Advanced_Grammar_in_Use_by_Martin_Hewings)_5225425_

Grammar reminder Real conditionals: tenses (➜ Units 83 & 84) M9 I’ll give you a lift if it rains. M10 If you leave now, you’ll be home in two hours. M11 If water freezes, it expands. M12 If I made the wrong decision then I apologise. In real conditionals we use a present tense to talk about the future (M9), the present (M10) or unchanging relationships (M11), and past tenses to talk about the past (M12). Unreal conditionals: tenses (➜ Units 83 & 84) M13 If my grandfather was / were still alive, he would be a hundred today. To talk about present or future situations in unreal conditionals, we use a past tense (either simple or continuous) in the if-clause and would + bare infinitive in the main clause. In unreal conditionals we don’t use the past simple or past perfect in the main clause. In unreal conditionals, we can also use could / might (have) instead of would (have) (e.g. If my grandfather was / were still alive, he might have enjoyed looking after our garden; If I lived out of town, I could take up horse riding.). Note that we sometimes use if ... were instead of if ... was (see Unit 85). M14 If I had known how difficult the job was, I wouldn’t have taken it. When we talk about something that might have happened in the past, but didn’t, then we use if + past perfect and would have + past participle in the main clause. We can also use might / could have instead of would have in the main clause (e.g. They might have found a better hotel if they had driven a few more kilometres.). M15 If Bruno wasn’t so lazy, he would have passed the exam easily. M16 If the doctor had been called earlier, Paula would still be alive today. In some unreal conditionals we use mixed tenses. That is, a past tense in the if-clause and would have + past participle in the main clause (M15), or a past perfect in the if- clause and would + infinitive in the main clause (M16). We can use these patterns to talk about possible consequences if situations were or had been different. We can also use might / could (have) in the main clause instead of would (have) (e.g. ... he could have passed the exam easily.; ... Paula might still be alive today.). M17 If I had a more reliable car, I’d drive to Spain rather than fly. In unreal conditional sentences we don’t normally use would in an if-clause (but see Unit 84). Other adverbial clauses Other types of adverbial clause give information about place (M18), contrast (M19 and Unit 82), cause or reason (M20 and Unit 80), purpose (M21 and Unit 81), and result (M22 and Unit 81): M18 Can you put it back where you found it, please? M19 My sister is blonde, whereas my brother has dark hair. M20 He wasn’t allowed in because he was too young. M21 We got up early so that we could watch the sunrise. M22 He played so badly that he was easily beaten. 239

Additional exercises These additional exercises provide further practice of important areas from the book; each exercise covers grammar from two or more units. References to the relevant exercises are given at the bottom of the main unit exercise pages. The key can be found on p.278. List of exercises: Units 1, 2 & 4 Exercise 1 Present and past; simple and continuous tenses Units 3 & 6 Exercise 2 Present perfect, past simple, and present perfect continuous Units 5 & 7 Exercise 3 Past perfect, past perfect continuous, and past simple Units 9 & 10 Exercise 4 The future Units 15–20 Exercise 5 Modals and semi-modals Units 22–25 Exercise 6 Passives Units 30 & 31 Exercise 7 Verb complementation: what follows verbs Units 33, 35, 36 & 38 Exercise 8 Reporting Units 40–43 Exercise 9 Nouns Units 44–48 Exercise 10 Articles, etc. Units 53–55 Exercise 11 Relative clauses Units 62–65 Exercise 12 Substitution and leaving out words Units 66, 69, 74 & 75 Exercise 13 Position of adjectives, adverbs and adverbial phrases Units 79–82 & 87 Exercise 14 Adverbial clauses and conjunctions Units 92–94 Exercise 15 Prepositions Units 99 & 100 Exercise 16 Inversion Present and past; simple and continuous tenses Units 1, 2 & 4 1 Complete each pair of sentences with a positive or negative form of the same verb from the box. Use the present simple, present continuous, past simple or past continuous. Give all possible answers. Use to add any words outside the gap. consider expect own phone prefer promise put read tell weigh 1 a If I’m not too busy, I promise to help you in the garden later today. b I’ll try to get over on Saturday, but I to be there. 2 a I made a cup of coffee while she the letter. b As soon as the teacher told us to start, I through all the questions quickly. 3 a They to reach the mountain summit by evening, but the weather was too bad. b We Luisa to visit us in June if she can get a cheap flight. 4 a Over 90% of the population now a mobile phone. b I grew up in Beijing, where my father a bookshop. 5aI selling my house and buying a flat. b Many people her to be the finest violinist in the country at the moment. 6 a Leo me that you’re getting married. Congratulations! b Apparently Angela is very ill. They me that she never leaves her house now. 7aI the theatre four times this morning, but there was no answer. b I my mother twice a day when my father was in hospital. 8 a He always his feet up on the chairs. It’s really unhygienic. b I find it annoying that she constantly empty milk cartons back in the fridge. 9 a A survey has found that, surprisingly, most children to walk to school than be taken by car. b I swam across the river, but my friends to walk to the nearest bridge. 10 a Nathan over 100 kilos and really needs to take more exercise. b He held the fish in his hands as if he it and then said, ‘It’s about 3.5 kilos.’ 240

Additional exercises Present perfect, past simple, and present perfect continuous Units 3 & 6 2 Match the beginnings and endings. Sometimes there is more than one possibility. 1 a I haven’t had time to phone (i) but I’ll certainly contact him before I leave Hugo today, work. b I didn’t have time to phone (ii) but I’ll certainly contact him some time Hugo today, tomorrow. 2 a When she was prime minister, (i) has often been accused of ignoring the advice Mrs Perez of her colleagues. b Since she became prime (ii) was often accused of ignoring the advice of minister, Mrs Perez her colleagues. 3 a I’ve watched Mamma Mia (i) and now I keep humming the songs to myself. b I’ve been watching Mamma Mia (ii) at least ten times already. 4 a I’d always wanted to own a (i) until I’ve found out how much they cost. Porsche (ii) until I found out how much they cost. b I won’t know if I can afford a (i) by 58% since the present government came Porsche to power. 5 a Unemployment has risen (ii) ever since the present government came to b Unemployment has been rising power. 6 a As soon as I’ve finished the book (i) I’m going to have a holiday. b As soon as I finished the book (ii) I started writing another one. 7 a I’ve been playing squash (i) since my doctor advised me to lose weight. b I’ve played squash (ii) a couple of times before, but I can’t get the 8 a I haven’t been back to London hang of it. b I haven’t eaten really good pasta (i) since I lived in Italy. (ii) since I’ve lived in Italy. Past perfect, past perfect continuous, and past simple Units 5 & 7 3 Complete each sentence (b) so that it has a similar meaning to sentence (a). Use a verb related to the italicised word in an appropriate tense (active or passive): past perfect, past perfect continuous or past simple. Give alternatives where possible. 1 a The proposed new library had been under discussion for almost three years at the time an appropriate site became available. b At the time an appropriate site became available, they had been discussing the proposed new library for almost three years. 2 a There had been a considerable improvement in his condition when I saw him in hospital last night. b His condition 3 a It was announced that there was a ten-minute delay to the Toulouse train. b It was announced that the Toulouse train 4 a Thomas had been on a diet for a month when he came to stay with us, and we noticed immediately that he had already lost a lot of weight. b Thomas 241

Additional exercises 5 a There was an expectation that Victoria would win comfortably, but she finished third. b Victoria 6 a When I reversed the car out of the garage, I did some damage to the rear number plate. b When I reversed the car out of the garage, I 7 a Andrei received a promotion last week. b Andrei 8 a Rentpool had been under investigation by the tax authorities for a number of months when they arrested the chairman. b The tax authorities 9 a The Minister made her colleagues angry when she criticised them during her speech yesterday. b The Minister 10 a There had already been a suggestion from Emilia that the money should be spent on new tablet computers for the school. b Emilia The future Units 9 & 10 4 If necessary, correct or improve the italicised verbs in these dialogues, using will, shall, going to, present continuous for the future, or present simple for the future. A A: Careful, (1) you’re going to spill your coffee. B: Oh, no! Too late. Now (2) I’m going to have to change my trousers. B A: What have you got all that wood for? B: (1) I’ll build a bird table in the garden. A: If you need any help, let me know and (2) I’m going to give you a hand. C A: (1) Shall you be able to come over on the 3rd? We (2) have a barbecue. B: Just a minute, (3) I’m going to have a look in my diary. No, I’m sorry. (4) I’m meeting some friends in town that day. D A: Did you know that David (1) is going to go to New Zealand this summer? B: Yes, I heard. I’m really sorry he (2) doesn’t come to see us. A: I wonder when we (3) see him again? B: Well, he certainly (4) won’t be back before Christmas. E A: I (1) take Aunt Lucy to the station later. Do you want a lift into town, too? B: What time (2) does her train go? A: It (3) will be at 4:15. It (4) takes us about half an hour to get there if there isn’t too much traffic. B: Well you should start out early. Apparently, (5) we’ll have heavy snow this afternoon. In fact, thanks for your offer, but I think (6) I’m going to stay at home in the warm. Modals and semi-modals Units 15–20 5 Underline the best answers from each group in italics. 1 A: I’ve spent most of the morning trying to fix my washing machine, but I seem to have made it worse. B: You ought to ask / may ask / ought to have asked me to come over and take a look at it. I would have been / should be / would be happy to help. But I suppose it’s too late now! 2 The taxi needs to / should / would be here in a couple of minutes. We’d better / ’ve better / ’d better to get ready to go. 3 My daughter wouldn’t / won’t / may not eat carrots. She hates the taste of them. I don’t have to / ’m not able to / can’t think of any way of getting her to eat them. But to tell the truth, I could / would / used to hate them when I was young, too. 242

Additional exercises 4 A: We’re completely lost! I’m not able to / can’t / mustn’t find any of the street names around here on the map. B: We must have / have got to have / can have taken the wrong turning at the traffic lights about a kilometre back. 5 You haven’t got to / needn’t / mustn’t go on the beach when the tide’s coming in. It’s very dangerous. You can / might / would play in the playground instead. 6 I was beginning to be concerned that I won’t / mustn’t / wouldn’t get to the station for my train. But I didn’t need worry / needn’t have worried / needn’t worry; Aisha turned up in good time to give me a lift. 7 Most headteachers today feel that parents need / should / had better play a more active part in the running of schools. There was a time when parents would / will / should put a lot of effort into fundraising for schools, but those days seem to have gone. 8 A: These trousers shrank the first time I washed them. B: If I were you, I ought to / should / can take them back. A: Yes, I suppose they can / need / may give me my money back. 9 Preliminary research suggests that the bones must / have got to / used to be at least 100,000 years old, but they would / could / can be considerably older than that. 10 Apparently, in the future, we will be able to / can / could to get holograms of the people we’re talking to on our mobile phones. Of course, by the time this is common, we can / must / might have started using other ways of communicating. 11 Both candidates for the job were very strong and it was hard to choose between them. I certainly couldn’t / mustn’t / had got to have decided which one to appoint. But fortunately, we hadn’t got to / didn’t have to / mustn’t make a final decision; the management found enough money to allow us to appoint both of them. 12 You needn’t / don’t need to / mustn’t be very fit to play badminton well. It can / is able to / could be played by anyone who is reasonably fit and who has a good sense of timing. Passives Units 22–25 6 Some extracts from radio news reports are given below. Rewrite them using passive forms in which the italicised word is the subject of each clause. If that is italicised, use a passive construction with it or there. Examples: Picasso encouraged her to paint. → She was encouraged to paint by Picasso. People believe that the Prime Minister will resign tomorrow. → It is believed that the Prime Minister will resign tomorrow. A People are encouraging the Prime Minister to sack the Environment Minister, Maria Long, after someone revealed that she had received payments from a major oil company. However, in a statement today, the Prime Minister said: ‘My advisors tell me that the company paid Mrs Long the money before she joined the government. I have no intention of dismissing her.’ B A tropical storm has caused severe flooding in the city of Chittagong in southern Bangladesh. Although we understand that there are no casualties, the floods have made many thousands of people homeless, and people estimate the damage to property as running into millions of dollars. C Protesters have continued to block the construction of the new ring road by tying themselves to trees along the proposed route. Police say that they have given the protesters two days to leave the area or they will arrest them. D Conservation groups have demanded that the government should close down the nuclear power station after a report which said that investigators have found unacceptable levels of radiation in the local area. 243

Additional exercises E The Commissioner of the Dublin police force has revealed that they have received a death threat against the life of President Nabon, who is visiting the capital this weekend. He says that they are taking the threat very seriously. People expect that security levels will be increased during the President’s visit. F Someone found a man injured on a Scottish hillside this morning. People think that he fell while coming down a hillside in bad weather. Medical staff are treating him in hospital for leg and head injuries. Someone reported him missing last night when he failed to return home after a day’s walking. G And now football. People expect that there will be a record crowd at tonight’s match between Barcelona and Real Madrid. People report that the club will give the Barcelona players a huge financial bonus if they win and people have even suggested that the club might pay them as much as €50,000 each. Verb complementation: what follows verbs Units 30 & 31 7 Underline the correct option. Sometimes both are possible. 1 He insisted to pay / on paying for the meal. 2 The interviewer started off to ask / by asking me why I wanted the job. 3 I can clearly recall his saying / him saying that he was meeting Sarah at eight o’clock. 4 The university has arranged / appointed Dr Lopez to be head of the new Medical Institute. 5 I knew I could ask / count on Hannah if I needed any help. 6 My parents are always going on at me to tidy / for to tidy up my bedroom. 7 The ticket enables you visiting / to visit both the museum and the art gallery. 8 Fatima is so small that she often has to resort to wearing children’s clothes / children’s clothes to get the right size. 9 We objected to their cat / their cat’s digging up our garden. 10 The government plans to bring in new laws forcing / making parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. 11 I don’t approve of her wearing / wearing outdoor shoes in the house. 12 Ramos was arrested when he failed him to appear / to appear in court. 13 If you have any problems with the computer, contact Simon. It’s best if you allow / let him deal with them. 14 I’ve heard a lot about Dr Lau, and I’m looking forward to hearing / to hear his talk tomorrow. 15 Although Carmen is a doctor herself, it doesn’t entitle her to / entitle for her to special treatment, and she will have to join the waiting list like everyone else. 16 We waited / waited for the storm to pass before we continued. 17 When I was in the supermarket I noticed a man to take / noticed a man take a packet off the shelf and hide it inside his coat. 18 We invited / refused Lisa to come to the party. 19 I overheard her tell / telling Aleksi that she was seriously ill. 20 She gave up work so that she could focus on looking / look after her children. 21 We were unhappy in England, and even discussed / talked of emigrating to New Zealand. 22 The lizard is amazingly well adapted to live / to living in very dry and windy conditions. 23 Another increase in the price of petrol would discourage me from using / from using my car. 244

Additional exercises Reporting Units 33, 35, 36 & 38 8 Complete each report using a noun from the box followed by a that-clause or to-infinitive clause. Give both alternatives if possible. advice complaint conclusion confession decision prediction promise refusal reply statement threat warning 1 ‘The government has decreased taxation every year since we came to power,’ stated the President. Opposition leaders have challenged the President’s statement that the government have / had decreased taxation every year since they came to power. 2 Karen said, ‘I’ve decided not to go to university next year.’ We were disappointed with . Karen’s decision 3 ‘The Earth will pass through the tail of a comet within the next five years,’ predicted Professor Adams. Considerable media attention has been focused on . 4 ‘We said that we would dismiss the strikers if they didn’t return to work, and we have now done that.’ The company has carried out . 5 ‘You should delegate more of your work to your secretary,’ Nicky was advised by her boss. Nicky decided to follow . 6 ‘I’ll pick you up at ten,’ Jason promised. Jason didn’t turn up until eleven, despite . 7 ‘Professor Jones doesn’t know what he’s talking about,’ Rob concluded. I wasn’t surprised by . 8 ‘My dinner is cold!’ We decided to ignore Dan’s . 9 ‘We will not negotiate over the ownership of the land!’ I was astonished by . 10 ‘Small children should be kept indoors until pollution levels have decreased,’ the Health Minister has warned. The Health Minister has issued . 11 ‘I’ve never used a computer before,’ she confessed. I was surprised by . 12 ‘Where’s Bethany?’ I asked Zeb. ‘I don’t know,’ he replied. When I asked Zeb where Bethany was . Nouns Units 40–43 9 Complete each sentence with an appropriate present simple form (singular or plural) of the verb in brackets. If both singular and plural forms are possible, give both. 1 I’ve been trying to sell my car for ages, but nobody to buy it. (want) 2 A lettuce and a carrot all I need to make the salad. (be) 3 A lot of students in the old houses near the university. (live) 4 All of the scientific evidence to the conclusion that increasing use of pesticides in farming is damaging our health. (point) 5 The university to appoint lecturers who already have a PhD. (prefer) 6 She’s one of those people who just sitting in the sun on holiday. (love) 7 The office staff that they have been treated badly by management. (claim) 8 All of my children to the same school. (go) 245

Additional exercises 9 A lot of cheaper furniture nowadays in pieces inside a flat box for you to build yourself. (come) 10 In France, the media more respectful of the privacy of celebrities than in Britain. (be) 11 Currently, 16% of the workforce jobless. (be) 12 It’s a really quiet town at night. Everything at around 10 o’clock. (shut) 13 The police that the fire was caused deliberately. (suspect) 14 The majority of the children in the class under five years old. (be) 15 Although the bracelet might be worth something, none of the other jewellery to be of great value. (appear) 16 The stairs quite steep, so be careful how you go down. (be) 17 What worries me about the car the problems we’ve been having with the brakes. (be) 18 The United Nations to send a team of doctors to investigate the outbreak of TB. (plan) 19 One of the arguments in favour of the new airport that it will bring jobs to the area. (be) 20 Many people have speculated on the reasons for the southern population movements in the Indian subcontinent during the 15th century, but none of the historical records identified so far an answer. (provide) 21 It’s a charity performance, so none of the actors a fee for taking part. (get) 22 Every letter and parcel carefully checked before posting to make sure it has the correct address. (be) 23 My parents want to move to Spain, but neither of them Spanish. (speak) 24 A: Where are the scissors? B: I think either Leyla or Miguel borrowed them. (have) 25 Most people would agree that the criteria not of equal importance. (be) 26 The economics of nuclear power become more and more difficult in the last decade. (have) 27 Whoever had contact with the patient to be found and vaccinated against polio. (have) 28 A: I’ve got to walk all the way to my uncle’s house, and he lives about two miles away. B: But two miles far. (be / not) 29 A recent survey shows that around 10% of all cars dangerous to drive. (be) 30 Phonetics one of the options you can take in the second year of the course. (be) Articles, etc. Units 44–48 10 Complete the sentences using the words from the box. Which one option can complete all three sentences a, b and c? a / an one some the ‘zero article’ (–) 1 a Could you look after my cat while I’m away on holiday? It’s only for week. b Jules lives less than mile from school, so he can get up at eight o’clock and still be at school by nine. c When I arrived, Alice was sitting in corner of the room and Jake was sitting in the other. I could tell that they had been arguing. 2 a vulture feeds primarily on dead animals. b Eleni has arthritis, and her doctor has suggested that she should spend as much time as possible in warm climate. c Fiona has decided she wants to be accountant. 3 a A: How should I get to the town centre from here? B: Well, you could walk, but catching a bus is probably quickest. b The World Wide Fund for Nature organised a major campaign to save tiger. c washing machine has had a huge impact on people’s lives since it was invented. 246

Additional exercises 4 a A: Rafael Nadal is visiting our school next week to talk about tennis. B: You mean Rafael Nadal – the famous tennis player? Can you get his autograph for me? b It was hot in the house, so she opened all the windows to let in fresh air. c Large areas of Canada are still covered by forest. 5 a She was made Chief Executive Officer in 2002. b Do you want sugar in your coffee? c You can buy mobile phones for as little as £10. 6 a 500 people were at the meeting. b Despite years of research, we still don’t understand the significance of dreams. c It is a sad fact that money buys political power in many societies. 7 a earthquake in the south of the country has left thousands homeless. b I love having holidays at seaside. c Do you remember Wilmotts? They used to live opposite us. 8 a bicycle is an important means of transport for many people with no access to public transport. b We only stayed in Oslo for night, but we really liked the place. c Juan owns a painting that he claims is Picasso. 9 a I felt fine when I woke up, but by evening I had a fever. b The temperature at midday reached over 40 °C. c It’s probably easiest to contact me by email. 10 a My history teacher at school – Mrs Bullenski – was always giving us advice on how to improve our examination skills. b I’ll just spend day or two in Singapore and then go on to Australia for three weeks. c It was day that would remain in my memory forever. Relative clauses Units 53–55 11 Rewrite each sentence including the information in brackets in a relative clause. Give all possible relative pronouns, but if you can leave them out, put them in brackets. Use commas where necessary. 1 Later in the programme we have an interview with Laura Dekker. (in 2012 she became the youngest solo round-the-world sailor) Later in the programme we have an interview with Laura Dekker, who in 2012 became the youngest solo round-the-world sailor. 2 Carla’s restaurant is very good value. (it serves a range of Mediterranean dishes) 3 The New Zealand rugby team are clear favourites to win the match. (all of its members weigh over 100 kilos) 4 Chloe brought home a kitten. (she’d found it in the park) 5 The story is about a teenage boy. (his ambition is to become an astronaut) 6 Paul has got a job with Empirico. (its main product is electric light bulbs) 7 Politicians should give more consideration to the working people. (they represent them) 8 Among the group of people was Professor Fischer. (I had last seen him in Munich 20 years earlier) 9 I live on a small road. (it leads down to the river) 10 Monet’s earlier paintings are in a new exhibition in New York. (many have never been seen in the USA before) 11 Ian McIver has become managing director of Europe’s largest food retailer. (his first job was selling vegetables in a market) 12 Kaspar has a new girlfriend. (she works in the library) 13 My Volkswagen Golf is a very reliable car. (I bought it in 2006) 14 Bronwen Brookes will be present at its official opening. (the Brookes art gallery is named after her) 247

Additional exercises Substitution and leaving out words Units 62–65 12 Underline the appropriate alternatives. Sometimes both are possible. 1 He has a shave every morning, but you wouldn’t think he did / had. 2 The developers pulled down the clock tower to make way for the new road. In doing so / so doing, they destroyed one of the finest examples of 17th century architecture in the country. 3 A: Ben won’t be coming this weekend. B: But he promised so / promised he would. 4 A: It looks like Vettel is going to win again. B: It appears / appears so. 5 A: I didn’t know you cycled to work. B: Yes, I always do / do so. 6 I don’t like eating shellfish, and never have / have done. 7 They asked me to go fishing with them, but I didn’t want / didn’t want to. 8 A: Will it take you long to fix it? B: Well, it might do / do so. I’m not sure yet. 9 A: Do you think Fred will be up by now? B: I doubt that he will / doubt so. 10 A: Dad won’t mind us borrowing the car, will he? B: No, I don’t suppose so / suppose not. 11 Just park the car wherever you want to / want. 12 A: Has Rachel arrived yet? B: No, I don’t think she has done / has. 13 Karl had to choose between working much longer hours and moving to another part of the country. He had never faced such a dilemma / a such dilemma before. 14 He owns much more land than I do so / do. 15 We’d like to go to Canada to see Ellie, but we can’t afford to / afford. 16 A: I imagine the information is kept on computer somewhere. B: I would expect so / expect. 17 I don’t know whether my parents want me to go to Norway, but I suspect not / don’t suspect. 18 A: Will she expect us to get the job finished by the weekend? B: I certainly don’t hope so / hope not. 19 A: There’s no answer. I suppose she might have left home by now. B: Yes, I suppose she might have / might. 20 The car’s in good condition. They told so / told me so at the garage. 21 I didn’t want Luca to climb the mountain, but he was determined to / determined. 22 A: My mother was really angry. B: But didn’t you expect her to / to be? 23 A: It doesn’t look like the rain’s going to stop soon. B: I don’t guess / guess not. 24 A: Are you going to the library today? B: I might do / might be. Position of adjectives, adverbs and adverbial phrases Units 66, 69, 74 & 75 13 Are the italicised words and phrases in the correct position? If not, suggest a change of position or rewrite the text if necessary. a I every so often leave work early and go to a performance in the local concert hall. It’s very close to my office, in the opposite building. Usually they rather are good, but yesterday’s, given by a singer and pianist, was a total disaster. The singer with wonderful control began to sing. But when the pianist started to play, it sounded awful. At first I thought he was badly playing, but then it became obvious that the piano completely was out of tune. They stopped and discussed briefly the problem. They couldn’t continue clearly, and they left the stage unhappily. Naturally, all the present people felt sorry for them. I’m sure the responsible person for tuning the piano will be severely reprimanded. b I just was going out to work this morning when the postman pushed through my letterbox a letter. It was from Mara, who writes from time to time. The letter said that she has to come to Bristol to visit her unwell uncle. She is one of his few remaining relatives. She wants us to meet and asked if I could suggest a time possible. Well, I for a couple of years haven’t seen her, so I was really pleased. We first met at university. We have alike interests, so always we find a lot to talk about. The included photos in the letter showed that she hadn’t changed since I last saw her. I spent so long reading the letter that I nearly was late for work. 248

