Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque

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Copyright © 2019 ATSA Architects Cover The cover design is a photograph of the Kg. Teluk Memali mosque in Published by its original location before the relocation. The ph otograph is ATSA Architects Sdn Bhd taken by Azahari Salleh and edited by Nik Nur Akmarina N ik A nua of ATSA Architects. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be Printed and bound in Malaysia reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or the copyright owner. Disclaimers The information and arguments presented in this book have been assembled, derived and developed from various sources, including textbooks, academic papers, news media, reports, standards, guidelines, professional firms, and the Internet. These are presented in good faith. The author and publisher have made every reasonable effort to ensure that information presented is accurate. It is the responsibility of all users to utilise professional judgment, experience and common sense when applying the information presented in this book. This responsibility extends to the verification of local codes, standards and climate data. Every effort has been made to ensure that intellectual property rights are rightfully acknowledged. Omissions or errors, if any, are unintended. Where the publisher or author is notified of an omission or error, these will be corrected in subsequent editions. Publisher ATSA Architects Sdn Bhd 45 Jalan Tun Mohd Fuad 3 Taman Tun Dr Ismail 60000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Design ATSA Architects Sdn Bhd Compiled by and Edited by Azim A Aziz Co-Editors Esqandar Zulqarnain Mohamad Haziq Zulkifli Layout Design Nik Nur Akmarina Nik Anua 3D Images Abdul Razak Dahalan Mohd Zamri Ismail Photography Azahari Salleh Mohamad Haziq Zulkifli Mohd Nizam Mohd Zan Politeknik Ungku Omar Ronnie Bahari KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 3

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Dedicated to the kind people of Kg Teluk Memali, Kampung Gajah, who had graciously allowed for their beloved old mosque to be relocated and preserved so that the function of the mosque can continue its function perpetually. Many, many thanks to all the contributors who had help fund the restoration of the mosque. May Allah bless and give “Barakah” for their good deeds continuously. Without their contribution to the rebuilding and restoration of the Kg Teluk Memali Mosque will not be possible. May the guardians of the century old mosque will be able to use the restored mosque for many many years to come and able to continue the teaching and practice of Islam and the same time retain the architectural heritage of the Malay vernacular architecture. May the restored mosque will last for another 100 years in its original form, for many to use. KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8 10 12 HISTORICAL BRIEF HISTORY OF MEDIA QUESTIONNAIRE BACKGROUND OF KAMPUNG GAJAH ON THE KAMPUNG TELUK KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI DISTRICT AND PERAK MEMALI MOSQUE 16 STATE RELOCATION EFFORT 22 31 SKETCHES OF RESEARCH PAPER ON THE TIMELINE OF THE REINSTALLATION KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI SULTANATE OF PERAK METHODS MOSQUE RELOCATION 36 44 56 INTRODUCTION OF CONDITIONS BEFORE THE DISASSEMBLING A KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI RELOCATION CENTURY MOSQUE 68 128 139 A NEW HOME RECONCILIATION THE KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE IN USE 6 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI The Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque, formerly located in Kampung Gajah, is possibly the oldest building in the Central Perak district and was built in 1910. It was once known as ‘Masjid Kampung Teluk Memali’ and located at the banks of the Perak River. The mosque can be accessed from the main road of Kampung Tersusun Teluk Memali, which is connected to the federal trunk road, Jalan Teluk Intan, which also connects to the towns of Kampung Gajah in the north and Teluk Intan in the south. It is located around 20 km from Teluk Intan, a river port once known as Teluk Anson. The mosque is sited not too far from the Perak River, around 100 metres from the riverbank. It was left abandoned and surrounded by an oil palm plantation. In its old days, the mosque was surrounded by kampung houses of the residents of Kampung Teluk Memali. However, due to the frequent flooding, the government had initiated a resettlement programme around 20 years ago. The new village, which was opened 1990’s is also inhabited by the people from the neighbouring villages, including Kampung Pulau Besar, Kampung Ujung Buruk and a few other villages in the vicinity. The people of Kampung Tersusun Teluk Memali are the native Perak Malays, which can be clearly recognized by their spoken language or dialect. They are probably descendants of the followers of the previous Sultans who had once resided in the former royal capital of Bandar Baharu. The Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque has been abandoned ever since as a new mosque was built near the new resettlement area. There is another evidence of the year the mosque was built, which is carved on the intricate timber mimbar platform. At the rear side of the mimbar frame, an old Jawi inscription can be seen, that can be translated to “as Megat Jaafar on 15-11-1339”. The mentioned date is believed to be written in Hijri calendar, which when converted read as 21st July 1921. It is believed that it refers to Megat Jaafar, who was the descendant of Megat Terawis, the first Raja Bendahara of Perak with the title of Orang Kaya Bendahara Paduka Raja. However, since the 18th century, during the ruling of the 15th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Iskandar Zulkarnain Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Shah, the title was given to the persons with royal blood, before it was finally abolished in 1958, following the demise of Raja Abdul Rashid ibni Sultan Idris I, the last Raja Bendahara of Perak. Since then, the mosque had been used as a worshipping place, with the additional annexe building, known as balai lintang that was added later on for learning and communal purposes. It was built on 1st April 1948, as per carved on the staircase of the building. The whole mosque and balai lintang is a waqf or an endowment trust established by the former residents of Kampung Teluk Memali, who were the forefathers of the current residents of Kampung Tersusun Teluk Memali. 8 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

