__Therapeutic_Exercise_in_Developmental_Disabilities

538 Index assistive technology devices, bicycle case studies 135, 140 learning to ride, 95–96 of ambulation skills, 339–352 modified, 393 applying Guide to Physical for ambulation, 331 Therapist Practice princi- case studies of, 409–414 bilirubin, 182 ples, 143–153 mandates for, 426 biomechanical alignment, 334 of assisted technology dev- manufacturers of, 531–535 biomechanical constraints, 96– ices, 409–414 selection and use of, 389–409 for clinical research, 496–503 asymmetrical tonic neck reflex, 97, 265 evidence-based research in, blocked practice, 98–99 479–488 232, 233–235 blood gas, 182 for hand function, 379–386 atelectasis, 182 Bobath, Berta, 225–226 in head and trunk control, attention deficit hyperactivity body alignment, 292 272–283 body dimensions, 135 in neonatal intensive care disorder (ADHD), 466 body image, distorted, 267 unit (NICU), 175–181 evidence-based research on, body mechanics, 141 of physical therapy educa- bone density loss, 515 tion, 441–446 486–487 botulinum toxin injections, 323, for postural control develop- attitudinal postures, 226 ment, 245–256 attractor wells, deep and shal- 324, 454 primary functional limita- brain damage, 457 tions in, 451–467 low, 11–12 brain stem auditory evoked for respiratory and oral- attractors, 11, 190–191 motor functioning, 294– response test (BAER), 182 305 loss of, 191 Brazelton, T. Berry, 28–29 sensory examination in, 204– auditory filters, 403 breathing, techniques to en- 222 auditory input, 203, 268 automatic postural responses, hance, 271–272 cataracts, 511 Bresnick, Deverly, 32–33 center of mass, 401 231–232 bronchopulmonary dysplasia central nervous system (CNS) automatisms, primary, 7 autonomic nervous system (BPD), 158, 182 determining level of func- Brown, Catana E., 54–55 tion of, 3–4 (ANS), 194–195 Bruininks, Robert H., 46–47 Avery, L. M., 48–50 Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of lower and higher centers of, 8 Ayres, A. Jean, 62–64 motor control centers in, 189 Motor Proficiency (BOT - organization and develop- baclofen pump, 323, 457 MP), 21, 23–24, 36, 46–47, Bailey, Nancy, 40–41 486–487 ment of, 4–5 balance, 135 Brunnstrom, Sidney, 225–226 pathology of, 226 bunny hopping, 326 spatial and temporal charac- age-related impairment of, 519–521 cadence length, 101, 309, 318 teristics of, 2 Campbell, Suzanne, 30–31 central pattern generators (CPGs), development of, 193–194 cardiopulmonary system equilibrium reactions and, 232 aging effects on, 521–522 cerebellum, 261 240 devices for, 403 cerebral palsy evaluation of, 198 cardiovascular system, 320 postural control and, 225 care plan, 131 ambulation skills with, 312– practice activities for, 219– for ambulation, 321 313 in case examples, 136–137, 220 ambulatory outcomes with, visual input in, 203 142–143 313–314 ball activities, 208–209 for using adaptive equip- bandwidth KR, 99–100 balance and gait in, 317 base of support (BOS), 228– ment, 408 cardiopulmonary function caregivers, using adaptive equ- 229, 401 in, 522 Bayley Scales of Infant Devel- ipment, 405–406 fractures with, 519 carryover, 378–379 gait and balance problems opment (BSID II), 40–41, case-control studies, 476 167 case reports, 476 in, 520 behavioral objectives, 84, 106– psychometric measures of, 107 versus single subject research Berg Balance Scale, 317 design, 494 484–485 Berk, Ronald A., 58–60 betamethasone, 182