Additional exercises Adverbial clauses and conjunctions Units 79–82 & 87 14 Match the ideas in (i) and (ii) and use the word in brackets to write either a single sentence (as in 1) or two sentences (as in 2), as appropriate. Note that you can put the idea in (ii) first in the sentence. (i) (ii) 1 I knew there was something wrong a I found the film boring 2 prepare the remaining vegetables b Johan must weigh over 120 kilos 3 his wife is really small c to prepare for the marathon 4 only about 100 people attended d she said she was feeling fine 5 I can’t afford a coat like that e I don’t like the style 6 I’m determined to finish the report f leave the carrots to cool for a few minutes 7 you’ll have to walk all the way from g make sure you catch the last bus at 11:00 h I have to stay at work until midnight the station i she hid the letter between the pages of a book 8 I stayed until the end j there had been a lot of publicity about the 9 her husband would never find it 10 I’ve been running about meeting 200 kilometres a week 1 (even though) (+ d) I knew there was something wrong, even though she said she was feeling fine. or Even though she said she was feeling fine I knew there was something wrong. 2 (meanwhile) (+ f) Leave the carrots to cool for a few minutes. Meanwhile, prepare the remaining vegetables. 3 (whereas) 4 (even so) 5 (besides) 6 (even if) 7 (otherwise) 8 (although) 9 (so that) 10 (in order to) Prepositions Units 92–94 15 Add the missing prepositions in the correct places after the italicised words. with 1 Personally, I don’t agree fox hunting, although I know that you approve it. 2 There seems to be little likelihood Williamson winning Wimbledon because of her inability play well on grass tennis courts. 3 Our plan is to split the organisation into a number of small units. This will improve our prospects competing with more specialised companies. 4 I ran Danny in town the other day. He asked your email address, so he’ll probably be in touch with you. 5 Jack takes great pride never throwing anything. He always says that one day he’ll find a use for things. 6 Although Professor Martinez knows a great deal meteorology, even he can’t account the unusual weather we have been having over the last few weeks. 7 There has been a great improvement the behaviour of children in the school. This has resulted the headteacher’s idea involving them in decision-making. 8 Even though Charlotte didn’t act my advice and follow a career in medicine, I’m full of admiration her determination train to be a vet. 249

Additional exercises Inversion Units 99 & 100 16 Rewrite each sentence with a similar meaning starting with a word / phrase from the box followed by inversion of the verb and the subject. Had Hardly Little Not for one moment Only if Only in Seldom Should So Under no circumstances Such Were 1 I didn’t imagine that the boss had called me into her office to fire me. Little did I imagine that the boss had called me into her office to fire me. 2 The police will only investigate the matter further if an official complaint is made. 3 The instructions were so complicated, that it was impossible to assemble the machine. 4 If we had known how ill Rob was, we would have taken him straight to the hospital. 5 The wind was so strong that all the trees in the park were blown down. 6 She didn’t often regret her lack of formal education, although she was sometimes aware of gaps in her knowledge. 7 You should only phone for an ambulance in an emergency. 8 There was never any disagreement between us. 9 If it were not for financial assistance from the government, the museum would have closed long ago. 10 They had only just finished eating before a waiter started to clear away the plates. 11 Children should never be allowed into the room without adult supervision. 12 If the bridge is ever built, it will be welcomed by the local community. 250

Key to Exercises UNIT 1 2.3 UNIT 4 2 You’re forever asking me for money. 1.1 3 You’re constantly criticising my 4.1 2 a ’m (am) measuring 2 was hoping – gave driving. 3 lived – was spending / was living – b measures 4 You’re continually changing your mind. 3 a doubt 5 You’re forever moaning about (your) spent 4 started – was checking in b doubt work. 5 was looking – saw 4 a is currently attracting (‘attracts’ is 6 came – was showing 2.4 7 was playing – broke also possible) The most likely verbs are given: 8 went off – lit b attract 1 a we’re (are) usually eating (‘we 9 wasn’t listening (‘didn’t listen’ is also 5 a doesn’t like b ’m (am) not liking (‘don’t like’ is also usually eat’ is also possible) possible) – was explaining (‘explained’ b don’t eat is also possible) possible) 2 a plays (‘is playing’ is also possible) 10 added – tasted 6 a ’re (are) fitting b ’re (are) constantly playing 11 wasn’t watching (‘didn’t watch’ is also possible) – was dreaming (‘dreamt’ is b doesn’t fit (‘constantly play’ is also possible) also possible) 7 a feels 3 a I’m normally taking (‘I normally 12 pushed – ran b ’m (am) not feeling (‘don’t feel’ is take’ is also possible. It would 4.2 also possible) suggest, however, that this is the 1 ‘was getting’ and ‘got’ are both time they leave home. Present 8 a consists of (‘consists only of’ would continuous suggests that they are possible. The past simple suggests that also be possible) on the way to school at 8:30.) one event followed the other: I got in b takes and then the lights went off. The past b consists of continuous suggests that the lights 9 a ’s (is) sounding (‘sounds’ is also UNIT 3 went off as I was in the process of getting ready to get into the bath. possible) 3.1 4 ‘was checking in’ or ‘checked in’ are b sounds 1 went both possible with a similar meaning. 10 a ’s (is) having 2 ’ve (have) had Using the past continuous presents b has 3 wore ‘checking in’ as the background event 4 ’ve (have) spent which was going on as the couple 1.2 5 overslept started to chat to him. 1 apologise / ’m apologising 6 haven’t read 7 ‘was playing’ and ‘played’ are both 2 admit / ’m admitting possible. The past continuous suggests 3 don’t suggest / ’m not suggesting 3.2 that this was a temporary rather than 1 hasn’t wanted – fell a regular arrangement. (both possible) 2 has worked – hasn’t had 11 ‘didn’t watch’ and ‘dreamt’ are 4 now realise / ’m now realising (both 3 rescued – has been also possible. However, the past 4 has happened – spoke continuous emphasises that ‘not possible) 5 have been able – have felt watching’ and ‘dreaming’ went on at 5 confess / ’ m confessing 6 has improved – has been the same time and seems more likely 6 consider / ’m considering here. 7 do you find / are you finding (both 3.3 1 a signed ’ve (have) signed 4.3 possible) 1 was buying 8 know / ’m knowing b signed ✓ 2 saw 9 don’t guarantee / ’m not guaranteeing 2 a finished ’ve (have) finished 3 turned 4 was slowly putting (Past simple in 3 (both possible) b finished ✓ 10 promise / ’m promising 3 a got ✓ and past continuous in 4 seem most likely here as ‘turned round’ describes UNIT 2 b got have got a completed action and ‘was slowly 4 a heard ✓ putting’ describes the action that was 2.1 going on at that time. However, past 1 shoots, are attacking b heard ’ve (have) heard continuous is also possible in 3 and 2 arrives, is waiting, says past simple is also possible in 4.) 3 is playing, stands, starts 3.4 5 was carrying The most appropriate tenses are given 6 walked 2.2 1 has visited 7 picked up Possible answers 2 has closed (or has been closed; present 8 thought 2 I gather Vegecorp are going to sack a 9 was looking perfect passive) – died thousand workers. 3 has dropped – has fallen 3 I understand we’re going to have a 4 have been stolen (present perfect new public holiday for the President’s passive) – insisted – held birthday. 4 Ed tells me Bruno’s crashed his car again. 5 Julia says she’s got a new job. 6 They say they’ve identified a gene which causes some people to overeat. 251

Key to Exercises 10 dropped 11 had finished / finished 8 have been planning ✓ (‘have planned’ 11 had 12 had eaten (Note: In North American is also possible) 12 noticed 13 was watching English ‘ate’ would also be possible.) 9 have been speaking spoke 14 hurried 10 have also been writing have also 15 were walking / walked (similar 5.3 2 Lara hadn’t intended to become a written / also wrote meaning) 16 ran dentist … UNIT 7 3 I had expected the operation to be UNIT 5 order order 7.1 events are of painful … 1 a had only been working (‘had only 5.1 mentioned events 4 I hadn’t thought of cooking rabbit … events in text 2 5 He hadn’t meant to insult her … (or worked’ is also possible) 2 6 b had finally worked I moved… 5 8 He hadn’t meant it to be an insult to 2 a had carried I learnt… 9 her …) b had been carrying (‘had carried’ is The property 9 developer 8 3 UNIT 6 also possible) decided… 1 4 3 a had applied I heard… 6.1 I first saw the 6 7 1 a ’s (has) been staying (‘has stayed’ is b had been applying (‘had applied’ is old house 5 also possible) A property 7 also possible) developer 1 b ’ve (have) stayed 4 a had flown bought it 4 2 a have been stopping (‘have stopped’ b had been flying I nearly gave up… 3 is also possible) 7.2 I put together b has stopped 1 had been trying (‘had tried’ is also enough 3 a haven’t read money… b ’ve (have) been reading (‘have read’ possible) It was empty 2 had visited is also possible) 3 had cost The first past ‘point of reference’ is ‘When 4 a has been giving (‘has given’ is also 4 had been writing (‘had written’is also I first saw the old house’. Events before this are in the past perfect: ‘I had just possible) possible) moved’… ‘It had been empty’. b has given 5 had been worrying (‘had worried’ is The second past ‘point of reference’ is 5 a haven’t swum when ‘I learnt…’. Events before this are in b ’ve (have) been swimming also possible) the past perfect: ‘I had put together’ … 6 a have been putting (‘have put’ is also 6 had arrived ‘had bought’. Notice that we could use ‘I 7 had always believed put together’ here as the order of events is possible) 8 had been talking made clear by ‘By the time…’. b has (or ‘have’) put The past continuous is more likely in 8 The third past ‘point of reference’ is ‘… 8 a has disappeared (We were talking …). when I heard that the house was for sale b have been disappearing (‘have again’. Events before this are in the past 7.3 perfect: ‘I had nearly given up’… ‘The disappeared’ is also possible) 1✓ property developer had decided…’. 2 had been taken 6.2 3 ✓ (Note that ‘What happened?’ is also 5.2 a 1 had met 1 has been claiming has claimed possible) 2 had been / went 2 have been dying died 4 had just heard 3 had taken / took 3 have been making ✓ (‘have made’ is 5✓ 4 had seen 6 had been fishing 5 had lost also possible) 7✓ 6 had found 4 have been producing ’ve (have) 8 hadn’t wanted 7 had cheated / cheated 9✓ 8 had made up produced 10 had collapsed 9 had gone / went 5 have been awarding awarded 10 hadn’t heard 6 have been looking ✓ (‘have looked’ UNIT 8 and ‘looked’ are also possible) 8.1 7 have also been exploring ✓ (‘have also The most likely verbs and tenses are given. 2 got / arrived explored’ and ‘also explored’ are also 3 feel / am feeling (Present simple and possible) 8 has been making has / have made / present continuous have a similar made meaning here.) b 4 go 1 has been investing invested 5 know 2 has been announcing has announced 6 spent 3 has been increasing ✓ (‘has increased’ 7 texted is also possible) 8 was waiting 4 has been running ✓ (‘has run’ is also 9 got possible) 10 felt / was feeling (Past simple and past 5 has been neglecting ✓ (‘has continuous have a similar meaning neglected’ is also possible) here.) 6 has been cutting ✓ (‘has cut’ is also possible) 7 have been finding have found 252

Key to Exercises 11 got 6 ’ll be ’s going to be (decision already 11 play (or ‘plays’) (fixed event;‘will play’ 12 enjoy / is enjoying (Present simple made) is also possible) and present continuous have a similar 7 ’ll have ’re going to have (prediction 12 will accept (prediction) meaning here, although the present based on present evidence) 13 want (with ’supposing’) continuous may suggest that she is 14 read (with ‘by the time’) not living in Adelaide permanently.) 8 ’ll sell ’re going to sell (prediction 13 is looking based on present evidence) 10.2 14 seems 1 (c) is leaving (prediction perhaps 15 doesn’t get on / isn’t getting 9 ’ll cut ’m going to cut (decision on (Present simple and present already made) based on opinion, experience or continuous have a similar meaning present evidence). ‘Will leave’ and ‘is here, although the present continuous 10 ’ll be sick ’s going to be sick going to leave’ have a similar meaning suggests that this is a temporary (prediction based on present here. problem.) evidence); ’ll feel ✓ (prediction based 2 (a) will buy (planned future 16 complain / are constantly complaining on opinion / past experience) event). ‘I’m going to buy’ suggests (Note the word order.) an intention without a definite 17 is starting 11 ’ll leave ’m going to leave (decision arrangement; ‘I’m buying’ suggests a 18 asked already made); will you tell ✓ (or definite arrangement – perhaps the 19 am looking ‘are you going to tell’; asking about speaker has bought the car and is 20 hear / heard (Present simple and past something planned); ’ll try ✓ (decision simply picking it up next week. simple have a similar meaning here.) made at moment of speaking) 3 (b) are going to pick ; (c) are picking (offer; decision made at moment of 8.2 12 ’ll have ’m going to have (decision speaking) The most likely tenses are given. already made); ’ll see ’re going to 4 (a) will drive (planned future event). 2 said (‘has said’ is also possible, but less see (decision already made); ’ll sort ‘I’m going to drive’ suggests a personal out ✓ (decision made at moment of intention; ‘I’m driving’ suggests a more likely here) speaking) definite arrangement – perhaps the 3 heard / had heard speaker has been told to go there by 4 returned / had returned 13 ✓ (decision made at moment of their employer. 5 came / had come speaking) 5 (c) is cutting (permanent future 6 was / had been situation). ‘Will cut’ and ‘is going to 7 left 14 ’m going to have ’ll have (decision cut’ have a similar meaning here. 8 appointed made at moment of speaking) 6 (b) am going to call ; (c) am calling 9 finished (promise; decision made at time of 10 have won 15 ✓ (prediciton based on opinion / past speaking) 11 accused experience) 7 (a) will serve (planned future event). 12 has disappointed As the present continuous for the 13 has spent 16 ’ll build ’m going to build (decision future suggests a definite arrangement, already made) using ‘I am serving lunch’ in this 8.3 context suggests ‘… and I am not 1 ‘Has he had’ or ‘Has he been having’ 9.2 changing what I plan to do’, perhaps Example verbs are given showing some irritation or annoyance. are more likely 2 ’re going to plant (main clause action 8 (c) are starving (no control over 2✓ predicted event). ‘Will starve’ and ‘are 3 thought / had thought does not depend on action in the if- going to starve’ have a similar meaning 4 has worked / has been working clause) here. However, as ‘will’ is often used to 5 had been trying 3 ’ll hurt / ’re going to hurt (conditional talk about future facts, it may express 6 did you go – negative) more certainty in this context. 7 heard 4 will … buy (request) 8 ✓ (‘went’ is also possible) 5 will start / stop (logical consequence) 10.3 9 ✓ (‘checked’ is also possible) 6 ’m going to see (main clause action 1 10 have said / said does not depend on action in the if- 1 is joining ✓ joins ✗ (will join ✓ is going 11 ✓ (‘have given’ is also possible) clause) 12 have told (‘told’ is also possible) 7 ’ll be sacked / ’s going to be sacked to join ✓) (conditional – negative) 2 are liking ✗ like ✗ (will like ✓ are going UNIT 9 8 ’ll hear (ability) to like ✓) 9.1 UNIT 10 3 is coming ✓ comes ✓ (will come 2 ✓ (prediction based on opinion / past 10.1 ✓ [but present continuous, present experience) 1 get (fixed event; ‘will get’ is also simple or‘ be going to’ are more 3 ✓ (decision made at moment of natural here] is going to come ✓) possible) 4 is giving ✗ gives ✗ (will give ✓ is going speaking) 2 will look after (less routine to give ✗) 4 Will you take up Are you going to 2 arrangement) 1 is / are sacking ✓ sack ✗ (will sack ✓ take up (prediction based on present 3 rains (with ‘in case’) [but present continuous or ‘be going evidence) 4 will give out (less routine to’ are more natural here] is / are going 5 ✓ (prediction based on opinion / past to sack ✓) experience) arrangement) 5 goes (fixed event; ‘will go’ is also 253 possible) 6 starts (fixed event; ‘will start’ is also possible) 7 stops (with ‘provided’) 8 change (with ‘what if’) 9 will miss (prediction) 10 lend (with ‘unless’)

Key to Exercises 2 are closing ✗ close ✓ (will close ✗ are 3 is to merge / is to be merged (‘will 5 ✓ (‘was to be announced’ is also going to close ✗) merge’ or ‘will be merged’ are also possible) possible) 3 are building ✓ build ✗ (will build ✓ 6 is about to start [but present continuous or ‘be going 4 will rise 7✓ to’ are more natural here] are going to 5 is to be replaced (‘will be replaced’ is 8 was supposed; was about to ask build ✓) 9 ✓ (‘am going to see’ is also possible) also possible) 10 is to be used 4 are seeing ✗ see ✗ (will see ✓ are going 6 is to retire; is to be succeeded (‘will 11 ✓ (‘were meeting’ is also possible) to see ✗) 12 would cause retire’ and ‘will be succeeded’ are also Past or present tense forms are possible in UNIT 11 possible) 5, 9 and 11. 7 will become 11.1 8 are to receive (‘will receive’ is also 14.2 6b 1 a will be leaving (‘will leave’ is also possible) 1a 7a 9 are to be created (‘will be created’ is 2b 8a possible) also possible) 3a 9b b will leave 10 will increase 4b 10 a 2 a Will you be working (‘Will you work’ 5a 12.2 is also possible) 1 are to have (see section B) UNIT 15 b ’ll work 2 is to start / is about to start (A/C) 3 a won’t be using (‘won’t use’ is also 3 wins (B) 15.1 4 enjoy (B) 1 can (A: before passive) possible) 5 ’m just about to go (C) 2 were able to (B: single past b won’t use 6 recovers (B) 4 a ’ll (will) give 7 is to keep (B) achievement) b will be giving (‘will give’ is also 8 is to resign / is about to resign (C) (‘is 3 could / were able to (A) 4 Could you (B: with ‘understand’ ‘could’ possible) about to resign’ emphasises that he 5 a won’t move will resign very soon) is more natural) 9 are about to get (C) 5 can’t (A: ‘know how to’) b will be moving (‘will move’ is also 10 is to be improved (B) 6 can (A: happening as speaking) possible) 7 were able to (B: single past UNIT 13 11.2 achievement) 2 If the company is making a profit by 13.1 8 could hardly (B: with ‘hardly ‘could’ is 3 due to return the end of the year then we will have 4 sure to provide more natural) achieved the objective we set ourselves 5 set to launch 9 could (B: with ‘smell’ ‘could’ is more when we took over. 6 on the verge of becoming 3 In two years’ time Morneau will have 7 on the point of signing natural) been acting for 50 years, and shows no 8 sure to face 10 Can you / Are you able to (A) sign of retiring from the theatre. (‘will 9 due to undergo 11 can (A: before passive) have acted’ is also possible) 10 on the verge of quitting 12 was able to (B: single past 4 I am confident that I will have finished 11 set to make the report before the end of the week. 12 on the brink of going achievement) 5 This book on Proust is really difficult. 13 couldn’t (B: negative sentence; On Saturday I will have been reading it 13.2 for a month, and I’m still only half way. 2 propose / ’m proposing to deal ‘couldn’t’ is more natural) 6 As delegates who arrived early will 3 expect / ’re expecting to finish 14 was able to (B: single past have been discovering, there have been 4 aim / ’m aiming to study some late changes to the conference 5 resolves to give up achievement) programme. (‘will have discovered’ is 6 guarantee to find also possible) 7 intend / ’m intending to move 15.2 a 11.3 13.3 1 can 1 will have closed 1 will 2 couldn’t 2 will be enjoying 2 shan’t / won’t (‘won’t’ is more natural) 3 can 3 will be leaving 3 will 4 can’t 4 will be arriving 4 shall / will 5 couldn’t / weren’t allowed to 5 will have been 5 won’t 6 can’t 6 will have been planning 7 were allowed to 7 won’t be spending UNIT 14 b 8 will be keeping 1 can 9 will all be going 14.1 2 wasn’t allowed to / couldn’t 1 was going to do 3 was allowed to UNIT 12 2 will be 4 could 3✓ 5 could 12.1 4 would have shown 6 can’t 1 is to be staged (‘will be staged’ is also 7 was allowed to possible) 2 will stop 254

