Venturing Leader Manual

Crew Activities 14. Organize a photography contest in your c­ ommunity. Establish categories such as 1. Learn about the work of commercial for children, adults, amateurs, and p­ hotog­raphers who take pictures of advanced photographers. machinery, m­ erchandise, interiors, exteriors, or f­ ashions. 15. Photograph blighted areas in your commu- nity. Use the photos to make constructive 2. Learn the properties of a variety of films: ­suggestions for improvement. chemicals needed for development, filters, and lighting requirements. 16. Serve as photographers for church and community events. 3. Become familiar with the operating principles of different cameras includ- 17. Teach basic photography skills to children, ing Polaroid, 35mm, and movie cameras such as siblings, church groups, or and camcorders. Know how projection school groups. e­ quipment works. 18. Photograph pets that are available for 4. Have crew members use different film types adoption and publicize them in community to take the same pictures. Record the film newspapers and shopping center speed, aperture setting, type of artificial bulletin boards. lighting, and lenses used. Compare the results and analyze the differences. 19. Create a slide or movie show featuring crew members’ photography and present it to 5. Investigate the field of the industrial s­hut-ins and nursing home residents. ­photographer: photography of equipment and people at work for analysis, for publica- 20. Plan and conduct a nature photography tion, and for advertising purposes. trip for the crew or include your commu- nity. Build a blind for observing birds and 6. Arrange to accompany an accomplished animals in their natural habitat. photographer at work. 21. Go on a canoe or boat trip, taking pictures 7. Review prizewinning photographs. Analyze along the way. Know how to waterproof them to determine what qualities made photog­ raphic equipment. them prizewinners. 22. Learn about underwater photography and 8. Work as an apprentice to a portrait photog- the special camera and lighting equipm­ ent rapher, in a film processing company, or in needed. Go on a scuba-diving/picture- a camera shop. t­ aking trip. 9. Set up a darkroom for crew members’ 23. Go on a combination bicycling/ use. Learn the processes of development, photog­ raphy trip. enlargement, cropping, retouching, and printing. Visit a film processing laboratory. 24. Take a winter picture-taking trip. Find out about the special care photographic equip-10. Learn how to blend an aptitude for photog- ment needs in cold weather. raphy with engineering or science. Find out what education is needed. 25. Make a pictorial montage of your neigh­ borhood or community. Include people,11. Go on an aerial photography trip. places, and things. Research each item p­ hotographed. Highlight cultural unique-12. Take photos with a digital camera and edit ness and the contributions of all groups. them on a computer. Photograph different ethnic costumes.13. Photograph BSA local council events, both indoors and outdoors. Work with art crews to produce ­photographic “stories” of the events. 95

26. Research the history of photography in the c. Organize your collected photos and United States. Visit a museum of old data into a show or display suitable for photographic equipment. a community event or for display in a library, museum, bank, or school. Rotate27. Arrange to copy old photos, news clippings, the display to allow for maximum view- and the like as a historical record ing by visitors. of your community. 35. Make picture stories or photo essays of the28. Become knowledgeable about the proper- activities of other Venturing crews. (This ties of the various chemicals used in film p­ roject could be a fund-raiser for your crew.) processing. Know the first-aid treatment For example, tell the story of a high-adventure for each. crew as it plans a trip and collects and packs its gear. Follow the crew for its entire trip until29. Find out about the corrective viewfinders the members return home. available for those with vision limitations. 36. Help other crews in your council learn30. Take pictures of senior citizens in your to publicize their programs by sub- community and homes of historic value. mitting p­ ictures of their activities Put together a photojournalism type of to hometown n­ ewspapers. story tied to the past. Theater and Media Arts31. Host a costume party based on historic ­photographs of old styles of dress. Consultants32. Attend a workshop for p­ hotographers. Community theater group, dramatic arts teacher, dance instructor, speech therapist,33. Attend a photo-equipment show or industrial arts teacher, music librarian, U.S. sales meeting. Office of Education Regional Offices for the Gifted and Talented34. Make a photographic history of your com- munity, town, or city. Crew Activities a. Start with archives, old newspapers, 1. Have crew members fill out a card on their court records, legislative records, artistic interests. Group the interests, then township clerks, and local architects. select crew activities that will give each Photograph old maps, documents, Venturer the opportunity to pursue each pictures, and tombstones. Sort them ­interest. Try to have an expert in each area into categories such as government, come to talk to crew members. geographic boundaries, f­amily settle- ments, family relationships, ethnic 2. Attend a variety of performances. Have composition, types of livelihood (farm- each Venturer write a critique on all aspects ing to industry), changes over the years, of the performance—the performers, and the place of the community in set decoration, ushering, lighting, sound American history. effects, and music. Compare notes. Ask an expert to help with your evaluation. b. Include your sponsoring organization’s origin and contributions to the com- 3. Find out about the work of music thera- munity. Photog­ raph descendants or pists employed in government institutions. successors of the organization’s found- ers and fit them into the c­ ommunity 4. Ask art teachers to tell what high school and photographic history. college courses are best for your particular interest. Also explore the realities of job96