Index 539 chairs, adapted, 391–392, 394 coordinative structures, 6–7 diagnosis, 127, 130 chalasia, 182 cortical plasticity, 454 in case examples, 136, 142, 145, Chandler, Lynette S., 35–36 corticospinal system connec- 148, 153 child development theories, tivity, 373 diagnostic classification, 128, 168– 70 Coster, Wendy J., 71–76 129 child with disability, definition criterion-referenced tests, 24– Dilantin, 515 of, 422 26, 76 direction-specific postural res- children, history and systems critical inquiry, 439 crutches, 392, 403 ponse patterns, 226 review of, 111–120 cutaneous input, 198–199 disability, 124, 125 chronic care, 126 disabled population CINAHL database, 477, 478, Darrah, J., 37–38 databases, 477–478 definition of, 506–507 480, 483–484, 485, 503 deconditioning, 243 mortality rate in, 509–510 clavicle, 364–365 Deeney, Theresa, 73–76 prevalence of, 507–509 clinical observations, 82 DeGangi, Georgia A., 55–60 disablement areas, 131 Clinical Observations of Motor DeGangi-Berk Test of Sensory disablement model, 111, 122, and Postural Skills (CO- Integration (TSI), 58–60 123–125, 474–475 MPS), 65–66 sensitivity and specificity of, expanded, 125 clinical research, 478–479 discharge plan, 92 in case studies, 496–503 26 criteria for, 94 importance of, 491–494 degrees of freedom, 6–7 samples of, 93–94 model for, 494–496 dental problems, 513 disseminated intravascular co- single case designs in, 491– Denver Developmental Screen- angulation, 182 503 ing Test II, 32–33 distributed control concept, 9– closed-loop systems, 8, 9 development Cochrane library, 477–478 10 cognition, 230 explanations of changes in, Doc-U-Prints, 318 12–13 documentation, 131 limitations of, 90–91 cognitive deficits, 230 gait changes during, 309 in case examples, 137, 149 normal sequence of, 104–106 of functional progress, 107 in Down syndrome, 463– 464, developmental coordination Dodds, Josiah, 32–33 523 disorder (DCD), 228, 466 Down syndrome, 160 developmental delay, 373–374 ambulation skills and, 312 cognitive-motivational-emo- developmental disabilities cardiopulmonary function in, tional factors, 83 cardiopulmonary function 522 cohort studies, 476 and, 522–523 cognitive changes in, 523 collaborative services, 421 definition of, 506–507 definition of, 506–507 communication, 131 gait and balance problems in, dental problems in, 513 evaluation of infant with, in case examples, 137, 149 520–521 problems with, 23 loss of flexibility with, 515– 163 communication devices, 399 evidence-based research on, compensatory shoulder eleva- 516 loss of strength in, 516–517 485 tion, 289 mortality rate with, 509–510 gait and balance problems in, computer, specialized software posture and positioning prob- 520 for, 399 lems with, 518–519 hearing loss with, 512 congenital anomalies, 160–161 prevalence of, 507–509 prognosis in, 463–464 constant practice, 98–99 somatosensory impairment visual impairment in, 511 constraint-induced movement Dubowitz, Lilly and Victor, 27 with, 514 ductus arteriosus, 182 therapy (CIMT), 231 taste and smell impairment due process, 421 consultation services, 438–439 physical therapist in, 431–435 context, of physical therapy, with, 512–513 Dunn, Winnie, 50–51, 52–55 visual impairments with, 511 durable medical equipment 102–104 developmental history, 22 continuous positive airway developmental inventory, 135, (DME) acquisition of, 408 pressure (CPAP), 182 140 determining, 407–408 control parameters, 11, 190, 194 diabetic retinopathy, 510 coordination, 131 in case examples, 137, 149

540 Index duration, 494 in case examples, 142, 145, feeding/swallowing function, dynamic systems theories, 10– 148, 151–153 285–288 14, 189–191, 236 in neonatal intensive care fetal ultrasound, 162 DynaVox, 399 unit, 163–167 Fewell, Rebecca R., 42–44 fine motor functions, devices early motor skills, 104–105 in schools, 431–433 eclampsia, 182 evidence-based practice, 436 for, 396–397 ecological psychology, 102 fine motor skills, 13–14 Edelman’s theory, 191–192 examination in, 474 fitness, 125, 126 Edleman, Norman, 32–33 implementation of, 477–478 flexibility education, 417–441 importance of, 472–473 intervention in, 474–477 aging effects on, 514–515 case studies of, 441–446 resources for, 471–472 examination for, 267 goal and purpose of, 417 examination, 127, 129–130 flexor control, 235–236 legal definition of, 439 in case examples, 133–134, Folio, M. Rhonda, 42–44 education laws, 417–427 force plate studies, 318 educational setting 138–139 forearm laws impacting, 427–428 in evidence-based practice, functional role of, 