Key to Exercises UNIT 16 7 might be imprisoned (C: typically the 5 must have to squeeze must have had case in the past) to squeeze / must have squeezed 16.1 1 will spend 8 may have been exaggerating (E: 6 must leave must have left 2 had possible activity that went on over a 7✓ 3 would exercise period of time) 8 mustn’t wait didn’t have to wait 4 found 9 must be disturbed must have been 5 will cause 9 might be punished (C: typically the 6 would rarely sit case in the past; passive) disturbed 7 will know 10 I’ve to get I’ve got to get / I have 8 will probably be / would probably be 10 may have told (E: possible event in the past) to get (Note that some people use 16.2 ‘I’ve to get’ in informal language, but 1 ✗ used to ✓ (changed past state) 17.3 others think this is incorrect.) 2 ✓ (‘used to’ is also possible) Possible answers 11 ✓ 3 ✗ used to ✓ (changed past state) 1 … at least he’s in tune. 12 may must get may have to get 4 ✓ (‘would’ is not possible) (changed 2 … it’s never broken down. 13 I’ve to go I must go / I have to go / 3 … she has a very wide vocabulary. I’ve got to go past state) 5 You may / might not agree with him, … 14 must get must be getting 5 ✓ (‘would’ is also possible) 6 She may / might not express her 15 ✓ 6 ✗ met ✓ (number of times specified) 16 have to get must get (more likely) feelings openly, … The three common expressions with ‘must’ 16.3 7 It may / might not sound very exciting, are ‘I must say …’, ‘I must admit …’ (both 1 will have watched used to emphasise the following point), 2 would have approved … and ‘needs must’ (meaning if something 3 would have hurt is necessary I will do it, even though I may 4 will have heard UNIT 18 not want to). 5 would have preferred 6 will / would have noticed 18.1 UNIT 19 7 would have bought 1 must have found 2 must be 19.1 16.3 3 must be starting (‘must be going 1 I’ll give you a lift to the station so you Example answers 1 B: Well, if you will drive everywhere to start’ and ‘must start’ are also needn’t worry / bother about booking possible) a taxi. instead of walking, I’m not surprised. 4 must have had to work (‘must have 2 The questions are in the book so you 2 B: Well, if you will spend so much time worked’ is also possible) needn’t bother to copy them down. 5 must have changed 3 All the windows have screens so you online, I’m not surprised. 6 must have to show needn’t panic / worry about being 3 B: Well, if you will wear a thick 7 must be taking (‘must have taken’ is bitten by mosquitoes. also possible) 4 Our software provides full computer jumper when it’s 30 degrees, it’s not 8 must be security so you needn’t concern surprising. yourself with viruses. 18.2 5 The new tax laws don’t come into UNIT 17 2 Hannah rarely has to be asked to tidy force until next year so you needn’t change the details on the form. 17.1 her room. 1 might (more likely than ‘may’) 3 Have we got to hand in the homework 19.2 2 may 2 We need only (or We only need …) 3 Are you likely to … (possible answer; tomorrow? (‘Do we have to …’ is also possible) look at the rainfall figures to see the ‘Might you …’ would be rather formal) 4 I didn’t have to go to the hospital after seriousness of the problem. (less 4 might (more likely than ‘may’) all. formally We only need to look at …) 5 Could (possible answer; ‘Might’ would 5 Did Ben have to go alone? 3 With such a lead in the opinion polls 6 Adam sometimes has to start work at the Democrats need hardly bother (or be rather formal) 6:30. (‘Adam has sometimes got to … the Democrats hardly need bother) 6 may start work …’ is also possible) campaigning before the election. (less 7 The college has to be extended to formally … the Democrats hardly need 17.2 accommodate the growing number of to bother campaigning …) 1 might have enjoyed (E: possible event students. (‘has got to be extended’ is 4 No one need know who paid the also possible, but less likely in a formal ransom to the kidnappers. (less in the past) context) formally No one needs to know who 2 might have been trying (E: possible 8 We may / might have to cancel our paid …) holiday because my mother is ill. 5 After such a huge lottery win, he need activity that went on over a period of never work again. (less formally … he time) 18.3 never needs to work again.) 3 might be coming (E: possible event in 1✓ the future) 2 always have got to pull always have 19.3 4 might require (C: typically the case in 1 don’t need to the past) to pull 2 needn’t / don’t need to 5 may be moving (E: possible event in 3 Have you to bang Do you have to the future) 6 may have improved (E: possible event bang (‘Must you bang …’ is also in the future) possible but less likely) 4✓ 255

Key to Exercises 3 needn’t / don’t need to UNIT 21 3 seen; Has Chris been seen (by anyone) 4 don’t need to this morning? 5 needn’t / don’t need to 21.1 6 to be 6 don’t need to 1 (to be) 7 to be 4 (have) appointed; Sven Larsen has been 2 to be 8 to be appointed (or was appointed) Regional 19.4 3 to be 9 (to be) Sales Director for Scandinavia. 1 You needn’t worry … 4 (to be) 10 (to be) 2 Do we need to make … is more likely 5 (to be) 5 will demonstrate; I am certain that 3 … needn’t be a problem … Sarah’s suitability as company director 4✓ 21.2 will be demonstrated to those who 5 I need hardly tell you …, or less 1 get still have any doubt. 2 became / has become formally I hardly need (to) tell you … 3 become (more likely than ‘get’ in a 6 declared (or have declared); Alan 6 some people would prefer ‘needn’t’ in Watson was declared (or has been formal context) declared) winner of the election after a this context (see C) 4 become recount. 7✓ 5 get 8 … needn’t mean … 6 get (more likely than ‘become’ in an 22.3 2 The product was phased out (by the UNIT 20 informal context) 7 became company) over a period of three years. 20.1 8 got 3 No passive 1 should / ought to win (should / ought 4 Many people have been deprived of 21.3 6 came to like to have won is also possible) 2 went dead 7 go blind the right to vote (by the decision). 2 should I put (more likely than … ought 3 went red 8 went bust 5 No passive 4 get to know 6 No passive I to put …; should I have put is also 5 get tired 7 The last two items were held over possible) 3 should / ought to have arrived (should 21.4 (by the chairperson) until the next / ought to arrive is also possible) 1 go wrong committee meeting. 4 should be sent (more likely than ought 2 seemed to be awake 8 Walkers were prevented from crossing to be sent) 3✓ the field after it was fenced off (by the 5 should be removed (more likely than 4 seemed to be taking farmer). ought to be removed) 5 hadn’t got dressed 6 should / ought to wear 6 ✓ (‘be ill’ would also be possible) UNIT 23 7 should / ought to have resigned 7 went missing 8 Should we answer (more likely than 8 to get worried 23.1 Ought we to answer …; Should we 9 becoming obvious 2 denied being involved have answered is also possible) 10 ✓ 3 was left holding 9 should go (ought to is not possible) 4 remembered being bitten 10 should / ought to be (should / ought to UNIT 22 5 avoided being taken have been is also possible) 6 was observed hiding 22.1 7 was sent tumbling 20.2 2 She was offered a second-hand 8 faced being expelled 1 should or must; ‘must’ gives a stronger 9 was found wandering bicycle. / A second-hand bicycle was 10 resented being given recommendation offered (to) her. 2 must 3 Improvements have been proposed to 23.2 3 must the developers. 2 Emil and Laura could be heard arguing 4 should or must; ‘must’ gives stronger 4 Some interesting changes were suggested to me. next door. advice and is perhaps more likely than 5 He was awarded a prize. / A prize was 3 Ollie hated being teased by the other ‘should’ in this context awarded to him. 5 should or must; ‘must’ gives a stronger 6 The President’s arrival will be children. recommendation announced to the waiting journalists. 4 The burglar was observed entering the 6 must 7 The password had been mentioned to (2, 3 and 6 include logical conclusions, so the thieves. museum through a window. we use ‘must’ not ‘should’) 8 I have been lent some skis. / Some skis 5 The pop concert is expected to attract have been lent to me. 20.3 9 I am being sent a lot of spam emails. / over 20,000 people. 1 should must A lot of spam emails are being sent to 6 She didn’t mind being criticised. 2✓ me. 7 I was required to complete two copies 3 shall should / ought to 10 The changes are going to be explained 4 shouldn’t ’d better not to the students. of the customs declaration. 5 ‘d better should / ought to 8 Mrs Dee was caught shoplifting. 6 had better not shouldn’t / ought not 22.2 2 introduced; I was introduced to Mrs 23.3 to be 2 Omar hopes to be selected by the 7✓ Rossi by Tony at his birthday party. (or 8✓ … Mrs Rossi at Tony’s birthday party.) team captain. (different meaning) 9✓ 3 Kathy arranged to be taken to the 10 had better should / ought to station by Alastair. (different meaning) 256 4 Galdos has come to be recognised as one of Spain’s greatest novelists by critics. (corresponding meaning) 5 Holidaymakers continue to be attracted to the south coast. (corresponding meaning)

Key to Exercises 6 The Finance Minister has agreed to 25.2 26.4 be interviewed by Harris. (different 2✗ 1 Whose meaning) 3 It has been discovered that there is 2✓ 3 whose UNIT 24 water on Mars. 4 Who lives is more likely 4 It is believed that terrorists are 5 Who’s 24.1 6 ✓ (or less formally Whose travels in 2 The main stadium has been designed operating in Berlin. 5 It is expected that the moon Nepal did Liam Wilson write a book to accommodate many different about?) sports. astronauts will return (to Earth) today. 7 Which is more likely 3 The temporary stands will be taken 6 It has been revealed that ex-President 8 Which is more likely down after the Games. 9 To whose address? 4 The basketball arena will have been Julius is / was a spy. 10 ✓ (What have is also possible) completed by the end of May. 7✗ 5 The rowing competition is being held 8 It is said that the King is making a UNIT 27 on the River Nene. 6 The athletics track had been good recovery. 27.1 completed (or was completed) only a 9 It has been established that a Possible answers are given year after the city got the Olympics. 2 Didn’t you get my email saying I’d be 7 The handball venue was being used as restaurant is / was the source of a food a warehouse until a year ago. poisoning outbreak. on holiday? 8 The badminton arena should have 10 ✗ 3 Couldn’t you get a babysitter? been finished by now. 4 But weren’t you supposed to do that 25.3 24.2 2 It is not thought that the fault is last night? 2 The appointment of a new managing 5 Can’t you leave it outside? serious. (or It is thought that the 6 Wouldn’t you rather go by plane? director will be made next week. fault is not serious.) / The fault is not 3 Accusations of corruption in the local thought to be serious. 27.2 3 It is expected that it will take several 2 Haven’t you any interest in maths at council have been made. / Accusations weeks to correct the fault. (or It is of corruption have been made against expected that the fault will take all? (or Don’t you have any interest in the local council. several weeks to correct.) / The fault maths at all?) Have you no interest 4 The demolition of the building was is expected to take several weeks to in maths at all? (or Do you have no completed in only two days. correct. interest in maths at all?) 5 The presentation of the trophy will be 4 It has been decided to postpone the 3 Couldn’t you find anywhere else to made after the speeches. next rocket launch. sleep? Could you find nowhere else to 6 Resistance from local residents to 5 It is suggested that the next launch sleep? the proposed new industrial area will should take place in May. 4 Can’t you remember anything about certainly be expected. the accident? Can you remember UNIT 26 nothing about the accident? 24.3 5 Why don’t I ever do well in exams? 2 is (being) ruled (or more naturally ‘is 26.1 Why do I never do well in exams? 1 whom 6 Isn’t there anybody you can ask for now (being) ruled’) 2 Which help? Is there nobody you can ask for 3 are disappearing / have disappeared 3 Which help? 4 fear 4 Which 5 is estimated / has been estimated 5 Whom / Who (‘Whom’ is very formal) 27.3 6 will be turned into 6 Who 2 He’s leaving when? / He’s doing what? 7 is using / has used / has been using 7 Which / Who 8 to be abandoned 8 Who / He’s what? 9 be affected 3 He’ll be away for how long? / He’ll 10 expect / are expecting 26.2 11 are (being) destroyed 1 are what? 2 teaches (whether or not the expected 4 It’ll cost how much? / It’ll what? UNIT 25 5 He’s sold (his) what? / He’s done answer is one person or two) 25.1 3 is what? / He’s what? 1 agreed 4 makes 6 He’s going climbing where? / He’s 2 proposed / shown 5 are / is 3 hoped / explained 6 has doing what? / He’s what? 4 decided 5 explained 26.3 27.4 6 established / revealed 2 What + d 1 do you not Why don’t you (C) 7 intended 3 What / How + b 2 Who do you expect that will read 8 planned 4 How + h 9 assumed / thought 5 What + j your blog? (F) 10 discovered 6 How + a or g 3 ✓ (F) 7 How + e or i 4 Was not Wasn’t (D) 8 What + f 5 ✓ (C) 9 What / How + c 6 What did you say that is in these 10 What + e or i biscuits? (F) 7 ✓ (F) 8 did not didn’t (C) 257

Key to Exercises UNIT 28 8 Jane posted the letter for me … 30.4 (‘Jane took the letter for me …’is also 2 + e The new course is intended to help 28.1 possible) 2 answered (the phone) people (to) understand modern art. 3 eat (dinner) 9 I offered my old bike to him … 3 + a Scientists hope the new drug will 4 thanked Val 10 Can you save some dinner for me, 5 washed (herself) help (them) (to) prevent hay fever. 6 brushed her hair please? 4 + f We didn’t agree with the decision, 7 changed (her clothes) 8 put on some makeup 29.2 but we didn’t dare (to) protest against 9 drove (her car) 1 He kindly collected some library books it. 10 reached their house 5 + d When Ethan arrives, have him wait 11 waved (her hand) for me. outside my office. 12 parked (her car) 2 He admitted his error to his 6 + c The dial on the left lets you control 13 cooking (dinner) the speed of the fan. 14 to pick some flowers colleagues. 15 studying (French) 3✓ UNIT 31 16 mention her 4 Can I ask you a favour? 17 introduce you 5 A special ticket allows (people) entry 31.1 18 enjoyed the evening 1 a told b threatened 19 afford it to all the museums in the city. 2 a offered b allowed 20 wash up (the dishes) 6✓ 3 a managed b persuaded 21 invite Val and Tom 4 a encouraged b agreed 29.3 5 a reminded b pretended 28.2 2 his sister to me; me her photograph / 6 a hoped b advised 2 … culminated in the discovery of her photograph to me 31.2 penicillin. 3 the problem to our teacher; us another a 3 … differentiate between fantasy and When I advertised for a website designer half hour for the business, Greta got the job. But reality. 4 him a paper aeroplane / a paper I’ve now learnt that you can’t rely on 4 … specialises in seafood. Greta to do anything. I waited ages for 5 … inflicted a surprise defeat on … aeroplane for him; his broken car for her to come up with some initial ideas for 6 … attributed his success to … him; him three bedtime stories / three the site, and then I had to keep on at her 7 … mistook the black car for … bedtime stories to (or for) him to do any more work on it. Finally, she 8 … based her new novel on … 5 you a fortune; me the money / the said she couldn’t do it after all. money to me b 28.3 6 Ben a drink / a drink for Ben; the glass Managers of the National Electricity Example adjectives are given to him / him the glass Company have appealed to workers to 2 satisfied; She declared herself to be end their strike, and have called on the UNIT 30 government to intervene in the dispute. satisfied with the result. / She declared The Energy Minister said that he has that she was / is satisfied with the 30.1 arranged for employers and employees result. 2 We don’t approve of the developer’s to meet next week, and he prevailed 3 inedible; They considered the food to on strikers to return to work in the be inedible. / They considered that the locating the factory so close to houses. meantime. food was / is inedible. 3✗ 4 reliable; I have always found him to be 4 ✗ (not a verb of [dis]liking or thinking) 31.3 reliable. / I have always found that he 5 It is difficult to imagine his accepting 1 agreed not to tell was / is reliable. 2 are / were thought to have escaped 5 happy; We believed her to be happy at the decision without any objection. 3 don’t recall seeing / don’t recall having school. / We believed that she was / is 6 No one in the crowd that day will happy at school. seen (similar meanings) forget Ashe’s fighting so hard to win 4 denies / denied having received or UNIT 29 the match. 7 I remember their arguing a great deal denies / denied receiving (similar 29.1 when they were children. meanings) In some cases other tenses are possible 8 ✗ (not a verb of [dis]liking or thinking) 5 asked not to be named 2 I have to choose his clothes for him. 6 didn’t feel like walking 3 Can you take this present for / to her? 30.2 7 seems to have disappeared 4 … pass it to me … 2 approve of children wearing 8 are / were believed to have arrived 5 … we sold all the carpets to him as 3 end by summarising 4 discouraged me from going UNIT 32 well. (‘… we offered all the carpets to 5 rely on Sophie turning up him …’ is also possible) 6 adapt to living / adapt to dealing with 32.1 6 He teaches sports to disabled children. The most likely reporting verbs are given in 7 Can you read these instructions to / for life the answers, but others are possible. me, please? 2 ‘Why don’t we stop for a coffee?’ she 30.3 258 1 burst (a single, short event) suggested. 2 watching (the context suggests that 3 ‘All right, Georgia, it was me,’ he Carl was being watched before he saw confessed. the watcher; in other words, he didn’t see the whole of the event) 3 sting (‘stinging’ is also possible, but this would suggest that the wasp stung several times) 4 feeding (this refers to a repeated event)

Key to Exercises 4 ‘My novel is more exciting than a Dan 33.3 34.2 4 choose Brown thriller,’ she boasted. Likely answers are given 1 debating 5 decide 1 complained to 2 discuss 5 ‘I always carry two umbrellas with 2 complained to; mentioned to; 3 considering me because I’m always losing them,’ explained Lena. / … Lena explained. announced to 34.3 3 joked with; announced to; mentioned The villagers warned me what the 6 ‘Oh, no, it’s raining again,’ grumbled conditions were like at higher altitudes, Matt. / … Matt grumbled. to and advised me to take enough food 4 announced to for a week. There was some discussion 7 ‘Good morning, Miss Novak,’ chorused 5 requires of through the day as to whether the snow the children. / … the children chorused. 6 disagreed with would arrive before my descent from the 7 mention to mountain, but I never imagined how hard 8 ‘Have I done the right thing?’ I the conditions would be. In the morning wondered. 33.4 they showed me (the way / how: one of Possible necessary objects are given in bold these must be deleted) to get to the track 32.2 1 has warned that they up the mountain. 2 threatened not to repay 2 explained to employees that When the snow started falling it was very 3 didn’t feel – could (more likely than He 3 confessed to her audience that light, and I couldn’t decide if whether to 4 denied that management carry on or go back down. Soon, however, felt that he couldn’t ask his parents to 5 replied that an announcement I couldn’t see where to go. help him again.) 6 reassured employees / them that I wondered if whether to retrace my 4 insisted – wasn’t (or hadn’t been) 7 went on to complain that government steps and try to find the track again, but 5 announced – wasn’t going by the time I decided whether that I 6 didn’t expect – to be (more likely than help should go back, the track had disappeared. He expected his mother not to be 8 demanded of ministers that As the snow got heavier I began to realise angry.) whether that my life was in danger. 7 didn’t think – would (more likely than (‘demanded that ministers provide’ Fortunately, my years in the Andes She thought Adam wouldn’t mind would also be possible and less formal) had taught me what to do in extreme waiting.) 9 asked of staff that (‘asked staff to conditions. I knew that there was a 8 promised – wouldn’t continue’ would also be possible and shepherd’s hut somewhere on this side of less formal) the mountain that I could shelter in, but I 32.3 10 reassured staff / them that didn’t know that whether it was nearby 1 ‘how I heard about the job’ is also Note that alternatives without‘ that’ or miles away. (1 has warned they, 2 explained to possible employees, etc.) are grammatical, but less UNIT 35 2 what my long-term career plans were / likely in a formal written context. 35.1 what were my long-term career plans UNIT 34 2 She alleged that Markus had stolen / 3 how many languages I spoke / speak 4 where I (had) learnt / learned Chinese 34.1 stole jewellery from her house. 5 if / whether I could use a spreadsheet Added objects are in bold 3 She estimated that the vase was (‘is’ is 6 if / whether I had organised 2 + j He took my hands and showed also possible) around 250 years old. international conferences before. me how / where to hold the golf club 4 She repeated that she had already seen 7 if / whether I would be willing to live properly. 3 + g I explained carefully so that the the film. overseas for periods of time students understood what they had to 5 She conceded that perhaps she treated 8 when I can / could start work do in the test. 4 + i Anna was new in the office and / had treated Lara unkindly. UNIT 33 I had to keep reminding her who 6 She recalled that Wilma’s great- everyone was. 33.1 5 + b I saw Sarah leave the building, but grandmother was / had been from 1 advised I didn’t notice where she went after Spain. 2 assured / promised that. 3 warned 6 + e When I saw Hugo alone at the 35.2 4 understand 4 inform / teach party I wondered why Helen wasn’t 1 have solved 5 looks 5 have shown with him. 2 states 6 is / was 6 has reassured / has advised 7 + h As we walked over the hills the 3 has 7 promised guide warned us where / when the path was dangerous. 35.3 33.2 8 + a After I’d dismantled the motor I 1 When I mentioned to Nokes that he 2✗ couldn’t remember how to fit the parts 3 The judge thought his explanation to back together. had been seen ✓ (or was seen) in a 9 + f To win a prize you had to guess how local shop last Monday, he protested be unconvincing. many sweets were in the jar. that he is was at home all day. He 4 I expected her plans to fail. 10 + c As the guests came in Diego told swears that he didn’t own doesn’t 5✗ them where to put their coats. own a blue Ford Focus. He claimed 6 Lucas acknowledged his chances of that he had been ✓ (or went) to the paint factory two weeks ago to look winning the race to be slim. for work. Nokes alleges that he is 7 We found the rugby supporters to be ✓ a good friend of Jamie Barnes. He very well behaved. 8✗ 259

Key to Exercises The verb ‘propose’ can be followed by a 4 I think it was Aristotle who made the to-infinitive without an object (see A). observation that there’s no such thing insisted that he didn’t telephone ✓ For example: as bad publicity. (or hadn’t telephoned) Barnes last 2 To encourage people to use public Monday morning. When I pointed out 5 Amazingly the police accepted Rudi’s to Nokes that a large quantity of paint transport the council proposed to explanation that he had taken the had been found ✓ (or was found) in reduce bus and train fares. wallet by mistake. his house, he replied that he is storing 6 The city urgently needs a new airport, had been storing (or was storing) it and the government proposes to build 6 On the webinar they debated the issue for a friend. it to the east of the city. / question of whether assisted suicide 2 At the beginning of the interview I should be a criminal offence. reminded Barnes that he is ✓ (or was) UNIT 37 entitled to have a lawyer present. He 7 The letter from the company gave a denied that he knew ✓ (or knows) 37.1 5 couldn’t final warning that I should pay the bill anyone by the name of Daniel Nokes. 1 will 6 can / could by the end of the week. / … to pay the Barnes confirmed that he is had 2 may / might 7 will / would bill by the end of the week. been (or was) in the area of the paint 3 can factory last Monday, but said that he 4 would 8 The government has broken its is visiting was visiting (or had been promise to reduce the rate of income visiting) his mother. He admitted that 37.2 tax. / … that it would reduce the rate he is walking was walking (or had 2 She promised that she wouldn’t be of income tax. been walking) along New Street at around ten. He maintains that he was late … 9 The positive reaction to my work gave is a very honest person and would 3 He suggested that we could go to Paris me considerable encouragement to never be involved in anything illegal. take up photography as a career. for the weekend … UNIT 36 4 She guaranteed that she could get me 10 Waiting passengers were angry when they heard the announcement that the 36.1 there in good time … flight was cancelled. (or … had been The most likely answers are given. Possible 5 He insisted that he would pay for the cancelled). objects are given in bold. 2 He agreed to collect Declan from meal … 38.2 Sentences 2 and 4 have alternatives with 2 There has been a great deal of school. a to-infinitive clause: 3 He ordered us to be quiet. 2 She promised not to be late… argument as to how to define poverty. 4 He urged me to stay for a few more 4 She guaranteed to get us there in good 3 There have been months of days. time… speculation as to whether President 5 He vowed to fight the ban on smoking Malik would stand again. 37.3 4 Scientists might come to a / some in public places. 2 (that) she would be there this time. conclusion as to what their results 6 He expected / hoped to see Olivia at 3 had to be in the city centre by one imply. 5 There is still no definite explanation as the party. (‘must be’ is also possible, but less to why the dinosaurs disappeared. 7 He asked me to lend him ten pounds. natural) 4 asked where we should meet 38.3 (or He asked to borrow ten pounds.) 5 mustn’t forget to bring my student 1 unsure whether or not certain whether 8 He called on the government to do discount card are also possible more to help the homeless. 37.4 2 dismissive of 9 He hoped / expected to avoid the 2 She said that I could / can travel with 3 adamant that 4 unsure how / not certain how heavy traffic (by leaving early). them. 5 angry that / apologetic that 3 She said that she wouldn’t answer his 6 apologetic about 36.2 7 not certain when / unsure when 1 suggested promised questions. 8 abusive to / towards 2✓ 4 She said that Karl would / should / 9 complimentary about 3 intended said / promised 10 agreed that / adamant that 4 insisted expected ought to be back soon. 5 demanded ordered 5 She said that she may / might / could UNIT 39 6 wanted hoped 7✓ have to move to Milan. 39.1 8 offered proposed / ordered 6 She said that she couldn’t / wouldn’t The most likely answers are given 2 Lee urged that Mara Bianchi should be 36.3 accept that Jason is / was dishonest. Example answers 7 She said that Maria would / will be promoted to export manager. 2 … reducing bus and train fares. 3 Alice recommended that a sales 3 … seeing it. disappointed if we leave / left without 4 … buying a guide book. seeing her. representative should be sent to South 5 … going to the doctor. Africa. 6 … building it to the east of the city. UNIT 38 4 Alice reported that the Delaware 7 … doing more exercise. Bridge project should be completed by 8 … going for a long walk. 38.1 August next year. 2 He failed to address the question / 5 Simon insisted that work schedules 260 should be kept to. issue of who would / should pay for 6 Simon instructed that all monthly the repairs to the building. reports should be sent to him directly. 3 I was delighted to get an invitation to spend the holidays with them in Scotland.

