147–149 Dorsal radiocarpal ligament, 163f, 164 structures of Dorsal scapular nerve, 65 cubital fossa, 151–152 Dorsiflexion, 7f, 8, 304 interosseous membrane, 151, 151f Double support, 340–341 Elevation, 119, 119f, 120 Downward rotation, 119, 119f Embolism, 91 Drop foot, 350 Emphysema, 245 Dupuytren’s contracture, 186 Empty end feel, 32 Dura matter, 57 End feel, 31–32 Dynamics, 93 abnormal, 32 Dynamic systems, 3 boggy, 32 Dysplasia, 275 empty, 32 muscle spasm, 32 Eccentric contraction, 45–47, 45f, 46t springy block, 32 Efferent impulses, 54 firm, 32 Efferent lymph vessels, 89 normal, 31 Elastic cartilage, 26 bony, 31–32 Elasticity, 42 soft tissue approximation, 32 Elastic tubing, 47 soft tissue stretch, 32 Elbow dislocation, 157 Endosteum, 15, 15f Elbow joint, 147, 147f Epidural bleeds, 90 Epiphyseal lines, 15f bones and landmarks of, 149–151 Epiphyseal plate, 14, 15f capitulum, 149 Epiphysis, 14, 15f coracoid process, 149 pressure, 15–16 coronoid process, 150 traction, 16, 18 humerus, 149–150 types of, in immature bone, 16f infraglenoid tubercle, 149 Equilibrium lateral epicondyle, 149 neutral, 100, 100f lateral supracondylar ridge, 149 stable, 100, 100f medial epicondyle, 149 state of, 99, 100f olecranon fossa, 150 unstable, 100, 100f olecranon process, 150 Equinus gait, 350, 350f, 354 radial notch, 150 Erb’s palsy, 72 radial tuberosity, 150 Erector spinae muscles, 221–222, 224, 225, 225f, radius, 150, 151f 348f scapula, 149 Ethmoid, 237 styloid process, 150 Eversion, 10, 10f, 304, 307 supraglenoid tubercle, 149 Excursion, 42–43, 42f trochlea, 149 Exercise trochlear notch, 150 isokinetic, 47–48 ulna, 150 kinetic chain, 49–50 ulnar tuberosity, 150 terminology, 50t Expiration, 238–239, 238f interosseous membrane, of forearm, 151 forced, 239, 243t joint capsule, 151, 151f quiet, 239, 243t ligaments of Extensibility, 42 Extension, 7f, 8, 132 annular, 151 of cervical spine, 213 lateral collateral, 151 of elbow joint, 147, 148f medial collateral, 151 of hip joint, 262f motions of, 157f of knee, 284 muscles of, 157f of thumb, 172, 172f anatomical relationships, 155–156 of vertebral column, 212, 212f anconeus, 154, 154f of wrist joint, 162 biceps brachii, 152–153, 152f Extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle, 166, 166f brachialis, 152, 152f Extensor carpi radialis longus muscle, 165–166, 166f brachioradialis, 153, 153f Extensor carpi ulnaris muscle, 40, 166, 167f innervation of, 156, 158t

382 Index Flexion, 6, 7f, 8, 132 of cervical spine, 213 Extensor digiti minimi muscle, 180, 180f dorsiflexion, 7f, 8 Extensor digitorum longus muscle, 314–315, 316f of elbow joint, 147, 148f Extensor digitorum muscle, 179–180, 179f of hip joint, 262f Extensor hallucis longus muscle, 314, 315f of knee, 284 Extensor hood, 175 lateral, 9 Extensor indicis muscle, 180, 180f palmar, 7f, 8 Extensor pollicis brevis muscle, 178, 178f plantar, 7f, 8 Extensor pollicis longus muscle, 178–179, 179f of thumb, 172, 172f Extensor retinaculum, 167, 168f, 175, 175f of vertebral column, 212, 212f External carotid artery, 85 of wrist joint, 162 External iliac arteries, 81t, 82 External iliac veins, 82 Flexor carpi radialis muscle, 165, 165f External jugular vein, 86 Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle, 164–165, 164f External oblique muscle, 223 Flexor digiti minimi muscle, 184 External rotation, 9 Flexor digitorum longus muscle, 313–314, 313f, 314f Flexor digitorum profundus muscle, 176, 177f Face, bones of, 14t Flexor digitorum superficialis, 176, 176f Facet, 212, 215f, 236 Flexor hallucis longus muscle, 313, 313f Facet joints, 212, 217 Flexor pollicis brevis muscle, 181, 181f False pelvis, 248 Flexor pollicis longus muscle, 176–177, 177f False ribs, 235 Flexor retinaculum, 174, 174f Femoral artery, 81t, 83, 84f, 266 Floating ribs, 235 Femoral nerve, 68, 68f, 69, 84f Foot, 5, 261f. See also Ankle Femoral triangle, 83, 84f Femoral veins, 82, 83, 84, 84f, 266 arches, 308–310 Femur, 264–265, 264f, 286f lateral longitudinal, 309, 309f medial longitudinal, 309, 309f landmarks of transverse, 309, 309f adductor tubercle, 265, 286 body, 264, 286 bones of, 302–303, 303f greater trochanter, 264, 286 metatarsals, 302–303 head, 264 phalanges, 303 lateral condyle, 264 tarsal, 302 lateral epicondyle, 264 lesser trochanter, 264, 286 eversion, 10f linea aspera, 265, 286 forefoot, 303 medial condyle, 264, 286 functional aspects of, 303, 303f medial epicondyle, 264 great toe, 303 neck, 264, 286 hindfoot, 303 patellar surface, 265, 286 inversion, 10f pectineal line, 265, 286 joints of Festinating gait, 353 distal interphalangeal, 307 Fibrocartilage, 25–26 interphalangeal, 307, 307f Fibrocartilaginous disk, 26 metatarsophalangeal, 307 Fibrous joint, 21–22, 22f proximal interphalangeal, 307 Fibula, 286, 287f, 302f lesser toes, 303 ligaments of landmarks of long plantar, 310 head, 302 short plantar ligament, 310 lateral malleolus, 302 spring, 309–310 midfoot, 303 Fifth finger opposition, 173 motions of, 304f, 306t Filum terminale, 58, 58f muscles of Fingers anatomical relationships, 317–321 anterior group, 314–315 joints of, 172f, 173–174 deep posterior group, 312–314 motions of, 173–174 extrinsic, 310–311, 311t muscles of, 176–186 innervation of, 318t, 321–322, 322t, 323t Firm end feel, 32 intrinsic, 317–319, 318t, 321f First-class levers, 103–104, 103f, 104f lateral group, 315–317 First-degree sprain, 142 plantar, 320f, 321f Fixator, 48 superficial posterior group, 311–312 Fixed pulley, 107, 108f pathologies of, 322–323 Flail chest, 245 plantar fascia, 310, 310f Flat back, 230 stirrup of the, 315 Flat bones, 16, 16f, 17t Flat foot, 322