In the recent enthronement ceremony of the 35th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah on 13th May 2015, the Sultan had visited the nearby tomb of Sultan Abdul Malik Mansur Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ahmaddin Shah as pilgrimage to the royal tombs ceremony. During the ceremony, the Sultan had travelled on the Perak River by using a special vessel known as Balai Gambang named ‘Cempaka Sari’ from Pasir Salak to Teluk Intan. In conjunction with this visit, a jetty was built and road access was paved from the jetty to the tomb. The road coincidentally passed through the mosque building. ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF THE MOSQUE The design of the Kampung Teluk Memali Old Mosque reflects most of the characteristics of many traditional Perak Malay houses in and around the area, with the possible influence of the colonial and Chinese elements. It was built in response to the hot and humid climatic conditions with its pitched roof to enable rain water to run off quickly. A raised platform was used to raise the mosque above ground level to avoid floods and also the unwanted animals from entering. Many openings including lattice openings and carved panels were incorporated into the design to allow natural cross ventilation. The mosque was built by skillful craftsmen who had displayed their craftsmanship which is seen in the detailing of the handrails, wall panels, fascia boards and mimbar, featuring intricate flora motifs. This mosque was built without a tall minaret, typical of many earlier Malay vernacular mosque architecture. KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 9

BRIEF HISTORY OF KAMPUNG GAJAH DISRICT AND PERAK STATE The historical mosque is also located nearby a tomb of the former Sultan of Perak, Sultan Abdul Malik Mansur Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ahmaddin Shah, the 19th Sultan of Perak, who ruled the state from 1806 to 1825, 49 years before the British intervention in the Malay states through the Pangkor Treaty in 1874. It is also believed that the area was the former capital of the Sultanate in the 19th century, known as Bandar Baharu. Historically, both Bandar Baharu and Kampung Teluk Memali are located in the small district of Kampung Gajah, in the Central Perak district, where many historic events of Perak and Malaya took place, including the Pasir Salak incident, the first uprising against the colonial presence in Malaysia, that had resulted in the murder of the first British Resident of Perak, James Wheeler Woodford Birch or JWW Birch. He had served as the British Resident from 1874 to 1875, before succeeded by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham. Perlis Alor Setar Kota Bharu Langkawi Kedah Pulau Pinang Kuala Kangsar Kuala Terengganu Kelantan Terengganu Perak Kg Gajah Kuala Lipis MASJID KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI Selangor Pahang Shah Kuantan Alam Kuala Lumpur Klang PNuetgerrai jaya Pekan Sembilan Melaka Muar Johor Bandar Johor Bharu Melaka The location of Kampung Teluk Memali Old Mosque between the towns of Kg Gajah and Teluk Intan Bandar Baharu was a royal capital, where it consisted of traditional urban fabric such as the mosque, royal burial ground, commercial areas, as well as residential areas for the noblemen and their followers. This is prevalent in the discovery of several past Sultan’s tombs, such as the 17th Sultan of Perak, Sultan Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, as well as the burial ground of the British soldiers and the infamous first British Resident of Perak, JWW Birch who was stabbed and killed in 1875 on the banks of the Perak River. 10 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

HULU PERAK Due to its strategic location between Pasir Salak and Batak Rabit (near Teluk Intan), LARUT Bandar Baharu was chosen as the bastion MATANG & post of the British colonial administration, under the purview of JWW Birch. This would SELAMA also entail why the remains of JWW Birch were laid in Bandar Baharu, instead of Pasir Salak KERIAN where he was killed. In the aftermath of the Birch’s assassination by Dato’ Maharaja Lela KUALA KANGSAR Pandak Lam and Seputum, the British had shifted their colonial base to a new town to the KINTA north, Taiping before to the current capital city of Perak, Ipoh. MANJUNG KAMPAR Dato’ Maharaja Lela is of Bugis descendant, PERAK BATANG hailed from Luwuk in Sulawesi, in present day TENGAH PADANG Indonesia. Seputum or Si Puntum, who was the aide of Dato’ Maharaja Lela, originated HILIR PERAK from Sumatera, possibly of Mandailing or Rao descents. While both Dato’ Maharaja Lela and The districts of Perak map, Kg. Teluk Memali is located in Central Perak Seputum were hanged to death, the (Perak Tengah) distict mastermind behind the incident, the then 26th Sultan of Perak, who had signed the Pangkor Treaty, Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II Ibni Almarhum Sultan Jaafar Safiuddin Muadzam Shah Waliullah was dethroned and sent to exile in Seychelles. His arch-rival, Sultan Yusuf Sharifuddin Mudzaffar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah I was appointed as the 27th Sultan of Perak. During his ruling, the royal seat was also shifted from Bandar Baharu to the present royal town of Kuala Kangsar, further upstream of the Perak River. Administratively, the mosque is located in the Kampung Teluk Memali, which is under the sub-district of Pasir Panjang Hulu of Kampung Gajah Land and District Office. While the local authority of the area is the Central Perak District Council. KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 11

MEDIA QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE KAMPUNG TELUK MEMAL MOSQUE RELOCATION EFFORT Q : History of the mosque: past and current. a former Sultan of Perak, Sultan Abdul Malik Mansur Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan A : Based on the history and practice, most Ahmaddin Shah, the 19th Sultan of Perak, who traditional mosques were constructed out of ruled the state from 1806 to 1825, 49 years wood and are relatively small. Most of the old before the British intervention in the Malay mosques were built to suit a congregation of states through the Pangkor Treaty in 1874. 100 people or so. The mosque was built as part Thus, it is believed that the area was the of a nearby village which was also made of former capital of the sultanate in the 19th timber. This particular mosque was built in century, known as Bandar Baharu. early 1900's, probably by the early Malay settlers and also probably built to replace an Historically, both Bandar Baharu and earlier wooden mosque. Kampung Teluk Memali are located in the small district of Kampung Gajah, in the In the Malay Annals, Islam in this part of the Central Perak district, where many historical world has become the prevailing religion since events of Perak and Malaysia took place, 1414 and was under the rule of the Malacca including the Pasir Salak incident, the first Sultanate. After the fall of the Malacca uprising against the colonial presence in Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese, the son Malaysia, that had resulted in the of the last Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Muzaffar assassination of the first British Resident of Shah I Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah, Perak, James Wheeler Woodford Birch. He retreated to the state of Perak and started the served as the British Resident from 1874 to Sultanate of Perak. The Sultanate of Perak 1875 before succeeded by Sir Frank hierarchy or seat evolved along the banks of Athelstane Swettenham. the Perak River. In 1900's, the seat of the Perak Sultanate was in and around the area of Bandar Baharu was a royal capital, where it Kampung Gajah. Later in the 19 century the consisted of traditional urban fabric such as Royal town was moved to its current location the mosque, royal burial ground, commercial at Bukit Chandan in Kuala Kangsar, a distance areas, as well as residential areas for the away up river from Kampung Gajah. noblemen and their followers. This is prevalent in the discovery of several Sultan’s tombs, Q : Significance of the mosque for the such as the 17th Sultan of Perak, Sultan community and its connection to the royalty Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda, as well of Perak? as the burial ground of the British soldiers and the infamous first British Resident of Perak, A : Based on our preliminary findings, the JWW Birch. mosque may have a significant tie to the Perak royalty due to its close proximity to the tomb of Due to its strategic location between Pasir Salak and Batak Rabit (nearby Teluk Intan), 12 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