opportunities. Recognize the value of know- a church function. Make the topic of the ing a foreign language. show something of interest to the commu- nity such as energy, conservation, or com- 5. Investigate the history of the musical munity relations. instruments you play or the art form you prefer. 16. Visit performing-arts centers. Look at their architectural design. Talk to the architects. 6. Work as stagehands for local theater groups. Evaluate the differences in acoustics caused by shapes of buildings, construction mate- 7. Build a repertoire by performing with rials, and audio equipment used. theater groups, in summer stock, or with musical or dramatic tent companies. 17. Learn sign language. Help a deaf student by explaining classroom 8. Visit a television studio. Talk to and observe lectures and a­ ssignments. those at work both in front of the camera and behind it. Try to attend a planning 18. Write, produce, and perform a show for meeting of the producer and director. the residents of a nursing home or child-care f­ acility. 9. Brainstorm and then list all the community resources for music, such as a church choir, 19. Help establish a music section in your school band, radio station, department store, library. Collect records, tapes, and compact offices, and festivals. Explore the value of discs; catalog them; examine their condi- music as a help to the work environment. tion after each loan; and replace as needed. Attend as many functions as possible. 20. Work at or take part in park recreational10. Learn how to use instruments that measure programs such as band concerts and plays. sound levels of music. 21. Help establish a theater-in-the-park for11. Have experts show how to use makeup your community’s use in the summer. e­ ffectively, how to design or select costum- ing, how to speak lines, and how to develop 22. Show movies to city residents. Arrange for a stage presence. a street to be blocked off. Ask electricians to do the wiring needed. Borrow films12. Look into how songwriters, composers, and and p­ rojection equipment from a theater, performers are paid when their recordings library, or museum. are used. 23. Make a collection of music of various13. Write a spoken or musical commercial for a Ameri­can ethnic groups. Prepare a history community event, school program, or BSA of the music preferences of Americans over activity. Record your commercial and make the years. it available to school public address systems and local radio stations. 24. Look at the role of the arts as an economic enterprise: employment, taxes, tourism,14. Find out what is involved in getting a play, consumer buying. For instance, how much poem, or song published. What are the do Americans spend annually on records, copyright laws? CDs, and music videos?15. Write a 15-minute radio show, then pro- 25. Find out why support for the arts in the duce it. Include performers, com­mercials, United States is left more to private funding station breaks, music, and news bulletins. than to public funding. What are the major Record the show and present it before a sources of public funding for the arts? school assembly, a community group, or at 97

26. Look into the cultural exchanges that go on 37. Collect used musical instruments, drawing between the U.S. and other countries. boards, painting easels, recording equipment, and other kinds of arts equipment and27. Survey the art of antiquity. Research the use establish a lending plan for your community. of natural amphitheaters in history. How do the natural acoustics compare with con- 38. Plan and produce a talent show for your structed theaters? community. Decide what age groups will be eligible to compete (children, teens, adults)28. Look into how literature, plays, and sym- and in what ­categories (musical instrument, phonies have portrayed the social realities vocals, dance, comedy, dramatic reading, etc.). of different periods of history. Comp­ are your findings with the ways today’s art a. Hold auditions for the initial screening. expresses modern lifestyles, politics, and social structures. How do you think b. Have elimination competitions with today’s popular music will depict society finalists to perform at a special show to future generations? that is well advertised in the com- munity. Write a program, publicize29. Research the personality traits of people the show, design scenery, and handle who perform and people who work behind the audio and master-of-ceremonies the scenes. Ask both types to describe the functions. Suggest costuming. Help the aptitudes needed and why they chose as finalists with makeup and coach them they did. on their performances.30. Find out about the emotional, psychological, c. Have your crew videotape the show. and physical