Index 383 support structures of, 309f, 310f phases of, 340f toe motions, 308f stance phase, 340, 340f, 342–346, 342f, 343f Foot drop, 72 swing phase, 340, 340f, 346–347, 346f, 347f Foot flat, 341t, 343, 343f, 344t terminology, 340f Foot slap, 350 Gamekeeper’s thumb, 186 Foramen magnum, 213 Ganglion cyst, 186 Foramina, 249 Gastrocnemius muscle, 292–293, 292f, 311–312, 311f Force arm (FA), 103 Geniohyoid muscle, 205 Force couple, 97, 97f Genu recurvatum (back knees), 294 causing anterior pelvic tilt, 256f Genu recurvatum gait, 350f causing level pelvis, 257f Genu valgum (knock-knees), 294 causing posterior pelvic tilt, 257f Genu varum (bowlegs), 294 of deltoid/rotator cuff muscles, 142f Glenohumeral joint. See Shoulder joint of scapula, 126f, 127f Glenohumeral ligaments, 134 of shoulder girdle, 126 Glenohumeral subluxation, 143 Forced expiration, 239, 243t Glenoid fossa, 132 Forced inspiration, 239, 243t Glenoid labrum, 133, 134, 134f Force(s), 94, 95–97, 102 Glide, 33, 33f accessory motion, 36, 37f Glottis, 238 angular, 97, 98f Gluteus maximus gait, 349, 349f approximation, 36 Gluteus maximus muscle, 270–271, 270f bending, 36, 37f Gluteus medius gait, 349–350, 349f compression, 36f Gluteus medius muscle, 272, 272f concurrent, 95–96, 95f Gluteus minimus muscle, 272–273, 273f dislocating, 98 Golfer’s elbow, 157 linear, 95, 95f Gomphosis, 21–22, 22f moment of, 97–99 Gracilis muscle, 270, 270f, 293 parallel, 95, 96f Gravitational force, 99 resultant, 96, 96f, 97f Gravity, 99 shear, 36, 36f Gravity-eliminated position, 47 stabilizing, 97, 98 Gray matter, 54, 58, 59f traction, 36 Greater sciatic notch, 264 Forearm, 5 Greater trochanter, 264, 286 interosseous membrane, 151 Great saphenous vein, 84 motions of, 147–149 Great toe, 303 muscles of, 152–156. see also Elbow joint Greenstick fracture, 186 pronation and supination, 6, 9–10, 9f Forefoot, 303, 303f Hallux rigidus, 322 Fracture, 17 Hallux valgus, 322 Fractures with dislocation, 231 Hamate bone, 162, 163f Freedom, degrees of, 28 Hammer toe, 322 Friction, 94 Hamstring muscles, 271, 272f, 275, 291–293, 291f, 350 Frontal axis, 27, 28f Frontal lobe, 56, 56f active insufficiency of, 43f Frontal plane, 27, 27f, 217, 217f optimal length-tension relationship, 43f Frozen shoulder, 143 passive insufficiency of, 44f Fundamental position, 4, 4f Hamstring strain, 277 Fused hip, 351 Hand, 5, 171 Fusiform muscle, 41 anatomical relationships, 185–186 bones and landmarks of, 174 Gait extrinsic muscles of abnormal (atypical), 349–354 due to muscular weakness/paralysis, 349–351, 349f, 350f abductor pollicis longus, 178f, 177–178 leg length discrepancy and, 354 extensor digiti minimi, 180, 180f neurological involvement in, 352–353 extensor digitorum, 179–180, 179f pain and, 353–354 extensor indicis, 180, 180f age-related patterns, 348–349 extensor pollicis brevis, 178, 178f definitions of, 339–342 extensor pollicis longus, 178–179, 179f determinants of, 347–348 flexor digitorum profundus, 176, 177f due to joint/muscle range-of-motion limitation, 351–352 flexor digitorum superficialis, 176, 176f terminology, 341t, 342t flexor pollicis longus, 176–177, 177f fingers, 173–174 Gait cycle (stride), 339 functional position of the, 189, 189f key events of, 344–345t function of, 189–192 grasps, 189–192

384 Index Hip bone (os coxae), 13, 251f, 262, 263f. See also Pelvic girdle (pelvis) landmarks of intrinsic muscles of, 181t acetabulum, 264 abductor digiti minimi, 184, 184f greater sciatic notch, 264 abductor pollicis brevis, 181, 181f obturator foramen, 264 adductor pollicis, 182, 182f deep palm, 181 Hip flexion contracture, 351, 351f dorsal interossei, 182–183, 183f, 183t Hip fractures, 277 flexor digiti minimi, 184 Hip hiking, 226–227, 255 flexor pollicis brevis, 181, 181f Hip joint, 261, 262f hypothenar, 181 lumbricales, 184, 184f, 185f bones and landmarks of, 262–265 opponens digiti minimi, 185 femur, 264–265, 264f opponens pollicis, 181–182, 182 ilium, 263 palmar interossei, 182, 183f, 184t ischium, 263 thenar, 181 pubis, 264 tibia, 265, 265f ligaments of distal carpal arch, 175, 175f joint capsule, 265, 265f, 266f extensor retinaculum, 175, 175f ligaments of flexor retinaculum, 174, 174f palmar carpal, 174 acetabular labrum, 266 proximal carpal arch, 175, 175f iliofemoral, 265 transverse carpal, 174, 174f iliotibial, 266–267 inguinal, 266, 267f muscle innervation, 187–189, 187f, 188t ischiofemoral, 265 pathologies of, 186–187 ligamentum teres, 266, 266f power grips, 189–191, 189f pubofemoral, 265 spiral attachment of, 266f cylindrical, 190, 190f muscles of hook, 190–191, 191f action of, 278t spherical, 190, 190f adductor brevis, 269–270, 269f precision grips, 189, 190f adductor longus, 268–269, 269f lumbrical, 191, 192f adductor magnus, 270 pad-to-pad, 191 anatomical relationships, 274–275 pad-to-side, 191, 191f anterior deep, 274f pincer, 191 anterior superficial, 274f pinch, 191, 191f biceps femoris, 271 side-to-side, 191–192, 192f deep rotator, 271, 271f, 272t three-jaw chuck, 191, 191f gluteus maximus, 270–271, 270f tip-to-tip, 191 gluteus medius, 272, 272f prime movers of, 187t gluteus minimus, 272–273, 273f sensation, 189 gracilis, 270f thumb, 171–173 hamstring, 271 Hand of benediction, 72 iliopsoas, 267, 267f Hangman’s fracture, 231 innervation of, 277–278, 278–279t Hard end feel, 32 lateral, 276f Head, 5 medial, 275f Heart, 76 pectineus, 268, 268f blood flow through, 77–78, 77f, 78f posterior deep, 276f cardiac cycle, 78–79 rectus femoris, 268, 268f chambers, 76–77, 77f reversal of muscle function, 272–273, 273f location of, 76, 76f, 77f sartorius, 268, 268f valves, 77, 77f semimebranous, 271 Heart attack, 91 semitendinosus, 271 Heart murmur, 91 tensor fascia latae, 273–274, 273f Heart sounds, 78 pathologies of, 275–277 Heel cord, 292, 311 structure and motions of, 262, 262f Heel-off, 341t, 343, 343f, 344t Hip pointer, 277 Heel strike, 341t, 342–343, 343f, 344t Hook grip, 190–191, 191f Heimlich maneuver, 239 Horizontal abduction, 8f, 9, 132 Hemiplegic gait, 352–353, 353f Horizontal adduction, 9, 85, 132 Hemorrhage, 90 Horizontal displacement, 347 Herniated disks, 230 Horizontal plane, 27 Hiccups, 245 Humeral neck fracture, 142–143 Hindfoot, 303, 303f Humerus, 133–134, 133f, 150f Hinge joint, 23, 23f bony landmarks of, 149–150 Hip, 262 fractures of, 143–144