Bandar Baharu was chosen as the bastion Q : ATSA Architects’ involvement in this post of the British colonial administration, project and what is going to be done? under the purview of JWW Birch. This would also entail why the remains of JWW Birch were A : Why did you embark carry out on this laid in Bandar Baharu, instead of Pasir Salak project? Who would it benefit? where he was assassinated. In the aftermath of the Birch’s assassination by Dato’ Maharaja Other than to preserve and conserve the Lela Pandak Lam and Seputum, the British architectural heritage, one main effort is to shifted their colonial base to a new town in the prolong the life of the mosque for 100 years. north, Taiping before moving again to the For almost 100 years the mosque was used for current capital city of Perak, Ipoh. religious purposes. It was left unused for nearly two decades. The village and the The mosque is believed to have been relocated villagers had moved to the higher ground due and rebuilt on the present site in 1910 from to the occasional flooding. There were also the former site near the river bank, due to the plans to demolish the mosque to avoid this old soil erosion. mosque to be misused by people with the incorrect intentions. It was fortunate for us to Q : What are the architectural highlights of have stumbled with the people from Politeknik the mosque?. Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, during our research on mosques built in Malaysia to help A : Many foreign architectural elements had in saving the mosque from further influenced the architecture of the Kampung dilapidation. Teluk Memali Old Mosque. For centuries, this particular area was colonised or ruled over by Our chance meeting with Dr. Mohd Jaki Mamat many rulers both foreign or within the led us to view the mosque, and he had Malay-Indonesian archipelago. Each ruler, suggested the restoration of the old mosque kingdom or coloniser leaves a mark on the on a new site at Taman Seri Bougainvillea in land they had conquered. At times, especially Bandar Seri Botani near Ipoh, Perak. He in this area, the architecture of the mosques proposed the mosque to move to this area that were influenced by the craftsmen or the desperately needed a mosque or surau to builders who came from China. The travelling serve the community. Chinese traders and craftsmen were building many of these structures from the 14th Once we had decided to save the mosque, century onwards had greatly influenced the many procedural matters had to take place early architecture in and around the especially with the stakeholders. Proper Southeast Asia. From the 16th century to the approvals from the many local authorities 20th century the architecture of many types of must be obtained. Only after by getting the buildings, including mosques were mainly required approvals, that we can proceed influenced by the western colonial further. architecture. How would the relocation be done? And when are the phases being done? The Chinese carpenters influenced the Previously, before the application to move the architectural construction method of many of mosque, we have tasked ourselves together the early timber structures. The architecture with Politeknik Ungku Omar to record the was later influenced by the Dutch and British architecture of the mosque via documents colonial architecture mixed with the and dilapidated survey study. We eventually vernacular architecture from Java and managed to secure the permission, after Sumatra and later considered as part of the much discussion and negotiation to relocate broader Malay vernacular architecture. and refurbish the mosque building from the villagers of Kampung Teluk Memali through its village chief, En. Jamal and also the Penghulu of Mukim Pasir Panjang, En. Norshamsul KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 13

Mustapha Kamal. The next stage of the pre - construction period was the selection of the contractor for the works. We had to be very careful selecting the handful of experience contractors for the limited conservation works and was fortunate to find a reputable contractor which is based in Taiping, Perak. The first phase of the construction work was scheduled to kick off on 21st April 2016 with the earthwork and the building of the mosque raised base. The first phase will run for six weeks, and we anticipate to have it finished on 1st June 2016. As soon as we have completed the first phase of construction, we proceeded with the second phase, which is the dismantling and installation of the structure from the old site in Kampung Gajah to a new site in Taman Seri Bougainvillea. However, the second phase can only start as soon as we have secured enough funds to complete the works. Q : The call for donation and what would it go for? A : We have collected some money to the rebuilding of the mosque, but it is not enough. There donation were mainly from friends and people we know. One donor was from the Islamic religious organisation. We had hope to have it completed before or in the month of October or November 2016. We hope that the mosque will once again will be used as a mosque after 20 years it was abandoned and fell in a state of disrepair. Q : ATSA Architects' marketing/publicity steps – what would be expected A : We are not looking at marketing ATSA Architects, but more so to promote or to start an awareness initiative to save our Malay traditional mosque architectural heritage from further neglect or left in ruins. Centuries old mosque architectural heritage in Perak will disappear in future if there is no effort taken to save these architectural gems. It is our hope that this will inspire others to help save many of the dilapidated traditional mosques rich in its architectural heritage which are left unused and to extend their usefulness. 14 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

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SKETCHES OF THE REBUILDING METHODS 16 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