Key to Exercises 7 Alina suggested that web conferencing 6 class have (A plural verb form is used 42.2 should be used for meetings to save as this is something the individuals did, 1 (singular) is money on air fares. emphasised by the use of ‘all’.) 2 (plural) are 3 (singular) is 8 Alina declared that the company’s 7 press presents / present 4 (singular) has head office should remain in London. 8 The United Nations has / have 5 (singular) is 6 (plural) provide / offer 9 Nathan agreed that the company 40.3 should sponsor the European chess 1 come comes 42.3 league for the next three years. 2✓ 1 have; have; shop / shops 3 report reports 2 is (‘are’ is also possible, but less likely); 10 Nathan announced that in future all 4 are is claims for travel expenses should be 5✓ expect / expects made in US dollars. 6✓ 3 is; blames / blame 7 have has 4 was (‘were’ is also possible, but less 39.2 7 Yes 8 are is 2 Yes 8 No 9 ✓ (‘… need to be kept …’ is also likely); has / have 3 Yes 9 No 5 admit / admits; were; was- is 4 No 10 No possible) 6 were; have 5 Yes 10 are is 7 shows; is; believe 6 Yes 8 have; says / say; are UNIT 41 39.3 UNIT 43 Possible adjectives are given in these 41.1 answers 1 43.1 2 I am shocked that Kristina should b his early paintings remains / remain 1 a✓ c the food tastes behave so badly. d Dr Jones’s acquaintances knows b a computer programmer 3 I am astounded that anyone should 2 c a film star a vegetarians is expected 2 a✓ vote for him. b medicines relieve b girls’ school 4 It is urgent that he should return home c victims … exceeds c the car door d museums in the capital charge d a cut on the / her head immediately. 3 3 a✓ 5 I am amused that he should take his a the pieces lasts / last b✓ b player tries c a bottle of milk appearance so seriously. c the cars are / is tested d a packet of biscuits 6 I am upset that they should think I had d these factors influence/influences e some toothpaste f✓ cheated them. 41.2 4 a✓ 7 It is appalling that they should be 1 are; wants b songs about pollution (‘pollution 2 think – has (more likely than ‘have’ in allowed to go free. songs’ is not a well-known class of 8 It is imperative that we should act now this formal context) songs) 3 has / have; has 5 a tool shed to avoid war. 4 claim; constitutes (more likely than b spiders’ webs 6 a armchair UNIT 40 ‘constitute’ as ‘the wreck of the ship b✓ and its cargo’ constitute together, as a c the 500-piece jigsaw puzzle 40.1 single item, a danger) d glasses case 2 is are 5 is / are (we use ‘is’ if we think of 3 remain remains ‘sausages and chips’ as a single item); 43.2 4✓ have; are / ’s 1 cover up 5 is are 2 broken out 6 let lets UNIT 42 3 stopping over 7✓ 4 get together 8 are is 42.1 5 stopover (related to 3) 9 are is 1 ✓ (‘are’ is also possible) 6 get-together (4) 10 have has 2✓ 7 cover-up (1) 11 ✓ 3 have 8 outbreak (2) 12 is are 4 ✓ (‘were’ is also possible) 13 add adds 5 go 43.3 6 are 2 middle-of-the-road 40.2 7 ✓ (‘has’ is also possible) 3 round-the-clock 2 university refuse / refuses 8 are 4 step-by-step 3 audience … is (A singular verb form 9 say 5 once-in-a-lifetime 6 down-to-earth is more likely here as the focus is on 7 man / woman-in-the-street (an the audience as a whole rather than individual members.) alternative is ‘man or woman in the 4 orchestra perform / performs street’, usually without hyphens) 5 jury includes (A singular verb form is 8 larger-than-life used here as ‘include’ focuses on the group as a whole rather than individual members.) 261

Key to Exercises UNIT 44 45.3 4 a the holidays (specific reference; the 2 pleasure holidays that are coming soon) 44.1 3 a sound 7 a real pleasure 1 an 4 grammar 8 a grammar b Holidays (a general reference to 2a 5 iron 9 an iron holidays in this part of the world) 3 an 6 Sound 10 conversation 4a 5 a rain (a general reference) 5 a (‘MiG’ is said /mɪg/) UNIT 46 b the rain (reference to a specific, 6 an understood period of rain) 7 an 46.1 8a 1 an author 6 a the money (reference to a specific, 9 an 2 the a / – minister understood sum of money) 10 a 3 a Mac 11 a 4 Not the George Clooney b money (an observation on the 12 an 5 a Van Gogh effect of money generally) 13 an 6✓ 14 a 7 the Nielsens 7 a Parents (= a general reference) 8 the a / – Usain Bolt b The parents (a specific reference to 44.2 particular parents) 1 one a 46.2 2✓ 1 a / the / – (‘a’ suggests that there are a 8 a the fire (reference to a specific fire) 3 a one b fire (a general reference) 4 one an number of marketing advisers; ‘the’ or 5✓ ‘–’ indicate that there is only one) 47.2 6 one a 2 the / – 1 – (‘all afternoon’ is more likely than ‘all 7 one a (‘one’ would imply ‘one and no 3 the / – 4 the / – (in journalism) the afternoon’) more’; ‘a’ is more likely if this is a more 5– 2a general invitation to ‘have some cake’) 6 –;– 3 the 8 ✓ (‘one’ implies ‘one and only one’) 7– 4 the 9 ✓ (both ‘one’ and ‘a’ are possible) 8 A/– 5 the 10 one a 6– 11 one a (‘one’ would emphasise the 46.3 5 (the) 7 the number and seems less likely than ‘a’ 1 the 6 (the) 8– in this context) 2 (the) 7 the 9 the / – (‘the winter’ might imply 12 ✓ (both ‘one’ and ‘a’ are possible) 3 (the) 8 the 13 a one 4 the ‘the coming winter’. However, both 14 one a ‘winter’ and ‘the winter’ might be a 15 a one 46.4 generalisation meaning ‘any winter’) 16 ✓ (both ‘one’ and ‘a’ are possible) 1 this / a 10 a 2– 44.3 7 one / a 3 – (‘this’ would be unlikely here as the 47.3 1 one / a 8 an 1 an email 2 one 9 one paint is not the topic of what comes 2 by car / by air 3 one 10 one next) 3 the air 4 one / an 11 one / a 4 the / – 4 the post / an email 5a 12 A 5 a/– 5 by post / by email 6 one 6a 6 the car 7 the 7 by email UNIT 45 8 a / this (‘this’ introduces the woman as 8 by air the focus of the next part of the story) 45.1 9 the / – UNIT 48 10 the / – 48.1 1 a the world b a world 1 some books 2 some 2 a a bright future b the future UNIT 47 3 some 4✓ 3 a the past b a past 47.1 5 Some sports 1 a Children (a general reference; 6✓ 4 a a deserted beach 7 some specific children are not referred to) 8 Some children b the beach (‘a beach’ is also possible b the children (a specific reference, 48.2 here, meaning a particular but probably to my/our children) Suggested answers are given 2 a the agriculture (a reference to the 2 Some 30% of all city buses have been unspecified beach) agriculture in a specific area) found to be unsafe. 45.2 b agriculture (a general reference) 3 An unexploded bomb has been found 1 a customer 3 a islands (reference to islands 2 the individual / an individual (similar some five miles from the centre of generally) Newham. meaning) b The islands (reference to a specific 4 Some 25% of electricity will come 3 the car from wind energy by 2025. 4 The television group of islands) 5 Some 200 jobs are to be lost at the 5 the smoker Encon steelworks. 262

Key to Exercises 48.3 11 was no reply 6 While it is true that a lot of many Suggested answers are given 12 ✓ thousands of jobs were lost with the 2 He’s probably out with some girlfriend 13 was no choice decline of the northern coal and steel industries, a lot of many advantages or other. 49.4 have also followed. Much Far too 3 Maybe I lent it to some student in my Possible answers many cases of lung disease were 2 Mr Carlson didn’t want to sell the recorded in the region, but with lower geography class. levels of pollution the number has 4 I think it’s in some travel agent’s in the painting, and no amount of money / declined. In addition, a great deal of a persuading could make him change his great many hi-tech companies have High Street. mind. moved in to take advantage of the 5 Perhaps she’s got to finish some report 3 I sent job applications to over a newly available workforce. hundred companies, but not one of or other. them invited me for an interview. 50.2 4 Smallpox used to be common all over 2 many a sunny afternoon 48.4 the world but since 1978 not one case 3 Many a ship 1 any of the disease has been recorded. 4 its / the many golf courses 2 any / some (‘any’ suggests that I could 5 The floor had dirty black marks all over 5 my many emails it, and no amount of polishing could 6 his many expeditions (‘many an eat none of the food; ‘some’ implies get it clean. that I was able to eat some but not all expedition’ is also possible) of it) 49.5 7 Many a teacher 3 anything 1 No problem. / No bother. 8 the many coffee shops 4 someone (‘positive’ meaning) 2 No wonder. 5 anything / something (‘anything’ 3 No chance. / No way. 50.3 suggests that he said that he did 4 No idea. 1 plenty of (‘a lot of’ is also possible) nothing at all wrong; ‘something’ 5 No comment. 2 A lot of (not ‘plenty of’) suggests that he has been accused of a 3 a lot of (not ‘plenty of’) particular wrongdoing but denied this) UNIT 50 4 a lot of (not ‘plenty of’) 6 anyone 5 plenty of (‘a lot of’ is also possible) 7 any 50.1 8 any Suggested corrections/improvements are UNIT 51 9 Some (= not all) given 10 anyone / someone (‘anyone’ suggests 1 Lola’s had many a lot of (more usual 51.1 that I don’t want to lend it to any 1 were all person; ‘someone’ suggests that I than ‘many’ in conversation) problems 2 can all may have a particular person in mind with her back for a lot 3 had all (perhaps they have asked me to lend it of many years. She’s having an 4 are all to them)) operation next week and she won’t 5 All the children or The children all be back at work for a good deal of a UNIT 49 good many weeks afterwards. (both are possible) 2 A: There’s bound to be much a lot 6 all been 49.1 of / lots of traffic on the way to the 2 … no one heard … station. Perhaps we should leave now. 51.2 3 Not a drop … B: No, there’s plenty of time left, and 1 The whole process 4 … no point … at this time of day many a lot of / 2 Whole areas of the country 5 … nowhere else … lots of people will already be at work. 3 The whole trip 6 … none of the hotels … 3 Many A lot of / Lots of (more usual 4 all of the towns 7 … never going to get … than ‘many’ in conversation) people 5 all of the pages 8 … nothing wrong … think that hedgehogs are very rare 6 all the building / the whole building nowadays, but when I was in Wales I 49.2 saw many a lot / lots (more usual (‘all the building’ suggests that we see 1 There aren’t any in the cupboard. than ‘many’ in conversation). the building as being made up of parts 4 … there wasn’t any point in protesting. 4 A lot Many have claimed that (a number of rooms, for example); ‘the 5 … he didn’t have anywhere else to go. Professor Dowman’s study on current whole building’ would be more likely in 7 Isn’t he ever going to get a job? (or Is attitudes to politics is flawed. One a formal context) criticism is that much far too many 7 The whole room he ever going to get a job?) people questioned in the survey were 8 … they couldn’t find anything wrong under 18. 51.3 5 A lot of Much research has been with her. conducted on the effects of diet on 1 every 6 every health, with a lot of many studies 49.3 focusing on the link between fat intake 2 each 7 each / every 1 are no jobs and heart disease. However, 2 are no trains or buses a lot much remains to be done. 3 every 8 each 3 no seatbelts (‘much’ and ‘many’ are preferred in a 4 was no spare tyre written academic context). 4 each / every 9 Every / Each 5✓ 6✓ 5 each 10 every 7 are no trees 8 was no swimming pool (In 4, 7, and 9 ‘each’ emphasises that 9 was no television 10 ✓ we are thinking of the places / children / households separately; ‘every’ suggests something like ‘all of’.) 263

Key to Exercises 51.4 Surprising results might be: 4 + b Children whose diets contain 1 Every so often Female students now spend no less than high levels of protein do better in 2✓ 20% of their income on books. examinations. 3 every few weeks Female students spend no less than 24 4 ✓ (‘all Friday’ is possible in an informal hours a week online. 5 + e My aunt, whose first job was filling shelves in a supermarket, is now CEO context; ‘the whole of Friday’ would UNIT 53 of a department store. also be possible here) 5 each of them 53.1 6 + c I enjoy growing plants whose 6 not all the food usually gets eaten The relative pronoun can be omitted in 1, flowers are attractive to bees. 7 Not all of my brothers always come 3, 4, 7 and 10. 8 Neil and his family were all on holiday 54.2 9 the rest of us all had a great time 53.2 Example answers 10 ✓ (‘all evening’ would also be possible) 1 (‘that’ or ‘–’ are more likely in an 2 A widow is a woman whose husband UNIT 52 informal context) has died and who has not remarried. 2 Eva’s father, who is over 80, has just 3 An actuary is a person whose job 52.1 1 few (‘a few’ would mean that a small come back from a skiing holiday. is to decide how much insurance 3 The problems faced by the company, companies should charge their number of people would disagree. It customers. would be more likely after ‘but …’ than which I’ll look at in detail in a moment, 4 A furnace is a container in which things ‘and …’) are being resolved. (some people are melted or burnt. 2 Little would use ‘that’ as an alternative) 5 A gazebo is a small garden building in 3 few 4 She was greatly influenced by her which people can sit to enjoy the view. 4 the few / a few father, who / whom she adored. 6 Polo is a sport in which horse riders 5 A little (‘whom’ is formal) hit a ball using hammers with long 6 The few / What few 5 He pointed to the stairs which / that handles. 7 a little led down to the cellar. 8 a few 6 These drugs, which are used to treat 54.3 9 a few stomach ulcers, have been withdrawn 1 the moment when 10 the little / what little from sale. (some people would use 2 an agreement whereby ‘that’ as an alternative) 3 the area where 52.2 7 The singer, who was recovering from 4 the reason why Most likely changes are given flu, had to cancel her concert. 5 a method whereby 1 ‘… a bit of TV …’ (more likely in this 8 The minister talked about the plans 6 a condition where for tax reform that / which / – he will informal context) reveal next month. (‘which’ is more 54.4 2 … there are only a few left or… there likely in a formal context) 1 whatever whoever 9 I have two older sisters whom / who 2 that what aren’t many left. / that / – I love very much. (‘whom’ is 3✓ 3 … there isn’t much more … or… very formal) 4 which whatever (or ‘what’) 5 whichever whatever there’s not much more … 53.3 6 ✓ (or ‘no relative pronoun’ or ‘which’) 4 … not many like that … or … only a 1 ‘which’ is possible, but less likely than 7 what that 8 which whichever / whatever few like that … ‘that’ or ‘–’ 5 … has had few female politicians … 2 ‘whom’ seems rather formal here and UNIT 55 6 … exchanged few words … 7 … a little more confident … less likely than ‘who’, ‘that’, or ‘–’ 55.1 8 There seems to be little prospect … 3 ✓ ‘that I can’ is also possible 2 He was the uncle of Anne Boleyn, 4 … much that can … 52.3 5 whom who after whose execution in 1536 he lost Possible answers 6 which ‘that’ or ‘–’ power. 1 Fewer students had a part-time job 7 The boy who took … 3 It is her unmarried name by which she 8 ‘which’ is possible, but less likely than is better known. in 2000 than now. (‘Less students …’ 4 Mr Wang, across whose land the road would also be acceptable for some ‘that’ or ‘–’ will be built, is very unhappy about the people) Less (or Fewer) than 10% of 9 ‘which’ is possible, but less likely than plans. female students had a part-time job in 5 The election result, about which 2000. ‘that’ there can be no doubt, is a great 2 Male students spend less money than 10 ‘which’ is possible, but less likely than disappointment. female students on books. Students 6 The building from which Marcus spend less on books now than they did ‘that’ or ‘–’ emerged was little more than a ruin. in 2000. 7 It is a medieval palace, in whose tower 3 Less (or Fewer) than 10% of female UNIT 54 the king hid during the civil war. students walk to lectures now. 8 I am grateful to Aarav Basu, from Fewer students walk to lectures now 54.1 whose book on the history of the than in 1980. (‘Less students …’ would 2 + a The newspaper is owned by the bicycle this information comes. also be acceptable for some people) 4 Male students spend less time online Mears group, whose chairperson is now than female students. Miss Jiu Kim. 3 + f Parents whose children are between 264 four and six are being asked to take part in the survey.

Key to Exercises 55.2 4 Four kilos of Beluga caviar, among the UNIT 57 2 Until 1914 the pound sterling was the most expensive foods in the world, has been ordered for the reception. 57.1 currency in / with which most world The most likely answers are given trade was conducted. 5 One of the most popular modern 2 + e She’s in the photograph on the 3 They have changed the date on / by writers for children is the Australian which the furniture is to be delivered. John Marsden. piano. 4 Pasteurisation was discovered by the 3 + b I plan to cut down the tree in the French chemist Louis Pasteur, after 6 Tonya’s father, and (her) trainer for whom it was named. the last ten years, was in the crowd to back garden 5 He was persuaded to stay in England watch her victory. 4 + a There’s a team of people in green by Charles Dickens, to whom he had shown his novel. 7 Dr Sofia Lopez, head of Downlands shirts. 6 There are a number of safety Hospital, has criticised government 5 + d We took the footpath by / along procedures of which you should be plans to cut health funding. aware. the canal. 7 Details are in the instruction manual 8 Klaus Schmidt, the German 10,000 6 + i The children can’t get over the fence with which the printer was supplied. metres record holder and current 8 Ms Park was left the money by her European champion, is running in around the pool. former husband, from whom she was the Stockholm Marathon. (or Klaus 7 + g Go along the lane between the divorced in 2005. Schmidt, the current European champion and (the) German 10,000 houses. 55.3 metres record holder, …) 8 + j Nico’s a boy with a quick temper. 2 Until 1914 the pound sterling was 9 + f Follow the main road from Paris to 56.2 the currency which / that most world 2 + d The two countries having land Lyons. trade was conducted in. 10 + h She’s a teacher from New 3 They have changed the date which / borders with the USA, namely / that is that / – the furniture is to be delivered Mexico and Canada, have complained Zealand. on / by. to the President about the new 4 Pasteurisation was discovered by the customs regulations. 57.2 French chemist Louis Pasteur, who it 3 + a The three most popular pets in 2 She’s in the photograph which is on was named after. Britain, namely / that is cats, dogs 5 He was persuaded to stay in England and rabbits, are found in 25% of the piano. by Charles Dickens, who he had shown households. 3 I plan to cut down the tree which is in his novel to. 4 + f The capital of Estonia, namely / 6 There are number of safety procedures that is Tallinn, is situated on the Gulf the back garden. which / that / – you should be aware of Finland. 4 There’s a team of people who have / of. 5 + b The largest island in the world, 7 Details are in the instruction manual namely / that is Greenland, covers over are wearing green shirts. which / that / – the printer was 2 million square kilometres. 5 We took the footpath which runs / supplied with. 6 + c The ‘consumers’ of education, 8 Ms Park was left the money by her namely / that is students, should goes by / along the canal. former husband, who she was divorced have ways of complaining about poor 6 The children can’t get over the fence from in 2005. teaching. which is around the pool. 55.4 56.3 7 Go along the lane which runs between 1 The house which the thieves broke into 2 educated; I went to a reunion for the houses. … students who were educated in the 8 Nico’s a boy who has a quick temper. 2✓ physics department during the 1990s. 9 Follow the main road which runs / 3 … first of which … 3 being told off; As my aunt told 4 The party, which I’ve been looking me what she thought, I felt like a goes from Paris to Lyons. schoolboy who was being told off by 10 She’s a teacher who is / comes from forward to all week … his headteacher. 5✓ 4 saying; There is a sign on the gate New Zealand. 6 … both of which … which says ‘Entry forbidden’. 7 … part of which … 5 introduced; Across the river were some 57.3 8 … all of whom … of the deer which were introduced into Possible answers are given with some the park in the 19th century. UNIT 56 6 flowing; Rivers which flow into the alternatives Baltic Sea are much cleaner now than 2 Teachers (who work / working) at 56.1 ten years ago. The most likely answers are given 7 being printed; The booklets which are Queen’s College in the city centre, 2 I went on an IT training course with my being printed as we speak will be on who went on strike last week, have sale later this afternoon. appointed Kristina Borg, the head of colleague Mateo. 8 needing; Anyone who needs further English, as their spokesperson. 3 Rubella, or German measles, is still a information can see me in my office. 3 Marge Scott, who has died aged 95, was the first woman (to be) educated common childhood disease in many at Marston College in south Wales. / countries. Marge Scott, the first woman (to be) educated at Marston College in south Wales, has died aged 95. 4 The conference (held) in Singapore, which approved the world trade agreement drawn up by European and Asian states, has now ended. 5 A book on gardening, All about Plants, that / which Anna wanted to borrow, wasn’t available in the library. / A book on gardening called All about Plants that / which Anna wanted to borrow wasn’t available in the library. 265