Hyaline, 22 Index 385 Hyaline cartilage, 25 Hydrocephalus, 71 Interosseous membrane, 151, 151f, 301, 301f Hyoid bone, 201, 201f, 220, 221t Interosseous sacroiliac ligament, 251 Hyperextension, 7f, 8, 132 Interphalangeal (IP) joints, 171 of hip joint, 262f of fingers, 173–174 of vertebral column, 212, 212f of great toe, 307, 307f Hyperreflexia, 71 Interspinales muscles, 226 Hyperventilation, 245 Interspinal ligament, 218 Hypothalamus, 56, 56f Interstitial fluid, 88 Hypothenar muscles, 181 Interstitial spaces, 88 Intertransversarii muscles, 226, 226f Iliac crest, 263 Intervertebral disks, 25, 214–215, 214f Iliac fossa, 263 landmarks of Iliocostalis muscles, 225 Iliofemoral ligament, 265 annulus fibrosus, 215 Iliolumbar ligament, 252 nucleus pulposus, 215 Iliopsoas muscle, 267, 267f Intervertebral foramen, 58, 59f, 214 Iliotibial band syndrome, 277 Intracapsular ligaments, 287–288 Iliotibial band/tract, 266–267, 273 Inversion, 10, 10f, 304, 307 Ilium, 13, 250, 263 Ipsilateral, 5 Irregular bones, 16, 16f, 17t landmarks of Irritability, 42 anterior inferior iliac spine, 263 Ischemia, 91 anterior superior iliac spine, 263 Ischial tuberosity, 263 iliac crest, 263 Ischiofemoral ligament, 265 iliac fossa, 263 Ischium, 13, 250, 263 posterior inferior iliac spine, 263 landmarks of posterior superior iliac spine, 263 body, 263 ischial tuberosity, 263 Impingement syndrome, 143 ramuss, 263 Inchworm effect, 135–136 spine, 263 Inclined plane, 109–110, 110f Isokinetic contraction, 47–48, 48t Inertia, 94 Isometric contraction, 45, 45f, 48t Inferior, 4f, 5 Isotonic contraction, 45, 46, 48t Inferior gluteal nerve, 68 Inferior pubic ligament, 252 Jaw, 198 Inferior radioulnar joint, 148 Joint capsule, 25, 25f Inferior ramus, 252, 264 Inferior tibiofibular joint, 304 of ankle joint, 308 Inferior vena cava, 82 of elbow, 151, 151f Infraglenoid tubercle, 149 of hip, 265, 265f Infrahyoid muscles, 206, 208 of radiocarpal joint, 164 Infraspinatus muscle, 138, 139f of shoulder, 134, 134f Infraspinous fossa, 133 of temporomandibular joint, 201, 202f Inguinal ligament, 266, 267f Joint congruency, 35, 35–36, 35t Insertion, 39–40, 39f, 40f Joint mobilization, 32 Inspiration, 238, 238f Joint movements (osteokinematics), 6–10, 31–32 of abduction and adduction, 8–9, 8f deep, 239, 243t around axes, 27–28 forced, 239, 243t convex-concave rule, 34–35 quiet, 239, 243t degrees of freedom, 28, 28f Intercarpal joints, 161 of flexion and extension, 7f Intercellular fluid, 88 protraction, 10, 10f Interclavicular ligament, 118 retraction, 10, 10f Intercondylar eminence, 286 rotation, 9–10, 9f Intercostal muscles, 240–241 of shoulder joint, 131–132, 132f external, 240f of shoulder girdle, 119–121 internal, 240f, 241f types of Intercostal nerves, 63, 64f Internal carotid artery, 85 biaxial, 24 Internal iliac arteries, 82 Joint play, 32, 36 Internal jugular vein, 86 Joint(s). See also specific joints Internal oblique muscle, 223 Internal rotation, 9 classification, 23t Interneurons, 55 close-packed (closed-pack) position, 35, 35t degrees of freedom, 28 loose-packed position, 35t, 36 motion, by plane and axis, 28t

386 Index medial meniscus, 288 muscles of, 290t open-packed position, 35t, 36 pathologies of, 29 anatomical relationships, 293–294, 293f, 294f pivot, 23–24 anterior, 290–291 sellar, 33, 33f biceps femoris, 291, 292 structure of, 24–26 gastrocnemius, 292–293, 292f surface shape, 32–33 gracilis, 293 innervation of, 294, 295t ovoid, 32, 33f pes anserine, 289, 289f sellar (saddle-shaped), 33, 33f popliteus, 292, 292f types of, 21–24 posterior, 291–293 amphiarthrodial, 22 rectus femoris, 290–291, 291f ball-and-socket, 24, 24f sartorius, 293 cartilaginous, 22, 22f semimebranous, 291, 291f condyloid, 24, 24f semitendinosus, 291–292 diarthrodial, 23t tensor fascia latae, 293 fibrous, 21–22, 22f vastus intermedialis, 291 gomphosis, 21–22, 22f vastus lateralis, 291 hinge, 23, 23f vastus medialis, 291 nonaxial, 22 pathologies of, 294–296 ovoid, 32, 33f pes anserine muscle group, 289, 289f pivot, 24f popliteal space, 289, 289f plane, 22, 23f Q angle of, 285, 285f saddle, 24, 24f right, anterior view, 287f synarthrosis, 21 right, superior view, 288f syndesmosis, 21, 22f screw-home motion of, 284f synovial, 7–8, 22, 22f, 25f structure and motions of, 283–285, 284f triaxial, 24 Knock knees (genu valgum), 294 uniaxial, 23 Kyphosis, 230 Joint surface movement, 8, 32–37 Joint surface positions, 35–36, 35t Labrum, 26, 26f Jugular veins, 86 Lamina, 214 Jumper’s knee (patellar tendonitis), 294 Laryngopharynx, 238 Larynx, 201, 238, 245 Kienböck’s disease, 187 Lateral, 4, 4f Kinematics, 3, 93 Lateral atlantoaxial joints, 217 Kinesiology, 3 Lateral bending, 8f, 9, 212, 212f Kinetic chains, 49–50 Lateral collateral ligament, 151, 288 Lateral condyle, 264, 286 closed, 49, 49f Lateral deviation, 198 open, 49, 50f Lateral epicondyle, 149, 264, 286 Kinetics, 3, 93, 94 Lateral epicondylitis, 156–157 Knee flexion contracture, 352 Lateral flexion, 9 Knee fusion, 352, 352f Lateral head, 154 Knee/knee joint, 283f Lateral ligament, 201, 308, 308f arthrokinematic motion of, 33–34 Lateral longitudinal arch, 309, 309f bones and landmarks of Lateral malleolus, 108f Lateral menisci, 288 calcaneus, 287 Lateral muscles, 276f femur, 286 Lateral pelvic tilt, 330, 348, 348f fibula, 286–287, 287f Lateral position, 332–333 intercondylar eminence, 286 Lateral pterygoid muscle, 204–205, 204f lateral condyle, 286 Lateral pterygoid plate, 200 medial condyle, 286 Lateral rotation, 9, 9f, 132, 262f patella, 287, 287f Lateral supracondylar ridge, 149 plateau, 286 Lateral tilt, 253–254, 255f tibia, 286, 287f Latissimus dorsi muscle, 137, 137f bursae, 289f, 290t Law of acceleration, 94 extension of, 284f, 288 Law of action-reaction, 94 flexion of, 284f, 287f, 288 Law of inertia, 94 lateral meniscus, 288 Leg, 5, 261f. See also Ankle; Foot; Hip joint ligaments of anterior cruciate, 288, 288f anterior deep muscles of, 274f intracapsular, 287–288 anterior superficial muscles of, 274f lateral collateral, 288 medial collateral, 288 posterior cruciate, 288, 288f