370 physical therapist’s role in, isolated control of, 377 474 Foundation for Physical Ther- 428–440 of head and trunk control, staffing considerations in, 440 apy, II STEP Conference elbow 266–268 of, 226 developing isolated move- history in, 111–112, 113, 115, fractures, age-related, 519 frameworks, in evidence-based ments of, 377 117, 118–119 interventions, 474–475 functional role of, 369 sensory, 197–198 Frankenburg, William K., 32–33 increasing strength of, 377 systems review in, 112–120 frequency, 493 electromyography (EMG), 227 examination process functional abilities, 315 Elementary and Secondary tests in, 21–76 functional assessments, 71–76 examination tools functional independence, inc- Education Act (ESEA), 418, choosing, 83 reasing, 392–399 419 selection of, 82 functional limitations Ellison, Patricia H., 29–30 experience definition of, 124 emotional arousal, 265 in postural control, 230–232 in disablement process, 125 employment options, 439–440 experimental designs, 495–496 management of, 451–467 enablement model, 307–308, extended school year (ESY) functional magnetic resonance 390 services, 426 imaging, 231, 454 enabling, 124 extensor control functional muscle test, 135 endotracheal intubation, 182 development of, 235–236 functional outcomes, 82, 84–85 energy conservation extrapersonal interactions, 23 establishing, 81, 85–91 in ambulation, 334–335, 336 extremely low birth weight short- and long-term, 91–92 energy consumption in gait, 318 (ELBW), 158 gag response, 294 energy efficiency index (EEI), eye-hand coordination, 14, 233– gait, 307, 308, 309 318 environmental barriers, 140– 234 age-related impairment of, 141 519–521 environmental constraints, 404– facilitation/handling, 101 405 Family Education Rights and changes in with growth, 310 environmental factors, 125 characteristics of, 101 episodic care concept, 92 Privacy Act (REFPA), 427 measuring parameters of, equilibrium reactions, 241 feed-forward mechanism, 96– examination of, 240 318 ergonomics, 141 97 parameters of, 309 erythroblastosis fetalis, 182 feedback, 7–8 gait analysis, 135, 316–318 ethnicity, 22–23 gait training, 96 evaluation, 127, 130 intrinsic and extrinsic, 192– gamma motoneurons, 198 in case example, 136 193 gas exchange efficiency, age- in motor control hierarchy, 8–9 related changes in, 521, 522 schedules of, 99–101 traditional versus contem- porary view of, 99–101 feeding, proper positioning for, 292–293

Index 541 gastroesophageal reflux (GER), facilitating, 377–378 horseback riding, 324, 479–481 291 forearm and wrist in, 370– human immunodeficiency virus gavage feeding, 182 371 (HIV) infection, 182 Gentile’s Taxonomy of Motor glenohumeral joint and, 365 humerus, functional role of, humerus and, 369 Tasks, 195 intervention for, 376–378 369 gestational age assessment, 164 postural alignment in, 357– hyaline membrane disese, 182 hydrocephalus, 461 form for, 165 362 hyperalimentation, 182 Gibson’s theoretical model, 102 postural control in, 363 hypertension, 523 Gidioni, E.A., 34–35 practice in, 378 hypokinesis, 515, 518 glaucoma, 510 scapular movements and, glenohumeral joint, 365 ICD-9-CM Codes, 129–132 goals, 85 366–368 ideal body weight, 513 Greenspan, Stanley I., 55–57 shoulder girdle and, 364 identification, 431 Gross Motor Function Class- task analysis for, 374–375 impairment, 124, 125 Hanschu, Bonnie, 66–68 individual factors, 125 ification System (GMFCS), head and trunk control individualized education plan 321, 453 case studies for, 272–283 Gross Motor Function Measure cognitive requirements in, (IEP), 21, 420, 424, 425, 428 (GMFM), 21, 24, 48–50, for Down syndrome child, 474, 484–485 264 gross motor functions, devices development of, 261–272 463–464 for, 395–396 examination and evaluation mandate of, 493 growth, gait changes with, individualized education plan/ 309–310 for, 266–268 guidance, 101–102 intervention strategies for, individualized family serv- guidance assistance/resistance, ice plan (IEP/IFSP), 433– 202 268–272 434 