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ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE Rear view of the mosque Artist impressions of the mosque The above illustrations and impressions were carried out before the relocation and restoration even started. The expressions have help many to visualize the architecture of mosque once it is completed. The impressions have also helped in raising the money needed to restore the mosque KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 21

INTRODUCTION OF KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE Sourced from Masjid Selected Mosque and Musollas in Malaysia, Published text by ATSA Arhitects, (Contributed by Mohd Yusri bin Hj Yunus. Architecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia) The Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque, located in Kampung Gajah, is also dubbed as the oldest building in its district and was built in 1910. In 1900, it was known as ‘Masjid Kampung Teluk Memali’ and was located on the banks of the Perak River. The building was then moved to a safer and higher location due to continuous erosion of the river banks. This event inspired an unknown resident to transform the current musolla into an education centre for formal religious teaching and to cater for religious celebrations for the village and nearby residents. It is believed that the unknown resident of the village had also contributed his own money for the purpose. The design of the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque reflects most of the characteristics of many traditional Malay houses in and around the area. It was built in response to the hot and humid climate by using a pitched roof form to enable rain water to run off quickly. The tiered roof built using ventilation louvres allows for trapped air to be ventilated out. Stilts and load-bearing walls were used to raise the mosque above ground level to avoid floods, unwanted animals from entering and to also allow for natural ventilation to flow and cool the interior. Many openings including louvred windows, and carved panels were incorporated into the design to allow natural cross ventilation of air. The mosque was built by craftsmen who displayed their craftsmanship which are seen in the detailing of the handrails, wall panels, fascia boards and mimbar, featuring intricate flora motifs. This mosque was built without a minaret. FACT FILE SATELLITE VIEW Location MASJID KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI Kampung Tersusun Teluk Memali, Kampung Gajah, Perak Ty p e Mosque Architectural Style Malay Vernacular, Regional Built-up Area 98 Square metres (1054 Square feet) Completion Date 1910 Architect Unknown Capacity 100 people 22 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

2. PROBLEM STATEMENTS 4. LITERATURE REVIEW As the surrounding semi-urban population 4.1 Vernacular Timber Construction and grows, many villages in the rural areas were Materials deserted, mainly due to the exodus of its residents, especially when today’s youngsters Nonetheless, until recently, especially in the are migrating to cities in search of a better urban areas, the use of timber as the main lifestyle and most importantly good paying material has been gradually replaced by more jobs. This has caused the abandonment of durable materials such as stone, brick and many built structures, including many mortar, and concrete (Killman, 1994). Until the traditional timber houses and mosques. In 1960s, timber was widely used in many parts some areas, the kampungs have been of the building, including the floors, internal displaced and relocated to other areas due to walls, porches, verandas, ceilings, roofs, the government resettlement programme to staircases, doors and windows. help the villagers and at times upon their request. However, in some areas, if the chengal is unavailable or scarce, other heavy or medium The existence of many old, dilapidated and hardwoods were often used, such as balau, vacant century-old timber buildings in petaling, and merbau, whereas merbau is Malaysia, especially in the state of Perak of rarely used due to its characteristic of good structural integrity and priceless red-blood like sap, thought to be haunted, as historical treasures have given rise to the described by Yuan (1987). critical necessity for the preservation of these structures. The relocation approach through Traditional Malay construction relied on dismantling and reinstallation on the new site structural post and beams as the primary load may be applied, rather than the orthodox bearing element, with wooden or bamboo approach of restoring these structures in-situ, walls and thatched roof. Sahabuddin (2012) at its current site. This method may be the only implied that using prefabricated construction way to salvage these buildings and to give it a methods where all the components are made new lease of life. and assembled on site allows the house to be dismantled and reassembled elsewhere at a different location. 3. AIM AND OBJECTIVES This study is aimed to document and record a 4.2 Relocation Practice as a Conservation real life effort to successfully relocate and Effort restore the traditional timber Malay mosque, the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque. To further Relocation is a process of moving the entire investigate and achieve the study aim of the building to a new site, which is another form of study objectives have been outlined in the reconstruction, due to the unsuitability of the light of the approach of a successful original site (Rahman, 2015). However, the relocation programme, which includes setback is that it would lose its original relocation methods and techniques, modern setting. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of design adoptability, users’ expectations as the cultural heritage preservation, original well as financial constraints. location preservation is the best way, and relocation to preserve for it to be reused should only be the last resort (Wang, 2005). It is often interpreted as a less desirable method, but would be the last resort when other options are not viable. While according to Feilden (2003), relocation is inferred to the situation whereby if the valuable cultural property is being damaged KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 23