bones of, 301, 301f, 302 Index 387 interosseous membrane, 301, 301f lateral muscles of, 276f Lumbricales, 184, 184f, 185f medial muscles of, 275f Lumbrical grip, 192, 192f muscle innervation, 322t Lunate bone, 162, 163f posterior deep muscles of, 276f Lungs, 238 posterior superficial muscles of, 275f, 319f Lymph, 87–89 Leg advancement, 340 Lymph capillaries, 88 Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, 17, 275 Lymph glands, 89 Leg length discrepancy, 354 Lymph nodes, 88, 89f, 90f Lengthening contractions, 45–46 Lymph vessels, 88, 88f, 89, 89f Lesser toes, 303 Lymphatic ducts, 89, 90f Lesser trochanter, 264, 286 Lymphatic system, 75, 87–90 Levator costarum muscles, 242f Levator scapula muscle, 123, 123f drainage patterns, 89–90, 90f Levers, 102–107 functions of, 87–89 classes of, 103–107 Lymphatic trunks, 89 Lymphedema, 91 factors that change, 107 components of, 103f Main stem bronchi, 238 first-class, 103–104, 103f, 104f Mallet finger, 187 second-class, 104f, 105f, 106f, 107f Mallet toe, 322 third-class, 105–107, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f Mandible, 198–199 Ligaments, 25, 25f. See also specific ligaments Ligamentum flavum, 218 joint motion during depression of, 203f Ligamentum teres, 266, 266f landmarks of, 199f Linea alba, 26, 222 Linea aspera, 265, 286 angle, 198 Linear forces, 95, 95f body, 198 Linear motion, 6, 7, 7f condyle, 199 Line of gravity (LOG), 99, 100f, 101 coronoid process, 199 Little League elbow, 157 mental spine, 199 Lobar bronchi, 238 neck, 199 Lobes, brain, 55–56, 56f notch, 199 Long bones, 16, 16f, 17t ramus, 199 Long head motion during lateral deviation of, 203f of biceps brachii muscle, 152 Mandibular bone, 198 of biceps femoris muscle, 271 Mandibular elevation, 198 of triceps brachii muscle, 154 Mandibular motion, 203f Longissimus muscle group, 225 Manipulation, 32 Longitudinal arch Manubrium, 117, 117f, 236, 236f of foot, 309, 309f Mass, 94 of hand, 175, 175f Masseter muscle, 204, 204f, 207f Longitudinal axis, 27 Mastoid process, 200 Long plantar ligament, 310 Maxilla (maxillary bone), 201 Long posterior sacroiliac ligament, 252 Mechanical advantage, 107–108, 109f Loose-packed position, 35t, 36 Mechanics, 93, 93f Lordosis, 230, 330 Medial, 4, 4f Lower extremity, 5, 261–262 Medial collateral ligament, 151, 288 bones of, 14t, 261f, 262t Medial condyle, 264, 286 Lower motor neurons, 60 Medial epicondyle, 149, 264, 286 Lower respiratory infection (LRIS), 245 Medial epicondylitis, 157 Lower respiratory tract, 237 Medial head, 154 Lower trapezius muscle, 121–123, 121f, 122f Medial longitudinal arch, 309, 309f Lumbar orientation, 217f Medial meniscus, 288 Lumbar plexus, 64f Medial muscles, 275f Lumbar spine, 218 Medial pterygoid muscle, 204, 204f Lumbar vertebrae, 216f, 216t Medial rotation, 9, 9f, 132, 262f Lumbosacral angle, 249, 253, 253f Medial tibial stress syndrome, 322 Lumbosacral joint, 247, 247f Median atlantoaxial joint, 217 ligaments of, 252–253 Median cubital vein, 85 structure of, 252 Median nerve, 65, 67, 67f Lumbosacral ligament, 252–253 Mediastinum, 76, 76f, 238 Lumbosacral plexus, 68, 68f Medulla oblongata, 56 terminal nerves of, 69–70, 69f, 70f Medullary canal, 15, 15f Meninges, 57–58, 59f Meningocele, 71 Menisci, 25

388 Index Nasal cavity, 237 Nasal nares, 237 Mental spine, 199 Nasal pharynx, 237 Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint, 171, 173, 173f Nasal septum, 237 Metaphysis, 15, 15f, 16 Navicular, 302 Metatarsalgia, 322 Neck, 5 Metatarsals, 302–303 Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints, 307 anatomical relationships, 227–229 Midbrain, 56 motions of, 212f Midcarpal joints, 161 muscle innervation, 229 Middle cerebral artery, 86 muscles of, 219–222, 227–228, 227f, 228f, 230t Middle deltoid muscle, 135–136, 135f Middle scalene muscle, 220, 220f erector spinae group, 221–222 Middle trapezius muscle, 121–123, 121f, 122f prevertebral, 220–221, 220f, 221t Midfoot, 303, 303f scalene, 220, 220f Midhumeral fractures, 143 splenius capitis, 222, 222f Midstance, 341t, 343, 343f, 344t splenius cervicis, 222, 222f Midswing, 345t, 346, 346f suboccipital, 221, 221f, 221t Miserable malalignment syndrome, 296 rotation, 9, 9f Mitral valve, 77 Nerve fibers, 54 Moment arm, 97, 97f, 98f Nervous system, 53–73, 53f Moment of force, 97–99, 97f autonomic, 53, 53f Morton’s neuroma, 72, 322–323 central, 53, 53f, 55–60 Motion brain, 55–58 common pathologies of, 71 angular, 6, 6f, 7f spinal cord, 58–60 arthrokinematic, 6, 32–37 peripheral, 53, 53f, 60–70 attachment of, 40f common pathologies of, 71–72 circumduction, 9, 9f cranial nerves, 60, 61f, 62t curvilinear, 6, 6f spinal nerves, 60, 62–63 joint, 7–10 Neural arch, 58, 213 laws of, 94 Neurons (nervous tissue), 54–55, 54f linear, 6, 7, 7f interneurons, 55 osteokinematic, 31–32 motor, 54, 54f, 59–60 rectilinear, 5f, 6 sensory, 54f, 55, 55f types of, 6–7 Neuropathy, 71–72 Motor (efferent) neurons, 54, 54f, 59–60, 61t Neutral equilibrium, 100, 100f Motor endplate, 54 Neutralizer, 48 Motor impulses, 54, 55 Neutral position, 162 Mouth Node of Ranvier, 54 bones of, 237 Nonaxial joint, 22 muscles of, 220–221, 221t Nonsupport, 341 Moveable pulley, 107, 109f Normal resting strength, 42 Multiaxial joint, 24 Nose, 237 Multipennate muscles, 42 Nostrils, 237 Multiple sclerosis, 71 Nuchal ligament, 219f Muscle(s). See also specific muscles Nuchal line, 213 angle of pull, 48–49, 49f Nucleus pulposus, 215 attachment of, 39–40, 39f Nursemaid’s elbow, 157 contraction, types of, 45–48, 45f, 46f, 46t, 48t Nutation, 249 fiber arrangement, 41–42 innervation levels of, 63–64, 64f Oblique line, 174 kinetic chains, 49–50, 49f, 50f Oblique muscle fibers, 41 names, 40–41 Obturator foramen, 264 role of, 48 Obturator nerve, 68, 69, 69f tissue Occipital bone, 213 Occipital condyles, 213 functional characteristics of, 42 Occipital lobe, 56, 56f length-tension relationship, 42–44, 43f Occipital protuberance, 213 Muscle spasm, 32 Occlusion, 91 Muscular dystrophy, 71 Odontoid process, 215 Musculocutaneous nerve, 65, 65–66, 66f Olecranon fossa, 150 Myasthenia gravis, 71 Olecranon process, 150 Myelin, 54 Omohyoid muscle, 207 Myelomeningocele, 71 Open kinetic chain, 49–50, 50f Mylohyoid muscle, 205 Myocardial infarction, 91