Guide to Physical Therapist spinal organization in, 262– teaming in, 428–430 Practice, 21 individualized family service application of, 126–143 264 plan (IFSP), 21, 424, 425, in case studies, 143–153 head righting reaction, 238 428–430 concepts of, 123–126 health history, 22 Individuals with Disabilities development of, 121–122 Health Insurance Portability Education Act Amend- disablement model in, 111 ments of 1997 (IDEA 97), discharge criteria of, 94 and Accountability Act 389 organization of, 122–123 (HIPAA), 427, 478 Individuals with Disabilities Guidelines for Documentation, health promotion, 125, 126 Education Act (IDEA), 107 health-related services, 430– 418, 419–426, 437 431 indomethacin, 183 habilitation, 126 health status, 83 Infant Neurobiological Intern- Haley, Stephen M., 71–76 hearing ational Battery (INFANIB), Haltiwanger, Jane T., 71–76 aging effects on, 512 29–30 hand assessment of, 203 infant of diabetic mother hearing aids, 403, 512 (IDM), 183 typical development of, 372– heart disease, 522 infant seat, 190 373 ischemic, 523 Infant/Toddler Sensory Profile, heel-sitting, 101 50–51 weight-bearing on, 371 hemiplegia, 454 infants hand function hip strategy, 228, 245 feeding of, 171–173 hippotherapy, 324, 479–480, toys for, 173–174 carryover in, 378–379 481 infants of diabetic mothers case studies for, 379–386 history (IDMs), 159–160 clavicle and, 364–365 in child’s examination, 111– information, 81–82 developing, 357–379 informative touch, 271 dynamic, 372 112, 113, 115, 117, 118–119 inhibition system, 194 elbow and, 369 in neonatal intensive care examination and evaluation unit, 166 for, 375–376 home management, 136 Hooked on Evidence database, 477, 480

542 Index Institute of Medicine (IOM), knuckles, weight-bearing on, measurement strategies, 129– prevention concept of, 124 370 130, 493–494 instrumental daily living skills, labyrinthine reflexes, 233–235 measures standardized assessment labyrinthine righting, 237 in case examples, 134–136, of, 71–76 Landau response, 200, 237 140–142, 144–145, 147– Lane, M., 48–50 148, 150–151 integumentary system, 320 language functioning, 285 in neonatal intensive care devices for impairments of, large for gestational age (LGA), unit, 167 403–404 purposes of, 23–24 integrity of, 135, 141 159–160 in single subject research lateral weight shifting, 372 design, 495 intellectual impairments, 454 Law, Mary, 65–66 standardized, 26–76 intention, 8 laws internal consistency, 24–26 meconium, 183 International Classification of education, 417–427 Medicare Catastrophic Cover- impacting educational set- Function (ICF) model, 390 age Act, Section 411 (k), interventions, 127, 131 tings, 427–428 435 learning, 95 MEDLINE database, 477, 478, in case examples, 137–138, 480, 483, 485, 503 149 versus performance, 95–96 memory, 10 transfer of, 96–97 mental retardation, 423 for developing ambulation ambulation skills and, 312 skills, 321–339 part-whole, 97–98 definition of, 506–507 variable versus constant gait and balance problems in evidence-based practice, 474–476 practice in, 98–99 in, 520 learning disability, 423 mortality rate with, 509–510 for head and trunk control, LEAs, 439–440 prevalence of, 507–509 268–272 least restrictive environment metacarpal heads, weight- options for, 435–437 (LRE), 420 bearing on, 371 organizing, 81–107 life expectancy, 509–510 metacarpalphalangeal tendons, for respiratory and oral- lifelong disabilities, 505–524 limbic system, 261 371 motor functioning, 290 lip pursing, 288–289 Milani-Comparetti, A., 34–35 sensory considerations in, loading dose, 183 Milani-Comparetti Motor Dev- locomotion 189–222 elopment Screening Test, intervertebral disk degenera- with cerebral palsy, 312–313 Third Edition, 34–35 definition of, 307–308 Miller, Lucy Jane, 39–40, 60–61 tion, 517–518 options of, 334 Miller Analogy Tests, 25 Intraclass Correlation (ICC), 26 long-term outcomes, project- Miller Assessment of Pre- intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), schollers (MAP), 60–61 ing, 84 Minnesota State Manual, 440 158 loop concepts, 5 mobility, 267 intrauterine environment, 168 low birth weight infants, 158 mobility skills, limitations in, inversion, 200 LS ratio, 183 85–87 Ludlow, Larry H., 71–73 Montgomery, Patricia C., 68–70 jaw lumbar myelomeningocele, 460– Moro reflex, 232, 235 exaggerated closure of, 289 mortality, 509–510 thrusting of, 289 461 mother-infant system evalua- lumbar support, 400 tion, 161 joint receptors, 202 lung compliance, age-related motion studies, 317 motor behavior Kaplan, Bonnie, 65–66 changes in, 521–522 age-related change in, 2–4 Kappa, 26 generalizability of, 14 Kinder Chair, 400 macular degeneration, 510 motor control, 1 kinesthesia, 513 manual guidance, in gait train- concepts of, 14–15 kinesthetic information, short- current issues and trends in, ing, 96 term memory, 100–101 Maschka, Patrick, 32–33 10–14 knee immobilizers, 402 maternal substance abuse, 183 Knott, Margaret, 225–226 maturation-learning contro- knowledge versy, 3 of performance versus results, 99 of results, 99–101

Index 543 definition of, 2 musculoskeletal system, 230 neuromodulatory control path- feedback in hierarchy of, 8–9 in ambulation, 318–319 ways, 234–235 learning and, 95 constraints on, 83 memory and, 10 devices for impairment of, neuromotor assessment, 319 repetition in, 98–99 402 neuromotor development, 135 sensory information in, 192– walking with changes in, neuromuscular electrical stim- 309–310 194 ulation (NMES), 338 motor control centers, 189 myelodysplasia, 311–321 neuromuscular impairment motor control theory princi- nasal breathing, 286–287 devices, 402–403 ples, 191 National Adivisory Board, neuromusculoskeletal system motor cortical reorganization, intervention model of, 474– aging effects on, 514–521 231 475 walking with changes in, motor development, 1, 14–15 National Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Re- 310 current issues and theories search (NCMRR), disable- neuronal activity, cyclic, 5 of, 10–14 ment model of, 123 neuronal group selection theory nature-nurture controversies, definition and concepts of, 3, 95, 235–236 (TNGS), 191–192, 313 2–4 necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), neurophysiological theories, 158, 183 motor development/control neonatal abstinence syndrome, 95, 225–226 tests, 37–50 183 neuroplasticity, 454 Neonatal Behavioral Asses- Newborn Behavioral Asses- motor function, 135, 141, 308 sment Scale (NBAS), 28– motor learning, 1, 95, 102, 244– 29 sment Scale (NBAS), 164, neonatal evaluation form, 166 167 245 neonatal intensive care unit newborn developmental and versus performance, 95–96 (NICU) screening assessments, 27– motor milestones, 82 case studies in, 175–181 31 motor pattern concept, 6–7 follow-up criteria for, 174 No Child Left Behind Act motor-sensory-motor relation- indications for, 158–161 (NCLB), 419, 437 personnel of, 157 non-nutritive sucking, 183 ship, 261 physical therapist in, 161– norm-referenced tests, 24–26, motor skills, 83, 267 76 motor synergies, 6–7 167 normal developmental seq- movement terminology in, 181–184 uence principle, 104–106 therapeutic techniques in, North American Riding for the activating patterns of, 269– Handicapped Association 270 167–175 (NARHA), 480 neonate, 183 nutritional supplements, 513 concepts of, 1–15 control of, 264–266 neuromuscular develop- obesity, 339 eliciting, 270–271 ment of, 167–168 objectives, 85 feedback in learning, 192– occipital frontal circumference, overstimulation of, 168 193 neural group selection theory, 183 inhibition of, 194 Office of Special Education motor control in, 2 236 sensory input in learning, neural organization, 1, 4–5 Programs (OSEP), 418 neural structures, 2 oligohydromnios, 183 195–196 Neurodevelopmental Theory, open system, 9 Movement Assessment of optimizing development para- 225–226 Infants (MAI), 24, 35–36, Neurodevelopmental Treatment digm, 84 167 oral-motor functioning, 285– movement synergies, 401 (NDT) model, 95, 307–308 muscle testing, 319 Neurological Assessment of 294 muscle tonus, 266–267 case studies for, 294–305 muscles the Preterm and Full-Term clinical examination and activation of, 265 Infant, 27 aging effects on strength of, neurological status assess- evaluation of, 290–291 ment, 164 impairments in, 288–289 516–517 treatment programming for, elongation of, 264–265 in movement control, 264– 291–294 oral tactile sensitivity, 293–294 266 performance of, 135