benefits of the performing arts. Send tapes of the winners, with their See how mentally or physically disabled permission, to local television s­tations children and adults can be taught to or talent agencies. communicate through various art forms. d. Produce a 30-second video for your31. Practice the exercises of a performer such as high school’s TV system to promote breathing and stretching. your crew’s open house.32. Investigate the concerns of some scientists Guide to Olympic Day that loud music can damage hearing and for Youth cause stress. Counsel young people about the hazards you learn about. Acknowledgments33. Survey community attitudes regarding The Olympic Day for Youth program is under males in ballet and other dance forms. the direction of the USOC Education Committee.34. Have a music festival in which crew mem- Introduction bers and their families perform. Include dance, music, film, drama, and other The drama and excitement of the Olympic performing arts. Games every four years focuses attention on the ideals and spirit of the Olympic movement.35. Create a puppet show for children in insti- The Olympic Games have endured since ancient tutions or hospitals. Design and make the times, and have experienced a rebirth in more ­figures and costumes. Write a script. Do the recent times. The ancient Greeks believed that spoken parts. Design a backdrop or stage an Olympic athlete had to be sound in mind, facade for the performance. body, and soul. To represent their city-states, Olympic athletes had to be morally sound and36. Work in some capacity on a school play. exhibit perfection in physical skills as well. The98

Greek phase Kalo Kagathos referred to this har- Education and the Olympicmony of body, mind, and soul. Today, we use the Games, the Olympic Movement,term Olympism to describe the spirit and ideals and Olympismof the Olympic movement. A Brief History of the Modern Games The ancient Greeks espoused the philosophy In the late 1800s, Baron Pierre de Coubertin,that the spirit of the Olympic Games meantbeing the very best you can be. They believed the founder of the modern Olympic Games, wasthat the competitive struggle was more impor- primarily interested in improving the educa-tant than the triumph of winning. Cooperation tional program in his native country of France.and participation, as well as fair play and good He had visited schools in other nations, and wassportsmanship, were important concepts that especially impressed with the important contri-contributed to the success of the Olympic move- butions made by physical education and sport toment. Wars stopped and peace reigned during the full education of young people in the Unitedthe time of the games. Even though nationalism States and in Great Britain. From de Coubertin’splayed a role in the games, it was the individual early efforts to introduce his perception ofquest for excellence that won accolades. The physical education and sport in the schools ofmultinational character of the games has been France, there evolved the ideas of the Olympicevident down through the ages, bringing people Movement and the Olympic Games, and thetogether from all over the world to compete in a ideals of Olympism. These ideas and ideals werepeaceful setting. accepted, and have been expanded during the passage of more than 100 years, by Olympic The Olympic Day for Youth, with its theme, scholars and practitioners, and by thoughtful“Focus on Excellence,” offers every Venturing people throughout the world.crew the opportunity to integrate and infuseOlympic ideals and spirit into the crew program. The Olympic MovementCrews can celebrate Olympic activities any time Generally speaking, the phrase “Olympicduring the year with an Olympic Day event.Whether the selected Olympic activities are held movement” refers to the worldwide reaffirma-on one day or several days, or culminate sev- tion of ideals and values emanating from theeral weeks of Olympic emphasis, this guide can Olympic Games. Every four years, athletes comeprovide assistance in planning and conducting from all over the world to compete in a spirit ofa competitive athletic program of cooperation, fellowship and peace.participation, and fair play. Educationally, the Olympic movement refers This guide contains Olympic educational to the involvement of more and more people inresources that were prepared by the United sports and physical activities as well as art andStates Olympic Committee’s Education music. From this mass participation will emergeCommittee. It provides a step-by-step plan for a athletes and artists of varying ability, interest,celebration of the Olympic Games. and skill. Among them will be the athletically gifted who are the elite performers—world-class The Olympic Day for Youth encourages athletes who represent their countries and whoyoung men and women of all races and creeds epitomize athletic excellence.to work together to set goals, to strive to reachthose goals, and in so doing, to develop a posi- The Olympic Gamestive self-image. Every crew activity, not just com- In ever-increasing scope and magnificence,petition between crew members or other crews,should reflect the spirit of the Olympic move- the Games highlight the challenge of competitionment and Olympism. among unusually skilled and gifted athletes. The Games offer this testing of the world’s best sports- men and sportswomen in a glorious, colorful, and 99

