Mosque Architecture Design Brief & Guidelines (preview)

MOSQUE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES V1 2020 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 1 COMPILED BY AR AZIM A. AZIZ & AR ZULQAISAR HAMIDIN

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Copyright © 2020 ATSA Architects Published by ATSA Architects Sdn Bhd All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher or the copyright owner. Disclaimers The information and arguments presented in this book have been as- sembled, derived and developed from various sources, including text- books, academic papers, news media, reports, standards, guidelines, professional firms, and the Internet. These are presented in good faith. The author and publisher have made every reasonable effort to ensure that information presented is accurate. It is the responsibility of all users to utilise professional judgment, experience and common sense when applying the information presented in this book. This responsi- bility extends to the verification of local codes, standards and climate data. Every effort has been made to ensure that intellectual property rights are rightfully acknowledged. Omissions or errors, if any, are unintend- ed. Where the publisher or author is notified of an omission or error, these will be corrected in subsequent editions. Publisher ATSA Architects Sdn Bhd 45 Jalan Tun Mohd Fuad 3 Taman Tun Dr Ismail 60000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Website www.atsa.com.my Compiled by and Edited by Ar Azim A Aziz Ar Zulqaisar Hamidin Co-Editors Esqandar Zulqarnain Contributor Mohd Azri Bin Mat Nor Vejayarajah A/L N. Vemalarajah Layout Design Wan Noormala MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 3

INTRODUCTION 10 12 History of Solat 34 The Mosque as a place worship 45 Contemporary mosque design 102 Concept 110 Ablution 118 Main Prayer Hall 125 Mimbar & Mihrab 128 Star & Crescent 137 Minaret 148 Dome 154 Calligraphy (Khat) 157 Facade Screen 160 Cokmar Furniture 4 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

Female & Male Toilets contents Water Feature Playground 165 Staircase 170 Dining Area 1720 Mortuary Room 174 Qurban 178 Green Building Index 180 Mechanical & Electrical 184 Staff Quaters 191 Multi-Purpose Hall 202 Friday Bazaar 208 Courtyard Parking 213 Landscape 217 Solarpanel 220 Materials 225 228 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 5

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INTRODUCTION Designing a contemporary mosque in today’s day of age to cater for Muslims house of worship is often a challenge. Muslims around the world and, especially in Malay- sia have a greater expectation and often would like a mosque to provide facilities to satisfiy or meet their needs. In Muslim communities the Mosque is often the center and soul of the community and a place of great importance for both the young and old to congregate. Mosque design has evolved over time. In Malaysia, a hot and hu- mid country mosque design and planning must design accoding to our climde. The building of mosques throughout the country is expected to grow each year to meet increasing demand. This does not include the hundreds of “Surau’s” that will be built each year.The new mosques are expected to be built to respond to our climate to reduce maintenance costs and operating costs. This book not only an attempt to document the history of Mosque design throughout the world and the changing design approaches to express the Islamic contemporary architecture, but also at- tempts to produce some design guidelines mosques in Malaysia which can be used through out the world.It is also promotes the design of green or sustainable mosque of future mosques design and contemporary mosques architecture. In its planning mosques of the future, it must serve its community of all ages, from cradle to grave. In Islamic Architecture there are 7 principles that we can used to steer the expres- sion of its Islamic architecture. According to Nisreen Moustafa the principles are; 7 principles of contemporary Islamic Architecture is our main archi- tectural approach. The principles are; 1) Tawhid (Unity), 2) Ihtiram (Re- spect), 3) Ikhlas (Sincerity), 4) Iqtisad (Moderation/ Humility), 5) Haya’ (Modesty), 6) ‘Ilmu (Pursuit of Knowledge), 7) Dhikr (Remembrance). We anticipated that this book on design guidelines of mosque design will be re- vised from time to time and wish to name this book as Mosque design guidelines and brief; V1. 2020. The design guidlines here is not a complete guidelines or ex- haustive. There are other components can be added to it from time to time. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 7

standing takbeeratul-ihram arms on chest another takbir ruku’ i’tidal ILLUSTRATIONS OF SOLAT POSITIONS : IT IS COMMENCED BY STANDING FOLLOWED BY A TAKBEERATUL-IHRAM (BOTH ARMS RAISED WITH SAYING OF ALLAH IS GREAT), ARMS ON CHEST, ANOTHER TAKBIR, RUKU’ (BOWING), I’TIDAL (INTERMEDIATE STANDING), SUJD (PROSTRATION), SITTING, SECOND SUJD, FINAL SITTING AND SALAM (ENDING GREETINGS WITH FACING TO RIGHT AND LEFT SHOULDERS) MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 8 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

sujd setting second sujd final sitting and salam MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 9

The History of Salah There are numerous narratives about the history, emergence, and evolution of prayer in Islam. The first Salah was performed by Prophet Adam (AS) after he was sent from the heaven to the earth. The first moment he experienced on earth was the darkness of night and he was so afraid. As soon as the dawn appeared (faj’r) he performed the Subuh prayer (two raka’ah) The Zuhr prayer was first performed by Prophet Ibrahim (AS) after Allah SWT commanded him to sacrifice his son Prophet Is- mail (AS). As the moment happened just after the afternoon sun slides, and Allah SWT had replaced his son with a sacrificial animal, Prophet Ibrahim (AS) performed the Suj’d and prayed four raka’ah’ The compulsory command for Muslims to perform the five times prayers every day happened after the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) experienced the Isra’ and Mi’raj event. This occurred on 27 Rajab, a year before the Hijrah event. At first, the command by Allah SWT was for 50 prayers every day. However, as Prophet Muhammad came down, for several times he was stopped by Prophet Musa (AS) and was asked to return and request for reduced numbers of raka’ah until it became five times every day. Upon returning, Prophet Muhammad (SWT) was stopped again by Prophet Musa (AS) where he was asked to go and request for less prayer times but Prophet Muhammad could not continue as he felt ashamed and accepted the five prayer times to be performed by his ummah. In jama’ah, prayers are concluded with a brief message of peace for one another. Muslims turn first to their right, then to their left, and offer the greeting, “Peace be upon you, and the mercy and blessings of Allah.” Prayer Times People are reminded of the salah by the daily calls to prayer (adhan). The calls are delivered from mosques by a muezzin, the mosque’s designated caller of prayer. During the call to prayer, the muezzin recites the Takbir and the Kalimah. Traditionally, the calls were made from the mosque’s minaret without amplification, though many modern mosques use loudspeakers so that the faithful can hear the call more clearly. The prayer times themselves are dictated by the position of the sun: Al-Fajr: Dawn before sunrise. This prayer starts off the day with the remembrance of Allah. Al Zuhr: Midday after the sun passes it’s highest. After the day’s work has begun, one breaks shortly after noon to again re- member God and seek His guidance. Al ‘Asr: The late part of the afternoo, People take a few minutes to remember Allah and the greater meaning of their lives. Al Maghrib: Just after the sunset. Muslims remember God again as the day begins to come to a close. Al ‘Isha: Between sunset and midnight. Before retiring for the night, Muslims again take the time to remember Allah’s pres- ence, guidance, mercy, and forgiveness. Al-Quran verses about Salah: “Woe to those who pray, but are unmindful of their prayer, or who pray only to be seen by people.” Al-Maa’uun : Verse 4-6 “And when you have completed the prayer, remember Allah standing, sitting, or [lying] on your sides. But when you become secure, re-establish [regular] prayer. Indeed, prayer has been decreed upon the believers a decree of specified times.” An Nisaa : Verse 103 , Al-Maa’uun : Verse 4-6 10 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