Index 389 Open-packed (loose-packed) position, 35t, 36 muscle control, 256–257, 256f, 257f Opponens digiti minimi muscle, 185 structure and function of, 247 Opponens pollicis muscle, 181–182, 182f true pelvis, 248 Opposition, 172, 172f Pelvic inlet, 248, 248f Oral cavity, 237 Pelvic outlet, 248, 248f Oral pharynx, 237–238 Pelvic rotation, 255–256, 255f Origin, 39–40, 39f, 40f Pelvic surface, 250 Osgood-Schlatter disease, 18, 295 Periosteum, 15, 15f Osteoarthritis, 29, 277 Peripheral nerves, 65 Osteoclasts, 15 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 53, 53f, 60–70 Osteokinematic motion, 31–32 common pathologies of, 71–72 Osteokinematics (joint movements), 7–10. See also Joint movements cranial nerves, 60, 61f, 62t Osteomyelitis, 17 plexus, 64–69 Osteoporosis, 17, 231 spinal nerves, 60, 62–63 Ovoid joint, 32, 33f Peroneal nerves, 70, 70f, 321 Peroneus brevis muscle, 316, 317f Pad-to-side grip, 191, 191f Peroneus longus muscle, 315–316, 316f Pain, abnormal gait and, 353–354 Peroneus tertius muscle, 316–317, 317f Palmar carpal ligament, 174 Pes anserine muscle group, 289, 289f Palmar fascia, 164, 164f Pes cavus, 322 Palmar flexion, 7f, 8 Pes planus (flat foot), 322 Palmar interossei muscles, 183, 183f, 184t Phalanges Palmar radiocarpal ligament, 163–164, 163f of foot, 303, 303f Palmaris longus muscle, 165, 165f of hand, 172f, 173–174 Parallel forces, 95, 96f Pharynx, 237–238 Parallel muscle fibers, 41 Phlebitis, 91 Parallelogram method, 96, 96f Phrenic nerve, 64 Paraplegia, 71 Physiological motion, 31 Parasympathetic nervous system, 53 Pia mater, 57 Parietal lobe, 56, 56f Pincer grip, 191 Parkinsonian gait, 353, 353f Pinch grip, 191, 191f Passive insufficiency, 43 Pisiform bone, 162, 163f Pivot joint, 23–24, 24f of hamstring, 43–44, 44f Plane joint, 22, 23f Passive tension, 42 Plane joints, 161 Patella, 287, 287f Plane(s) Patellar surface, 265, 286 cardinal, 27 Patellar tendon, 290 frontal, 27, 27f Patellar tendonitis, 294 sagittal, 27, 27f Patellofemoral angle, 285, 285f transverse, 27, 27f Patellofemoral joint, 285, 285f Plantar fascia, 310, 310f Patellofemoral pain syndrome, 295 Plantar fasciitis, 323 Pathological fractures, 143 Plantar flexion, 7f, 8, 304 Pectineal line, 265, 286 Plantar interossei, 321f Pectineus muscle, 268, 268f Plantar ligaments, 310 Pectoralis major muscle, 41, 136–137, 136f, 242f Plantaris muscle, 312 Pectoralis minor muscle, 41, 124–125, 125f Plantigrade, 322 Pedicle, 214 Plate grip, 192 Pelvic cavity, 248 Platysma muscle, 227f Pelvic girdle (pelvis), 261f Pleura, 238 Pleurisy, 245 bones of, 247, 263f Plexus false pelvis, 248 brachial, 65–68, 65f joints of, 247, 247f cervical, 64 formation, 64–69 lumbrosacral, 252–253 lumbosacral, 68–70, 68f, 69f pubic symphysis, 252, 252f sacral, 68 sacroiliac, 247–252, 249f Pneumonia, 245 ligaments of, 251–252, 251f Pneumothorax, 245 male versus female, 248f Pope’s blessing, 72 motions of, 253–257, 256t Popliteal artery, 81t, 83 anterior tilt, 253, 254f Popliteal cyst, 295 in frontal plane, 254f Popliteal space, 289, 289f lateral tilt, 253–254, 255f Popliteal vein, 83 pelvic rotation, 255–256, 255f posterior tilt, 253, 254f in sagittal plane, 254f

390 Index Pulled hamstring, 277 Pulleys, 107–108 Popliteus muscle, 292, 292f Positions fixed, 107, 108f moveable, 107, 109f anatomical, 4, 4f Pulmonary circuit, 75, 76f descriptive, 4f Pulmonary valve, 77 fundamental, 4, 4f Pulmonic valve, 77 intervertebral disk pressure and, 335f Pulse, 80–81, 80f Posterior, 4, 4f Pump-handle effect, 236, 237f Posterior (dorsal) ramus, 60 Push-off, 342, 343, 345 Posterior cerebral arteries, 86 Posterior columns, 58 Q angle, 285, 285f Posterior communicating artery, 86 Quadratus lumborum muscle, 226–227, 226f Posterior cruciate ligament, 288, 288f Quadriceps muscles, 290f, 350 Posterior deltoid muscle, 135–136, 135f Posterior horn, 58 gait due to weakness/paralysis of, 350f Posterior inferior iliac spine, 263 moment arm of, 285f Posterior longitudinal ligament, 218 paralysis of, 293f Posterior position, 4, 333, 333f Quadriplegia, 71 Posterior scalene muscle, 220, 220f Quiet expiration, 239, 243t Posterior superior iliac spine, 263 Quiet inspiration, 239, 243t Posterior tibial arteries, 83 Posterior tibial veins, 83 Radial artery, 85 Posterior tilt, 253, 254f Radial collateral ligament, 163 Posterior trunk muscles, 224–227, 224t Radial deviation, 8f, 9, 162 Postglenoid tubercle, 199 Radial nerve, 65, 66, 66f Postural sway, 331, 331f Radial nerve injury, 143 Posture Radial notch, 150 deviations, 334t, 336 Radial tuberosity, 150 intervertebral disk pressure and, 335f Radial vein, 85 kneeling stool, 335f Radiocarpal joint, 161 lying, 336f Radiocarpal ligament postural curves, 330–332 dorsal, 163f, 164 primary, 330 palmar, 163, 163f secondary, 330 Radioulnar joint, 147–148, 148f sitting, 334–336, 335f, 336f Radius, 147–148, 148f, 150, 151f slouched, 335f Ramus standing, 332–334, 332f, 333f of ischium, 263 supine, 336, 336f of pubis, 264 vertebral alignment, 329–332 of skull, 199 Power grips, 189–191, 189f Range of motion (ROM), 31 Precision grips, 189, 190f, 191–192, 191f, 192f Rectilinear motion, 5f, 6 Prehension, 189 Rectus abdominis muscle, 40, 222–223, 222f, 241f, 242 Prepatellar bursitis, 295 Rectus femoris muscle, 268, 268f, 290–291, 290f Pressure epiphysis, 15–16 Reposition, 172–173, 172f Preswing period, 345, 346f Resistance, 47, 102–103 Prevertebral muscles, 220–221, 220f Resistance arm (RA), 103 Primary curve, 330, 330f Respiration Prime mover, 48 diaphragmatic versus chest breathing, 244 Pronation, 9–10, 9f, 148, 304 mechanics of, 238–239 Pronator quadratus muscle, 155, 155f muscles of, 243f Pronator teres muscle, 154–155, 155f Prone, 5 accessory expiratory, 242, 243t Propulsion phase, 345 accessory inspiratory, 241, 243t Protraction, 10, 10f, 119, 119f, 120 anatomical relationships, 242–244 Protrusion, 198 diaphragm, 239–240, 240f Proximal, 4f, 5 innervation of, 244 Proximal carpal arch, 175 intercostal, 240–241, 240f, 241f Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint, 307 phases of, 239, 243t Proximal radioulnar joint, 148 structures of, 237–239, 237f Pterygoid muscle, 207f Respiratory system, 235–245 Pubic symphysis, 252, 252f pathologies of, 245 Pubic tubercle, 264 structures of, 237–239, 237f Pubis, 13, 252, 264 Resting position, 36 Pubofemoral ligament, 265 Resultant force, 96, 96f, 97f Pulled elbow, 157 Retraction, 10, 10f, 119, 119f, 120