symbolic setting. The events begin and end in peace and fellowship. The USOC believes it has adrama, spectacle, festival, and celebration. particular obligation to promote an understand- ing of Olympism in principle and practice. The Pervading all of this interaction is the spirit USOC realizes that much of these teachings byof Olympism. Baron Pierre de Coubertin spoke leaders must be undertaken within the frame-eloquently of the nobility of sport, its enhance- work of a regular school curriculum by qualifiedment of the person, and its significance in educators and in youth groups throughouthelping to create understanding and fellowship the nation.among all peoples. Fair play and ethical behavior have becomeOlympism important concepts for youth at this time in our Olympism is a quality, a set of values, a way history. Saying no to drugs, violence, cheating, and gambling are values and ideals to be pur-of living, and an international force. sued by all individuals for their personal devel- Olympism aims to enhance personal lives opment and for the good of our society.and contribute to the betterment of the The USOC’s Commitmentworld society. to Education Olympism is pursued through the media of The Education Committee, a standing com-sport, art, and music. mittee of the USOC, is responsible for the development and coordination of educational Olympism has its roots in the Olympic Games projects and programs.of classical antiquity. It embodies the ancientGreek idea of Kalos Kagathos, the harmonious The USOC is totally committed to helpdevelopment of the individual physically, intel- educate children, youth, and adults in thelectually, and spiritually. It is consonant with the following areas:highest ideals of current educational philosophy:“To educate the whole child; to help each person ◆ The Olympic ideals (Olympism)realize the fullest extent of his or her potentials.” ◆ The inherent value of sports Olympism embraces de Coubertin’s Olympiccreed: “The main thing in life is not the triumph ◆ The worldwide Olympic movementbut the struggle . . .” Olympism is to have takenpart, fought well, done one’s best. It means being ◆ The concept of fair playthe best you can be. ◆ The organization and administration of the Olympism promotes self-development and modern Olympic Gamesimprovement of the individual, exalting thequalities of The USOC Education Committee has pro- vided to youth groups this program, Olympic◆ fair play ◆ self-direction towards Day for Youth, which outlines a process for inte- grating and infusing Olympic ideals, values, and◆ self-discipline ◆ personal goals principles into content areas along with existing goals and objectives. The outline suggests plan-◆ courage ◆ positive self-esteem ning procedures for a celebration of the Olympic Games through an Olympic Day event that◆ perseverance ◆ personal fitness includes opening and closing ceremonies based on the actual Olympic Games ceremonies.◆ good sportsmanship ◆ ethical behaviorThe USOC’s Role The United States Olympic Committee(USOC) feels a deep responsibility to help edu-cate the children and youth of this country, andthe public in general, on the deeper meaningof worldwide competition in an atmosphere of100

Use of Olympic Symbols, Marks, How to Organize anand Terminology Olympic Day for Youth Those conducting Olympic Day events The celebration of an Olympic Day for Youthneed to be aware of the federal regulations should be organized and adapted to the specialgoverning use of Olympic-related symbols, interest of the Venturing crew. Innovative ideasmarks, and terminology. and creativity can be integrated into the crew program using the Olympic theme “Focus onProtection by Law Excellence.” Crew Advisors and elected crew Under the Amateur Sports Act of 1978, the officers should encourage individual or crew participation in several of the suggested activi-USOC has the exclusive right to use or autho- ties and programs that nourish the Olympicrize the use of the name United States Olympic spirit and ideals. Crew members might prefer toCommittee, the USOC emblem, the words devote one day to conducting an Olympic DayOlympic and Olympiad, and various derivatives, celebration, or they may want to devote severalas well as Olympic-related symbols, marks, weeks or months, or even an entire year, toand terminology. Olympic activities. An Olympic Day event could be the exciting culmination of several crew Olympic-related symbols, marks, and activities, regardless of the schedule selected.terminology may be used for educationalpurposes only by nonprofit organizations and Objectiveseducational institutions for the study of, or for Whether the Olympic Day program is plannedthe purpose of, increasing the awareness andunderstanding of Olympic ideals (Olympism), for a day, a week, a month, or a year of activities,the Olympic movement, and the Olympic the following objectives for the program can beGames. As an example, the use of Olympic- considered as suggestions. They may be modifiedrelated symbols would be acceptable for a school to fit the Venturing crew’s needs.classroom or hallway bulletin board. 