Al-Quran verses about Salah: “My friend Muhammad (pbuh) gave me the following advice. Even if you are chopped up and burnt, do not associate partners with Allah and do not miss your fardhu prayers deliberately. Allah will move His protection away from a person who misses his fardhu prayers deliberately.” Narrated from Abu d-Darda r.a Salah Salah (prayer), the second of the Five Pillars is the most important obligations of the Islamic faith. It is an obligatory religious duty for every Muslim. It is a physical, mental and spiritual act of worship that is observed five times a day at prescribed times. It reminds the faithful of Allah S.W.T and the many opportunities to seek His guidance and forgiveness. Salah consists of a repetition of movements (‘Raka’ah’), a sequence of prescribed actions which varies according to the time of day. Prayer in congregation (jama’ah) is considered to have more social and spiritual benefit than praying by oneself. The ‘jama’ah’ prayer is most beneficial to be performed in a dedicated area or building such a mosque which can accommodate from hundreds to thousands of worshipper or a smaller ‘Musolla’ which can fit tens of people. The Salah Ritual Traditionally, prayers are said while standing on a small prayer rug, though using one isn’t required. The prayers are always recited in Arabic while performing a series of ritualized gestures and movements intended to glorify Allah and proclaim de- votion called Raka’ah. The Raka’ah is repeated two to four times, depending on the time of day. Takbir: Worshipper stand and raise their open hands to shoulder level, proclaiming Allahu Akbar (“God is great”). Qiyaam: Still standing, faithful cross their right arm over their left across their chest or navel. The first chapter of the Quran is read, along with other supplications. Ruku: Worshipper bow toward Mecca, place their hands on their knees, and repeat, “Glory be to God, the greatest, three times. Second Qiyaam: The faithful return to a standing position, arms at their sides. Allah’s glory is proclaimed again. Sujud: Worshipper kneel with only palms, knees, toes, forehead, and nose touching the ground. “Glory be to God, the highest” is repeated three times. Tashahhud: Transition into a seated pose, feet beneath them and hands on laps. This is a moment to pause and reflect on one’s prayer. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 11

THE MOSQUE AS A PLACE OF WORSHIP Customs and Traditions of The Mosque A mosque is often referred to as an Islamic place of worship, and is associated with the act of prayer or 'Solat'. The mosque is also described as a religious structure, built to serve Muslim men and women, and a place dedicated to prayers to Allah, the one true God. It is also a centre of learning and a place to conduct religious activities. In the mosque, one can then express one’s true beliefs and spiritual passion towards the various customs which have been passed down by the previous generations. These customs may relate to how it is used and one’s relationship with the mosque. © FRANCISCO JAVIER GIL OREJA These mosques are found in both urban and rural areas. They were built not only as a mere religious | DREAMSTIME.COM symbol or a visual focal point, but to serve a real need in providing a practical, spiritual and active place to represent the needs of the Islamic religion. A MOSQUE WITH A DOME AND MINARET Setting Up A Mosque In addition, the mosque is also a place that usually serves to strike a balance between the spiritual and the secular world of one's everyday life. It is very common in a majority muslim areas that a suitable area within a township is allocated to the building of a mosque. A mosque must be built with well thought-out dimensions, with a form to facilitate its functions. It must always be angled towards the direction of the Ka’aba, located in Makkah, which is commonly known as the qibla. This is normally done by finding out the accurate degree and coordinates from where a mosque will be built in order to face the Ka’aba, even if it is thousands of kilometres away. © RAVINDRAN JOHN SMITH The qibla (Arabic for ‘direction’) is also spelt as qiblah, qibleh, kiblah, kıble or kibla. It is the direction | DREAMSTIME.COM Muslims must face when he or she prays; also known as a 'Solat'. Most mosques normally contain a wall niche, known as Mihrab, to indicate the direction of the qibla. NIGHT SCENERY OF A MOSQUE IN MALAYSIA The qibla often acts as a focal point for all Muslims to pray in one single direction. It also subconsciously makes them aware where the direction of the Ka’aba is. The location of the qibla is easily identified in almost all mosques through a Mihrab wall, with a niche that is usually located at the centre of the main prayer hall. Mosque Components A typical mosque normally has an enclosed area for a smaller congregation, known as the main prayer hall; it is usually embellished with various arabesque geometric ornaments, colourful tiles and beautifully written verses from the Quran. It is designed in this way because paintings of figurines and creatures are not allowed in mosques. The mihrab wall is normally a solid wall niche for the 'imam' to stand and lead any congres- sional prayer. The mihrab wall is usually created without openings or doors for entry into the main prayer hall. Natural ventilators into the main hall are usually located on the remaining three sides. A mosque proper, also known as the main prayer hall or sanctuary, is normally an © AHMAD FAIZAL YAHYA | DREAMSTIME.COM enclosed area purposely designed on a square or a rectangular floor plate to accommo- THE KA’ABA AND MATAF AREA OF AL-MASJID AL-HARAM IN MAKKAH date a predetermined number of faithful to pray. To pray comfortably, an area of approxi- mately 8 sq. ft. or 0.7 sq. m. is normally allocated for each worshipper. The main prayer hall does not contain any furniture and is usually carpeted for one to pray freely, sit and be comfortable. Only low-lying book shelves are seen placed with various religious books for the faithful to read before prayers. A mimbar, known as a pulpit, is used for sermons by a ‘Khatib’. A khatib or khateeb is a person who delivers the sermon (known as Khutbah, which literally means ‘narration’) on a mimbar during Friday prayers and Eid prayers. The mimbar is often placed on the right side from the centre of the mihrab. Brief History of The Mosque and Prophet Muhammad PBUH The first mosque ever constructed is thought to be the Al-Masjid Al-Haram located in Makkah. It is identified by the area that surrounds the cuboid-shaped building called the \"Ka’aba\" which is almost always covered in a special black velvet cloth called the ‘Iswah’. This mosque is regarded as being the holiest shrine in Islam. It is said that the construction of the Ka’aba dates back further than the pre-Is- lamic era, and it was known to be first built by Abraham (Prophet Ibrahim) and his son Ishmael (Prophet Ismail). The Al-Masjid Al-Haram has been renovated many times ever since it was built, but the original cuboid form remains. The model of many of the current and earlier mosques are said to be based on the Prophet's courtyard mosque built in the year 622 AD. It was said that upon the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) arrival to Madinah after he had to leave Makkah in 622 on his camel, Qaswa, he had stayed for a few nights in Quba. The Prophet Muhammad then built the first mosque called the Quba mosque, which is located just outside Madinah. ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 12 MOSQUE

On his journey onwards to Madinah, many residents there invited the Prophet and his companions to stay in their homes. Afraid to offend any of them by choosing one particular resident's house, he asked them to let his camel continue the journey as the camel was under Allah's guidance and could only stop once a suitable place was found. After a short while, the Prophet's camel laid to rest in an area which was not in full use, and was just a walled courtyard area with a few date palm trees. It was said that the camel knelt here and flattened his body to the ground. The Prophet (PBUH) then announced that \"this is God's will, is the dwelling\" (in 622). The land was said to belong to two orphan boys, Sahl and Suhayl, who were under the care of As'ad b. Zararah. The Prophet (PBUH) refused the place as a gift, but instead agreed to buy the property. After agreeing to a price, the Prophet took possession of the property and turned it into his residence. He then converted part of the exist- ing structure into what is now known as the Prophet's mosque. Part of the existing structure was organised into a mosque with a qibla, first facing in the direction of Al-Aqsa mosque in Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) and later to the direction of Makkah. To the left of this mosque was the first house of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in Madinah, made up of relatively small rectangular rooms. © DMITRY BOMSHTEIN | DREAMSTIME.COM THE THIRD HOLIEST MOSQUE, AL-MASJID AL-AQSA IN BAYT AL-MAQDIS There were three entrances to the courtyard mosque; on the east, Bab Al Jibril, west, Bab Ar Rahmah and finally the south wall. An area of the courtyard was roofed with palm fronds and it was here that the daily prayers were performed. After one and a half years, the qibla was altered to face Makkah from a revelation from Allah, while leading a prayer congregation at the Qiblatain mosque near Madinah. While praying, the Prophet (PBUH) then turned from his praying direction which was then facing Al-Aqsa mosque in Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jeru- salem) to face the Ka’aba, in Makkah, in the south. The original humble structure of the Prophet's mosque in Madinah has been renovated and extended many times over the past hundreds of years. It is said that the Al-Nabawi Mosque, (Prophet’s Mosque) as it's called, can now accommodate approximately 2,000,000 people at any one time. © YOUR LUCKY PHOTO | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM A mimbar or pulpit was an early addition to the mosque, and it is from here from which the THE LOCATION OF MIHRAB AND MIMBAR IN THE MOSQUE usual Friday sermons or 'Khutbah’ before the Friday noon prayers are held. It is now usually placed next to the mihrab wall to denote the direction of the qibla. The Ritual of Solat Muslims are obligated to pray (solat) five times a day. These specific sessions are: 1) Subuh prayer just before dawn 2) Zuhur prayer at noon 3) As’r prayer at late afternoon 4) Maghrib prayer at dusk 5) Isha’ prayer at night While the daily prayers are performed anywhere (normally at one's house or their place of work in a dedicated enclosed area called a Surau or Musolla), it is considered more meritori- ous if a solat is performed together with other \"Jemaah's\", (faithfuls) and is led by an imam of the mosque. A Sunna (a religious statement prescribed as normative in Islam, based on the teachings and practices of Muhammad and on exegesis of the Quran, which is also called Hadith), states that performing a prayer or solat in a mosque will give the faithful 27 times more blessings then, if he or she prays at home or elsewhere. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 13