irretrievably or is threatened by its 6. DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS environment, it may have to be moved to a more suitable environment and a 6.1 Background of the Case Study reproduction substituted to maintain the unity of a site or building. This non-profitable CSR effort was initiated by ATSA Architects after they had a joint Killman (1994) also highlighted the same publication effort with Politeknik Ungku Omar issue coined when relocation is concerned. (PUO) back in 2014, for the publication of a Two questions surfaced, whether the house be monograph on mosque architecture in restored at its original site or does it needs to Malaysia entitled Masjid – Selected Mosques be moved to a more suitable area. As much as and Musollas in Malaysia. In researching and other buildings, removing a structure from its collating the suitable content materials for present site will lose its original settings and the book, ATSA Architects came across with surroundings. As for traditional Malay such remarkable work which has been carried architecture, it would lose its village setting out by PUO in documenting various built and context, especially since a mosque, as it is heritage buildings, particularly in the state of a public activity centre. This is further Perak, including the Kampung Teluk Memali emphasised by Rashid (2016) on the Mosque located in Kampung Gajah, Perak. It significance of the buildings do not always rely was also suggested by PUO for ATSA on its architecture and aesthetic appeal, but Architects to lead a team to preserve the also its locations, surroundings and its mosque by moving it to an area where it could original purposes and history. be used again. 5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 6.2 Historical Background of Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque Research methodology defines on how the data and information about the research According to Yunos (2012), the mosque was study can be obtained. The methodologies can constructed in 1908 and completed in 1910 be divided into qualitative techniques and with the cost of construction was donated by a explanatory research. The qualitative method wealthy man living in Kampung Teluk Memali. looks into the why and how not just what, However, it also believed that the mosque was where and when. Data collection is taken from built years earlier, functioned as a surau and the journals, articles, books, websites and located on the edge of the river bank. Due to personal interviews. While the exploratory soil erosion, the mosque was relocated to its research method is a research and study current site, which is around 100 metres from analysis based on the selected case study of the riverbank. Since 20 years ago, the mosque Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque, in both old had been left vacant and abandoned due to and new sites located in Kampung Gajah and the rising flood waters. Ipoh in the state of Perak. There is another evidence to support the claim On-site observation and participation through of the year the mosque was built, which is the dismantling, relocation and reinstallation carved on the intricate timber mimbar process under the auspices of ATSA platform. At the rear side of the mimbar frame, Architects. Besides that, as-built measured an old Jawi inscription can be seen; and can be drawings and report from Politeknik Ungku translated into English and read as ‘Megat Omar (PUO) have also been referred to analyse Jaafar on 15-11-1339.' The mentioned date is the history and construction method of the believed to be written using the Hijri calendar, mosque. which is equivalent to the Gregorian calendar of 21st July 1921. Arif (2014) also implied that the inscribed date could also be translated as the year when the mosque was built. 24 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

WAKAF DEWAN SOLAT UTAMA SERAMBI ANJUNG Figure 3. The mosque on the old site in Kg. Teluk Memali, WUDUK Kg. Gajah, Perak. It was left abandoned for approximately 20 years (ATSA Architects, 2015) BALAI LINTANG 6.3 Design Concept and Layout of Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque The layout of the mosque comprises the main 02 6 12 m mosque building and an annexe building known as balai lintang; the Kampung Teluk Figure 4. Proposed relocation site plan (ATSA Architects, 2017) Memali Mosque was the main place of worship for the local Malay Muslim community ever since it was built. The main prayer hall is measuring 8.95 metres by 8.95 metres that can comfortably fit approximately 150 people. It was used for daily solah jamaah (congregation prayers), other than the weekly Friday prayers, Eid prayers and other religious occasions such as the Eid sacrificial rites, Thanksgiving feasts or even formal or informal lessons in Islamic studies and the use of musical instruments such as kompang (wooden tambourine). The main prayer hall building consists of an Figure 5. Front elevation (ATSA Architects, 2017) anjung (foyer) area, a welcoming area where a Figure 6. Right elevation (ATSA Architects, 2017) beduk (large drum) was once located to be used before the call for prayer five times a day by a rhythmic beating of the timber log, other than the serambi (veranda), the main prayer hall, mihrab and mimbar. Meanwhile, the balai lintang is an additional building that is believed to be built later than the mosque building. This is evident from the different and simpler architectural style of the building. The colour of the mosque is quite unusual. Bright yellow and turquoise blue were painted and used over the timber which emphasised the mosque building with other surrounding buildings at that time. KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 25

Figure 7. Rear elevation (ATSA Architects, 2017) 6.4 Building Materials Figure 8. Left elevation (ATSA Architects, 2017) Based on the timber structure pre-inspection test done by the Malaysian Timber Industry SURAU Board (MTIB) on the mosque building, Figure 9. Section A-A (ATSA Architects, 2017) The mosque structure is overwhelmingly made of a chengal hardwood timber for most BALAI LINTANG SURAU of its components. The chengal can be seen in all of its structural columns, wall panels and Figure 10. Section B-B (ATSA Architects, 2017) other decorative elements of anjung, serambi and the main prayer hall. Other than chengal, balau can also be found in certain structural elements, except tualang of the wall panel skirting. Other than timber, several non-timber materials can also be found, such as the one metre (three feet) concrete platform base, corrugated zinc and asbestos sheet for the roofing materials. 7. DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS 7.1 Preliminary Works and Site Operational Killman (1994) emphasised on the little aspects that need to be considered in the preliminary works before any physical removal works can take place. The preliminary works, including the dilapidation survey and measured drawings, were deemed necessary in determining the mosque building conditions for the next steps of building relocation and restoration to take place. However, before commencing technical works, including the dilapidation survey and measured drawings, it is important to obtain the prior approval and permission from the relevant authority bodies, including the former building owner and the new site management entity. The cleaning works on the site were also necessary to ensure a clutter-free site throughout the dismantling works. Most importantly, sets of suitable tools and machinery must also be prepared to perform the dismantling tasks. To propel the dismantling works, a set of coding and numbering shall be done earlier on every single component of the structure. This was done through referencing with the measured drawings that were prepared earlier. 26 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