544 Index order parameters, 11 perinatal asphyxia, 160 postural alignment orthotic devices, 135, 141–142, periodic breathing, 183 devices for, 400–401 periodic review, 434 in hand function, 357–362 334, 338–339, 402 peripheral feedback, 192–193 osteoarthritis, age-related, 515– periventricular white matter postural control case studies for, 245–256 516 (PWM), 227 development of, 225–256 outcomes, 85 persistent fetal circulation, 183 devices for, 399–401 perturbations, postural res- evaluation of, 198 global, 132 examination and evaluation patient management leading ponse to, 226–227 principles in, 236–243 phase transitions, 12 in hand function, 363 to, 127 phenol injection, 323 intervention considerations phonatory function, 271–272, in, 243–245 pain, 135 in motor skills development, 285–288 83 parachute reactions, 239–240 physical impairment, 423 nature versus nurture in, physical therapist 235–236 parental questionnaires, 23 practice and experience in, in neonatal intensive care 230–232 part-whole transfer, 97–98 unit (NICU), 161–167 reflex hierarchical approach to, 225–226 partial body weight bearing performance review of, 440 reflexes in, 232–235 in school, 428–440 systems approach to, 226–232 (PBWB) device, 332, 334, physical therapy acts regulating practice of, postural extension, facilitating, 401, 402 200 427–428 participation, 84 definition of, 423–424 postural response, 226–227 in management of children, postural strategies, 228–229, assessment of skills for, 314– 451–467 245 315 in neonatal intensive care postural tone, variations in, facilitating, 390–392 unit, 157–184 265 service options in, 435–437 posture, 2 passive organism paradigm, 4 physiological flexion, 170–171 Piper, M. C., 37–38 ABCs of, 335–336 pathology/pathophysiology, placenta abruptio, 183 aging effects on, 517–519 placenta previa, 183 anticipatory movement of, 124, 125 plasticity triggering experi- 228 patient/client management, ences, 230–231 effort, strength and muscle play simulation, 378 21, 122 play skills, devices for, 398–399 tone changes in, 266– play versus work approach, 267 elements of, 126, 127 observation of, 135 106 patterns of, 6 patient/client-related instruc- pneumogram, 183 stability of in gait analysis, Pollock, Nancy, 65–66 317 tion, 131, 137, 149 polycythemia, 183 posture walker, 326, 392, 403 polyhydramnios, 183 practice, in postural control, pavulon, 183 positional devices, 391–392 230–232 positioning, aging effects on, preferred practice patterns, Peabody Developmental Gross 122–123 517–519 premature rupture of mem- Motor Scales (PDMS), 23 positive end expiratory pres- branes (PROM), 184 preterm infants Peabody Developmental sure (PEEP), 183 evaluation of, 164 postrotatory nystagmus test, homeostasis in, 162 Motor Scales, Second mechanical ventilation of, 171 200 predictors of outcome in, 159 Edition (PDMS-2), 42–44, postural adjustments 167, 474 during active movement, 227– 228 validity of, 26 examination of, 240–243 Pearson Product Moment, 26 Pediatric Evaluation of Dis- ability Inventory (PEDI), 26, 71–73, 135, 375, 392– 395 pediatric physical therapy, standardized tests and measurements used in, 26–76 pedography, 316 PEDro database, 477, 480 peer review, 440 percentage occurrence, 493– 494 performance, 95 performance review, 440