© ATSA ARCHITECTS ILLUSTRATIONS OF SOLAT POSITIONS : IT IS COMMENCED BY STANDING FOLLOWED BY A TAKBEERATUL-IHRAM (BOTH ARMS RAISED WITH SAYING OF ALLAH IS GREAT), ARMS ON CHEST, ANOTHER TAKBIR, RUKU’ (BOWING), I’TIDAL (INTERMEDIATE STANDING), SUJD (PROSTRATION), SITTING, SECOND SUJD, FINAL SITTING AND SALAM (ENDING GREETINGS WITH FACING TO RIGHT AND LEFT SHOULDERS) After a few years after the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 632, the building of mosques in a particular area became an important Islamic symbol for Muslims all over the world. It also became an important and necessary religious structure in a town or a city. The mosque built by the Prophet in Madinah inspired and influenced many Muslim conquerors, rulers and leaders to identify a prominent place for a mosque to be built and with other structures then planned around it. The building of the Prophet's mosque in © ALAIN LACROIX | DREAMSTIME.COM Madinah had inspired others to ensure AN OTTOMAN STYLE MOSQUE IN JORDAN, LOCATED IN THE HEART OF THE TOWN that the mosque was the centre or focal point of the city. Today, in many Muslim countries, the location and size of the mosque are often identified before a township or city is planned or built. The style used by a person in authority often influences the architectural approach or outlook of the mosque. The Mosque Architecture The design and the building of mosques were developed from a very simple utilitarian form. To create more complex structures, the designers or builders infused art, science and technology to construct either a simple mosque or a grand mosque befitting the particular area. This is in contrast to many of the earlier mosques, which were just mere rudimentary structures built facing the qibla. It has been approximately 1,435 years since the very first mosque was built by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and since then the shape and architecture of mosques have changed dramatically with the incorporation of various architectural styles of the different home coun- tries. The modern mosque's minaret, the tower from where the calling of prayers is made, was part of the early mosques’ designs. The Minaret is said to have been inspired by other religious buildings, and it was believed that it was the churches in Syria that had influenced this addition. The inclusion of the minaret as part of the mosque was both for embellishment purposes and to express the building's grandeur. At the same time, it also adds to the function of the mosque as an elevated place for the calling of prayers, the 'Azan'. The Azan is heard five times a day over a long distance, as opposed to the traditional way of the calling of prayer from ground level, which can only be heard not more than just a few metres away from the person making the calling, the Muezzin. A Muezzin is a person appointed to a mosque to recite the call to prayer (Azan), five times a day and to pray in the mosque. The Muezzin's post is an important one, as he is the one responsible for alerting the faithful to the prayer times. Nowadays, powerful speakers are installed onto the minarets to greatly increase the hearing distance during the calling of Azan © AHMAD FAIZAL YAHYA | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM by several kilometres. MOSQUE MINARETS IN THE DUSK SILHOUETTE SETTING 14 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF &RmGeoUcseIqDnuEteLlyIsN-abErSueilpt rmovoidsqeduewsi are normally provided with at least one or two minarets. Some th up to four to even six minarets.

© SERBAN ENACHE | DREAMSTIME.COM © WIKTOR WOJTAS | DREAMSTIME.COM THE SIX MINARETS OF SULTAN AHMED MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY THE GREAT MOSQUE OF KAIROUAN IN TUNISIA The first minaret was probably added to the mosque in the year 703. It was said to have been built on to the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, which was constructed almost 100 years after the Prophet's mosque in Madinah. However, there are some written evidence suggesting that minarets may have been erected as early as 665 AD. Other elements which form part of the mosque are: Dikka : A platform from where the muezzin calls for prayer within the mosque after he has made the calling of Azan from the minaret. © GINASANDERS | DREAMSTIME.COM Kursi : A desk and a seat for reading the Quran. A DIKKA OF SULTAN HASSAN MOSQUE IN Carpets : To cover the cold stone or ceramic floors of the mosque. CAIRO, EGYPT Lights : Both candles and oil lamps were used for illumination before the introduction of electricity. Water Troughs : These were often placed in the courtyard, both for ablution, an act of cleaning oneself with clean water before performing each prayer, and also to provide clean water to people visiting the mosque. An impressive chandelier : Oil lamps were once placed hanging from the middle of the dome to light up the main prayer hall during low light or at night. Later, electric light bulbs were added to become part of the chandelier. Toilets : Are often placed separately from the main mosque building. Dome : An Islamic dome is used to cover a large area over the main prayer hall. © BALONCICI | DREAMSTIME.COM © ITSMEJUST | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM AN ABLUTION FOUNTAIN OF A MOSQUE IN GRAND CHANDELIER OF BLUE MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL, TURKEY CAIRO, EGYPT Pointed Islamic Arches : Are used to support the enclosure and veranda ways or corridors. Sahn : An open courtyard which is often used as an overspill praying area. © THOR JORGEN UDVANG © TYPHOONSKI | DREAMSTIME.COM © MARIA VAZQUEZ | DREAMSTIME.COM © SOFTDREAMS | DREAMSTIME.COM | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM A COMMON POINTED ARCH DESIGN FOUND IN A A COURTYARD AREA FOUND IN A MOSQUE IN CAIRO, EGYPT A CALLIGRAPHIC ART ATTACHED TO THE WALL OF THE MOSQUE MUGHAL STYLE MOSQUE DOMES MOSQUE Khat and calligraphy art : Often depicting various Quranic verses, these pieces of art were added as an internal decorative embellish- ment to the mosque and as a source of Dhikir (known as a remembrance) since other forms of art and statues are forbidden in the mosque. The Quranic writings are often done in different styles and colours using many different materials. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 15