7.2 Dismantling Methods identity of a particular building, for instance, the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque that had The dismantling works are the most crucial been relocated within the same state of Perak, stage in any relocation practice. Based on the from Kampung Gajah in the Central Perak methods of dismantling works implemented district to Ipoh in Kinta District. in this mosque, the dismantling works can be divided into six major components that 7.4 Cleaning, Repair and Treatments involved structural components of timber structures, which are the roofing, wall panels, Before the original timber can be used, it is floorings, joists, tie beams and columns in 24 important to have it sorted out and to identify to 29 detailed steps, altogether. which parts can be reused or not. This method used can be identify all components that have However, an additional step is identified for been dismantled. It can be done either on the the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque that had new site or in the designated workshops relocated the kolah structure first, followed by employed by the engaged contractors or the structure building. This is due to the carpenters. For example the existing wood is reason of managing the site properly, as the coated with a layer or paint, than it is kolah was located nearby the mosque advisable to remove the existing paint layers building. Thus, it was important to move the by sanding process. This can be done using smaller and detached structure first, before hand sanding devices or machines in nearby proceeding into the dismantling of the main workshops. building. After sanding, the repair process can be Figure 11. The dismantling works of the mosque on the carried out accordingly. It is done based on the old site (ATSA Architects, 2016) levels and types of defects and disrepair. This is when the carpentry skills are tested and 7.3 Loading and Transportation needed in refurbishing the wood components. If the defects were severe, it may need to be Another important aspect of relocation is the replaced with new wood components, but loading and transportation process from the there must be done under supervision by an old site to the new site. After the dismantled appointed conservator in ensuring the project components have been identified, collated is adhering to the conservation principles. and bundled, they must be kept and arranged properly inside the lorry or on a larger sized Meanwhile, the treatment process can be vehicle. This is important to ensure the done either earlier or later, which is before the materials are not messed up and can be reinstallation of the wood components or after unloaded properly. The length of the the structure has been completed. However, it transportation which depends on the distance is highly advisable to do before the between the old site and the new site. reinstallation, as the treatment preserver would cover up any exposed surfaces, As the new site will permanently change the including the joints, which is imperative as a contextual setting of the originally built forms, protective measure for the wood components. it is nonetheless suggested, the building is to It can be executed either in the workshop or on be relocated within the same district or state the new site. to further maintain its regional architectural It is equally important to store the dismantled components, either treated or non-treated in a proper storage area on-site or off-site. This is to ensure the wood components are protected from the elements. Thus, the loose timber components can be stored properly under a shaded canopy or tent and above the ground level, to avoid direct contact with the soil. Such measure had been prepared during the KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 27

restoration of the Kampung Teluk Memali panels the window and door panels can be Mosque on its new site in Ipoh, Perak. fixed to their respective frames on the wall panels and later the balustrade of each 7.5 Reinstallation Methods window segment. Though, this was in the case of the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque where Reinstallation is another vital part of some wood components had been reinstalled relocation as a conservation practice. It is the oddly due to the delayed in the treatment stage where the final structure takes place process, and also because of missing parts, and will be utilised for its final usage. which had resulted in the carpenter to remake the missing parts to allow for the rebuilding of The reinstallation method began with the the mosque. fixing up the concrete base, either the platform base or the normal pad footings for Figure 12. The reinstalled columns temporarily elevated timber structures. The process then supported by wooden bracings (ATSA Architects, 2016) commenced with the reinstallation of the tiang seri or soko guru columns, followed by other supporting columns and crossbeams to fully erect the structural frames. After the temporary structure has been erected, it is critical to support it structure temporarily by using wooden bracing supports attached to the columns and crossbeams. For the roof structures, the reinstallation The final finishing works were done partially method begins with the rafters, tie beams, as and when the whole structure has been king posts, ridge end beam, pinnacle (if any), completed. Many types of wood finishing can insulation ceiling (optional), purlins, upper be used, either the Gori wood preservative, fascia boards, roofing tile finishes, gable end varnish or wood stain. If desired, the building walls and later the lower fascia boards. If the can be painted using layers of wood coating building may have a loft area, the loft floor from various brands in the market. Other civil joists and floorboards can be reinstalled works, such as the apron, drainage, electrical subsequently. It was vital to complete the roof and wiring, landscaping and other finishing and its first structure to give shade to the works were done simultaneously. internal spacing for further finishing work, such as the internal timber ceiling strips. This 7.6 Modern Design and Users’ Expectations is comparable to the use of canopy with the other conservation works, such as repairing or As a 107-year old building, the Kampung Teluk adaptive reuse that deploy a large tent over Memali Mosque had to be modified and the preserved building. Nevertheless, the adapted to meet the current building design steps can be mismatched depending on the requirements, as well as the end users’ carpenters’ skills and its suitability in expectations. In terms of building services, the response to the site. mosque building was previously lit up with kerosene lightings, without any electrical The further step involved wall panels that fittings. Similarly with the piping and sanitary dominate most of the building form and system was available installations, no water façade. The wall panels can be constructed as sources and sanitary available, other than a soon as the tie beams have been put in place, traditional well and ablution pond (kolah) as it acted as the pegging frame for the wall sourced from rainwater. Most of the time, the panels, other than the wall skirting. After the residents had to take ablution from the nearby wall panels, including decorative elements Perak River. such as latticework or any supplementary wall 28 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

Therefore, as part of the current local as concrete, lights, tiles, sanitary wares and authority requirements, toilet and ablution wooden carved panels. Individual donations facilities with modern piping and sanitary were also made, which were also crucial in the services were provided on the new site. The completion of the mosque. Without these electrical fittings were also installed with donations, the mosque restoration and lightings and electric fans, along with audio relocation works will not probably be visual system. For the final building design, completed. The architectural consultancy many new finishes have been applied, such as services provided by ATSA Architects and the timber flooring in the main prayer hall and conservation advice by PUO were also tile flooring for veranda and porch areas, other provided on the extra-gratis basis. than Singgora roof tiles, replacing the old zinc and wooden tiles. In terms of building 8. CONCLUSIONS structure, due to the strong natural wind of the new site, the timber structure has been Often regarded as the least favourable reinforced with steel and bolt on top of brick conservation approach, this research is, platform. however, aiming to prove that relocation is indeed a feasible conservation practice that should be considered whenever possible. This study has also offered insights on the idea of relocation of valuable historical buildings located in rural areas as a tool in safeguarding many timber heritage buildings in Malaysia which were often on the verge of being demolished. Figure 13. The main prayer hall is being used for Hence, the study has been examining the congregational prayers (ATSA Architects, 2017) specific relocation methods based on the case study of this research, a relocation project by 7.7 Financial Factor ATSA Architects, which is the relocation and restoration of Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque As the project was a private initiative, initiated from Kampung Gajah, Perak to Ipoh, Perak. by ATSA Architects, the financial cost of the The exercise demonstrated many challenges relocation of the mosque was solely done that one might have encountered during the through donations from the public and various process of restoration without the full organisations. ATSA Architects spearheaded financial support from the authorities. the donation drive and collected approximately RM 700,000.00 or USD Therefore, the methods of relocations have 160,000.00. Funding is a crucial aspect of been reviewed with around 48 to 57 detailed every conservation effort as a significant sum steps ranging from the earlier stages of of money needed to restore and repair the preliminary works, dismantling process, decaying and damaged components, loading and transportation, cleaning, repair especially the timber structure and roof tiles. and treatment and reinstallation. Based on Without such support, it would be impossible the identified relocation methods to restore this historic mosque back to its step-by-step, the relocation methods were original form. It is also the most difficult task influenced by the carpenters’ mastery and among the rest as it took tremendous effort to skills. The carpenters’ mastery and skills are raise the funds. largely either passed down as to carry out the traditions of their ancestors or by learning Extending the spirit of the community from the elders, without any formal education involvement, some of the building materials and through their own innate passion. used in the mosque restoration effort were donated by various corporate organisations, KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 29