Retroversion, 276, 277f Index 391 Retrusion, 198 Reversal of muscle action, 40, 126–127 Saddle-shaped joint, 33 Reversal of muscle function, 272–273, 273f Sagittal axis, 27, 28f Rhomboidal muscle, 41 Sagittal plane, 27, 27f, 217, 217f Rhomboids, 123–124, 124f Sartorius muscle, 268, 268f, 293 Rib cage, 235–237, 236, 236f Saturday night palsy, 72 Rib dislocation, 245 Scalar, 94 Rib separation, 245 Scalene muscles, 220, 220f, 241 Right lymphatic duct, 89 Scaphoid bone, 162, 163f Roll, 33 Scaption, 132 Rotary motion, 6 Scapula, 115–117, 116f, 133f Rotation, 9–10, 9f bony landmarks of, 116, 116f, 132–133, 149 of cervical spine, 213 resting position of, 116f downward, 119 Scapular plane, 132 of hip, 262 Scapular tilt, 119, 119f lateral, 9, 9f, 132 Scapular winging, 72 medial, 9, 9f, 132 Scapulohumeral rhythm, 120 of shoulder girdle, 116 Scapulothoracic articulation, 115–116 of shoulder joint, 132 Sciatica, 72, 230 of thoracic spine, 217 Sciatic nerve, 68, 69, 69f upward, 119 Scissors gait, 353, 353f of vertebral column, 212, 212f Scoliosis, 230, 330, 336 Rotator cuff, 134–135, 139, 139f Screw-home mechanism, 284, 284f torn, 143–144 Secondary curves, 330 Ruptured Achilles tendon, 323 Second-class levers, 104–105, 104f, 105f, 106f, 107f Second-degree sprain, 142 Sacral plexus, 64f, 68 Sellar joint, 33, 33f Sacroiliac joint (SI joint), 247–249, 247f Semilunar (SL) valves, 77 Semilunar notch, 150 bones and landmarks of, 249–251 Semimembranosus muscle, 271, 291, 291f ala, 249 Semispinalis muscles, 226 auricular surface, 250 Semitendinosus muscle, 271, 291–292 base, 249 Sensation, 189 foramina, 249 Sensory (afferent) neurons, 55, 55f greater sciatic foramen, 250 Sensory fibers, 62 greater sciatic notch, 250 Sensory impulses, 55 iliac crest, 250 Sensory neurons, 54f ilium, 250 Sentinel node, 89 ischium, 250 Serratus anterior muscle, 40f, 124, 124f lesser sciatic notch, 250 Serratus posterior inferior muscle, 242f pelvic surface, 250 Serratus posterior superior muscle, 242f posterior inferior iliac spine, 250 Sesamoid bones, 16–17 posterior superior iliac spine, 250 Shear forces, 36, 36f promontory, 249 Shin splints, 322 sacrum, 249–250, 250f Short bones, 16, 16f, 17t spine, 250 Short head, 152 superior articular process, 249 Short plantar ligament, 310 tuberosity, 250 Short posterior sacroiliac ligament, 251–252 Shoulder cross section of, 251f abduction of, 8f ligaments of, 251f adduction of, 8f dislocations, 143 anterior sacroiliac, 251 Shoulder complex, 115, 115f iliolumbar, 252 Shoulder girdle, 115–129 interosseous sacroiliac, 251 bones and landmarks of, 116–117 long posterior sacroiliac, 252 sacrospinous, 252 clavicle, 117, 117f sacrotuberous, 252 scapula, 116–117, 116f short posterior sacroiliac, joint motions of, 119–121, 119f, 120f joints of 251–252 acromioclavicular, 118, 118f motion of, 249, 249f sternoclavicular, 117–118, 117f Sacrospinous ligament, 252 ligaments of Sacrotuberous ligament, 252 acromioclavicular, 118, 118f Sacrum, 13, 249–250, 250f coracoacromial, 118, 118f Saddle joint, 24, 24f