© OXANA FALKOVA | DREAMSTIME.COM © VICHAYA KIATYING-ANGSULEE © ABDELMOUMENTAOUTAOU SOME EXAMPLES OF THE ISLAMIC GEOMETRICAL PATTERNS | DREAMSTIME.COM | DREAMSTIME.COM STAR AND CRESCENT AS PART OF THE MOSQUE DETAILINGS Geometric patterns : Are used based on the Star and Crescent : The use of the star and crescent various organisations of patterns inspired by Islamic as the symbol of Islam. It is also depicted in many geometric arrangements and understanding. They Islamic flags. This is often seen at the tip of the top are also known as arabesque patterns. They are of domes and minarets. easily identifiable by artists who were inclined towards geometry and mathematics. The Principles Of Islamic Architecture The mosque is often designed without using human or animal figurines as decorative elements. These are replaced by arabesque patterns or calligraphy writings. The design process of the mosque conceptually follows; the seven principles of Islamic architecture (as described in the Seven Principles of Islamic Architecture by Nisreen Moustofa). These seven principles of Islamic architecture are stated, interpreted or conceptualised in the design of Islamic buildings. They are: 1) Tawhid - Unity The essence of unity in Islam is professing the ‘Kalimat Shahadah’ (or the testimony of faith; there is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God). In the design of the mosque, the unity is expressed through its praying direction which is towards the Ka’aba. 2) Ihtiram - Respect It is described as propriety or ‘Adab’ towards Allah. It is embedded in the five pillars of Islam. 1) Shahada’ (testimony of faith), 2) Solat (Prayer), 3) Zakat (alms) 4) Sawm (fasting) and 5) Hajj (Pilgrimage to Makkah). The design of the mosque often follows the principles behind the five pillars of Islam. As a sign of respect, one must remove one’s shoes when entering and taking ‘ablution’, which is an act to clean one’s self with water before praying. 3) Ikhlas - Sincerity It is the unity of the spiritual beliefs of a man. The expression of sincerity to God in the mosque design is seen through the absence of any human or animal imagery which could be used to decorate or embellish the mosque. It allows the faithful to focus on contemplation and dedicate prayers to only Allah, the one true God. The design of the mosque is built for the sincere action of Ibadah (devotion or religious service). Through an understanding of art, mathematical proportion and science, the builders and craftsmen can integrate the knowledge gained from expressing the architecture of the mosque. The continuous acquisition of knowledge will fuel various innovations in expressing Islamic architecture. 4) Ilm - Knowledge It is vital in Islam that one acquires the right knowledge as it is a way to obtain one’s clarity or ‘light’. In architecture, the understanding of the use of light is expressed by the play of shade and shadow of the sun rays on the building facade. Light (clarity) is synonymous with truth. In the architecture of the mosque, light is expressed in many ways to illuminate the spaces within to create the play of art, math and science. It is expressed through its clever designs and thoughtful expression by its architects. 5) Iqtisad -Balance Balance is essential in Islamic architecture as its serves as a reminder of the need to ‘balance’ its functional and spiritual elements. It is described by achieving a sense of harmony between the physical world and the spiritual world; or the built form and the natural form. Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) had said that “the best way is always the middle way, do good deeds properly, sincerely and moderately, and to adopt a middle moderate regular way in order to reach your target (paradise)”. Architecture encompasses form, space, order and proportion, combined in harmony, reflecting the need for physical Islamic architectural expression in the mosque design. © TALGA | DREAMSTIME.COM SUNLIGHT EMBEDDED THROUGH THE CLERESTORY WINDOWS 16 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

6) Haya' - Modesty To be modest is to be aware of one’s presence among others. In architecture, it is a form of expression of modesty under God. In a mosque's design the architectural ‘veil’ is used as an expressive interpretation of being modest and providing privacy to the people inside. 7) Dhikir - Remembrance Dhikir in Islam means an act of repeatedly chanting and reaffirming one’s faith, often in unison, as a form of worship. © DANIEL BOITEAU | DREAMSTIME.COM © MICHAEL JOHN WALTON | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM © VINCENT ST. THOMAS | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM A SYMMETRICAL DESIGN MOSQUE MOSQUE SCREENING WALL AS PART OF THE ‘VEIL’ THE LOUVRES PATTERN OF THE MALAYSIA NATIONAL MOSQUE In Islamic architecture, there are many components or elements used in the design of the mosque to express or allow one to be in a state of remembrance to Allah. Unlike other literal forms of art, sculpture or components of architecture, the use of arabesque, calligraphy and repetitive use of the architectural language often helps one to be totally immersed in a state of remembrance to Allah. With the clever use of these elements, one can experience one’s faith in totality. One can experience being in its centre rather than witnessing one’s faith from the outside looking towards an object or a form. Mosque As The Communal Centre Mosques in Islamic countries are often the centre of many cities or neighbourhoods. Very few mosques lie in far away, isolated areas and most mosques do not have shops and commercial activities attached to it. Instead, they are normally located on the streets around or fronting any other activities. Mosques are often built as standalone structures and are located prominently so that they can be easily identified. People's houses, or the people frequenting the mosque are called the ‘Qariah’ who would often reside nearby, in a second layer, outside the mosque proper with shops located at a distance. Other types of buildings, however, have often been built to connect to the mosques, such as schools, law courts, hospitals, and lodgings for travellers. This approach was based on the Prophet's mosque in Madinah, but is of less importance today, as master planners and architects use a different approach towards planning a modern city. Etiquette In The Mosque When entering the mosque proper or the Itikat (the praying area), a person must take off his or her shoes or sandals as a sign of respect. It is also to ensure that the mosques will always be clean. One usually enters the mosque with his or her right foot first, and at the same time giving blessings to Prophet Muhammad and his family, known as 'salawat', as it is regarded as a respectful gesture. Once inside the mosque, one is expected to perform a ‘solat’, prayers of two rak'as known as Tahiyyatul Masjid. People inside the mosque are expected only to talk softly, so that they do not disturb those who are praying or reciting the Quran. Women usually enter the mosque through a special door which is sited separately from the men. A separate area is usually dedicated on the side of the main prayer hall or on the second level of a typical mosque for the women to pray. The Friday prayer is usually performed at noon, with the sermon given before the Friday prayer, a ‘khutba’ (hutbe), is considered compul- sory for all male Muslims to attend. It is considered as the most important mass obligatory prayer of the week, and is usually attended by thousands of Muslims, often occupying the mosque to the brim. Type Of Mosque Typologies One can say that throughout the centuries ever since the establishment of Islam in 622, there may have been up to 15 distinctive or more styles of mosque architecture. Below are some observations on the various architectural styles which are seen in the various Islamic countries throughout the world. 1. Arabian Architectural Style A common style within most Arab countries, mainly around the Arabian Peninsula. To some extent it has influenced the building of the mosques in Spain and the Northern African countries, which were countries previously under the control of the Caliphates. It is easily identified by the enclosed, windowless building which has a roof over its main praying hall and is attached to a spacious courtyard for congregational prayers. The Arabian style planned mosques or 'hypostyle' designed mosques were the © ATSA ARCHITECTS earliest type of layout design pioneered and promoted under the Umayyad Dynasty AN ARABIAN TYPOLOGY MOSQUE rule. These mosques are square or rectangular in plan with an enclosed courtyard with a covered prayer hall. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 17

Historically, because of the hot and dry Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard served to accommodate the large number of worshippers during Friday prayers. Most early hypostyle mosques have flat roofs on top of prayer halls, necessitating the use of numerous columns to support the roof above. One of the most notable hypostyle mosques is the Mezquita in Córdoba, Spain, which is supported by over 850 columns. © GEZA FARKAS | DREAMSTIME.COM In ancient Eygpt, the meaning of hypostyle is refers to the Ancient Greek word THE GREAT MOSQUE OF KAIROUAN meaning ‘under columns’ (where hypó means below or underneath and stŷlos means column). The architectural form has many applications with a combination of columns and arches, and the hypostyle hall became one of the two main types of mosque construction. In the early congregational mosques, the prayer hall takes the hypostyle layout form. One example of the hypostyle-plan mosque is the Great Mosque of Kairouan (also called the Mosque of Uqba) built in the city of Kairouan, Tunisia. 2. West Africa / Sahara Desert Architectural Style © ATSA ARCHITECTS © TREVKITT | DREAMSTIME.COM A WEST AFRICAN TYPOLOGY MOSQUE THE GREAT MOSQUE OF DJENNE IN MALI A mosque building of this style is made with a lightweight roof to shelter the main prayer hall, and is built entirely of unbaked bricks and mud constructed mostly by hand. The materials used are easily sourced, as the sand and mud are taken directly from its surroundings. These thick, load bearing walls have minimal openings to keep the inside cool and are held up by the use of timber structures for support. The natural yellowish, ochre colour of its facade also reflects the colour of its surroundings and dry, arid environment. 3. Fatimid Architectural Style © ATSA ARCHITECTS © PAUL COWAN | DREAMSTIME.COM A FATIMID CAIRO MOSQUE STYLE AL-AZHAR MOSQUE IN CAIRO, EGYPT Fatimid architecture originates from the Tulunid techniques and uses similar materials combined with unique techniques of building and design. In Cairo, their first congregational mosque was the Al-Azhar Mosque, (’the splendid’) founded along with the city (969-973). The Mosque of al-Hakim (r. 996-1013), is also an important example of Fatimid architecture and architectural decoration of the time. 4. Moorish Architectural Style Moorish architecture is the articulated Berber–Islamic and Hispano–Islamic architecture of North Africa, and Al-Andalus. Characteristic built elements of the Moorish style includes muqarnas, horseshoe arches, voussoirs, domes, crenellated arches, lancet arches, ogee arches, courtyards and decorative tile work. Its designs are often elaborately embellished and exaggerated. Other visual characteristics are the distinguishable light brown or yellow ochre sandstone colour plaster, attached to a singular tall, beautifully ornamented square minaret. KIN©1GT8HYAPSHSOAONNMIISMOKOISS| QDQURUEEEAINMACSARTSIAMCBEHL.ACINTOCEMAC, MTOURORCECODESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