1. To focus attention on the attainment of indi- No institution or organization may imply by vidual excellence for all youth; to encourageuse of the name “Olympic” that it has an official youth to be the best they can beconnection with the U.S. Olympic Committee.Olympic-related symbols, marks, or terminology 2. To provide an opportunity for crew activities tomay not be used on letterheads, nor may they be be integrated and infused with the teaching ofused on any object or product that is sold com- Olympic tenets, ideals, values, and objectivesmercially. The selling of posters, banners, T-shirts,or other products bearing Olympic-related sym- 3. To conduct an event, based on an Olympicbols, marks, or terminology to raise funds for theme, emphasizing cooperation, participa-the organization conducting an Olympic Day tion, and fair playevent is unacceptable. Implementation The USOC recommends that messages rela- The level of participation may vary in eachtive to an Olympic Day celebration be identifiedwith a notation such as, “This event [activity] is crew, depending on the membership, organiza-part of the Olympic Day for Youth celebration tional structure, and length of time available forsponsored by [name of organization or school] the program. In the model presented, the firstand supported by the U.S. Olympic Committee.” phase of the timetable is devoted to activity and project development, and culminates in appropri- Any questions, comments, or requests for ate judging of Venturing projects or contests.further interpretation should be addressed to: The conclusion of the program could be simi-Department of Information Resources, U.S. lar to a field-day event, complete with openingOlympic Committee, One Olympic Plaza, and closing ceremonies patterned on the actualColorado Springs, CO 80909-5760; telephone Olympic opening day ceremonies.719-632-5551; fax 719-578-4654. 101

The following two sections suggest early- Plan some type of demonstration orplanning considerations and committee tasks. activity, such as dance, gymnastics, orThe third section outlines examples of sug- drama. Invite a band, chorus, or choir togested academic participation projects keyed to provide the music.Olympic themes. A crew can select projects byacademic subject areas that fit its special inter- You will need bleachers or stands forests, goals, or objectives. Suggested academic the event, a nonflammable torch, and flagsproject areas include sports/physical perfor- representing the nations of the world. Seekmance; language arts/debate; science/research; the help of participants, parents, and mem-computers/mathematics; social issues/ethical bers of the community to help in thesecontroversy; art/industrial arts; music/dance/ endeavors. For example, some individualdrama; and health/drugs/fitness. or organization in the community might help with acquiring the necessary seating. I. Early Planning Considerations Participants and parents from different eth- Select a date and time for the Olympic nic backgrounds and cultures can be called upon to make the flags representing their Day event(s), and an alternate date in case countries of ancestry or origin that are used of inclement weather. As early as possible, in the parade of athletes. Crew members appoint or elect a Venturing activity chair usually provide the ribbon-medals, certifi- and recruit an adult consultant to be respon- cates, posters, and artwork. Venturers with sible for preliminary planning, organization, various talents and abilities can help design coordination, and implementation of the the demonstration activities. event. It is suggested that the activity com- mittee appoint representation from the ◆  Field-Events Tasks entire crew membership. The activity committee and participants II. Suggested Committee Tasks usually are responsible for the overall man- Plan for an introductory crew program agement of the field-events competition and participation. The planning process to provide all members with general infor- should include elements such as training, mation and motivational ideas based on physical skills development, equipment, an Olympic theme. Show a film about the entries, schedule of heats, officiating, point Olympics; perhaps include a folk dancing tallies, and measurement recording. demonstration. Invite an Olympic athlete or a highly respected local athlete to be a guest ◆  Awards Tasks speaker. Introduce the activity committee Decide on categories for awards. When with an enthusiastic endorsement from the crew president and Advisor. Other inspira- designating criteria for winning awards, tional messages can be included. Select activi- emphasize participation in the events over ties for the Olympic Day event(s). Select the winning the events. Make sure awards site for the event and determine who will run are designed and completed. Decide how the event(s). Make sure he or she knows all awards will be handed out, when, and by details of each part of the program. whom. Try to have music appropriate to the occasion for the awards ceremonies. ◆ Ceremonies Tasks Appoint judges who will be responsible Learn what is included in the open- for recording and determining final scores and standings. Don’t forget to arrange for ing ceremony of the real Olympic Games, a public address system and tape players, such as the parade of athletes, the torch and to coordinate the schedule of awards. bearer and lighting of the flame, the music If an essay contest, drama, or poetry is for the parade of athletes, the oath of the part of the celebration, the readings of the athletes, the official opening of the games, winners could be part of the ceremony. and the release of doves (or balloons).102