Key to Exercises 58.2 59.2 1 D (first implied subject = ‘I’; second 2 + a By giving up sugar, she soon began 6 A painting found in a second-hand shop by Lara Gruber, an antique dealer subject = ‘a car’) Waiting for the bus, to lose weight. from Austria, is thought to be by I was splashed all over by a car that 3 + e In turning down the job, she gave J.M.W. Turner, the British landscape went through a puddle. / While I was artist. (or… by the British landscape waiting for the bus, a car went through up the possibility of a huge salary. artist J.M.W. Turner.) a puddle and splashed water all over (‘By turning down’ is also possible. me. However, ‘In turning down’ focuses on 57.4 2 S (subject in both clauses = ‘Rashid’) the consequence of the action and so 1 The sentence could mean: (i) that a 3 S (subject in both clauses = ‘Suzanne’) is perhaps more likely here.) 4 D (first implied subject ‘we’; second 4 + b By moving to a smaller flat, man was wearing a grey suit – he was subject = ‘the town’) Looking down she saved over a hundred pounds a talking; (ii) (the ridiculous) that a man from the hill, we could see the town month. (‘In moving …’ is also possible. was talking with a grey suit. To remove spread out before us towards the However, ‘By moving …’focuses on the the ambiguity the sentence should be: coast. / As we looked down from the method used to save money.) A man (who was) wearing a grey suit hill, we could see the town spread out 5 + f On entering the classroom, she was talking. / A man in a grey suit was before us towards the coast. was surprised when all the children talking. 5 D (first implied subject = ‘I’; second stood up. 2 The sentence could mean: (i) that the subject = ‘the boat’) I was feeling 6 + c In criticising her father, she lorry was carrying thousands of stolen rather sick as the boat ploughed knew that she might offend him. cigarettes – it was stopped by a police through the huge waves. (‘By criticising’ is also possible. officer; (ii) (the ridiculous) that the 6 S (subject in both clauses = ‘the plant’) However, ‘In criticising’ focuses on the police officer was carrying thousands consequence of the action and so is of stolen cigarettes at the time 58.3 perhaps more likely here.) s/he stopped the lorry. To remove the 1 Not wishing to boast … ambiguity the sentence should be: 2 Pretending not to notice … 59.3 A lorry (which was) carrying thousands 3 Determined not to be beaten … 1 With Maryam having flu, we couldn’t of stolen cigarettes was stopped by a 4 Not feeling well … police officer. 5 Not bothering to put on his coat … go on holiday. 3 The sentence could mean: (i) that I am 6 Trying not to cry … 2 Without having more information, I going to discuss the matter with my parents; (ii) that I am going to decorate 58.4 won’t be able to advise you. the room and my parents will help 2 + c Looking over my shoulder, I could 3 Without realising it, he had solved the decorate it with me; (iii) (the ridiculous) that I am going to use my parents as see Ida running after me. problem. decoration in the room! To remove the 3 + f Walking through the tunnel, I 4 With time running out before the train ambiguity the sentence should be: I discussed with my parents my plan to banged my head on the low roof. left, I couldn’t wait for Andrei any decorate the room. (to mean [i]) or 4 + a Having waited six weeks for the longer. I discussed my plan to decorate the room with the help of my parents (to washing machine to be delivered, I 59.4 mean [ii]). decided to cancel the order. (1) Although from a poor background, 5 + g Having suffered from depression Paula Regis gained a place at Southam UNIT 58 myself as a teenager, I could University. (2) Always fascinated by understand how Nathan was feeling. the stars, she took a first degree in 58.1 6 + h Having parked / Parking the car astrophysics. (3) Once at university she 2 Dressed (or Being dressed) all in black, about a kilometre from the stadium, I also became interested in student politics walked the rest of the way. and, (4) popular with her fellow students, she was almost invisible in the starless 7 + b Having reached / Reaching my was elected University President in her night. mid-thirties, I felt I needed to change second year. This didn’t distract her from 3 Not having a credit card, I found it my life. her studies, however, and (5) while in difficult to book an airline ticket online. 8 + e Having learnt some Swahili as a the final year of her degree, she won the 4 Being unemployed, Antonio spent a lot child, I was able to understand most of International Young Scientist of the Year of time filling in job application forms. what she said. award for her work on star classification. 5 Walking quickly, I soon caught up with (6) When asked what was (or When her. UNIT 59 asked about …) the secret of her success 6 Built of wood (or Being built of wood (or When asked what the secret of her …), the house was clearly a fire risk. 59.1 success was …) she said, ‘Just hard 7 Having been told off the day before for 2 While being interviewed … work and a little luck.’ (7) Determined to arriving late, I was eager to catch the 3 Before taking … continue her research, she has recently bus in good time. 4 While welcoming … begun work on her PhD. 8 Not knowing where the theatre was, 5 Since being overthrown … (or After she asked for directions at the hotel UNIT 60 reception. being overthrown …) 9 Being a nurse, she knew what to do 6 Through working … (or After working 60.1 after the accident. 2 prepared (herself) 10 Having spent his childhood in Oslo, he …) 3 prides itself on knew the city well. 7 Before being sold … 4 occupied themselves with / by (‘with’ 8 After leaving … 266 and ‘by’ could be omitted: ‘occupied themselves playing computer games’)

Key to Exercises 5 adapt (yourself) 61.4 63.3 6 trouble himself about / with Possible answers 2 such research 7 dress (herself) 1 … one who knew the way. 3 such claims / such a claim 8 absent himself from 2 … ones you have to drive to. 4 such a project 3 … one is the burning of fossil fuels. 5 such destruction 60.2 4 … ones are small and lightweight 6 such tactics / such a tactic 1 me 2 myself UNIT 62 63.4 3 us Example answers 4 them 62.1 2 … into research of this kind 5 yourself 2 ‘I doubt it’ is also possible. 3 … claims like this (or these) / a claim 6 himself (‘him’ is also possible if ‘ he’ 3 I hope so. 4 I suppose so. like this. and ‘him’ refer to different people) 5 I think so. 4 … this kind of project … 7 herself (‘her’ is also possible if ‘ she’ 6 Yes, I hear (that) she is. (‘So I hear’ is 5 … this sort of destruction … 6 … these tactics / this tactic … and ‘her’ refer to different people) also possible; see E) 8 me 7 I guess so. UNIT 64 8 He says so. 60.3 9 I promise (that) I will. 64.1 1 got ourselves vaccinated / got 10 I’m sure (that) you will. 2 Yes, we should have booked tickets vaccinated 62.2 in advance. / Yes, we should have 2✓ 1 suppose not / don’t suppose so booked tickets in advance. 3 had themselves checked 2 don’t think so / think not (‘think not’ 3 Yes, we will be staying in Brazil 4 he’d caught hepatitis himself permanently. / Yes, we will be 5 ✓ (however, some people think this is would be rather formal) staying in Brazil permanently. 3 suspect not / don’t suspect so 4 Yes, I’m sure they will have been incorrect and would use ‘Jan and I’) 4 doesn’t appear so / appears not taken by now. / Yes, I’m sure they will 6 to tear himself away 5 didn’t say so have been taken by now. / Yes, I’m 7 we’re going to occupy ourselves sure they will have been 8 they can’t reach it themselves 62.3 taken by now. 2 Yes, they are. 5 No, I haven’t had dinner yet. UNIT 61 3 Yes, it has. / So it has. 6 Yes, I am going to Katalin’s party. 4 Yes, you did. 7 Yes, I would have missed the train. / 61.1 Yes, I would have missed the train. 1 ones some 62.4 8 No, I can’t see him anywhere. 2✓ Possible answers 9 No, he couldn’t have been looking. or 3 ones some 2 So I understand. No, he couldn’t have been 4 … mint one … / … some mint … 3 So I gather. looking . / No, he couldn’t have been 5✓ 4 So it appears. looking. 6✓ 5 So he tells me. 7 ones one 64.2 8 ones some UNIT 63 2 do 3 has 61.2 63.1 4 do 1 ones 2 She was asked to teach more classes, 5 (do) 2 ones (Some people would avoid this 6 hasn’t / doesn’t and was happy to do so. 7 is use of ‘ones’ to refer to people.) 3 My French hosts gave me snails to eat, 8 have (done) / did 3 No 9 have / do 4 one but I did so very reluctantly. 10 (be) 5 No (‘ones’ would be unlikely here, 4 The company wanted to build a dam 64.3 referring to a group of people) on the site, but they were prevented 2 might / would (be) 6 ones from doing so by local opposition. 3 might / should (be) 7 one 5 All EU countries agreed to implement 4 should (be) 8 No the new regulations on recycling 5 might / would be 9 No plastic, but so far only Finland and 6 should (be) / would 10 No (‘your ones’ is possible, but some Austria have done so. 7 would / might be 6 The water freezes in the cracks in 8 would / might be people avoid it. ‘Are these yours?’ is rocks, and as it does so it expands. much more likely) UNIT 65 63.2 61.3 1 do so 65.1 3 (ones) Note that some people think 2 do (not ‘do so’; habitual action) 2 used to 3 doing so 3 pretended to be that ‘those ones’ is incorrect. 4 do (not ‘do so’; ‘enjoy’ refers to a 4 used to be 4 (one) 5 claimed to 5✓ state) 6 (one) 5 does so 7✓ 6 do (not ‘do so’; ‘smell’ refers to a state) 8 (ones) 7 do (not ‘do so’; habitual action) 9 (ones) 8 did so 10 (one) 267

Key to Exercises 6 pretended to / claimed to 5 a legal / stupid 9 pretty / very 7 expected it to be b legal / stupid 10 fairly / pretty (both correct) 8 expected to 66.3 UNIT 68 65.2 1 all the people concerned 1 opportunity (to) 2 As the minister responsible 68.1 2 hated to 3 the opposite effect. The most likely answers are given 3 refused (to) 4 a responsible adult. 2 very late 4 choose to 5 the only available room / the only 3 very critical 5 determined (to) 4 a straight 6 deserved to room available 5 false 7 idea (to) 6 the apparent approval 6 a critical 8 delighted (to) 7 and concerned parents 7 late 9 prefer to 8 financial advice available 8 original 10 afford to 9 very straight UNIT 67 10 very false 65.3 1 … if you’d like to (or … if you like) 67.1 68.2 2 ✓ (or … you’d like to.) The most likely answers are given 2 a highly technical 3 … she doesn’t want to. 1 almost / practically complete 4 ✓ (or … if she’d like.) 2 mainly cotton b technical 5 ✓ (or … where I want to.) 3 absolutely excellent 3 a very human 6 … if you don’t want to. (However, ‘if 4 very clear 5 completely illegal b human you don’t want’ is sometimes used in 6 very popular 4 a largely academic colloquial speech) 7 an almost permanent 7 ✓ (or … if they want to.) 8 very attractive b academic 8 … I’d like to very much. 9 exclusively / mainly male 5 a private 9 … you like. (or you’d like to) 10 very visible 10 … so I didn’t like to. b an intensely private 67.2 6 a diplomatic UNIT 66 Suggested answers: 2 I’d be incredibly upset. b an extremely diplomatic 66.1 3 I’d be rather angry. Suggested corrections are given 4 I’d be a bit embarrassed. 68.3 2 a lone figure / a figure walking alone 5 I’d be extremely annoyed. Possible answers are given 3✓ 2 … nice and quiet 4 a happy / cheerful person / a person 67.3 3 … lovely and soft Suggested corrections are given, but others 4 … nice and juicy who was always glad and smiling are possible 5 … good and ready 5 his sleeping daughter / his daughter, 1 extremely old 2✓ UNIT 69 who was asleep 3 absolutely useless 6 frightened passengers / passengers on 4 very happy 69.1 5 ‘reasonably unique’ is unlikely; more 2 … the problems identified. / the board who are afraid 7✓ likely is, for example, ‘almost unique’ identified problems. 8 a similar age 6✓ 3 Interested visitors … 9✓ 7✓ 4 … the sheet provided. 10 The girls, who were sorry for their 8 quite small 5 … with flights included. 9 perfectly comfortable 6 … the resulting publicity / the behaviour, apologised to their teacher. 10 ✓ / The girls apologised to their teacher 11 reasonably quiet publicity resulting … because they were sorry for their 12 virtually impossible 7 … any remaining cheese. / any cheese behaviour. 13 ✓ 14 a really terrible remaining. 66.2 15 simply awful 1 a an utter / inevitable 16 ✓ 69.2 Example answers b inevitable. 67.4 2 The amount of added sugar in dark 2 a unsafe (‘domestic’ would only 1 fairly / really 2 really / fairly (both correct) chocolate is less than that found in be possible here if we wanted to 3 fairly / really white chocolate. emphasise that the equipment was 4 pretty / very (both correct) 3 Organic oranges contain 30% for use in the home (i.e. domestic) 5 very / pretty more vitamin C than those grown rather than another kind of 6 pretty / very conventionally. equipment) 7 really / fairly 4 Cars today are much more fuel- b domestic / unsafe 8 really / very (both correct) efficient than those manufactured in 3 a educational / entertaining 1990. b educational / entertaining 5 The President’s salary is 25 times 4 a serious higher than that earned by the average b serious / underlying citizen. 268

Key to Exercises 69.3 UNIT 71 7 complexer more complex 2 well-resourced 8 ✓ (‘more clever’ would also be 3 nerve-wracking 71.1 4 far-reaching 1 repeatedly possible) 2 in / with despair (‘despairingly’ is also 9 powerfuler more powerful 69.4 10 alerter more alert 2 were wide-ranging possible) 3 is clean-shaven 3 in / with anticipation 72.3 4 eye-catching 4 reputedly ‘the’ can be left out in 2, 4 and 5. 5 disappointedly UNIT 70 6 in a relaxed way / manner / fashion 72.4 7 determinedly 1 in 70.1 8 in / with satisfaction (‘in a satisfied way 2 of 1 to reduce 3 of 2 to cheat / cheating / manner / fashion’ are also possible) 4 in or of (both are possible) 3 knowing 9 in an organised way / manner / fashion 5 in 4 to leave 10 agitatedly 5 to underestimate / underestimating UNIT 73 6 to open / opening 71.2 7 talking 1 a most 73.1 8 to resign / resigning 2 The Downtown Hotel is not such a 9 to panic b mostly 10 turning 2 a short pleasant place to stay as the Strand Hotel. / The Downtown Hotel is not as 70.2 b shortly pleasant a place to stay as the Strand 1 stupid going / stupid to go 3 a directly Hotel. 2 confident that he wouldn’t get lost 3 The President’s address to the nation 3✓ b direct is as important a speech as he is ever 4 guilty shopping 4 a wide likely to make in his career. 5 was concerned to learn 4 It wasn’t such a big problem as I first 6✓ b widely thought. / It wasn’t as big a problem as 7✓ 5 a highly I first thought. 8 busy drinking 5 Theresa’s dog is as ferocious an animal 9 was sorry to (have) upset me / was b high as I’ve ever seen. 6 She’s not such a fluent Greek speaker sorry that he’d upset me (‘was sorry 71.3 as she claims to be. / She’s not as fluent for upsetting me’ is also possible) 1✓ a Greek speaker as she claims to be. 10 wasn’t prepared to admit 2 … to me in a friendly way / manner / 11 ✓ 73.2 5 as little as fashion. 1 as many as 6 as few as 70.3 3 ✓ (or … fine …) 2 as few as 7 as little as 2 It was wonderful to hear such a 4 … flatly refused. 3 as much as 8 as much as 5 ✓ (‘… very clear’ is also possible in 4 As many as magnificent performance. 3 It was mean of you to eat all the cake informal contexts) 73.3 6 … in a cowardly way / manner / 2 + a Her handwriting was so untidy as and not leave any for me. 4 It was unreasonable of them to fashion … to be nearly illegible. 7 … justly renowned. 3 + e The bookcase was so heavy as to be complain about the exam results. 8 … slowly turned … 5 It was awkward to get the top off the 9 ‘thinly’ is grammatically correct, almost impossible to move. 4 + c The CD was so badly scratched as jar. (or … to get the top of the jar off.; but some people would use ‘thin’ in informally … getting the top off the informal contexts to be unplayable. jar.) 10 … loudly applauded … 5 + f The plot of the novel was so 6 It was simple to put up the shelves. 7 It was unprofessional of him to criticise UNIT 72 complicated as to be completely the headteacher in front of the staff. incomprehensible. 8 It was kind of you to give birthday 72.1 6 + b The difference between the results presents to the children. 1 more scared was so small as to be insignificant. 2 deeper or more deep (for emphasis) 70.4 3 more pretty 73.4 Possible answers are given 4 stronger 1 How serious an injury 2 It made me furious listening to his lies. 5 more naughty 2 or as serious as 3 It made me sad that we wouldn’t be 6 harder 3 bad enough to 7 truer or more true (for emphasis) 4 not as fit as working together again. 8 longer 5 not such a good player as / not as 4 It made me ashamed to learn how 72.2 good a player as badly we treated immigrants in the 2 ✓ (‘more dirty’ would also be 6 go so far as to say 1950s. 7 sufficiently well / well enough 5 It made me nervous hearing the possible) 8 as speedy a recovery as possible dentist’s drill as I sat in the waiting 3 recenter more recent room. 4 excitinger more exciting 5 ✓ (‘wealthier’ would also be possible) 6 ✓ (‘more unique’ is used to suggest that some people have particularly individual characteristics) 269

Key to Exercises UNIT 74 7 No, they moved away last year. 76.2 8 The local residents welcomed warmly 2 … last week I had a holiday. (subject– 74.1 1 I expect Catalina to win the race the decision … or The local residents verb inversion is not possible: ‘last warmly welcomed the decision … week’ is an adverb of time indicating a easily. 9✓ period; does not take inversion [see C]) 2 He regretted missing the concert 3 … first came a welcoming address by UNIT 75 the head of the organising team. greatly. / He greatly regretted missing 4 … at no time were members of the the concert. 75.1 public in danger. 3 I secretly hated playing the piano … 2 a I was brought up to earn money 5 No change; the adverb ‘daily’ can’t go (more likely than ‘I hated playing the in front position. piano secretly, although my parents honestly … 6 … seldom can a politician have thought I loved it.’ This would mean b Honestly, I’m perfectly capable of changed his views so quickly as Beckett. that my parents thought I loved 7 … next came a blizzard, preventing us playing the piano secretly.) putting up the shelf myself. from leaving the hut. 4 He calmly started to walk across … / 3 a she admitted frankly … 8 … by next Friday we’ll be in Japan. He started to walk calmly across … (subject–verb inversion is not possible: 5 She kindly offered to do the work. b Frankly, I went to sleep during his ‘by next Friday’ is an adverb of time 6 Bruno hurriedly finished speaking and lecture … indicating a definite point; does not sat down. / Bruno finished speaking take inversion [see C]) hurriedly and sat down. 4 a Seriously, I don’t know what I’d 9 No change; the adverb ‘hourly’ can’t 7 I simply don’t remember putting it have done … go in front position. down. 10 … hardly ever did I hear him raise his 8 We look forward to hearing from you b I tried to speak seriously to him … voice in anger. soon. 5 a Clearly, he wants me to take the job. 9 They deliberately tried to ignore me. / 76.3 They tried to ignore me deliberately. b I’d had very little sleep and was 1 I play squash twice a week / twice a 10 I don’t pretend to understand the having difficulty thinking clearly. instructions completely. week I play squash 6 a Plainly, he was feeling ill at ease. 2 your salary will be paid monthly 74.2 b She always dressed plainly … 3✓ 1 around Switzerland / in July (place + 4✓ 75.2 5 Around the town she drove / She drove time) 1 enormously / significantly 2 a car / at the airport (object + 2 from time to time / rarely around the town; in a side street she 3 easily / scarcely spotted the place / she spotted the adverbial) 4 almost / by an hour place in a side street 3 south / towards the lakes (place 5 often / on many occasions 6 across the room it flew / it flew across 6 hardly ever / every week the room [adverb] + place [prepositional phrase]) 7 greatly / rarely 4 for a week / in a beautiful cottage 8 nearly / entirely UNIT 77 belonging to some friends of Kim’s 75.3 77.1 mother (time + place [long adverbial]) 1 [1] & [3] 1 very / much / very much 5 early / at about six o’clock (time 2 [1] & [3] 2 very / much / very much [adverb] + time [prepositional phrase]) 3 [2] 3 very / much / very much 6 briefly / in the village where Kim had 4 [1] & [3] 4 very / much / very much spent some time when she was a 5 [2] & [3] 5 very / much / very much student (time + place [long adverbial]) 6 [1] & [2] 6 very / much / very much 7 carefully on the narrow winding roads 7 very / much / very much (manner + place) UNIT 76 8 very / much / very much 8 the train / home (object + adverb) 9 very / much / very much 9 ourselves / enormously / in Switzerland 76.1 10 very / much / very much (object + manner + place) 2 … and out jumped Daniel. 10 there / before too long (place + time) 3 Outside the door stood two small 77.2 5 very / too 1 too 6 too 74.3 children. 2 very / too 7 very 2 ✓ or Next, vigorously beat the eggs in 4 In the park the boys were playing 3 very 8 too 4 very a small bowl. (Both of these are more cricket, despite the muddy conditions. likely than ‘Next, beat the eggs in a (no inversion) 77.3 small bowl vigorously’). 5 Around her neck hung a jade necklace. 1 … and he even offered … 3 I thought I’d securely locked the 6 … and up the tree it climbed. (no 2 I will only be … luggage. / I thought I’d locked the inversion) 3 … and even the smallest donation can luggage securely. 7 … and in marched a delegation from 4 I stopped playing tennis regularly … the striking workers. make … (more likely) 8 … away swam the fish. 4 … he has even asked Ann … 5 ✓ or Lee was beaten easily in the final. 9 … in the corner was a very old 5 Only Louis knew … / Lee was beaten in the final easily. grandfather clock. 6 … I only cook … 6 He always brings sandwiches from 10 In the office Lea found (no inversion) home. it difficult to concentrate, but at home she worked (no inversion) more 270 efficiently.

Key to Exercises UNIT 78 UNIT 79 6 + c As the guest lecturer was late, Dr Gomez spoke about his research 78.1 79.1 instead. A number of positions for these adverbs 1 as / when (‘when’ emphasises a direct are possible, depending on the wider 7 + e I suggested we all go on holiday context and the particular emphasis that connection between kicking the ball together seeing that we get on so the speaker / writer wants to give. The and falling over – it suggests that well. first answer below gives perhaps the most kicking the ball caused her to then likely position in many contexts, and then fall over; ‘as’ suggests ‘at the same 8 + g You should never walk under a alternatives. time as’ – kicking and falling happened ladder because it’s supposed to be 2 … Presumably, the idea is to welcome simultaneously) unlucky. 2 When (more likely than ‘While …’; visitors from other countries. / The talking about a period of our lives) 80.2 idea, presumably, is to welcome … / 3 When 2 … due to lack of interest. The idea is, presumably, to welcome 4 While / As 3 … due to / owing to its central location. … / … other countries, presumably. 5 while / when (‘as’ could mean 4 … due to human error. 3 The builders generously agreed to ‘because’ here) 5 … due to / owing to heavy cloud. plant new trees to replace the ones 6 when 6 … because of the bright sunlight. they had dug up. / Generously, the 7 As / When 7 … because his mobile was switched off. builders agreed … / The builders 8 as 8 … because of local opposition. agreed generously to plant… 9 while / as 9 … because of his age. 4 Most people rightly believe that the 10 As / When (‘When’ suggests ‘By the 10 … because there was a fly in it. prisoners should be released. / Rightly, time the paint is dry’; ‘As’ emphasises a most people … / Most people believe, continuous change during the period it 80.3 rightly, that … is drying) 2 I couldn’t hear what Isabella was 5 Obviously, she knew more about the robbery than she told the police. / She 79.2 saying with the noise. / With the noise, obviously knew … / … told the police, 1 As When I couldn’t hear what Isabella was obviously. 2 When While / As saying. / I couldn’t hear what Isabella 6 He carelessly broke the window when 3 while when was saying for the noise. he was painting. / Carelessly, he 4✓ 3 With her father (being) in hospital, broke … 5 While When / As (= ‘because’) Olivia went to stay with her aunt. / 7 She bravely picked up the spider and 6 as when Olivia went to stay with her aunt, with put it outside. / Bravely, she picked her father (being) in hospital. up… / She picked up the spider 79.3 4 With all the exercise I was doing I felt a bravely … 1 until lot fitter. / I felt a lot fitter with all the 8 Interestingly, the road didn’t appear 2 Before / Until exercise I was doing. / I felt a lot fitter on the satnav. 3 before / until for all the exercise I was doing. 4 before 5 With the train drivers on strike 78.2 5 Before / Until tomorrow, I don’t think I’ll go to town 2 … outwardly she looked remarkably 6 until after all. / I don’t think I’ll go to town 7 before / until after all, with the train drivers on strike calm. 8 until tomorrow. 3 … environmentally it is no longer the 79.4 UNIT 81 problem it once was. Possible answers are given 4 … industrially it is relatively 2 … than he broke his arm. 81.1 3 … when it rang again. 2 + h He packed his suitcase with the undeveloped. 4 … than / when it was time to start 5 … visually the performance was books at the bottom so as not to / in work again. order not to crush his clothes. stunning. 5 … before members of the audience 3 + a Bus fares in the city were being 6 … financially we’d be much better off cut so as to / in order to encourage started to criticise her. people to use public transport. if we moved there. 6 … when the engine cut out. 4 + f We crept quietly towards the deer 7 … politically he claims to be a socialist. so as not to / in order not to frighten 8 … technically she could be sent to UNIT 80 them away. 5 + c I walked around the outside of the prison. 80.1 field so as not to / in order not to 2 + b Andrea agreed to book tickets for damage the growing crops. 78.3 6 + b We put up a fence so as to / in Suggested answers are given us all as it was her idea to go to the order to prevent people walking across 2 In geological terms, limestone is a theatre. the grass. 3 + a Seeing as it’s your birthday, I’ll buy 7 + g She looked down at the book in relatively new rock. you lunch. front of her so as to / in order to 3 The building is similar to the 4 + h Because I’m trying to lose weight avoid his gaze. I’ve given up dairy products. 8 + e The roadworks were carried out at opera house in Milan in terms of 5 + d We were recommended to buy the night so as not to / in order not to architecture. textbook second-hand since a new disrupt traffic too much. 4 From a grammatical point of view copy would be very expensive. the essay was well written, but its 271 style was inappropriate. 5 The election was clearly rigged and the result is a severe blow to the country as far as democracy is concerned.