5. Mamluk Architectural Style: Mamluk architecture was a period of using flowering motifs in Islamic art during the reign of the Mamluk Sultan (1250-1517 AD) which is seen mostly in old Cairo, Egypt. While the organisation of Mamluk buildings varies, the funerary style dome and its elaborately designed minaret are examples © ATSA ARCHITECTS © PRILL | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM of the constant use of leitmotifs. These A MAMLUK STYLE MOSQUE SULTAN HASSAN MOSQUE AND MADRASAH IN CAIRO, EGYPT attributes are prominent features in a Mamluk mosque's profile and were significant additions to the city skyline. In Cairo, the funerary dome and minaret are symbols of commemoration and worship. 6. Iran and the Central Asia Region Architectural Style The layout of this style of mosque is distinguished by the use of \"iwan's\" (tall pointed vaulted arch entrances) located in each corner of the two axis that face each other in the middle of the rectangular or square open courtyard. This type of mosque is identified by its unusual shaped domes, with bright turquoise colour ornamental tiles. © DANIEL BOITEAU | DREAMSTIME.COM The mosque or the praying hall is often attached to several other buildings, IMAM MOSQUE AND NAQSH-E JAHAN SQUARE IN ISFAHAN, IRAN such as a ‘Madrasa’ religious school, with covered walkways and large open courtyards. Repetitive use of the pointed arches is often used across several layers or floors. 7. Timurid Architecture Style This architectural style started with the sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi in present-day Kazakhstan and culminated in Timur's mausoleum, Gur-e Amir in Samarkand. This style is largely derived from Persian architecture. Axial symmetry is one of the main characteristics of Timurid structures seen, notably in the Shah-e Zendah in Samarkand and the mosque of Gowhar Shad in Meshed. Double domes of various shapes with the exterior display of brilliant colours. © EDUARD KIM | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM BIBI KHANYM MOSQUE IN SAMARKAND, UZBEKISTAN 8. The Indian Subcontinent or The Mughal Inspired Architectural Style © ATSA ARCHITECTS © DANIEL BOITEAU | DREAMSTIME.COM AN INDIAN - MUGHAL TYPOLOGY MOSQUE JAMA MOSQUE IN DELHI, INDIA Mughal architecture is an architectural style that was first developed by the Mughals during the rise of Islam in the Indian subcontinent in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. It is a mixture of many of the previous Islamic, Persian and Indian architectural vocabulary. Many examples of this style are in India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. The Mughal style architecture is distinguished by the use of three onion-shaped domes (comprising a large central dome and one smaller dome on each side). It is often located over the main prayer hall or the use of multiple onion-shaped domes on its rooftop or projections. Crenulated arches, similar to the ones used in the Moorish style, were often used at the veranda ways or openings. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 19

9. Anatolian and Ottoman Architectural Style © ATSA ARCHITECTS © ATSA ARCHITECTS © WINSTONZA | WIKIMEDIA.ORG | CREATIVE COMMONS AN OTTOMAN TYPOLOGY MOSQUE OTTOMAN MOSQUE WITH LARGE DOME AND THIN MINARETS ATTRIBUTION-SHARE ALIKE 3.0 UNPORTED SULEYMANIYE MOSQUE IN ISTANBUL , TURKEY This style was most commonly seen during the Ottoman Empire period, and was made popular by Sinan. The common feature of these mosques was a large helmet shaped, gray colored thin lead dome, which was spread over the large main prayer hall. The use of half domes as buttresses holds together the thick walls of these large mosques. The incorporation of a number of minarets increases the mosque's grandeur. 10. Chinese Islamic Architectural Style © ATSA ARCHITECTS © CHENSIYUAN | WIKIMEDIA.ORG | GNU FREE DOCUMENTATION LICENSE The mosque is often built as a low-rise, sprawling A WEST AFRICAN TYPOLOGY MOSQUE complex similar to a typical Chinese temple arrange- exactly the traditional Chinese form using similar coloured, green-glazed roof tiles. ment. It is also usually fenced all round, by high walls separating it from the surrounding buildings and making it similar to a meditation sanctuary. The roof is often designed to follow The layout and design of this mosque are usually planned with many similar elements, wherever they are built in other parts of the world. Likewise, as with other regions, countries or culture, many mosques built in China reflect the local or regional architectural style. China is renowned for its beautiful mosques, which resemble its religious temples. However, there are many mosques built in the western part of China, that resemble mosques built in the Middle East, or those inspired by the Arabian architectural style. 11. South East Asia Mosque Architectural Style These mosques feature a pyramid-shaped roof in the centre, often said to follow a structure from a Hindu-style religious architecture found mainly in Java. They are often built simply using wood and brick or stone. At times it utilises previous ancient © ATSA ARCHITECTS © MOHD NIZAM NOHD ZAN | ATSA ARCHITECTS religious symbols, KAMPUNG LAUT MOSQUE IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN, MALAYSIA using its importance to assume new Islamic meanings. It is said that the construction of these earlier mosques was influenced by the use of Chinese carpenters brought in from China to build in Malaya, Java, Sumatera and the surrounding areas. 12. Early Modern Mosque Architectural Style These early modern A M©O2AD0TESRANIASRTCMSHTYIOTLEESCMQTOSUSQEUEARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES © RAVINDRAN JOHN SMITH | DREAMSTIME.COM mosques were mainly constructed during the rise of the modern move- ment influenced by the architects promoting the international style. This particular style was probably first used during the late 1950s, through to the late 1970s. Most of