392 Index Skier’s thumb, 186 Skull, 57–58, 57f, 198, 211 coracoclavicular, 118 costoclavicular, 118 bones of, 198–201, 199f, 213, 213f interclavicular, 118 hyoid, 201, 201f sternoclavicular, 118 mandible, 198–199, 199f muscles of, 121–127 occipital bone, 213 anatomical relationships, 125–126, 125f, 140 sphenoid, 200, 200f force couples, 126, 127f temporal, 199–200, 200f, 213 innervation of, 127, 127t zygomatic, 200–201 levator scapula, 123, 123f pectoralis minor, 124–125, 125f Slide, 33 reversal of muscle action, 126–127 Slipped femoral capital epiphysis, 17, 275 rhomboids, 123–124, 124f Small saphenous vein, 84 trapezius, 121–123, 121f, 122f Smith’s fracture, 186 serratus anterior muscle, 124, 124f Soft end feel, 32 sternum, 117, 117f Soft tissue approximation, 32 Shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint), 116, 131, 131f Soft tissue stretch, 32, 132 bones and landmarks of, 132–134 Soleus muscle, 312, 312f glenoid labrum, 134 Sphenoid bone, 200, 200f, 237 humerus, 133–134, 133f rotator cuff, 134–135 landmarks of scapula, 132–133, 133f greater wing, 200 thoracolumbar fascia, 135 lateral pterygoid plate, 200 joint motions of, 131–132, 132f spine, 200 ligaments of coracohumeral, 134, 134f Sphenomandibular ligament, 201, 202f glenohumeral, 134 Spherical grip, 190, 190f motions of, 120 Spin, 33, 34f muscles of, 141f Spina bifida, 71 anatomical relationships, 140–141 Spina bifida occulta, 71 coracobrachialis, 140, 140f Spinal column, 211 deltoid, 135f, 135036 Spinal cord, 58–60, 58f, 59f, 211–212 glenohumeral movement, 141–142 infraspinatus, 138, 139f cross section of, 55f innervation of, 142, 143t level, functional significance of, 63–64 latissimus dorsi muscle, 137, 137f sensory and motor pathways, 60f muscle action, 142 Spinal cord injury (SCI), 71 pectoralis major, 136–137, 136f Spinalis muscle group, 224 subscapularis, 139, 140f Spinal nerves, 60, 62–63 supraspinatus, 138, 138f branches of, 60, 62 teres major, 137–138, 138f dermatomes, 62–63, 63f teres minor, 138–139, 139f formation of, 62f pathologies of, 142–144 plexuses and, 64f Side-to-side grip, 191–192, 192f thoracic nerves, 63 SI joint. See Sacroiliac joint Spinal stenosis, 230 Simple machines, 102–110 Spine, 211–212, 263 inclined plane, 109–110, 110f Spinous process, 214 levers, 102–107 Splenius capitis muscle, 222, 222f, 222t pulleys, 107–108 Splenius cervicis muscles, 222, 222f, 222t wheel and axle, 108–109, 109f, 110f Spondylolisthesis, 230 Single leg support, 340 Spondylolysis, 230 Single support, 341 Spondylosis, 230 SIT muscles, 139 Sprain(s), 29 SITS muscles, 139 ankle, 323 Sitting posture, 334–336, 335f, 336f cervical, 229 Sit-ups, 222–223 shoulder, 142 Skeleton Spring ligament, 309–310 appendicular, 13, 14t, 15f Springy block, 32 axial, 13, 14t, 15f Stability, 99–102, 102f bones of, 201 Stabilizer, 48 functions of, 13 Stabilizing force, 97, 98 pathologies of, 17–18 Stable equilibrium, 100, 100f Stance phase, 340, 340f, 342–346, 342f, 343f Standing posture, 332–334, 332f, 333f State of equilibrium, 99, 100f

Statics, 93 Index 393 Static systems, 3 Stenosing tenosynovitis, 186 Symphysis pubis, 247, 247f, 264 Step, 339 Synapse, 54 Step length, 339 Synarthrosis, 21 Steppage gait, 350, 350f Syndesmosis, 21, 22f Sternal portion, 136 Synergist, 48 Sternoclavicular joint, 117–118, 117f Synovial fluid, 25, 25f Sternoclavicular ligament, 118 Synovial joints, 7–8, 22, 22f, 25f Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 40, 41f, 219–220, 219f, 241f Synovial membrane, 25, 25f Sternohyoid muscle, 206, 207 Synovitis, 29 Sternothyroid muscle, 206–207 Systemic circuit, 75–76, 76f Sternum, 117, 117f, 235 Stinger syndrome, 72 Talocrural (talotibial) joint, 305–306, 305f Stirrup of the foot, 315 Talus, 302 Stitch, 245 Tarsal bones, 302 Strains, 29 Strap muscles, 41 calcaneal tuberosity, 302 Stretching, 44 calcaneus, 302 Stride, 339 cuboid, 302 Stride length, 339 cuneiforms, 302 Stroke, 90, 91 navicular, 302 Stylohyoid ligament, 201 sustentaculum tali, 302 Stylohyoid muscle, 206 talus, 302 Styloid process, 150, 200 tuberosity of navicular, 302 Stylomandibular ligament, 201 Temporal bone, 199, 213 Subarachnoid space, 58 landmarks of Subclavian, 81t Subclavian artery, 84–85 articular fossa, 199 Subdural bleeds, 90 articular tubercle, 199 Subluxation, 29 external auditory meatus, 200 Subluxing of the biceps tendon, 144 mastoid process, 200 Suboccipital muscles, 221, 221f, 221t postglenoid tubercle, 199 Subscapular fossa, 133 styloid process, 200 Subscapularis muscle, 139, 140f zygomatic process, 200 Subtalar joint, 306–307 Temporal fossa, 200, 201f Superficial, 5 Temporalis muscle, 203–204, 203f, 207f Superficial peroneal nerve, 321 Temporal lobe, 56, 56f Superficial posterior group, 311–312 Temporal process, 200 Superior, 4f, 5 Temporomandibular joint (TMJ), 197, 197f Superior gluteal nerve, 68 articular disk, 201–202 Superior pubic ligament, 252 bones and landmarks of, 198–201, 200f Superior radioulnar joint, 148 hyoid, 201, 201f Superior ramus, 252, 264 mandible, 198–199 Superior tibiofibular joint, 304 maxilla, 201 Supination, 9–10, 9f, 148, 304 sphenoid, 200 Supinator muscle, 155, 155f, 156f, 157f temporal, 199–200 Supine, 5 zygomatic bone, 200 Supine posture, 336, 336f joint capsule, 201 Supracondylar fractures, 157–158 ligaments of, 202f Supraglenoid tubercle, 149 lateral, 201 Suprahyoid muscles, 205, 208 sphenomandibular, 201 Suprascapular nerve, 65 stylohyoid, 201 Supraspinal ligament, 218 stylomandibular, 201 Supraspinatus muscle, 138, 138f temporomandibular, 201 Supraspinous fossa, 133 mechanics of movement of, 202–203, 203f Sustentaculum tali, 302 muscles of Swan neck deformity, 186–187 anatomical relationships, 207–208 Swayback, 230 digastric, 205, 206, 206f Swimmer’s shoulder, 143 geniohyoid, 205 Swing phase, 247f, 340, 340f, 345t, 346–347, 346f infrahyoid, 206 Sympathetic nervous system, 53 innervation of, 208, 208t lateral pterygoid, 204–205, 204f masseter, 204, 204f medial pterygoid, 204, 204f mylohyoid, 205