Key to Exercises 81.2 6✓ 6 In spite of her illness, she went on a a warning or threat about a possible 2✗ 7✓ walking holiday in Nepal. future event. 3✓ 8✗ 4 doesn’t arrive / hasn’t arrived; give. 4✗ 2 Despite the fact that he was much The present perfect and the present 5✗ younger than the others, he was the simple have a similar meaning. most outstanding rider in the team. 5 haven’t filled in / don’t fill in; need. 81.3 The present perfect suggests ‘if you 2 … nobody would know it was there. 3 Despite the fact that he ate / had previously filled in an application 3 … mosquitoes couldn’t get in. eaten a big lunch, he had a three- form’; the present simple may imply 4 … it won’t take up a lot of computer course meal in the evening. ‘If you don’t fill in an application form now, you will need to do so …’. memory. 4 Despite the fact that he was 6 don’t help / haven’t helped; go. The 5 … we could see the view over the city. frightened, he allowed the huge spider present perfect and the present simple 6 … it will receive the new channels. to be placed in his hands. have a similar meaning. 81.4 5 Despite the fact that she is obviously 83.3 4 doubted Suggested answers are given intelligent, she finds it difficult to 1 belonged 5✓ 2 The meeting room is designed in such express her ideas in writing. 2✓ 6 understood 3 liked a way that everyone’s voice can be 6 Despite the fact that she was ill, she heard without the use of microphones. went on a walking holiday in Nepal. / … in such a way as to allow everyone’s voice to be heard without 82.3 5 even though 83.4 the use of microphones. 1 even though 6 even if 2 If it were not for his anxiety over 3 The website is organised in such a way 2 even if 7 Even though that it is easy to navigate. / … in such 3 Even if 8 even if Carla, his happiness would have been a way as to be easy to navigate. 4 Even though complete. 4 If the dial is rotated in such a way that 3 Were it not for the intervention the number 1 is at the top, the valve 82.4 of the government (or … for (the) opens. / … in such a way as to locate 2 Whereas a decade ago only 5% of government intervention / intervening the number 1 at the top, the valve …), the strike would probably still be opens. students dropped out of college, the going on. figure today is 25%. 4 Had it not been for the arrival of the UNIT 82 3 While the temperature is below police (or … for the police arriving …), freezing, it actually feels quite warm the fight could have got out of hand. 82.1 when the sun is out. 5 But for the sound of birds singing, 2 + b Frightened though / as she was, she 4 While the cost of rail travel has everything was quiet. increased, the number of train 6 If it was not / were not for the United forced herself to pick up the snake. passengers has grown. Nations, there would have been far 3 + e Scarce though / as food became, 5 Whereas I’ve always wanted to visit more wars in the last 50 years. Australia, I’ve never had any wish to go 7 If it had not been for the roadworks we they always found enough to share to Canada. would have been here two hours ago. with me. 4 + c Experienced though / as the UNIT 83 UNIT 84 climbers were, they had never faced such severe conditions before. 83.1 84.1 5 + a Confusing though / as the Suggested answers are given 2 Had you not been absent from school instructions first appeared, they were 2 … give me a call. / … take it back to very useful when I looked at them in on Friday, you would know what you detail. the shop. have to do for homework. 6 + h Disgusting though / as it looked, it 3 … tell him I want to see him. / … ask 3 Were Clare’s friends still living in was actually quite tasty. Brussels, she would have been able to 7 + f Confident though / as she felt, she him to come and see me. stay with them. (or Were her friends knew the examination would not be 4 If you see any large, hairy spiders in still living in Brussels, Clare would …) easy. 4 Were the workers prepared to accept a 8 + d Successful though / as their new the grass … / If you come across any wage cut, the factory would not have products have proved, the company is snakes on your walk … had to shut down. still in financial difficulties. 5 If you’re ever in Birmingham … / If you 5 Should the financial performance of ever need any more advice … the company not improve in the near 82.2 6 If you’re coming by bus … / If you future, we shall have to reduce the 2 In spite of being much younger don’t want to walk far to the shops … number of employees. 6 Had the salary been higher, I might than the others, he was the most 83.2 have considered taking the job. outstanding rider in the team. 1 The present perfect suggests ‘if you 3 In spite of eating a big lunch, he had a 84.2 three-course meal in the evening. previously studied Macbeth …’; the 1 ✗ If I press this button … 4 In spite of his fear, he allowed the huge present simple suggests ‘if you study 2✓ spider to be placed in his hands. Macbeth in the future, then you will 3✓ 5 In spite of her obvious intelligence, she (get to) know …’. 4 ✗ If the disease is untreated … (or … finds it difficult to express her ideas in 2 leave / have left; meet. The present writing. perfect and the present simple have a goes untreated …) similar meaning. 3 break / have broken; have to. The present perfect suggests that you may have broken it (perhaps I think you have); the present simple may be 272

Key to Exercises 5✓ UNIT 86 87.2 6 ✗ If you complain about me … 1 Nevertheless 7✓ 86.1 2 while 2 + d Unless alternative sources of 3 even though 84.3 4 Even so 1 If I happen to see Georgia when I’m in funding are found, the research will 5 Instead not be able to continue. 6 whereas Rome … 3 + c Unless the roads have changed in 7 so 2✗ that part of town, I’m sure I’ll be able 8 Meanwhile 3 … if you happen to live nearby. to find my way there. 9 while 4✗ 4 + a Unless the weather starts 10 Before 5 If you happen to be in the south of improving soon, the farmers will lose 11 unless their crops. 12 At that time Spain next week, … 5 + e Unless it’s ridiculously expensive, I think I’ll buy that painting. 87.3 84.4 6 + f Unless you have been unemployed Example answers are given Possible answers are given using the notes for six months, you are not entitled to 2 However hard you might exercise, it is 2 … overcome with a great weariness. state benefit. 3 … trying to imagine what it contained. difficult to lose weight without cutting 4 … to agree with everything Julia said. 86.2 down on the amount you eat. 2 ✓ ‘If the infection isn’t treated’ is also 3 However much we enjoy being (or … agreeing with …) together, it is important to spend some 5 … it had been reversed into a wall. possible. time apart. 3 If he wasn’t 4 Professor Malcolm is always happy to UNIT 85 4 ✓ ‘if you don’t have’ is also possible. spend time with his students, however 5 if Anya doesn’t pass busy he might be. 85.1 6 If you don’t get 5 However many times I see the Eiffel 2 + d Were the government to increase 7 ✓ ‘if they don’t get’ is also possible. Tower, it never fails to impress me. 8 if Louise isn’t at home 6 Some people never seem content, university fees, there would be an 9 ✓ ‘if they can’t prove’ is also possible. however much money they have / outcry from students. 10 if she wasn’t however rich they are. 3 + a Were anyone to lean against the window, the glass would certainly break. 86.3 UNIT 88 4 + c Were I not already busy in August, I 1 if / whether would gladly accept your invitation. 2 whether 88.1 5 + b Were you to see the conditions 3 whether 1 across in which the refugees are living, you 4 if / whether 2 across / over would be horrified. 5 whether (or informally ‘if’) 3 over 6 whether 4 across / over 85.2 7 if / whether 5 across Possible sentences are given 8 if / whether 6 across 2 Imagine you were to inherit a million 9 whether 7 across 10 if / whether 8 over dollars. 11 whether 3 Suppose your parents were to tell you 12 if / whether 88.2 1 along / through they were emigrating to Canada. UNIT 87 2 Across 4 Supposing Spain were to win the 3 through 87.1 4 across / over World Cup. 2 A small boy was kicking a ball against 5 over (‘all over’ is more likely than ‘all 5 Imagine the population of Britain were a wall; otherwise, the street was across’ or ‘all through’) all Buddhist. deserted. 6 along 3 I couldn’t remember meeting him 85.3 before, yet his face seemed familiar. 88.3 2 even if it were 4 A mass evacuation of islanders is 1 under 3 even if she were taking place. Meanwhile, the volcano 2 ✓ (‘under’ is also possible) 4 as if I were continues to erupt. 3 below 5 as if she were 5 A: Why don’t you like that new French 4 over 6 even if I were restaurant? B: For one thing, it’s too 5 ✓ (‘over’ is also possible) 7 as if it were expensive. 6 over 8 even if they were 6 Ingrid came down with flu while we 7 under were on holiday. 8 ✓ (‘above’ is also possible) 85.4 7 My landlady didn’t mind me having Possible answers parties in my room as long as the rent 88.4 2 I’d sooner she were going with friends. was paid on time. 1 c under the weather = ill 3 B: Well, if only it were as easy as that. 8 One way of getting rid of weeds is to 2 d below the belt = cruel or unfair 4 I know you haven’t got much time, but dig them out. Alternatively, you could 3 b under her belt = successfully poison them. if I were you I’d have breakfast before completed you leave. 5 Wearing odd shoes to school was embarrassing and I’d rather it were forgotten by my classmates. 6 I’m very fond of Paul, but I wish he were not so critical of his employees. 273

Key to Exercises 4 e under a cloud = with some people’s 90.3 3 about / for / with disapproval 1 Over / During 4 of / with / on 2 So far 5 for / after / about 5 f over the top = extreme behaviour; 3 Until now 6 for / on / with indicating disapproval 4 so far 7 of / about / on 5 until now 6 a over and above = in addition to 6 during 92.2 7 until 1 for UNIT 89 8 by 2 of / about 3 with (note that ‘to’ would also be 89.1 6 between UNIT 91 1 between 7 among possible) 2 among 8 among 91.1 4 for 3 between 9 between 1 except 5 about 4 between 2 except / except for 6 on / about 5 among 3 except 7 of (‘about’ is unlikely in this formal 4 except for (in informal contexts); more 89.2 context) 2 between / among the pupils formally, ‘but for’ is possible 8 about 3 between amateur 5 except 9 with 4 among teenagers 6 except / except for (in informal 10 of 5 between / among his remaining 11 about contexts) 12 about relatives 7 except / except for 13 about 6 among its clients 8 except / except for (in informal 14 on (‘about’ is also possible but less 7 between intake of refined sugar 8 between cooking contexts) natural here) 9 among my closest friends 9 except for (in informal contexts); more 10 between the striking dockers 92.3 formally, ‘but for’ is also possible 1 acted on = did what someone else 89.3 6 between 10 except / except for 1 among 7 among 11 except advised or suggested; acted for = 2 among 8 between 12 except represented (usually a professional 3 between 9 among person such as a lawyer or accountant) 4 among 10 between 91.2 2 thinking … about = concentrating on; 5 between 1 besides except for think of = asking about an opinion 2 Besides ✓ 3 have called on = have formally asked UNIT 90 3 except for besides him to do it; called for = demanded 4 Except for Besides 4 worked for = was employed by; works 90.1 7✓ 5 besides except (for) with computers = uses computers a lot 1✓ 8✓ 6 except for ✓ in her work 2✗ 9✗ 5 counting on = depending on; counts 3✗ 10 ✓ 91.3 for little = is of little value 4✓ 11 ✗ 2 + a But for the interruptions caused by 5✗ 12 ✓ UNIT 93 6✗ the bad weather, the building would have been completed by now. 93.1 90.2 3 + c But for the supply of food and 2 there has been an improvement in her 1 a by medicines by the charity (or But for the food and medicines supplied by condition b until (‘until’ would also be possible in the charity …), many more people 3 takes (great / a lot of) pride in (a). It would mean, however, that up would have died in the famine. 4 give / offers / provides advice on to the time dinner was served I was 4 + f But for the shelter provided by the 5 cruelty to hungry, and then when it was served trees, the wind would have caused 6 had a long / lengthy discussion about / (but before I ate it) I was not. Perhaps even more damage to the house. the food was so unappetising that 5 + b But for the threat of sanctions on I couldn’t face eating it; ‘by’ in (a) by the EU (or But for the sanctions 7 have a vaccination against typhoid / simply means that I was hungry threatened by the EU …), human when dinner was served) rights would not have improved in the have a typhoid vaccination country. 8 had a significant influence on 2 a until 6 + d But for the loan from the bank (or 9 There is a lack of affordable housing b by But for the loan the bank gave me … / … given to me by the bank …), I in the city. / The city has a lack of 3 a by would not have been able to set up my affordable housing. b until business. 10 a ban on fireworks 4 a Until UNIT 92 93.2 b By (‘By’ would also be possible in 2 sign of stopping [a]) 92.1 3 decision to allow 1 of / for / about 4 reason to worry 5 a by 2 after / about / for 5 risk of transmitting b until 6 ability to remember 7 failure to protect 6 a by 8 cost of buying b until 274

Key to Exercises 9 possibility of getting 10 Is there anyone who / that can help 96.2 10 unwillingness to acknowledge me? The most likely answers are given 2 … it astonished me to discover (that) 93.3 11 There are some general rules (which / Likely verbs are given that) you can follow. she was also a successful novelist. 2 of seeing 3 … it hurts (me) to pedal my bicycle. / 3 to take 12 There used to be an art gallery around 4 to retire / of retiring here. … it has hurt (me) to pedal my bicycle. 5 of taking / to take 4 … it struck me (that) he was jealous. 6 of dancing (Sentences with ‘There …’ are unlikely in 5 … it concerned me to hear (that) he 2, 5, and 7 because the subjects have a UNIT 94 definite or specific meaning, indicated by was offended. (or … it upset me …) ‘Your’, ‘The’, and ‘My’.) 6 … it didn’t bother him (that) everyone 94.1 1 intransitive; no noun / pronoun needed 95.2 5 are could see in. 2 … look it up … (a noun or pronoun is 1 are 6 is 7 … it upset me (that) she hadn’t even 2 are 7 are necessary) 3 is 8 is told me when she was going away. (or 3 … help (you) out … (a noun or 4 is … it concerned me …) 8 … it doesn’t do to criticise them too pronoun is possible) 95.3 much. 4 … tidy (things) up … (a noun or The most likely sentences are given. 9 … it scared me to see (that) they were 2 + c There’s a cake in the kitchen (that carrying knives. pronoun is possible) 10 … it pays to plan your journey ahead. 5 intransitive; no noun / pronoun needed / which) I’ve made especially for your birthday. 96.3 94.2 3 + h There was never any doubt (that) Example answers are given 1 out Bruno would get the job. 2 It takes a lot of hard work to build your 2 about 4 + a There have been suggestions (that) 3 up an election will be held next month. own house. 4 out 5 + f There aren’t many people alive today 3 It takes a considerable amount of 5 up who / that haven’t watched TV. 6 away 6 + g There are still some old houses in courage to make a speech in front of a the village that / which don’t have group of strangers. 94.3 electricity. 4 It takes patience and a lot of time to 2 left her name out / left out her name 7 + d There was absolutely nothing (that) explain the rules of cricket to someone 3 shut the thing up I could do to prevent him falling. who doesn’t know the game. 4 make my mind up / make up my mind 8 + b There are few people in the 5 It takes bravery to stand up to a bully. 5 got down the general ideas / got the company who / that are harder- 6 It takes a lot of organisation to be a working than Kristin. good administrator. general ideas down 7 It takes a great deal of time to learn to 6 hear me out 95.4 speak a foreign language well. 2 There being no further business, the 94.4 UNIT 97 1 ordering about everyone ordering meeting closed at 12:30. 3 There being no doctor available, the 97.1 everyone about 2 find it 2 provide their children for provide for patients were sent home. 3 discover (‘find’ would also be possible) 4 There being inadequate facilities at the 4 owe it their children 5 remember 3 let in me on the secret let me in on hotel, the conference was relocated to 6 enjoy it a nearby university. 7 prefer it the secret 8 leave it 4 called motorists on called on UNIT 96 9 predict 10 consider it motorists 96.1 5✓ 2 It was unsettling how he stared 97.2 6 took up Emre on took Emre up on 2 I see it as part of my role to 7✓ straight at me. 8✓ 3 ✗ (However, in spoken English significantly reduce Rexco’s carbon 9 looked Mr Gao up to looked up to Mr footprint in / over the next five years. we might say ‘It was surprising, 3 I accept it as a necessary evil that Gao Francesco’s excellent exam result’.) some people may be made redundant 4 It is an advantage in the job to be a in the next year. UNIT 95 qualified driver. 4 I view it as important for relations 5 ✗ (However, in spoken English we with the workforce to make available 95.1 might say ‘It’s quite radical, her information about / on managers’ 3 Is there something bothering you? proposal’.) salaries. 4 There was a barrier across the road. 6 It is highly unusual to put carpet on 5 I regard it as unacceptable for a 6 There remains the problem of what to walls. modern company to exclude the 7 ✗ (However, in spoken English we workforce from major decision making. do with nuclear waste. might say ‘It’s a Ferrari, Robin’s new 8 There is supposed to be a video on the car’.) 275 8 It is hard finding a good plumber these website, but it doesn’t work. days. (or It is hard to find …) 9 There was no petrol available anywhere in the city.

Key to Exercises 99.2 6 Barely had he entered the water when 2 + h Should you not wish to receive it became clear he couldn’t swim. 6 I take it as a fundamental principle of the company that suppliers of raw further information about our 7 On no account are you to light the fire materials should be given a fair price products, click on the box below. if you are alone in the house. / On no for their products. 3 + a Were the plane ever (to be) built, it account should / must you … would cut the journey time from New 97.3 York to Tokyo by four hours. 8 Not for one moment was there any 2 there’s no hope / chance 4 + g Should the ice hockey team win rivalry between the three brothers. 3 It’s no secret again today, it will be their tenth 4 It’s no good / use or There’s no point consecutive victory. 9 Not only was I wet through, I was 5 there’s no reason 5 + d Were I (to be) offered the job, I freezing cold. 6 there’s no alternative / choice would have no hesitation in accepting. 7 It’s no longer 6 + i Had a car been coming the other 10 Only once had I ever climbed this high 8 there’s no denying / question way, I might have been seriously before. / Only once before had I ever injured. climbed this high. UNIT 98 7 + f Had there been a referendum on the issue, it is unlikely that the 11 Hardly had the audience taken their 98.1 electorate would have supported the seats when the conductor stepped 2 … it was to cheer her up that I booked government. onto the stage. 8 + b Should you not be able to afford a holiday in Amsterdam. the SXL3, there are less expensive 12 Only in the last few years has he been 3 … it’s because I’ve got so much work models in the range. acknowledged to be a great author. 9 + e Were Charles Dickens (to be) alive to do that I can’t come. today, he would be writing novels 100.2 4 … it was somewhere in there that / about the homeless in London. Possible answers 2 … was the strength of the earthquake where I lost it. 99.3 5 … it was only by studying very hard Example sentences … (i) 3 … is her dominance in the sport … that she improved her Spanish. Europeans spend less of their income on 4 … alike were the twins … 6 … it is to my family that I dedicate this recreation today than do Americans. 5 … complicated was the equation … Americans spent less of their income on 6 … boring was the lesson … thesis. housing in 1970 than did Europeans. (ii) 100.3 98.2 Europeans spent less of their income on Corrections are given in the underlined 2 No, what I hope is that they will be put recreation than on housing in 1970, as is sections the case today. The people of Sawston were evacuated into a public art gallery. Americans spend more of their income on yesterday as forest fires headed towards 3 No, what annoyed me was that she food and drink than on recreation today, the town. Such was the heat of the as was the case in 1970. oncoming inferno that trees more than didn’t apologise. 100 metres ahead began to smoulder. 4 No, what I meant was that she could 99.4 Only once in recent years, during 2004, 2 Kamal went to Oxford University, as has a town of this size (inversion is likely in borrow it until I needed it again. this written context) had to be evacuated 6 No, what I did was (to) put some oil did his sister. because of forest fires. A fleet of coaches 3 People in poorer countries consume and lorries arrived in the town in the early and soy sauce on it and grill it. morning. Into these vehicles climbed the 7 No, what I did was (to) give her some a far smaller proportion of the earth’s sick and elderly (inversion is likely in this resources than do those in developed written context), before they headed off money towards it. nations. to safety across the river. Residents with 8 No, what I did was (to) hire a car and 4 He is a much better teacher now than cars left by mid morning, as did all non- he was five years ago. (no inversion essential police officers. drive all the way. with a pronoun as subject) Hardly had the evacuation been 5 Dan is a keen golfer, as is his wife. completed when the wind changed 98.3 direction and it became clear that the fire Suggested answers UNIT 100 would leave Sawston untouched. Soon 2 I don’t know if she’s free, but after that complaints were heard from 100.1 some residents. ‘At no time did the fires somebody who / that might be able 2 At no time was the public (ever) in any pose a real threat,’ said one local man. ‘I to help is Petra. (or … but Petra is didn’t want to leave my home, and nor somebody who / that might be able to danger. did most of my neighbours.’ So upset help.) 3 Only with close friends and family did are some elderly residents that they are 3 In fact the place where / that I grew up threatening to complain to their MP. But is between this village and the next. (or he feel entirely relaxed. Chief Fire Officer Jones replied, ‘Had we … the place that I grew up in …) 4 Only if the pitch is frozen will the not taken this action, lives would have 4 I suppose the time when I lived in been put at risk. Only when the fires have Australia was when I was happiest. match be cancelled. moved well away from the town will 5 Little did I know then that Carmen and residents be allowed to return to their UNIT 99 homes.’ I would be married one day. 99.1 1 (in a narrative ‘down comes’ is also possible; see Unit 2) 2 along comes 3 up go 4 back / away / off he went 5 out / in came (or comes) 6 along / up came (or comes) 7 off / away she went (or goes) 276