Other than the carpenters’ mastery and skills, Sahabuddin, M. F. (2012). Traditional Values the building typologies and sizes would also and Their Adaptation in Social Housing influence the various relocation steps, but Design: Towards A New Typology and. nonetheless it still retains key elements of the Edinburgh: The University of Edinburgh. traditional Malay architecture that deploy timber materials. On the transportation and Wang, C.-Y. (2005). After the Removal of the Lin storage of the dismantled components, the An-Tai Old Homestead, Cases Study of Historic wood components must always be protected Buildings Belong to Relocation Preservation in against the elements before proceeding with Taiwan. Taoyuan City: Chung Yuan Christian the repair and treatment works. The different University. repair and treatment preference is also prevalent in the case study, depending on the Yunos, M. Y. (2012). Masjid Lama Kampung conservators or consultant involved, but with Tersusun Teluk Memali. Ipoh: Politeknik Ungku the same goal of prolonging the durability and Omar. usage of every single timber component that was used in the building of the mosque. Figure 14. The completed restored mosque on the new site (ATSA Architects, 2017) REFERENCES Arif, H. A. (2014). Perbandingan Antara Ragam Hias Gunungan Pada Mihrab dan Mimbar di Acheh dan di Tanah Melayu. Tanjung Malim: Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris. Feilden, B. M. (2003). Conservation of Historic Buildings. Oxford: Architectural Press. Killman, W. (1994). Restoring & Reconstructing The Malay Timber House. Kepong: Forest Research Institute Malaysia. Rahman, A. A. (2015). Principles of Building Conservation. Shah Alam: Universiti Teknologi MARA. Rashid, S. D. (19 October 2016). Relocation Practice in Malaysia. (M. H. Zulkifli, Interviewer) 30 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

TIMELINE OF THE SULTANATE OF PERAK Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah I Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah of Melaka Sultan Mansur Shah I Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muzaffar Shah I Sultan Ahmad Tajuddin Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah I Sultan Tajul Ariffin Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah I Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I Ibni Almarhum Raja Kecil Lasa Inu Sultan Mukaddam Riayat Shah I Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah I Sultan Ahmad Mansur Riayat Shah II Ibni Almarhum Raja Kecil Lasa Inu Sultan Mahmud Riayat Shah I Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah I Sultan Sallehuddin Riayat Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah I Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah II Ibni Almarhum Raja Mahmud of Siak Sultan Mahmud Iskandar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muzaffar Shah II Sultan Alauddin Mughayat Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah III Sultan Muzaffar Riayat Shah III Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah III Sultan Muhammad Mughayat Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Mansur Shah III Sultan Iskandar Zulkarnain Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Mughayat Shah Sultan Mahmud Shah II Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Mughayat Shah Sultan Alauddin Mansur Shah Iskandar Muda Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Mughayat Shah Sultan Ahmaddin Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Muhammad Mughayat Shah Sultan Abdul Malik Mansur Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ahmaddin Shah Sultan Abdullah Mu’azzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Malik Mansur Shah Sultan Shahabuddin Riayat Shah Ibni Almarhum Raja Inu Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah I Ibni Almarhum Raja Kecil Besar Abdul Rahman Sultan Ja’afar Safiuddin Mu’azzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Raja Ahmad Tajuddin Riayat Shah II Sultan Ali Al-Mukammal Inayat Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Shahabuddin Riayat Shah Sultan Ismail Mu’abidin Riayat Shah Ibni Almarhum Sayyid Sheikh Al-Khairat of Siak Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah II Ibni Almarhum Sultan Ja'afar Safiuddin Mu'azzam Shah Sultan Yusuf Sharifuddin Muzaffar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdullah Muhammad Shah I Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah Ibni Almarhum Raja Bendahara Alang Iskandar Sultan Abdul Jalil Karamatullah Nasiruddin Mukhataram Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah Sultan Iskandar Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah Sultan Abdul Aziz Al-Mustasim Billah Shah Ibni Almarhum Raja Muda Musa I Sultan Yussuff Izzuddin Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Jalil Karamatullah Nasiruddin Mukhataram Shah Sultan Idris Iskandar Al-Mutawakkil Alallahi Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Iskandar Shah Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Yussuff Izzuddin Shah Sultan Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah Ibni Almarhum Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah 1528 1558 1588 1618 1648 1678 1708 1738 1768 1798 1828 1858 1888 1918 1948 1978 2008 1910 Completion of Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perak_Sultanate KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 31

32 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

The dilapidated condition of Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque before the relocation and restoration work began in 2016. Note that the structure was sturdy and sound, despite its abandoned status KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 33