394 Index intercondylar eminence, 286 lateral condyle, 286, 302 omohyoid, 207 medial condyle, 286, 302 sternohyoid, 206 medial malleolus, 302 sternothyroid, 206–207 plateau, 286 stylohyoid, 206 tibial tuberosity, 265, 286 summary of muscle action, 208 Tibialis anterior, 40 suprahyoid, 205 Tibialis anterior muscle, 314, 315f temporalis, 203–204, 203f Tibialis posterior muscle, 312–313, 312f thyrohyoid, 207 Tibial nerve, 68, 70, 70f, 321 structure and motions of, 197–198, 198f Tibial tuberosity, 265, 286 Temporomandibular ligament, 201 Tibiofibular joints, 305f Tendon action of a muscle, 44, 44f Tip-to-tip grip, 191 Tendonitis, 29 TMJ. See Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) Tendons, 26 Toe motions, 308f Tendon sheaths, 26 Toe-off, 341t, 345, 345t, 346f Tennis elbow, 156–157 Tone, 42 Tenodesis, 44, 44f Torn rotator cuff, 143–144 Tenon and mortise joint, 305 Torque, 94, 97–99, 97f, 98f Tenosynovitis, 29, 186 Torque arm, 97, 97f, 98f Tension, 36, 42–43 Torticollis, 229 active, 42 Trabeculae, 14 passive, 42 Trachea, 238 Tensor fascia latae muscle, 273–274, 273f, 293 Tract, 54 Teres major muscle, 137–138, 138f Traction epiphysis, 16, 18 Teres minor muscle, 138–139, 139f Traction force, 36, 36f Terminal stance, 343f, 345 Translatory motion, 6 Terminal swing, 346, 347f Transverse abdominis muscle, 224 Terminology Transverse arch, 309, 309f accessory motion, 32 Transverse carpal ligament, 174, 174f of common pathologies, 28 Transverse foramen, 215f descriptive, 4–5, 4f Transverse plane, 27, 27f for quadruped, 5f Transverse process, 214 exercise, 50t Transverse tarsal joint, 307, 307f of gait cycle, 339–342, 341t Transversospinalis (transverse spinal) muscle group, 225–226, 225f Terrible triad, 295–296 Trapezium bone, 162, 163f Thalamus, 56, 56f Trapezius muscle, 40, 121–123, 121f, 122f Thenar muscles, 181 Trendelenburg gait, 349–350 Thigh, 5, 261f Trendelenburg sign, 348 Third-class levers, 105–107, 105f, 106f, 107f, 108f Triangular muscle, 41 Third-degree sprain, 142 Triaxial joint, 24 Thoracic cage, 235–237, 236f Triceps, 139f, 154 Thoracic duct, 90 Triceps brachii muscle, 40, 154, 154f Thoracic nerves, 63 Triceps surae contracture, 352 Thoracic orientation, 217f Triceps surae muscle, 312, 351 Thoracic outlet syndrome, 72, 91, 229 Tricuspid valve, 77 Thoracic spine, 218 Trigger finger, 186 Thoracic vertebrae, 216f, 216t, 236, 236f Trimalleolar fracture, 323 Thoracolumbar fascia, 135 Triplanar, 217f, 305–306 Thorax, 5, 115–116 Triple arthrodesis, 323, 352 bones of, 14t Triquetrum bone, 162, 163f movements of, 236–237, 237f Trochanteric bursitis, 277 resting position of, 116f Trochlea, 149 Three-jaw chuck grip, 191, 191f Trochlear notch, 150 Thrombophlebitis, 91 True pelvis, 248 Thrombosis, 91 True ribs, 235 Thumb Trunk, 5, 65 joints of, 171–173, 172f anatomical relationships, 227–229 motions of, 171–173 lateral bending, 8f muscles of, 176–186 motions of, 212f Thyrohyoid muscle, 207 muscle innervation, 229 Thyroid cartilage, 201 muscles of, 222–229, 228f, 229f, 230t Tibia, 265, 265f, 287f, 302 erector spinae, 224, 225f landmarks of crest, 302

Index 395 external oblique, 223 C7 (vertebra prominens), 215 iliocostalis, 225 cervical, 216f, 216t internal oblique, 223 dens, 215 interspinales, 226 lumbar, 216f, 216t intertransversarii, 226, 226f parts of, 214f longissimus, 225 posterior, 224–227, 224t articular process, 214 quadratus lumborum, 226–227, 226f body, 213 rectus abdominis, 222–223, 222f intervertebral foramen, 214 spinalis, 224 lamina, 214 transverse abdominis, 224 neural arch, 213 transversospinalis, 225–226, 225f pedicle, 214 Tubercle, 252 spinous process, 214 Tuberosity transverse process, 214 calcaneal, 302 vertebral foramen, 214 of ischium, 250 vertebral notches, 214 of navicular, 302 thoracic, 216f, 216t, 236, 236f radial, 150 Vertebral alignment, 329–332 of sacroiliac joint, 250 Vertebral artery, 86 ulnar, 150 Vertebral column, 211, 212f Turf toe, 323 bones of, 14t curves, 329–330, 330f Ulna, 147–148, 148f, 150, 150f joint motions of, 212–213 Ulnar artery, 85 joints of Ulnar collateral ligament, 163 atlantoaxial, 217, 217f Ulnar deviation, 8f, 9, 162 atlanto-occipital, 217 Ulnar nerve, 65, 67–68 facet, 217 Ulnar tuberosity, 150 ligaments of, 218f Ulnar vein, 85 anterior longitudinal, 218 Uniaxial joint, 23 interspinal, 218 Unipennate muscles, 41 posterior longitudinal, 218 Unstable equilibrium, 100, 100f supraspinal, 218 Upper extremity, 5, 14t muscles of, 219t Upper motor neurons, 59–60 cervical spine, 219–222 Upper respiratory infection (URI), 245 erector spinae group, 221–222 Upper respiratory tract, 237 trunk, 222–227 Upper trapezius muscle, 121, 121f, 122, 122f pathologies of, 229–231 Upward rotation, 119, 119f Vertebral curves, 211 Vertebral foramen, 58, 58f, 59f, 214 Valgus, 304 Vertebral notches, 214 Valsalva’s maneuver, 244–245 Vertebral segments, 212 Valves, heart, 77 Vertebral vein, 86 Varicose veins, 91 Vertical axis, 27, 28f Varus, 304 Vertical displacement, 347, 347f Vastus intermedialis muscle, 291 Volkmann’s ischemic contracture, 158 Vastus lateralis muscle, 291 Vastus medialis muscle, 291 Waddling gait, 351, 351f Vaulting gait, 352 Walking base width, 347f Vector, 94 Walking speed, 339–340 Vector quantities, 95 Watersheds, 90 Veins, 79–80 Weight acceptance, 340 Wheel and axle, 108–109, 109f, 110f major, 83f, 84f, 85f, 86f White matter, 54, 58–59, 59f pathways, 81–86 Width of walking base, 347, 347f Velocity, 94 Willis, Thomas, 86 Vena cavae, 79, 82f Windpipe, 238 Ventral, 4 Wrist Ventricles, 58, 76–77 Venules, 79 radial deviation, 8f Vertebra, 59f ulnar deviation, 8f Vertebrae, 213–214 Wrist drop, 72 anterior arch, 215 Wrist joint, 162f atlas (C1), 215, 215f bones and landmarks of axis (C2), 215, 215f capitate, 162, 163f carpal bones, 162

396 Index extensor carpi radialis longus, 165–166, 166f extensor carpi ulnaris, 166, 167f hamate, 162, 163f flexor carpi radialis, 165, 165f hook of the hamate, 162 flexor carpi ulnaris, 164–165, 164f lateral epicondyle, 163 innervation of, 167–168, 168t lunate, 162, 163f palmaris longus, 165, 165f medial epicondyle, 162 pathologies of, 186–187 pisiform, 162, 163f structures of, 161–162 scaphoid, 162, 163f articular disk, 164 styloid process, 162 joint capsule, 164 supracondylar ridge, 163 palmar fascia, 164, 164f trapezium, 162, 163f terminology, 162t triquetrum, 162, 163f Wry (twisted) neck, 229 ligaments of dorsal radiocarpal, 163f, 164 Xiphoid process, 5, 117 palmar radiocarpal, 163, 163f radial collateral, 163 Zygomatic arch, 200 ulnar collateral, 163 Zygomatic bone, 200 motions of, 162, 163f Zygomatic process, 200 muscle action of, 167, 168t muscles of anatomical relationships, 166–167, 168f extensor carpi radialis brevis, 166, 166f