Key to Exercises Key to Study planner Tenses 5.6 A 10.2 B, D 5.7 A 10.3 C, D 1.1 B 10.4 A, B 1.2 D Reporting 10.5 C, D 1.3 C 10.6 B 1.4 A, B 6.1 C 10.7 C, D 1.5 C 6.2 A 10.8 D 1.6 A 6.3 D 10.9 A, B, D 1.7 D 6.4 B 10.10 A 1.8 B 6.5 B, D 1.9 A, C 6.6 A Adjectives and adverbs 1.10 C 6.7 C 1.11 A 6.8 B, D 11.1 B 1.12 B 6.9 B, C 11.2 B, C 1.13 B, D 6.10 A, C 11.3 A, C 1.14 C 11.4 D 1.15 B, C Nouns 11.5 C 11.6 A The future 7.1 B 11.7 A, C, D 7.2 B, D 11.8 B 2.1 C 7.3 C 11.9 C 2.2 D 7.4 A, D 11.10 B (in informal speech only), C, D 2.3 B, D 7.5 A, C 11.11 A 2.4 A, D 7.6 B, D 11.12 A (in informal speech only), B, C 2.5 C 7.7 A, D 11.13 D 2.6 B 7.8 D 11.14 A, B 2.7 A 7.9 A 11.15 C 2.8 D 11.16 A, C 2.9 B, C Articles, determiners and 11.17 A, D 2.10 C, D quantifiers 11.18 B, C 2.11 C 8.1 B Adverbial clauses and Modals and semi-modals 8.2 C conjunctions 8.3 A 3.1 C 8.4 B 12.1 B 3.2 B 8.5 A, D 12.2 A 3.3 A 8.6 C 12.3 A 3.4 D 8.7 D 12.4 C, D 3.5 C, D 8.8 A, C 12.5 A, D 3.6 B, D 8.9 B 12.6 B, C 3.7 B 8.10 B, D 12.7 A, D 3.8 C 8.11 A 12.8 B, D 3.9 A, C 8.12 C 12.9 C 3.10 B, C 8.13 D 12.10 C, D 3.11 D 8.14 B 12.11 B 3.12 A 8.15 A, C 12.12 A, D 8.16 A 12.13 A, B, C Linking verbs, passives, 8.17 B 12.14 A questions 8.18 B 8.19 D Prepositions 4.1 C, D 8.20 B 4.2 B 13.1 A 4.3 A, C Relative clauses and other 13.2 D 4.4 B, C types of clause 13.3 A, B 4.5 B 13.4 A, D 4.6 C 9.1 D 13.5 B, C 4.7 A, D 9.2 A, B 13.6 A 4.8 D 9.3 B, C, D 13.7 C 4.9 B 9.4 B 4.10 C 9.5 C, D Organising information 9.6 A, C Verb complementation: what 9.7 A 14.1 B follows verbs 9.8 B 14.2 C 9.9 C 14.3 B 5.1 D 9.10 B 14.4 B, D 5.2 A, B 14.5 A 5.3 C Pronouns, substitution and 14.6 B, C 5.4 B leaving out words 5.5 C, D 10.1 D 277

Appendix 1 KReygutloarAadndditiorrneagluelaxrervceirsbes 1 6 When I reversed the car out of the 6 garage, I damaged the rear number 1 b ’m not promising / don’t promise / plate. The agent (after ‘by …’) is given only didn’t promise where it is likely to be included. Where it 7 Andrei was promoted last week. might either be included or left out, it is 2 a was reading / read 8 The tax authorities had been written in brackets. b read A The Prime Minister is being investigating Rentpool for a number 3 a were expecting / expected of months when they arrested the encouraged to sack the Environment b are expecting / expect chairman. (‘had investigated’ is also Minister, Maria Long, after it was possible, but less likely as the duration revealed that she had received 4 a owns (or ‘own’) of the investigation is emphasised) payments from a major oil company. b owned / owns 9 The Minister angered her colleagues However, in a statement today, the when she criticised them during her Prime Minister said: ‘I am told (by 5 a ’m considering / was considering / speech yesterday. my advisors) / I am advised that Mrs considered 10 Emilia had already suggested that Long was paid the money (by the the money should be spent on new company) [Note the word order: not ‘… b consider tablet computers for the school. by the company the money …’] before 6 a tells / told she joined the government. I have no 4 intention of dismissing her.’ b tell / told B A tropical storm has caused severe 7 a phoned A flooding in the city of Chittagong 1 ✓ (‘you’ll’ is also possible) in southern Bangladesh. Although b was phoning / phoned 2 I’ll (= ‘I will’ or ‘I shall’) there are understood to be (or it is 8 a ’s always putting / puts B understood that there are / have 1 I’m going to build / I’m building been) no casualties, many thousands b ’s constantly putting / puts 2 I’ll give of people have been made homeless 9 a prefer C (by the floods), and the damage to 1 Will / Are you going to be able to /Are property is estimated as running into b preferred millions of dollars. 10 a weighs you able to C Protesters have continued to block 2 we’re going to have / we’re having the construction of the new ring road b was weighing 3 I’ll by tying themselves to trees along 4✓ the proposed route. (Police say that) 2 D The protesters have been given two 1 is going (more likely than ‘is going to days to leave the area or they will be 1 a + (i) or (ii) b + (ii) arrested (by the police). go’) D Conservation groups have demanded 2 a + (ii) b + (i) 2 isn’t (is not) coming / isn’t (is not) that the nuclear power station should be closed down (by the government) 3 a + (i) or (ii) b + (i) going to come / won’t come after a report which said that 3 we’ll see / we’re going to see unacceptable levels of radiation have 4 a + (ii) b + (i) 4✓ been found (by investigators) in the E local area. 5 a + (i) or (ii) b + (ii) 1 I’m taking / I’m going to take / I’ll take E The Commissioner of the Dublin 2✓ police force has revealed that a death 6 a + (i) b + (ii) 3 more likely is ‘It’s at 4:15’ as this is part threat has been received (by the police) against the life of President 7 a + (i) b + (ii) of a timetable Nabon, who is visiting the capital this 4 It’ll take weekend. He says that the threat 8 a + (ii) 5 ‘we’re going to have’ is more likely is being taken very seriously. It is 6 ‘I’ll stay’ is more likely if the decision is expected that security levels will be b + (i) (b + (ii) is also correct increased during the President’s visit. made at the moment of speaking F A man was found injured on a Scottish grammatically, but it is unlikely to hillside this morning. It is thought 5 that he fell while coming down a be used; it suggests that it is difficult hillside in bad weather. He is being 1 ought to have asked; would have been treated in hospital for leg and head to get good pasta in Italy, which is, 2 should; ’d better injuries. [We can assume that medical 3 won’t; can’t; used to staff would treat him in hospital, so of course, not the case!) 4 can’t; must have there is no need to mention the agent 5 mustn’t; can here.] He was reported missing last 3 6 wouldn’t; needn’t have worried 7 should; would 1 ‘had discussed’ is also possible, but less 8 should; may likely as the duration of the discussions 9 must; could is emphasised 10 will be able to; might 11 couldn’t; didn’t have to 2 His condition had improved 12 don’t need to; can considerably when I saw him in hospital last night. (‘improved’ would be unlikely as it would suggest that his condition improved because I saw him last night) 3 It was announced that the Toulouse train had been delayed by ten minutes. (‘was delayed’ is also possible with a similar meaning) 4 Thomas had been dieting for a month when he came to stay with us, and we noticed immediately that he had already lost a lot of weight. 5 Victoria had been expected to win comfortably, but she finished third. (‘was expected’ is also possible with a similar meaning) 278

Key to AddKiteioyntaol Eexercises night when he failed to return home 7 I wasn’t surprised by Rob’s conclusion 2 a A / The; b a; c an (a / an) after a day’s walking. that Professor Jones doesn’t know 3 a the / –; b the; c The (the) G And now football. There are expected what he is talking about. / … Rob’s 4 a the / –; b some / –; c – (–) to be (or It is expected that there conclusion that Professor Jones didn’t 5 a the / –; b some / –; will be) a record crowd at tonight’s know what he was talking about. match between Barcelona and Real c some / – (–) Madrid. It is reported that the 8 We decided to ignore Dan’s complaint 6 a – / Some; b –; c – (–) Barcelona players will be given a that his dinner was cold. 7 a The / An; b the; c the (the) huge financial bonus (by the club) 8 a The / A; if they win and it has even been 9 I was astonished by their refusal to suggested that they might be paid as negotiate over the ownership of the b a / one (informally, we could also much as €50,000 each (by the club). land. say ‘… for the night …’); 7 10 The Health Minister has issued a c a (a) warning to keep small children indoors 9 a the / –; b –; c – (–) 1 on paying until pollution levels have decreased. 10 a a / –; b a; c a (a) 2 by asking / … a warning that small children 3 his saying / him saying should be kept indoors until pollution 11 4 appointed levels have decreased. 5 count 2 Carla’s restaurant, which serves a 6 at me to tidy 11 I was surprised by her confession that range of Mediterranean dishes, is very 7 to visit she has / had never used a computer good value. (some people would use 8 wearing children’s clothes / children’s before. ‘that’ as an alternative to ‘which’) clothes 12 When I asked Zeb where Bethany was, 3 The New Zealand rugby team, all of 9 their cat his reply was that he didn’t know. whose members weigh over 100 kilos, 10 forcing are clear favourites to win the match. 11 her wearing / wearing 9 12 to appear 4 Chloe brought home a kitten (which / 13 let 1 wants that) she’d found in the park. 14 to hearing 2 are 15 entitle her to 3 live 5 The story is about a teenage boy 16 waited for 4 points whose ambition is to become an 17 noticed a man take 5 prefer / prefers astronaut. 18 invited 6 love / loves (although a plural verb is 19 tell / telling 6 Paul has got a job with Empirico, 20 looking more grammatical) whose main product is electric light 21 talked 7 claim bulbs. 22 to living 8 go 23 me from using 9 comes 7 Politicians should give more 10 is / are consideration to the working people 8 11 is / are (who / that / whom) they represent. 12 shuts 2 We were disappointed with Karen’s 13 suspect 8 Among the group of people was decision not to go to university next 14 are Professor Fischer, who / whom I had year. / … Karen’s decision that she 15 appears last seen in Munich 20 years earlier. wouldn’t go / wasn’t going / isn’t 16 are going to university next year. 17 is / are (although a plural is preferred 9 I live on a small road which / that leads down to the river. 3 Considerable media attention has in formal contexts) been focused on Professor Adams’s 18 plan / plans 10 Monet’s earlier paintings, many of prediction that the Earth will / would 19 is which have never been seen in the USA pass through the tail of a comet within 20 provides (more likely than ‘provide’ in before, are in a new exhibition in New the next five years. York. this formal context) 4 The company has carried out its 21 get / gets 11 Ian McIver, whose first job was selling threat to dismiss the strikers / … that 22 is vegetables in a market, has become it would dismiss the strikers (if they 23 speak / speaks managing director of Europe’s largest didn’t return to work). 24 has / have food retailer. 25 are 5 Nicky decided to follow her boss’s 26 have 12 Kaspar has a new girlfriend who / that advice that she should delegate more 27 has works in the library. of her work to her secretary. / … her 28 isn’t boss’s advice to delegate more of her 29 are 13 My Volkswagen Golf, which I bought work to her secretary. 30 is in 2006, is a very reliable car. (some people would use ‘that’ as an 6 Jason didn’t turn up until eleven, 10 alternative to ‘which’) despite his promise to pick me up at ten. / … his promise that he would 1 a a /one (informally, we could also 14 Bronwen Brookes, after whom the pick me up at ten. say ‘… for the week’); Brookes art gallery is named, will be present at its official opening. / b a / one; Bronwen Brookes, who(m) the Brookes c one (‘one’ can complete all three gallery is named after, will … sentences) 12 1 did 2 doing so / so doing 3 promised he would 4 appears so 5 do 279

Key to Additional exercises 6 have / have done 14 weeks. 7 didn’t want to 7 There has been a great improvement 8 do (‘do so’ is unlikely in this informal 3 + b Johan must weigh over 120 kilos, whereas his wife is really small. / in the behaviour of children in the context) Whereas Johan must weigh over 120 school. This has resulted from the 9 doubt that he will kilos, his wife is really small. / His wife headteacher’s idea of involving them 10 don’t suppose so / suppose not is really small, whereas Johan must in decision-making. 11 want to / want weigh over 120 kilos. / Whereas his 8 Even though Charlotte didn’t act 12 has wife is really small, Johan must weigh on my advice and follow a career in 13 such a dilemma over 120 kilos. medicine, I’m full of admiration for her 14 do determination to train to be a vet. 15 afford to 4 + j There had been a lot of publicity 16 expect so about the meeting. Even so, only 16 17 suspect not about 100 people attended. 18 hope not 2 Only if an official complaint is made 19 might have / might 5 + e I can’t afford a coat like that. will the police investigate the matter 20 told me so Besides, I don’t like the style. further. 21 determined to / determined 22 to be 6 + h I’m determined to finish the report 3 So complicated were the instructions, 23 guess not tonight, even if I have to stay at work … 24 might do / might be until midnight. / Even if I have to stay at work until midnight I’m determined 4 Had we known how ill Rob was, … 13 to finish the report. 5 Such was the strength of the wind that Suggested improvements are given 7 + g Make sure you catch the last bus at … (or So strong was the wind that …) a Every so often I leave work early (✓) 11:00. Otherwise, you’ll have to walk 6 Seldom did she regret her lack of all the way from the station. (or I leave work early every so often) formal education, … and go to a performance in the local 8 + a Although I found the film boring, I 7 Only in an emergency should you concert hall. It’s very close to my office stayed until the end. / I found the film in the building opposite. Usually (✓) boring, although I stayed until the end. phone for an ambulance. (or Only they are rather good, but yesterday’s, if there is an emergency should you given by a singer and pianist, was a 9 + i She hid the letter between the phone for an ambulance.) total (✓) disaster. The singer began to pages of a book so that her husband 8 Not for one moment was there any / a sing with wonderful control. But when would never find it. / So that her disagreement between us. the pianist started to play, it sounded husband would never find it, she hid 9 Were it not for financial assistance awful. At first I thought he was playing the letter between the pages of a from the government, … badly, but then it became obvious book. 10 Hardly had they finished eating before that the piano was completely out a waiter started to clear away the of tune. They stopped and discussed 10 + c In order to prepare for the plates. the problem briefly (or … and briefly marathon, I’ve been running about 11 Under no circumstances should discussed the problem). Clearly, they 200 kilometres a week. / I’ve been children be allowed into the room couldn’t continue (or They clearly running about 200 kilometres a week without adult supervision. couldn’t continue), and they left the in order to prepare for the marathon. 12 Should the bridge ever be built, … stage unhappily (✓). Naturally (✓), all the people present felt sorry for 15 them. I’m sure the person responsible for tuning the piano will be severely 1 … although I know that you approve reprimanded. of it. b I was just going out to work this morning when the postman pushed a 2 There seems to be little likelihood letter through my letterbox. It was from of Williamson winning Wimbledon Mara, who writes from time to time (✓). because of her inability to play well on The letter said that she has to come to grass tennis courts. Bristol to visit her uncle, who is unwell. She is one of his few remaining (✓) 3 Our plan is to split the organisation up relatives. She wants us to meet and into a number of small units. (or ‘split asked if I could suggest a possible time. up the organisation into’. Note that Well, I haven’t seen her for a couple of ‘split the organisation into’ [without years, so I was really pleased. We first ‘up’] is also possible.) This will improve (✓) met at university. We have similar our prospects of competing with more interests (or Our interests are alike), so specialised companies. we always find a lot to talk about. The photos included in the letter showed 4 I ran into / across Danny in town the that she hadn’t changed since I last other day. He asked for your email (✓) saw her. I spent so long reading the address, so he’ll probably by in touch letter that I was nearly late for work. with you. 5 Jack takes great pride in never throwing anything away (‘throwing away anything’ is also possible, but less likely). 6 Although Professor Martinez knows a great deal about meteorology, even he can’t account for the unusual weather we have been having over the last few 280

Index of grammatical items A it + make + adjective (+ to-infinitive advice 40, 78 a / an, the, and zero article / -ing / that-clause) 140 affirmative sentences 205, 207 agent 205 generalisations about classes of things position of 90 additional exercise 248 see also passive forms before / after noun 132 agreement, subject and verb geographical areas 90 classifying adjectives 132 holidays, seasons, days of the week, emphasising adjectives 132 clause, as subject 80 grammar review 237 co-ordinated nouns / phrases, as and festivals 94 with linking verbs 132 jobs / job titles 92 qualitative adjectives 132 subject 82 means of transport and reduced relative clauses 132 collective nouns 80 study planner 218–19 complex subject 80 communication 94 types of 205 determiners 82 names of people 92 how / here / there + be / have 82 nouns both countable and see also comparative forms; compound items joined by (either) ... or uncountable 90 adjectives; participle adjectives; specific versus general 94 superlative forms or(neither) ... nor 82 with superlative adjectives 92 measurement / amount / quantity, with there + be 190 adverbial clauses things that are unique 90 additional exercise 249 with singular verb 84 this, in stories and jokes 92 contrasts 164 names / titles ending in -s 80 times of day and night 94 definition of 205 nouns ending in -s 84 a / an and one study planner 219–220 subject, position of 80 tenses in 238 there + be / have 82 abbreviations 88 of time 158 what-clause, as subject 80 in number / quantity expressions 88 all (of), whole, every, each one ...other / another pattern 88 adverbial phrases, as complement 206 time expressions 102 particular, but unspecified person / adverbials whole / entire, before nouns 102 among and between 178 thing / event 88 adverb as 205 amounts 104 with possessives 88 adverbial clause as 205 any see some and any before singular countable nouns 88 definition of 205 apostrophe, for possessives 231 before vowels / consonants 88 inversion after negative 200 articles abbreviations 88 noun phrase as 205 additional exercise 246–47 ability participle clauses 116, 118 definition of 205 be able to 30 prepositional phrase as 205 grammar reminder 232 can / could 30, 34, 224, 225 adverbs study planner 210 academic writing and adjectives, use of 237 see also a / an, the, and zero article few and little 104 definition of 205 auxiliary verbs 205 may 34 formation of 142 in inversion 198 much (of), many (of) 100 participle adjectives in -ed, leaving words out after 128 prepositional phrases 114 such that, to introduce a result 162 adverbial form of 142 be as main verb in previous clause / active (versus passive) forms 44, 46, particles 207 sentence 128 phrasal verbs 207 have as auxiliary + done 128 48, 204, 205 position of modal auxiliary + do / be 128 adding information conjunctions 174 more than one auxiliary 128 additional exercise 248 no auxiliary 128 noun phrases 112, 114 after object 148 substitute do 128 prepositional phrases 114 comment adverbs 150, 156 negative questions 54, 227 sentence connectors 174 connecting adverbs 150 substitute so and not 124 adjectives degree adverbs 150, 154 see also modal verbs and adverbs, use of 142, 237 focus adverbs 154 definition of 205 frequency adverbs 148, 150, 152 B easily confused 237 long adverbials 148, 150 bare infinitive 206 gradable and non-gradable 134 and meaning 148 being + past participle clause 206 both senses 136 more than one adverbial 148 between and among 178 classifying adjectives 136 order of events 150 different senses 136 place and direction adverbs 150, 152 C good and / lovely and / nice and ... + time adverbs 150, 152 can see ability; permission; possibility viewpoint adverbs 150, 156 change, process of 42 gradable adjective 136 prepositional phrases, adverbial use of ‘choosing’ verbs 68 grammar review 237 142 classifying adjectives 132, 134, 136, 205 more and more + adjective 136 study planner 218–19 clauses qualitative adjectives 136 types of 205 patterns after linking verbs with and without -ly 142 definition of 206 adjective + -ing / that-clause / to- see also comparative forms; superlative study planner 217 forms types of 206 infinitive / wh-clause 140 cleft sentences 196, 206 it + linking verb + adjective (+ to- infinitive) 140 281

Index of grammatical items conditional clauses study planner 215–16 definition of 206 direct object 58, 207 collective nouns 80, 207 real and unreal conditions 206, 238–39 colon 174, 230 real conditionals, tenses in 20, 166, see also complement; object; colour adjectives 122 168, 172, 239 transitive / intransitive verbs; verb comma 230 unreal conditionals, tenses in 166, 170, complementation comment adverbs 150, 156, 205 172, 239 comparative forms 238 direct speech 206 conditional sentences 206 direction adverbs 150, 152, 198, 205 adjectives with comparative / conjunctions 174 disapproval 168 superlative meaning 144 sentence connectors 174 ‘disliking’ verbs 60 distance 104 comparative adjectives, linking with conjunctions do, after negative adverbials 200 and 136 additional exercise 249 conditions 174 see also auxiliary verbs; more + one-syllable adjective 144 definition of 206 substitution more / less + two-syllable adjectives noun phrases, adding information to -ed clauses see past participle 112 144 reasons and results 174 E one-syllable adjectives and adverbs + study planner 219 each see all (of), whole, every, each time 174, 238 echo questions 54, 208 -er 144 emphasising adjectives 132, 205 phrases and clauses connecting adverbs 150, 205 every see all (of), whole, every, each contrasting exceptions 182 as + adjective + a / an + noun 146 expectations 40 as + adjective / adverb as 146 although, though, while and whilst, festivals 94 go so / as far as + to-infinitive 146 with participle clauses 164 less + adjective + than 146 F as little / few as 146 although and though 164 few, little, less, and fewer as much / many as 146 conjunctions 174 not + adjective / adverb + enough even though and even if 164 (a) few, (a) little, as pronouns 104 + to-infinitive 146 sentence connectors 174 the few, the little + noun, as ‘not so + adjective / adverb + as + to- in spite of the fact that 164 infinitive 146 while / whereas 164 enough’ 104 so + adjective / adverb + that- while / whilst 164 few + personal pronouns 104 clause 146 could see ability; permission; few and little, as informal alternatives sufficiently + adjective 146 possibility; reporting; unreal past too + adjective + a / an + noun 146 countable / uncountable nouns 104 too + adjective / adverb + to- definition of 206 less (than) and fewer (than) 104 infinitive 146 generalisations about classes of things a little, as informal alternative 104 see also few, little, less, and fewer what few / what little, as ‘the small complaining 12 90 complement grammar reminder 230 (number / amount)’ 104 adverbial phrases as 206 with there + be 190 fewer see few, little, less, and fewer definition of 206 see also a / an, the, and zero article; a finite verbs 209 and linking verbs 42, 206, 207 focus adverbs 154, 205 and object 206 / an and one; agreement, subject and focusing prepositional phrase as 206 verb; all (of), whole, every, each; and subject 206 few, little, less, and fewer; much fronting, for emphasis 198 transitive / intransitive verbs 56 (of), many (of), a lot of, lots (of); it-clauses 196 see also verb complementation one and ones; someand any wh-clauses 196 compound adjectives 138, 206 criticising 12 what-clauses 196 compound nouns might / could + have + past frequency adverbs countable compound nouns 86 participle 34 with have to 36 definition of 206 negative questions 54, 227 indefinite frequency 205 grammar reminder 230 will / would, use of 32 past continuous with 4 hyphenated phrases, before nouns 86 position of 148, 150, 152 noun + noun 86 D present continuous with 4 noun + preposition + noun 86 dash (–) 174 future continuous one word, separate words, days of the week 94 arranged events / activities 22 hyphenated 230 defining relative clauses 208 grammar reminder 224 plural forms 86 imagining what is happening possessive forms 86 see also relative clauses two- and three-word verbs, nouns definite article 205 around now 22 related to 86 particular point in future, relating conclusions, drawing see also a / an, the, and zero article grammar reminder 225–226 degree adverbs 205 start of event to 22 must 36, 74 repeated / regular events 22 present perfect continuous / present much, very much 154 willingness, avoiding 22 perfect 12 with owing to 160 future events will / would 32 position of 150, 154 additional exercise 242 very, too 154 be about to + infinitive 24, 26 282 determiners 206 be going to + infinitive 20, 166, 223 grammar reminder 232–33 be to + infinitive 24 common phrases for talking about 26

grammar reminder 223–24 whether ... or not 172 Index of grammatical items past and present continuous for if-clauses J intention 8 after would / would like 130 jobs / job titles 92 possibility, can / could 30 future events 24 present continuous for 20 inversion instead of 198 L should, were, had, and omission of if less see few, little, less, and fewer grammar reminder 224 linking verbs informal arrangements 22 168 present simple for without main clauses 168 adjective patterns with 138, 140, 164 conditional clauses 20 see also conditional clauses imaginary become and get 42 fixed events 20 ‘becoming’ verbs 42 grammar reminder 223 situations 32, 239 ‘being’ verbs 42 if-clauses 24 imperative clauses 42, 166, 206 and complement 42, 206, 207 suppose / supposing / what if ... 20 indefinite article 205 go and turn 42 time clauses 20 ‘seeming’ verbs 42 real conditionals 166 see also a / an, the, and zero article study planner 212–13 seen from the past indirect object 58, 207 superlatives 144 be supposed to 28 little see few, little, less, and fewer intentions 26 see also object; verb complementation reporting 28 indirect questions 208 M was / were to + infinitive 28 main clauses was / were to have + past see also reporting participle 28 indirect speech 208 definition of 206 shall / shan’t versus will / won’t 26 and relative clause 208 study planner 211 see also reporting manner, adverbs of 148, 205 verbs + to-infinitive, for intentions 26 infinitive forms 206 may see possibility will + infinitive 223 instructions 24, 166, 196 might see possibility; unreal past will and be going to 18, 20 modal and semi-modal verbs future perfect and future perfect grammar reminder 225 additional exercise 242–43 continuous 22 if-clauses, without main clauses 168 auxiliary verbs 205 passive form 204 intentions 26, 78 definition of 207 future simple 204 interrupted past actions / events 8 grammar reminder 224–26 G intransitive verbs see transitive / with performatives 2 generalisations 90 intransitive verbs reporting to reported clause, summary geographical areas 90 introducing new topic 196 glossary 205–09 inversion of changes 74 going to see will and be going to additional exercise 250 study planner 212 gradable adjectives 134, 136, 205, 237 adverbs of direction of movement 198 much (of), many (of), a lot of, lots grading adverbs 134, 205 after negative adverbials 200 after neither and nor 200 (of) 100 H after time adverbs 152 must have (got) to 36, 225–26 fronting, for emphasis 198 having + past participle (-ed) clause with here comes, there goes 198 drawing conclusions 36 instead of if-clauses 198 formal rules, regulations and warnings 62, 116, 206 with so + adjective 200 holidays 94 with such + be, for emphasis of extent 36 however 174 / degree 200 and have (got) to 36, 225–26 with as and than, in comparisons 198 must / mustn’t, in reporting 74 I of verb and subject 207 need(n’t), don’t have to, mustn’t -ing (present participle) form irregular verbs 202–3 it 226 grammar reminder 235–36 it is / was no versus there is / was no proposing future arrangements 36 prepositional object 208 194 reduced relative clauses 208 as object of verb 194 N see also participle adjectives; verb reporting with passive forms 50 names, of people 80, 92 with viewpoint verbs 194 narrative 64 complementation it, introductory necessity 225–26 if, in comparison clauses 168 to focus attention on sentence need if and whether element 192 it + be + adjective / noun 192 in formal written English 38 after certain verbs 172 it + verb + object + that-clause 192 need(n’t), don’t have to, mustn’t, after preposition 172 it + verb + object + to-infinitive in clause acting as subject or clause 192 don’t need to 38, 226 it + verb + that-clause 192 as ordinary versus modal verb 38 complement 172 it + verb + to-infinitive clause 192 noun + adjective + as to whether not as alternative to noun as subject in questions 38 192 negative questions 54, 227 172 where subject is to-infinitive, that- newspaper writing possibilities, talking about 172 clause, wh-clause or -ing clause reporting yes / no questions 64 192 be to + infinitive, for events likely to before to-infinitive 172 it-clauses 48, 196 happen 24 participle clauses, use of 112 past perfect continuous, use of 14 no, none(of), and not any 98 nominal relative clauses 108, 208 see also relative clauses non-affirmative meaning 207 283