Index 545 prevention Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 389 scapular winging, 374 in disablement model, 125 Section 504 of, 427 scapulohumeral mobility, 376– impact of on disablement model, 124 Reisman, Judith E., 66–68 377 primary, secondary, and ter- reliability, 24–26, 473, 474 schema, 10 tiary, 126 School Function Assessment of single-case clinical res- primary motor patterns, 7 earch, 492–493 (SFA), 21, 24, 73–76 primitive reflexes, 235, 313 scoliosis primitive spinal cord reflexes, repetition, 98–99, 266, 378 research hip dislocation with, 458 232 independent mobility in, 331 primitive stepping, 232 applied versus basic, 491– screening instruments, 32–36 procedural interventions, 131, 492 seat cushions, 400 seizure disorders, 457 137, 149 in evidence-based practice, selective dorsal rhizotomy, 323, prognosis, 127, 131 471–488 457 in case examples, 136–137, reliability and validity of, self-care management, 136 142–143, 145–146, 148– 492–493 self-organization process, 189 149, 153 sensitivity, 26 terminology of, 473, 493–494 sensorimotor integration, 229 for NICU infants, 159 respiratory coordination func- Sensorimotor Performance Ana- prognostic tests, 474 prone positioning, infant, 171 tion, impairments in, 288– lysis (SPA), 68–70 propping reactions, 239–240 289 sensory aids, 403 proprioception, aging effects respiratory distress syndrome sensory impairment, devices (RDS), 158, 184 on, 513–514 respiratory system for, 403 proprioceptive input, 193, 201– developmental changes in, sensory input, 191–194 203 287–288 aging and processing of, 520 proprioceptive neuromuscular disease of, 522 selection of, 195–197 functioning of, 285–294, 320 Sensory Integration and Praxis facilitation (PNF), 95, 225– 226 case studies for, 294–305 Tests (SIPT), 62–64 proprioceptors, 261 clinical examination and subtests of, 63 protective devices, 141–142 Sensory Integration Inventory protective reactions, 239–240 evaluation of, 290– psychometrics, 24–26 291 for Individuals With Dev- PsycINFO database, 477, 478 treatment programming elopmental Disabilities— public education, free, 421 for, 291–294 Revised (SII-R), 66–68 Public Law 99-457, 418 reticular system, 261 sensory integration (SI), 95, 135 pull-out service, 438 retinopathy of prematurity sensory/perceptual skills, 89– pulmonary gas exchange func- (ROP), 158, 184 90 tions, 522 rib cage mobility, 289 sensory processing, 83, 229– Richter, Eileen W., 68–70 230 random practice, 98–99 righting reactions, 236–238 Sensory Profile, 52–53 randomized controlled trials, risk reduction, 126 Sensory Profile for Adoles- Roid, Gale H., 39–40 cents/Adults, 54–55 475–476 Rood, Margaret, 225–226 sensory system range of motion, 135, 142, 230 Rosenbaum, P. I., 48–50 aging effects on, 510–514 rate-limiters, 190, 194 rotational righting reactions, in ambulation evaluation, reaching, 373 238 rotator cuff muscles, 369 319–320 locomotion and, 234–235 running, 323 case studies of, 204–222 reconditioning program, 243 Russell, D. J., 48–50 characteristics of, 194–195 reexamination, 132, 143–145, examination and evaluation Sackett’s levels of evidence, 150–151 474–475 of, 197–198 referral, 431 integrity of, 136 reflex hierarchical model, 3–4 saddle-bench seating, 400–401 in therapeutic interventions, scapular movement, 366–368 in postural control, 225–226 189–222 reflexes, 6, 235 scapular-rib cage separation, walking with changes in, 311 374 sepsis, 184 integrity of, 135 septal defects, 184 rehabilitation, 126 scapular-thoracic activity, 377

546 Index serial casting, 338, 402 startle response, 235 therapeutic techniques, NICU, service, continuum of, 125–126 step length, 101, 309, 328 167–175 service delivery models, 437– stepping strategy, 228–229, 245 stimulus-response framework, therapy service reimbursement, 438 434–435 sexually transmitted diseases, 229 strength, aging effects on, 516– three-neuron loop, 5 184 tilting reactions, 240 Shapiro, Howard, 32–33 517 title page, 128–129 shock absorption, 334, 336 stride, 309 tocolytic drugs, 184 shoulder girdle strollers, adapted, 392 Toddler and Infant Motor sucking, 288 dynamic function of, 372, 374 Evaluation (TIME), 39–40 increasing strength of, 377 positioning to encourage, 172 toileting, adaptive