these modern structures took the approach of ‘less is more’. The architects of this time also experimented with the plasticity properties or nature of the reinforced concrete. It was during this period that the mosques were devoid of most of the usual and common embellish- ments which were previously used to beautify them. 13. Post-Modern Mosque or Revival Architectural Style © NIZAM MOHD ZAN | ATSA ARCHITECTS © PRILL | SHUTTERSTOCK.COM SULTAN SALAHUDDIN ABDUL AZIZ SHAH MOSQUE IN SHAH ALAM, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA FEDERAL TERRITORY MOSQUE IN KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA The post-modern movement made popular in the early 1980s created the opposite of a modern mosque. It aimed to reverse the trend which gave rise to the modern mosque designs, in a bid to express the previous glories of Islam. The modern design had become too bland, devoid of many of the traditional ornaments. This period became the most popular approach in the last 30 years. 14. Late Modernist Style or Minimalist Style Mosque Architectural Style The late modernist style mosque is heavily © RYAN BRASALI | KOTA BARU PARAHYANGAN BANDUNG influenced by the minimalist styles which express- AL-IRSYAD MOSQUE IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA es Islamic architecture through straight, clean-edge lines. Minimalism is often used to describe a trend in design and architecture where- by the design approach is reduced to its necessary elements. Minimalistic design was hugely influenced by Japanese traditional design and architecture. It is also influenced by the work of De Stijl, and other architects from this era. De Stijl's design approach included ideas which were strictly expressed by organising the look and feel of the space using basic elements such as lines and planes. 15. Sustainable and Green Design Architectural Style Since 2008, as a wake-up call to respond to sustainability and our responsibility to reduce carbon emission, there has been a new design approach for the next generation of the mosque which will be built using green technology. The mosques will be energy efficient and sustainable, but will be designed in the spirit of traditional Islamic architecture. The mosque will be constructed using recycled materials, and will feature energy saving lights, water harvesting system and renewable energy which will be produced using solar panels. © ATSA ARCHITECTS CYBERJAYA GREEN MOSQUE IN CYBERJAYA, MALAYSIA Future Mosque Design FLOOR PLAN OF MODULAR MOSQUE © ATSA ARCHITECTS © ATSA ARCHITECTS © ATSA ARCHITECTS STRUCTURAL SECTION OF MODULAR MOSQUE A MODULAR MOSQUE DESIGN The mosque's design and basic look will continue to evolve in the future and it is predicted that more contemporary sustainable, modu- lar, biomorphic expressions of the mosque's symbolism will take shape. It is as a result of the way of expressing the meaning of the individual mosque rather than repeating the usual approach of merely borrowing from the past Islamic mosque architecture styles. Other suitable vernacular forms (to the area) must be explored and the idea of the modular mosque is used towards building sustainable designs which will be designed for completion within months rather than years to reduce cost and construction time. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 21

Mosque’s - derived from the Spanish word mezquita. The Spanish term is a translation of the Arabic word masdjid - Aramaic masgedha. English - Word ‘place for (ritual) prostration’ Jami or Jamek - Designates the mosque for Friday communal prayer Musalla or surau - Formal areas and open-air spaces for prayer. ISLAM ALLAH The centre and foundation of Islam is God, whom Muslims call Allah, or ‘the God.’ Allah is believed to be the transcendent, all-powerful, and all-knowing creator, sustainer, ordainer, and judge of the universe. The absolute monotheism of Islam is preserved in the doc- trine of unity (tawhid) and sovereignty (rabb, ‘ruler’ or ‘lord’) of God that dominates Islamic belief and practice. Solat is one of the pillars of Iman Illustrations of solat positions : It is commenced by standing followed by a takbeeratul-ihram (both arms raised with saying of Allah is great), arms on chest, another takbir, ruku’ (bowing), i’tidal (intermediate standing), sujd (prostration), sitting, second sujd, final sitting and salam (ending greetings with facing to right and left shoulders) 22 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 23

THE QIBLA The qibla is the direction Muslims face during the prayers. It is the direction of the Ka’aba located in the Al-Masjid Al-Haram of Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Malaysia Qibla Direction 292o MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 24 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

THE DIRECTIONS OF THE CORNERS OF KA ’ ABA THE D IRECTI ONS OF THE CORNERS OF K A’ABA The four corners of the Ka’aba Maqaam Ibraheem Hateem (Hijr Ismail) The Door of the Ka’aba Hajar Aswad Malaysia 292o The location of Ka’aba in Al-Masjid Al-Haram MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIMGONSQBUERAIRECFHIT&ECGTUURIEDDEESLIGINN BERSIEF & GU2ID5ELINES

STRUCTURE OF KA’ABA This is the image of the current Ka’aba structure. It is a cuboid-shape structure made of granite with a 250 cm. (98 in.) marble base which projects outwards about 35 cm. (14 in.). Inside the Ka’aba, the floor is made of marble and limestone while the walls are clad with marble halfway to the roof. Part of the marble walls were inset with Qur'anic inscriptions. The adjacent wall to the entrance of the Ka’aba has six tablets inlaid with inscriptions. The upper part of the walls are covered with green cloth embroidered with gold Qur'anic verses. There are three columns which stand inside the Ka’aba, with a small altar separating one from the other two. Lights are hung by a rope above the platform with an enclosed staircase which leads to the roof. Side Section Illustration Of The Ka’aba Structure MOSQU2E6ARCHITEMCTOURSEQDEUSEIGNABRRCIEFH&ITGUEICDETLUINRESE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

INTERIOR OF KA’ABA The floor plan of the Ka’aba, Hijr Ismail and Maqam Ibrahim. The height is approximately 13.1 metres (43 feet) high, with sides measuring 11.03 metres (36.2 feet) by 12.86 metres (42.2 feet). It indicates the Shaazarwan, the ledge base of the Ka’aba, that was made of marble and strengthened by the use of brass rings that are fixed onto the wall. The Shaazarwan was made to protect the base and foundation of the Ka’aba from flooding that often occurred in Makkah after the occasional heavy downpour. It was also created to shelter the pilgrims from touching the walls with a cloth of Ka’aba, especially during the tawaf that will render their tawaf as invalid. HIJIR ISMAIL SHAAZARWAN Pillar BAABUT Pillar TAUBAT Pillar MAKAM IBRAHIM KA’ABA WALL KA’ABA DOOR MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 27 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL MOSQUE INSPIRED BYTHE ARABIAN / MIDDLE EASTERN CENTRAL ASIAN MOSQUE Traditional mosque architectural STAR & CRESCENT decorative elements and design MINARET DOME CLERESTORY WINDOWS CRENELLATIONS POINTED ARCHES ENTRANCE PORTAL PORTAL MAIN PRAYER HALL FOUNTAIN MIHRAB 28 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES MIMBAR MINARET MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES QIBLA DIRECTION

STAR & CRESCENT MINARET DOME CLERESTORY WINDOWS MIHRAB MIMBAR DIKKA FOUNTAIN / ABLUTION SAHN (COURTYARD) Courtyard And Walls ENTRANCE PORTAL CHANDELIER KHAT AND CALLIGRAPHIC MOTIFS MIHRAB MIMBAR DIKKA MAIN PRAYER HALL CARPET MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DMEOSSIQGUNE ABRCRHIITEEFCTU&REGDUESIDIGEN LBRINIEFE&SGUIDEL2IN9ES

ISRA AND MI’RAJ By wikipedia.org The Isra and Mi‘raj‘ are the two parts of a Night Journey that, according to Islam, the Islamic prophet Muhammad took during ISRA AND MIHRAJ CALLIGRAPHY FOR ALL DESCRIPTIVE PURPOSES a single night around the year 621. Within Islam it signifies both a physical and spiritual journey. The Quran surah al-Isra contains an outline account, while greater detail is found in the hadith col- lections of the reports, teachings, deeds and sayings of Muham- mad. In the accounts of the Isra, Muhammad is said to have trav- eled on the back of a winged mule-like white beast, called Buraq, to “the farthest mosque”. By tradition this mosque, which came to represent the physical world, was identified as the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. At the mosque, Muhammad is said to have led the other prophets in prayer. His subsequent ascent into the heavens came to be known as the Mi’raj. Muhammad’s journey and ascent is marked as one of the most celebrated dates in the Islamic calendar. ALLAH Upon meeting The Almighty Allah, He first ordered that Muslims to pray 50 times a day, Sidratul Muntaha but after several negotiations by the Prophet, and on advised by Prophet Mosses, the no of Baitur Ma’mur times to pray was reduced to 5 times a day. 7th Level of Heaven. MI’RAJ Occurred on 27th Rejab on the Islamic The Prophet met Prophet Muhammad’s Calendar in the year 621. (PBUH) reached with Prophet Ibrahim. Sidratul Muntaha, the The Isra’ and Mi’raj are the two parts of a highest point across Night’s Journey that, according to Islam, the 6 th Level of Heaven. 7 levels of heaven to Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) took during a The Prophet met met with Allah single night around the year 621. The jour- ney began after Midnight to before Subuh on with Prophet Mosses. a mythological creature called Buraq from Masjidal Haram to the Al Aqsa Mosque. 5th Level of Heaven. The Prophet met with Prophet Harun. ISRA’ Prophet Muhammad’s 4th Level of Heaven (PBUH) journey from The Prophet met with Prophet Idris. Masjidal Haram to Masjidal Aqsa. A journey of 1239 KM. 3rd Level of Heaven. The Prophet met with Prophet Yusuf. 2nd Level of Heaven. The Prophet met with Prophet Jesus and Prophet Yahya 1st Level of Heaven. The Prophet met with Prophet Adam AL-MASJID AL-AQSA 1239 KM * AL- MASJID AL-HARAM Sidratul Muntaha “Lote-Tree of the Utmost Farthest Boundary”) is a large enigmatic Buraq lote tree or Sidr tree that marks the end of the seventh heaven, the The Buraq (in Arabic : al-Buraq mean ‘lightning’ or more generally boundary which no creation can pass, according to Islamic beliefs. ‘bright’) is a mythological creature in Islamic tradition that was said During the Isra’ and Mi’raj, Muhammad, being the only one allowed, to be a transport for certain prophets. traveled with the archangel Gabriel to the tree (where the angel “Then a white animal which was smaller than a mule and bigger stopped) beyond which it is said that God assigned the five daily than a donkey was brought to me ... The animal’s step (was so wide prays. that it) reached the farthest point within the reach of the animal’s Baitul Makmur sight”. A place of worship reserved to the Angels to prostrate to Allah at -Muhammad al-Bukhari, Sahih al-Bukhari the 7th level of heaven. 30 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