34 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

Former condition of the mosque on the old site before the relocation and preservation works KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 35

INTRODUCTION OF KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE Sourced from Masjid Selected Mosque and Musollas in Malaysia, Published text by ATSA Arhitects, (Contributed by Mohd Yusri bin Hj Yunus. Architecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Ungku Omar, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia) The Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque, located in Kampung Gajah, is also dubbed as the oldest building in its district and was built in 1910. In 1900, it was known as ‘Surau Kampung Teluk Memali’ and was located on the banks of the Perak River. The building was then moved to a safer and higher location due to continuous erosion of the river banks. This event inspired an unknown resident to transform the current musolla into an education centre for formal religious teaching and to cater for religious celebrations for the village and nearby residents. It is believed that the unknown resident of the village had also contributed his own money for the purpose. The design of the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque reflects most of the characteristics of many traditional Malay houses in and around the area. It was built in response to the hot and humid climate by using a pitched roof form to enable rain water to run off quickly. The tiered roof built using ventilation louvres allows for trapped air to be ventilated out. Stilts and load-bearing walls were used to raise the mosque above ground level to avoid floods, unwanted animals from entering and to also allow for natural ventilation to flow and cool the interior. Many openings including louvred windows, and carved panels were incorporated into the design to allow natural cross ventilation of air. The mosque was built by craftsmen who displayed their craftsmanship which are seen in the detailing of the handrails, wall panels, fascia boards and mimbar, featuring intricate flora motifs. This mosque was built without a minaret. FACT FILE SATELLITE VIEW Location MASJID KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI Kampung Tersusun Teluk Memali, Kampung Gajah, Perak Ty p e Mosque Architectural Style Malay Vernacular, Regional Built-up Area 98 Square metres (1054 Square feet) Completion Date 1910 Architect Unknown Capacity 100 people 36 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

LOCATION PLAN OF THE NEW SITE WAKAF DEWAN SOLAT UTAMA SERAMBI ANJUNG BALAI LINTANG WUDUK 0 2 6 12 m PLAN AND THE ARRANGEMENT ON THE NEW SITE IN IPOH, PERAK, LOCATED 80 KM FROM THE ORIGINAL SITE KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 37

02 6 12 m OLD SITE PLAN GROUND FLOOR PLAN 38 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

02 6 12 m REAR ELEVATION 02 6 12 m RIGHT ELEVATION KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 39

02 6 12 m LEFT ELEVATION 02 6 12 m FRONT ELEVATION 40 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

DETAIL C - SELECTED MOSQUE DETAILED DRAWINGS HARDWOOD TIMBER PINNACLE RIDGE CAPPING, CORRUGATED BITUMINOUS ROOFING SHEET TO ARCHITECT’S APPROVAL DETAIL A - KAYU BUTON PINNACLE DETAIL B - KEPALA CICAK MOTIF DETAIL C - BALUSTRADE AT SERAMBI AREA BLOW UP AT BALUSTRADE KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 41

150MM THK RC WALL CW SIDE ELEVATION W/PROOFING TO ENGR’S DETAIL FRONT ELEVATION 150MM THK RC WALL CW W/PROOFING TO ENGR’S DETAIL SECTION AT ABLUTION POND ( KOLAH ) ROOF LEVEL DETAIL OF MIHRAB DECORATIVE PANEL TOP OF FINISH LEVEL 42 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE GROUND LEVEL DETAIL OF WALL VENTILATION PANELS

KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 43

CONDITIONS BEFORE THE RELOCATION “Once dubbed as the hidden architectural treasure in the remote area of Central Perak district, The Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque is truly an architectural marvel on its own. Standing against the odds of natural elements and modernity, the mosque structure is a testament to the rich Perakian Malay architecture stands elegantly without any modifications and additions for the past 109 years..” 44 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

Former condition of the mosque on the old site before the clean-up KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 45

The bacaan doa selamat (prayer recital) being held for the first time after 20 years in old mosque, to mark the commencement of relocation works. Seated in the middle is Dato’ Baharuddin Kassim, Architect for the National Mosque, Shah Alam Mosque and many others Interior view of the main prayer hall after the clean-up for the doa selamat event, prior to the dismantling process 46 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE

Like many other mosques throughout the country, the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque’s spatial planning is governed by the direction of the qibla and the saf (lines) that form the arrangement of a congregational arrangement which are placed perpendicular to the qibla’s axis. The spaces within the mosque are the praying hall, mihrab, veranda, lobby and ablution areas. The praying hall displays only a single open space layout with no indication of any subdivision of the space. There are only four timber columns in the praying hall that support the upper roof of the double-tiered pyramidal roof. The mihrab that marks the direction of the qibla for prayer holds the intricately built mimbar; a raised platform in the front area of a mosque from which sermons or speeches were given. The mimbar is located to the right of the mihrab, with a short staircase made of carved wood leading to the platform, which is covered by a small roof-type structure. The veranda acts as a transition space for the congregation to prepare themselves before entering the prayer hall and after taking ablution at the entrance l o b b y. The Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque is built with the use of the two-tiered pyramidal roof form typolog y. This type of roof was commonly built between the 18th and 19th century throughout the region especially in Perak. The timber louvred panel system is placed in between the roofs which provide openings that allow hot air to ventilate out from the prayer hall located below. Intricately-crafted fascia boards were built along the roof eaves and add to its unique appearance. Today, the Kampung Teluk Memali Mosque is Timber stilts in the anjung (porch) area, where it is believed a former beduk (wooden abandoned and in a state of neglect as the drum) was placed. The original timber beduk was stolen and need replacement majority of its residents have moved to higher ground with a more permanent settlement and away from the threat of natural disasters, particularly from rising flood waters that occured almost every year. KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE 47

The timber mimbar in its original state 48 KAMPUNG TELUK MEMALI MOSQUE