devices for, mobility and alignment of, tongue movements in, 294 suckling, 286 395 357–358 sudden infant death syndrome tongue retraction, 289 purpose of, 364 tongue thrusting, 289 sidelying, 170 (SIDS), 403 tonic neck reflexes, 233–235 single case designs, 491–503 supportive devices, 141–142 TORCH infections, 160 skin hydration, 403–404 surfactant, 184 TORCH titers, 184 small for gestational age (SGA), Swanson, Marcia W., 35–36 touch receptors, 198 swing phase, 309 toys, selecting, 173–174 158, 184 system impairments, devices transcutaneous monitor, 184 smell, aging effects on, 512–513 Transdisciplinary Play-Based soft tissue mobilization, 265 for, 401–404 somatosensory input, 201–203, systems analysis, 318–320 Assessment, 268–269 systems review, 112–120 transdisciplinary team, 429–430 268, 320 transient tachypnea neonato- somatosensory system, aging in case examples, 134, 139– 140, 143–144, 147, 150 rum (TTN), 184 effects on, 513–514 transition services, 426 spastic quadriparesis, 454 in neonatal intensive care travel training, 424 Spear Rho, 26 unit, 166–167 treadmill, 332, 334 special education services treatment systems theory, 226–232 determining eligibility for, context of, 102–104 433 tactile defensiveness, 199 organization of, 102–107 tactile input, 193, 198–199 sequencing of, 106–107 eligibility criteria for, 422 taste, aging effects on, 512–513 treatment planning exit procedures, 434 temperature receptors, 199 developing strategy for, 82– programs in, 423 termination criteria, 132, 138 related services, 423 Test of Gross Motor Develop- 84 specialized maintenance, 126 variables influencing, 81–82 specificity, 26, 473, 474 ment-2 (TGMD-2), 44–46 triceps brachii, stretching and speech, 285 Test of Infant Motor Perform- spina bifida, 460–461 contracting, 201 spinal cord, pathological fixa- ance (TIMP), 30–31, 167, Tripp Trapp chair, 391 474 trunk extension, 97 tion of, 460–461 Test of Sensory Functions in spine, compression fractures Infants (TSFI), 55–57 Ulrich, Dale, 44–46 test-retest reliability, 24–26 ultrasound, fetal, 163 of, 520 tests, 21–76, 129–130 upper extremity skills, 87–89 split-half reliability, 24–25 in case examples, 134–136, upright posture, 335–336, 337– SPORTDiscus database, 477, 140–142, 144–145, 147– 338 478, 480, 483, 485 148, 150–151 squatting activities, 329 in neonatal intensive care validity, 26, 473, 474 stability unit, 167 concurrent, 26 norm-references versus cri- construct, 26 examination for, 267 terion-referenced, 24 content, 26 postural control and, 225 psychometric characteristics criterion-related, 26 stair climbing, 328 of, 24–26 predictive, 26 stance phase, 309 purposes of, 23–24 of single-case clinical res- standardized tests, 26–76 standardized, 26–76 earch, 492–493 Standards of Practice for Phy- theophylline, 184 sical Therapy, 107

Index 547 Valsalva maneuver, 266–267 visual input, 193, 203, 268 Wilson, Brenda, 65–66 variable practice, 98–99 voice-activated programs, 399 withdrawal response, 199 variables, dependent and inde- Voss, Dorothy, 225–226 work assessment, 136 workplace devices, 398–399 pendent, 493 W-sitting position, 99–100, 106 World Health Organization vehicles, adapted, 392, 393 walkers, 325, 392 velocity, gait, 309 walking, 307, 308 (WHO) ventilation, 136 ambulation enablement con- vernix, 184 with musculoskeletal system vertical righting reactions, 237– changes, 309–310 cept of, 307–308 disablement model of, 123 238 with neuromuscular system International Classification vestibular input, 193, 200, 320 changes, 310 vestibulo-ocular connections, of Function (ICF) model primitive reflexes and, 313 of, 390 200 with sensory system changes, wrist vibrator, 202 functional role of, 370–371 vision 311 isolated control of, 377 wellness, 125, 126 Writing Case Reports: A How-to aging effects on, 510–511 wheelchairs Manual for Clinicians, 482- in ambulation skills, 319–320, 483 for improved alignment, 400 324 power, 330, 394

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