According to the Prophet’s Night och, Aaron, Moses and Abraham SYRIA Journey that took place ten years one by one until he reached the after Muhammad became a throne of Allah. Allah communi- . al-masjid al-Aqsa prophet, during the 7th century. cated with Prophet Muhammad, Muhammad had been in Mecca, commanded that his fellow Mus- JORDAN at his cousin’s home (the house lims to offer prayers, initially fifty of Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), when times a day. At the urging of Mo- 1239 KM he went to al-Masjid al-Haram ses, Muhammad returned to God (Al-Haram Mosque). While he several times before eventually was resting at the Kaaba, Gabriel reducing the number to five. The appeared to him bringing the Bu- five prayers per day are: raq, which carried Muhammad in the archangel’s company, to 1. Fajr (dawn) al-Masjid al-Aqsa,[Quran 17:1] 2. Dhuhr (midday) traditionally held to be the Tem- 3. Asr (afternoon) ple Mount in Jerusalem. 4. Maghrib (sunset) 5. Isha (night) At this location, he alighted from the Buraq, prayed on the RED SEA Medina site of the Holy Temple (Bayt Al- Maqdis), and then mounted it . MECCA again as the creature ascended (al-Masjid to the seven heavens where he met Adam, Jesus and his cousin John the Baptist, Joseph, En- SAUDI ARABIA PROPHET MUHAMMAD’S (PBUH) JOURNEY FROM AL-MASJID AL HARAM TO AL-MASJID AL AQSA. A JOURNEY OF 1239 KM. MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 31

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CONTEMPORARY MOSQUE DESIGN MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 33

WOWRLODRMLODSMQUOESSQ U E Al-Masjid Al-Haram, N Hagia Sophia, Q Q Makkah, Saudi Arabia Istanbul, Turkey Al- Masjid Al-Nabawi, The Cathedral - Mosque (Great Mosque) Q of Cordoba, Cardoba, Spain NN Madinah, Saudi Arabia NN N N N Great Mosque of Samarra, N Q Q Q Dome of The Rock, Great Mosque of Xi’an, China Bayt Al-Maqdis (Jerusalem) Po-i-Kalyan Complex (Po-i-Kalyan Minaret-Square, Samarra, Iraq Q Kalyan Mosque and Mir-i Arab Madrasa, Bukhara, Uzbekistan N N N N Q Q Q Q Kul Sharif Mosque, Kazan, Russia Suleymaniye Mosque, Naqsh-E Jahan Square-Complex Taj Mahal Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey Isfahan, Iran Agra, India N N N QN Q Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Q Ali Qapu Palace, Wazir Khan Mosque, Q Istiqlal Mosque Isfahan, Iran Isfahan, Iran Lahore, Pakistan Jakarta, Indonesia N N Q Q Q Q Q N Grand National Assyafaah Mosque National Parliament Faisal Mosque Corniche Mosque Assembly Mosque Singapore House Mosque Islamabad, Pakistan Jeddah, Suadi Arabia Ankara, Turkey Dhaka, Bangladesh MOSQUE3A4RCHITECMTUORESDQEUSIGENABRRIECFH&IGTUEIDCETLIUNERSE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

Contemporary Mosque Design N N Q N Q Q Q N Great Mosque of Kairouan, Al-Masjid Al-Aqsa, Umayyad Mosque, Tunisia Bayt Al-Maqdis Damascus, Syria Qiblatain Mosque Madinah, Saudi Arabia N Q N N N Q Q Q University of Al-Karaouine Ibn Tulun Mosque, Koutoubia Mosque, Mosque, Fes, Morocco Cairo, Egypt Al-Azhar Mosque, Cairo, Egypt Marrakech, Morocco N N N QN Q Q Q N Imam Mosque, Isfahan, Sultan Hassan Mosque and Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Sherefuddin’s White Mosque, Iran Madrasa, Cairo, Egypt Visoko, Bosnia And Herzegovina Samarkand, Uzbekistan NN Q N NNQBaitul Mukarram Mosque Q Q NQDhaka, Bangladesh Muhammad Ali Pasha Great Mosque of Badshahi Mosque, Gurgi Mosque Mosque Cairo, Egypt Central Java Lahore, Pakistan Tripoli, Libya Semarang, Indonesia Q QN QN Q N Dian Al-Mahri Mosque Q Chandgaon Mosque Sheikh Zayed Grand Depok, Indonesia Chittagong, Bangladesh Mosque Abu Dhabi, UAE Bait Ur Rouf Jame King Hussein Mosque Mosque Dhaka, Amman, Jordan Bangladesh MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 35

MOSMQUAELSAIYNSMIAALMAOYSSIQAUES IN MALAYSIA N Q Masjid Kampung Laut, Masjid Peringgit Masjid Kampung Hulu, Masjid Kampung Keling, Masjid Abidin Kota Bharu, Kelantan Melaka Jalan Kampung Hulu, Jalan Tukang Emas, Kuala Terengganu, Melaka Melaka Terengganu Masjid Tengkera Masjid Bandar Kuching Masjid Jamek Laksamana Masjid Jamek Kampung Masjid Papan, Papan, Bandar Melaka, (Masjid India) Hang Tuah Kampung Duyong, Batak Rabit, Teluk Intan Perak Melaka Kuching, Sarawak Melaka Perak Masjid India Muslim Bibi-Khanym Mosque, Masjid Kampung Teluk Memali Masjid Paloh, Masjid Zahir Ipoh, Perak Samarkand, Uzbekistan Kampung Gajah, Perak Ipoh, Perak Alor Setar, Kedah Masjid Jamek Sultan Masjid Alwi, Kangar, Masjid Sultan Abdullah Masjid Lama Jamiul Ehsan Masjid Diraja Sultan Ibrahim, Muar, Johor Perlis Pekan, Pahang Setapak, Kuala Lumpur Sulaiman Klang, Selangor Masjid Kolej Islam Malaya, Masjid Negeri Sabah, Masjid Tun Abdul Aziz Masjid Sultan Idris Shah II Masjid Negeri Pulau Pinang Petaling Jaya, Selangor Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Petaling Jaya, Selangor (Masjid Negeri Perak) Ipoh, Perak Jelutong, Penang MOSQ3UE6ARCHITMECOTUSRQE DUEESIGANRBCRIEHFI&TGEUCIDTEULINREES DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