Index of grammatical items non-defining relative clauses with adverbial meaning 116 intentions not carried out 10 for adding information 106 contrasting 164 past perfect and past continuous definition of 208 definition of 206 participle clauses, use of instead of 112 having + participle, and timing of activity in progress recently prepositional phrases 114 versus finished 14 whose, clauses with 108 action 116 number of times something see also relative clauses implied subject, and subject of main happened 14 particular past time, relating events non-finite verbs 209 clause 116 to 14 non-gradable adjectives 134, 136, 205, not, position of 116 review of use of 16 with own subject 116 state verbs 14 237 use of prepositions with 118 past simple non-grading adverbs 134, 205 participles 207 grammar reminder 222 noun phrases particles 188, 207 passive form 204 passive forms 204 and past continuous 4, 8, 10, 16 adding information to 112 active patterns 44, 46 and past perfect 10, 16, 241–242 conjunctions 112 additional exercise 243–44 and present perfect 6, 241 namely, use of 112 agent, omission of 48 past subjunctive 209 participle clauses 112 ‘appointing’ verbs 44 as it were 170 prepositional phrases 114 ‘giving’ verbs 44 unreal conditionals, were in if-clause that is, use of 112 grammar reminder 226–27 170 to-infinitive clauses 112 it-clause as subject of 48 were, for imaginary situations 170 ‘liking / wanting’ verbs 46 were, in comparisons 170 complements 42 modal verbs 204 perfect forms 16 definition of 206 ‘naming’ verbs 44 performative verbs nominal relative clauses 208 reporting with 50 definition of 207 nouns study planner 212–13 present simple 2 additional exercise 245–46 ‘telling’ verbs 44 permission 34, 38, 224 definition of 207 tenses 204 could, be allowed to 30 study planner 214 topic emphasis 48 personal pronouns 208 see also compound nouns; transitive two- and three-word verbs persuading 54 countable / uncountable nouns phrasal verbs 44 definition of 207 number expressions 88 verbs with related nouns 48 word order 188 past continuous see also two- and three-word verbs O with adverbs of frequency 4 place adverbs 205 object as / when / while 158 possessive determiners 206 grammar reminder 223 possessive nouns 207, 231 and complement 206 passive form 204 possessive pronouns 207, 231 definition of 207 past perfect continuous, and past possibility position of in two- and three-word can and could 30, 34 perfect 14 grammar reminder 224 verbs 188 and past simple 8, 16 may and might 34, 225 transitive verbs 209 predictions 18 see also transitive / intransitive verbs; intentions not carried out 8, 10 preferences 170 in narratives 8 prepositional objects 58, 208 verb complementation past events in succession 8 prepositional phrases obligations 40, 226 past events over same period 8 as complement 206 offers 18, 72, 166, 225 repeated past actions 8 definition of 208 one and ones past participle (-ed) 207 prepositional verbs 208 grammar reminder 236 see also phrasal verbs; two- and three- with countable nouns 122 reduced relative clause 208 word verbs inclusion of 122 see also participle adjectives; participle prepositions not used after nouns used as adjectives clauses additional exercise 249 past perfect after nouns 186 122 grammar reminder 223 after verbs 184 omission of 122 passive form 204 definition of 207 with possessive determiners 122 past perfect continuous, and past particles 207 referring to people 122 continuous 14 phrasal verbs 207 see also a / an and one and past simple of place 178 opinions 62 additional exercise 241–42 of position and movement 176 orders 24, 72, 78 intentions not carried out 10 reasons, giving 160 organisations, names of 80 ordering past events 10 in relative clauses 110 ought to see should and ought to reporting past events 10 study planner 220–221 review of use of 16 of time 180 P time clauses 6 participle adjectives 207 past perfect continuous additional exercise 241–242 -ing and -ed forms, as adjectives 138 grammar reminder 223 after nouns, reduced relatives 138 in compound adjectives 138 with much, very much 154 position of 138 that / those before 138 participle clauses active and passive in noun phrases 112 284

Index of grammatical items present and past time, review 16, 240 Q when, whereby, where, why 108 present continuous qualitative adjectives 132, 136, 205 whose, clauses with 108 quantifiers reported speech 208 with adverbs of frequency 4 reporting 64 for future events 20, 22, 224 definition of 208 additional exercise 245 grammar reminder 222 grammar reminder 232–35 grammar reminder 229 intentions 26 study planner 215–16 modal auxiliaries 74 passive form 204 with and without ‘of’ 233–35 negative forms 64 and present simple 2, 4, 16 quantity expressions 84, 88 offers / suggestions / orders / present participle (-ing) 207 see also some and any intentions / requests 72 see also participle adjectives; participle question forms passive forms 44 grammar reminder 227 punctuation for 229 clauses indirect questions 208 questions 64 present perfect negative questions 54 quotations 64 study planner 212–13 study planner 214 grammar reminder 222–23 with that-clauses 54 tense choice in 70 passive form 204 types of 208 that-clauses 66, 72, 76 and past simple 6, 241 see also wh-questions; yes / no using adjectives 76 and present perfect continuous 12, 16, questions using nouns 76 question tags 227 reporting / reported clauses 64, 72 241 quotation marks 229 definition of 208 real conditionals 166 past tenses 70 present perfect continuous R present subjunctive 78 grammar reminder 223 real conditionals reporting verbs 64, 208 passive form 204 requests and present perfect if-clauses 166, 168 grammar reminder 225 real and unreal conditions 206, 238–39 if-clauses 168 activities in progress until recently 12 tenses in 20, 166, 168, 172, 239 reporting 72, 78 additional exercise 241 unless and if not 172 will and be going to 18 conclusions from what can be seen / reasons heard etc. 12 cleft sentences 196 S recently completed events 12 conjunctions 174 seasons 88, 94 repeated versus one-off activities 12 prepositions 118, 160 semi-colon 174 results of circumstances / activities sentence connectors 174 semi-modal verbs 207 12 reduced relative clauses 132, 138, 208 review of uses of 16 see also relative clauses grammar reminder 224–26 situations existing until present 12 reflexive pronouns see also modal verbs present simple definition of 208 sense verbs 30 contents of books / films etc. 4 for emphasis 120 sentence connectors 174, 208 for future events 20, 24, 166, 172, 224 formality 120 short answers 124 grammar reminder 222 grammar reminder 236 should and ought to intentions 26 inclusion / omission of, with some be supposed to 226 newspaper headlines 4 expectations 40 passive form 204 verbs 120 had better, in spoken English 40 phrases introducing news 4 in verb + object + adjective obligations / recommendations 40 and present continuous 16 questions / requests for confirmation immediacy 4 complement structure 56 life commentaries 4 regret 170 or advice 40 mental states 2 relative clauses regret / criticism 40 performative verbs 2 should and shall 40 state verbs 2 additional exercise 248 simple versus continuous forms, real conditionals 166 defining 106, 108, 112, 208 time clauses 6 definition of 208 summary of uses of 16 present subjunctive 78, 209 grammar reminder 235 since and for 12, 14 present tenses, in reporting and reported nominal 108, 208 some and any clauses 70 non-defining 106, 108, 112, 114, 208 product names 92 prepositions in 110 with before 96 promises 18 reduced 132, 138, 208 ‘approximately’ 96 pronouns study planner 217 with comparisons 96 definition of 208 relative pronouns general statements about whole study planner 217–18 definition of 208 types of 208 omission / inclusion of 106, 110, 190 classes of things 96 purposes and results as subject / object of relative clause grammar reminder 232–33 in order / so as + to-infinitive 162 with negative words 96 in order that and so that 162 106 non-affirmative contexts 96 so + adjective / adverb + that-clause relative words 208 non-specific, unspecified things 96 146 before plural and uncountable nouns such that, in such a way that, such … a / the reason why / that 108 that 162 nominal relative clauses, with who / 96 strong and weak forms 96 what 108 whatever, whoever, whichever 108 285

Index of grammatical items unknown / unimportant person or times, of day and night 94 W thing 96 titles, of newspapers, books, films 80 wh-clauses to-infinitive state verbs 2, 12, 14, 166, 208 focusing 196 subject and complement 206 with come and grow 42 with linking verbs 140 definition of 206 verbs with 68 definition of 208 leaving out 130 wh-questions 52, 208, 209 it-clause as 48 with linking verbs 140 auxiliary verb 54 passive, uses of 48 noun phrases, adding information to how and what 52 placement of long 48 reporting 64 relative pronouns as 106 112 with that-clauses 54 who or what as 52 see also verb complementation what 52 see also agreement; inversion transitive / intransitive verbs 56 which 52 subjunctive 209 grammar reminder 228 who 52 past 170 implied object 56 whom 52 present 78 intransitive verbs 56, 206 whose 52 subordinate clauses 206, 208 passives, grammar reminder 226–27 see also negative questions see also adverbial clauses; relative transitive or intransitive verbs 56 wh-words 208, 209 transitive verbs 56, 209 what-clauses 80, 196 clauses two- and three-word verbs, word order whether see if and whether substitution whole see all (of), whole, every, 188 each to, for to-infinitive clause 130 see also verb complementation will, would and used to additional exercise 248 two- and three-word verbs characteristic behaviour / habits 32 do 128, 200, 227, 237 definition of 209 conclusions / assumptions 32 do so and such 126 particle in 207 criticism 32 so and not 124 position of prepositions in 110 grammar reminder 225 study planner 217–18 word order 188 repeated events in past 32 suggestions 54, 72, 78, 227 unreal past situations 32 superlative forms U will and be going to the + adjective with -est 144 uncertainty 76 be going to + go / come 20 the + most + adjective 144 unchanging states 12 conditional sentences 18 of + plural noun phrase, after uncountable nouns see decisions 18 countable / uncountable nouns formality / informality 18, 20 superlative 144 offers / requests / promises 18 in + singular noun phrase, after unless and if not 172 planned / likely events 18, 20 unreal conditionals predictions 18 superlative 144 willingness 22 adjectives with a / an, the, and zero but for 166 works of art 92 if + past simple 166 would see if-clauses; will, would and article 92 real and unreal conditions 206, 238–39 most + adjective / adverb 144 unless and if not 172 used to noun + of which 110 were in if-clause 166, 170 Y unreal past yes / no questions 64, 208 T might / could have + past participle tenses see also question forms 239 Z grammar reminder 222–24 would have + past participle 32, 239 zero article 205 study planner 210–11 used to that-clauses grammar reminder 225 see also a / an, the, and zero article passive sentences 48 repeated events in past 32 reporting 66, 72, 76 in reporting 74 should in 78 wh-questions with 54 V the see a / an, the, and zero article verb complementation there + be additional exercise 244 change of topic, topic known to direct and indirect objects 58 negative forms 62 listener / reader 190 prepositional object, with for / to 58 introducing topics 190 verb + -ing or bare infinitive 60 noun following, agreement of be with verb + object + bare infinitive 60 verb + object + to-infinitive 62 190 verb + object / possessive + -ing 60 noun following, indefinite / nonspecific verb + preposition + object + to- meaning of 190 infinitive 62 with nouns followed by that, verb + to have + past participle 62 wh, to-infinitive or -ing clause 190 verb + to (preposition) + -ing 60 ‘thinking’ verbs 30, 60 see also transitive / intransitive verbs three-word verbs see two- and three-word verbs verb phrases 209 time adverbs 205 verbs 208, 209 time clauses viewpoint adverbs 156, 205 conjunctions 174 tenses in 238 286

Index of lexical items a / an 88, 90, 92, 94, 146, alarmed / alarming 237 apparent 42 autumn 94 190, 205, 206 alert 144 apparently 156 avail of 120 alike 132, 144 appeal 62 available 132 a bit 134 alive 132 appear 2, 42, 46, 62, 124, average 136 a bit of 104 all 110, 206 avoid 46, 228 a few (of) 235 all (of) 82, 102, 233, 234 132, 140, 164, 190, 192, awake 132, 202 a little (of) 235 all of a sudden 4 228 award 44, 58 a lot (of) 82, 100, 234 all over 176 apply 62 aware 42, 132, 140, 144 a number of 82, 110 all the same 174 applying 138 away 198 a / the majority of 82 allegation 76 appoint 44 awful 134, 140 ability 186 allege 50, 62 appreciate 46, 154, 222 awkward 140 able 140 alleged 138 approve 60 about 184 allegedly 142 approve of 60, 188 baby’s bedroom 86 above 176 allocated 138 argue 66, 194 back 198 above all 174 allow 46, 58, 62, 228 argue about / for / with 184 bad 140 absent from 120 almost 102, 134, 150, 154 argument 76 bald 42 absolute 132 alone 132, 144, 154 arise 202 ban 186 absolutely 134 along 176, 198 arms trade 86, 90 barely 96, 200 abusive 76 also 174 army 80 base on 56 academic 136 alternative 194 arrange 46, 62, 68 be 42, 128, 130, 132 140, accept 124, 194 alternatively 174 arrest 228 accident 194 although 118, 164, 174 arts festival 86 164, 202, 205 acclimatise 120 altogether 154 as 144, 146, 158, 174, 198 be able to 30, 130, 207, 224 according to 156 always 4, 36, 150 as a consequence 174 be about to 24, 26 account for 188 amaze 192 as a result 174 be afraid 124 ache 222 amazed 78, 140 as a rule 150 be allowed to 30, 207 acknowledge 2, 66 amazed / amazing 237 as if 170 be bound to 26 acknowledgement 76 amazing 140 as it were 170 be certain 124 across 176 ambition 186 as long as 174 be due to 26 act on 188 among 178 as many 146 be going to 18, 20, 166, 223 active 144 among other things 178 as much 146 be likely 34 adamant 76 among others 178 as soon as 6, 20, 174 be on the brink of 26 adapt 60, 120 amongst 178 as though 170 be on the point of 26 adapted 42 amount of 100 as to 68, 76, 172 be on the verge of 26 address book 86 amused 78 as well 174 be supposed to 28, 190, 226 adhere to 56 and 112, 174, 206 ashamed 132, 140, 144, 186 be sure to 26, 124 adjust 60 angry 76, 134, 140 aside 182 be to 24 admiration 186 announce 44, 50, 58, 66 ask 44, 46, 56, 58, 62, 66, beach 90 admire 154 announcement 76 68, 72, 78, 130, 228 bear 202 admit 2, 58, 60, 62, 66, 124, annoy 192 ask about / for / of 184 beat 202 annoyed 76, 140 ask of 184 beautiful 132 194, 228 annoying 140 asleep 132 because 118, 160, 174, 206 adult 136 annually 152 aspire to 56 because of 160 advertise 62 another 122 associate with 56 become 42, 132, 140, 164, advice 76 answer 56, 66, 76 association 80 advisable 78 answer back 188 assume 50, 56, 66, 124, 222 202 advise 2, 46, 62, 66, 68 72, anticipate 46, 222 assuming (that) 174 before 20, 96, 118, 158 174, anxious 78 assure 66 78, 130, 172 any 96, 186, 232–33 astonish 192 200 affected 138 any 82 astonished 140 before that 174 afford 130 any (of) 82, 233 astonishingly 156 beg 2, 78 afraid 130, 132, 140 144 anybody 98, 233 astounded 78 begin 46, 56, 60, 130, 228, after 6, 20, 118, 158 174, 206 anyone 96, 98, 190, 233 at no time 152 after all 174 anything 96, 98, 233 at that time 174 202 after that 174 anyway 174 at the same time 174 behave 120 afternoon 94 anywhere 98 athletics 84 believe 2, 30, 46, 50, 56 62, afterwards 174 apart 182 atmosphere 90 agitatedly 142 apart from 182 atomic 132 64, 66, 124, 194, 222, 228 agree 2, 26, 46, 50, 62 66, apologetic 76 attempt 46, 186 belong 12, 166 apologise 2 attract 2, 222 belong to 222 72, 124, 130, 222, 228 appalling 78 attribute to 56 belongings 84 agree about / on / with 184 audience 80 below 176 agreed 76 bend 56, 202 aim 26, 46, 186, 228 beneath 176 alarmed 140 besides 118, 174, 182 bet 202 between 178 287

Index of lexical items big 134 care 150 company director 92 daily 152 bind 202 care about / for 184 complain 66 dance 56 biologically 156 careful 140, 144 complete 132, 144 dare 60, 204, 207 birds’ nests 86 careless 144 completely 134, 150 dark 144 bite 202 carelessly 156 complex 144 data 84 bleed 202 carry out 44 complimentary 76 dawn 94 blind 42 cast 202 computer 90 dawn on 192 blow 202 cast back 44 computer keyboard 86 day 102 book 58 catch 46, 58, 202, 229 concentrate 60 deaf 42 bored 144 catch out 188 concern 38, 186, 192 deal 202 bored / boring 237 cause 62, 228 concern with 120 debate 68, 172 boring 144 caused 138 concerned 78, 132, 140, 172 decide 30, 50, 62, 68 both 110 cautious 144 conclude 2, 68 decision 76, 186 both (of) 233 cease 228 conclusion 76 declare 2, 44, 56, 66 bother 38 certain 76, 140, 144 confess 2, 60, 66 decline 228 boy’s arm 86 certainly 156 confide 66 decrease 56 brave 140 chance 102, 130, 186 194 confidence 102 deep 134 bravely 156 change 56 confident 140 deep(ly) 142 break 56, 202 cheap 144 conflict 172 definitely 156 break in 188 cheap(ly) 142 confusion 172 delay 228 break-out 86 check 66, 68 congratulate 2 delighted 130 brick-built 138 check into 188 congratulations 84 demand 66, 72, 78, 228 briefly 148 chemical 132 consent 62 democratic 132 bring 46, 58, 202 chicken drumsticks 86 consequently 174 demonstrate 44, 50, 58 bring about 188 choice 194 consider 2, 8, 46, 50, 56, 62, deny 2, 46, 58, 62, 66 96, broadcast 202 choose 58, 68, 130, 172, 202 broken 138 chosen 138 66, 68, 172, 194, 222, 228 194, 228 brother-in-law 86 civil 136 consist of 2, 222 department 80 brush up on 44 claim 50, 76 constantly 4 depend 60, 62 build 58, 202 class 80 constitute 222 depend on 172 building materials industry clean 136 contain 222 describe 44, 46, 58 clean up 188 content 132 description 186 86 clear 140, 144 continually 4 deserve 130 burn 56, 202 clear away 188 continue 46, 228 deservedly 142 burst 202 clearly 148, 150, 156 conversation 90 desire 186, 222 busy 134, 140 clear(ly) 142 convince 66 despite 164 busy with 120 clever 134 convinced 42 deter 60 but 174, 182, 206 climate 90 cook 56, 58 determination 186 but for 166, 182 climb 46 cost 2, 58, 186, 192, 202, 222 determine 68 buy 58, 202 cling 227 could 30, 34, 74, 128, 204, determined 130 by 94, 118, 180 close 56, 60 determinedly 142 by air 94 clothes 84 207, 224, 225, 239 detest 60, 228 by bus 94 clothes shop 86 council 80 detract from 56 by car 94 club 80 count 60, 62 develop 150 by contrast 174 coal mine 86 count out 188 diabetes 84 by email 94 coffee 90 country(side) 90 differ 150 by phone 94 coincidence 194 cover up 188 differ from 222 by plane 94 cold 144 cowardly 142 differentiate between 56 by post 94 collect 58 cow’s milk 86 difficult 42, 140 by sea 94 college 80 crazy 140 dig 202 by taxi 94 come 42, 46, 152, 198, 202, creased 144 digital 132 by the time 6, 20 creep 202 dignified 142 by train 94 208, 228 crew 80 diplomatic 136 come about 192 criteria 84 direct 78, 144 calculate 50, 68 come across 110 critical 76, 136 direct(ly) 142 calculated 132 come in for 188 crop up 188 disagree 66 call 44 come to 188 crowd 80 disagreement 172 call back 44, 188 come up against 44, 188 crucial 78 disappointed 78, 140 call on 72, 188 command 62, 72, 78, 228 culminate in / with 56 disappointedly 142 call up 44 comment 76 cup of tea 86 disapprove of 44, 60 campaign 62 commission 80 curious 140 discourage 60 can 30, 74, 128, 207, 224, 225 committee 80 curiously 150 discover 50, 68, 228 can’t bear 46, 194 common 134, 136 customs officer 86 discuss 68, 172 can’t stand 194, 229 community 80 cut 202 discussion 76, 172, 186 capable 132 company 80 cut back on 188 dislike 12, 46, 60, 194, 228 cut out 188 288