Contemporary MosNque Design Q Masjid Lama Masjid Kapitan Keling Masjid Lama Kampung Masjid Lebuh Acheh Masjid Hiliran, Pengkalan Kakap George Town, Penang Parit Istana, Tanjung Ipoh, George Town, Penang Kuala Terengganu Kuala Muda, Kedah Negeri Sembilan Masjid Tinggi, Masjid Melayu Lama, Masjid Dato’ Panglima Masjid Jamek Seremban Masjid Sultan Abu Bakar Bagan Serai, Taiping, Perak Kinta Ipoh, Perak Negeri Sembilan Johor Bahru Perak Masjid Ubudiah Masjid Kampung Surau An-Nur Masjid Sultan Alauddin Masjid Jamek Lama Kuala Kangsar, Perak Air Baruk University Pendidikan Banting, Selangor Gopeng, Perak Jasin, Melaka Idris (UPSI) Tanjung Malim, Perak Masjid Dato’ Undang Masjid Ihsaniyah iskandariah Masjid Ar-Rahman Masjid Negara, Masjid Negeri, Seremban Kamat, Johol, Kuala Kangsar, Perak Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur Negeri Sembilan Negeri Sembilan Masjid Saidina Umar Al-Khattab Masjid Saidina Abu Bakar Masjid Al-Mujahideen Masjid Tanjung Api Masjid Jamek An-Nur Bukit Damansara, Kuala Lumpur As-Siddiq, Bangsar Petaling Jaya, Selangor Kuantan, Pahang Bandar Labuan, Labuan Kuala Lumpur MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESMIGOSNQUBERARICEHFITE&CTGURUEIDDEESILGNINBERIESF & GUID3E7LINES

MOSQUES IN MALAYSIA N MALAYSIA MOSQUES IN MALAYSIA Q Masjid Sultan Salahuddin Masjid Daerah Sandakan Masjid Universiti Putra Masjid At-Taqwa Masjid Jamek Negeri Abdul Aziz Shah, Shah Alam, Sandakan, Sabah Malaysia (UPM) Taman Tun Dr. Ismail, Sarawak, Kuching, Sarawak Selangor Serdang, Selangor Kuala Lumpur Masjid Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Masjid Setia Raja Masjid Putra Masjid Sultan Abdul Samad Masjid Bandaraya Universiti Islam Antrabangsa Mukah, Sarawak Precint 1, Putrajaya (Masjid KLIA), Sepang, Selangor Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia (IIUM), Gombak, Selangor Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Masjid Al-Bukhary Masjid An-Nur Masjid As-Salam Masjid Selat Melaka Masjid Kristal Senai, Johor University Teknology Petronas (UTP) Puchong, Selangor Pulau Melaka, Melaka Kuala Terengganu, Tronoh, Perak Terengganu Surau Nusa Idaman Masjid Istana Diraja Masjid Ulul Albab Surau Ali Bashah Neocyber Masjid Al-Ikhlas Naza Iskandar Puteri (Nusajaya), Klang, Selangor Jerteh, Terengganu Cyberjaya, Selangor Shah Alam, Selangor Johor 38 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

Contemporary Mosque Design N Q Masjid Sultan Ismail, Masjid Brunei Darussalam Masjid Negeri Sultan Ahmad Masjid Tengku Tengah Zaharah Masjid As-Syakirin, University Teknologi Malaysia Pasir Mas, Kelantan Shah I, Kuantan, Pahang Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu Kuala Lumpur City Centre (UTM), Skudai, Johor Masjid Wilayah Persekutuan Surau Al-Mizan Surau Taman Selatan Masjid Sultan Ismail Masjid Al-Bukhary Jalan Tuanku Abdul Halim Precint 8, Putrajaya Precint 20, Putrajaya Muar, Johor Alor Setar, Kedah Kuala Lumpur Masjid Jamek Sultan Abdul Aziz Masjid Bandar Diraja Klang Masjid Jubli Perak Sultan Masjid Tuanku Mizan Surau Balai Ismail Nur Iman Petaling Jaya, Selangor Klang, Selangor Ismail Petra (Masjid Beijing) Zainal Abidin Precinct 3, Institut Penilaian Negara Rantau Panjang, Kelantan (INSPEN), Kajang, Selangor Putrajaya Masjid Tengkun Ampuan Masjid Kota Iskandar Masjid Puncak Alam Masjid Raja Haji Fi Sabilillah Jemaah, Shah Alam, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Kuala Selangor, Selangor Cyberjaya, Selangor Selangor MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 39 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

MODMEORDNEMRONSQMUOESSQ U E S Mi’Raj Central Mosque, Prishtina,Kosovo Al-Islah Mosque, Singapore 7 yard 2 zbv library car park foyer 5 1 6 4 bichler strasse 13 7 mosque patio multipurpose minaret GROUND FLOOR PLAN Islamic Forum Mosque, Penzberg, Germany King Abdullah Financial District Mosque, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia Nusajaya Grand Mosque, Iskandar Puteri (Nusajaya) Central Mosque Of Prishtina, Kosovo Kayseri Mosque, Kayseri, Turkey Halide Edip Kulliyesi, Sisli, Istambul, Turkey MOSQUE4A0RCHITEMCTUORSEQDEUSIEGNABRRICEFH&ITGUEICDETLUINRESE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

GROUND FLOOR PLAN Contemporary Mosque Design Yesil Vadi Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey Cambridge Mosque, Mill Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom Al-Ansar Mosque, Singapore Pristina Central Mosque, Pristina Kosovo Meragang Mosque, Meragang, Brunei Solar Powered Prishtina Central Mosque, Prishtina, Kosovo dp 50 dp 50 LANDSCAPE dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 GARDEN WALKWAY dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 ABLUTION STAIRCASE 1 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 CORRIDOR TANDAS LELAKI LANDSCAPE dp 50 dp 50 CORRIDOR dp 100 dp 100 dp 100 dp 100 dp 100 MIMBAR dp 100 FUTURE EXTENSION MIHRAB MAIN PRAYING HALL MULTI PURPOSE AREA X X dp 100 BILIK IMAM dp 100 dp 100 dp 100 dp 100 dp 100 STAIRCASE 2 XA XA CORRIDOR CORRIDOR dp 50 dp 50 GARDEN STEP 3 GARDEN TANDAS PEREMPUAN ABLUTION WALKWAY ABLUTION dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 04/04 LANDSCAPE dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 dp 50 LANDSCAPE dp 50 dp 50 WUDUK BILIK WANITA MASAK RUANG SERAMBI LAMAN 1 LAMAN BELAJAR 2 WUDUK BILIK LELAKI PENGURUSAN JENAZAH Cologne Central Mosque, Cologne, Germany Nusa Idaman Mosque, Johor Bahru MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 41

MODEMRONDMEORSNQMUEOSS Q U E S Central Mosque of Prishtina, Kosovo Emerald Bintaro Mosque, Bintaro Jaya, Tangerang, Indonesia Ray Of Light Mosque, Dubai, UAE Kayseri Mosque, Kayseri, Turkey Tun Razak Exchange (TRX) Mosque, Jalan Tun Razak, prayer Kuala Lumpur hall parking f REZAB SEKOLAH AGAMA library/office m minaret future parking parking Bukit Sentosa Mosque, Rawang, Selangor Tun Razak Exchange (TRX) Mosque, Jalan Tun Razak, Conceptual Mosque Design, Kuala Lumpur Kuala Lumpur MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 42 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES

Contemporary Mosque Design OUB Mosque (Darussalam Mosque) Thamrin City, Jakarta, Indonesia Malaysian Chinese Muslim Association (MACMA) Mosque Mogan Mosque, Ankara, Turkey Kota Kemuning Mosque, Shah Alam, Selangor Modular Mosque Conceptual Waterfront Mosque Design Eco Ardence Mosque, Shah Alam, Selangor (Proposal) MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES 43

CONCEPT 44 MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE DESIGN BRIEF & GUIDELINES