The public relations chair should arrange the costs of the Olympics, or to help pay for publicity of the awards, and, if appro- for future crew activities. priate and applicable, provide press noti- fication or a press release about the award ◆ Hospitality Tasks winners for the media. Ushers giving out programs at all aisles ◆  Public Relations Tasks also should know the locations of rest- The public relations committee should rooms, the first aid station, refreshment stands, drinking fountains, etc. Official be responsible for inviting guests to the greeters can be on hand to make sure all event. Depending on elements such as invited guests are directed to appropri- the length of the Olympics, the number ate places for the ceremony. Participants of participants, and the number and should be directed to proper places. Both type of events, it might be appropriate to participants and special guests should invite the mayor or his or her designee, have places to relax and have some Olympian athletes, local athletes, the refreshments. Make sure all contributors heads of similar organizations, members to any part of the celebration are sent of boards of trustees, community leaders, thank-you notes expressing appreciation parents, etc. Contact local radio, television, for assistance. People like to receive and newspaper representatives. Usually, original, creative notes. someone at area radio and television sta- tions serves as a community representative ◆ Opening-Ceremony Tasks to help nonprofit organizations announce The mood established at the open- these types of events. Solicit this person’s help in preparing scripts and getting air- ing ceremony should be one of dignity time for public service announcements. and attention to details. Honored guests Use videotapes, slides, posters, and art- should be briefed before the ceremony work for displays in offices and for com- so they know exactly what is expected of munity presentations. Hand out fliers them. Is there a time limit for speeches or announcing the event. comments? What is everyone’s position on the stage or field? ◆  Support-Service Tasks Solicit a food service or parents to The ceremony itself might include, but is not limited to, the following: provide ethnic foods that celebrate and emphasize the global nature of the event. — Select a respected athlete or a boy and Is there a cafeteria or other appropriate girl to run the torch into the stadium dining area available? Plan with custodial or field and carry it to the spot where staff how to make appropriate use of halls, it is to be displayed throughout walls, and fields. Make sure all areas are the event. restored to the conditions in which you found them. — The flags raised could include the United States flag, Olympic flag, state On the day or days of celebration, flag, and organizational flag. A display make sure the first aid station is staffed by of flags of all nations also is a a nurse or other medical personnel. Check good idea. first with fellow Venturers to see if some- one has a family member with a medical — The parade of athletes represents background who can be present. participating countries. It is an honor for an athlete to carry the flag of his Provide shaded areas and liquids for or her country of origin or ancestry in participants. Refreshment stands for spec- front of the team. tators can also help raise funds to defray 103

— The master or mistress of ceremo- competing are encouraged to act as nies welcomes participants, honored officials, judges, timekeepers, score- guests, and members of the audience. keepers, recorders, measurers, etc. — The Olympic Oath is administered by — The planning committee will decide the crew president, executive officer what events should be offered; of the chartered organization, or an there is no limit to type and invited dignitary. number of events.* — An honored guest or other designated — Possible events include the dash, 200 person should recite the Olympic meter, 400 meter, 800 meter, 1500 meter, Creed as the band plays the and relays. In field events, consider high Olympic Hymn. jump, long jump, triple jump, softball throw, and frisbee throw. Ten events can — The release of doves, the symbol of be selected for the decathlon. Fitness peace, usually is represented by releas- events could include push-ups, sit-ups, ing balloons. Some events have even and pull-ups (participants must have used homing pigeons. trained for these events). Five events can be selected for a pentathlon. — Entertainment can be provided by children and youth doing folk dancing, Note: It is the responsibility of the exercises, and other group activities. If chartered organization representative possible, have the young people dress to make arrangements with the BSA in costume. local council for appropriate liability and other insurance necessary for — The crew president, chair, or mayor the event. declares the celebration open. ◆ Closing-Ceremony Tasks ◆ Individual Competitive Events Tasks The centerpiece of the closing The following guidelines are suggested ceremony is the awards ceremony. for events and competitions held during Other activities might include the torch the Olympic Day for Youth. being carried or run out of the competi- — Rules and regulations governing tion area; an honored guest or the master/ how many events may be entered, mistress of ceremonies declaring the end how entries are received, the training of Olympic Day; an invitation to the next involved, and points awarded are all Olympic Day; and the Olympic Hymn elements to be considered. being sung as athletes leave the area in a parade. — It is suggested that each participant enter no more than three events and III. Examples of Crew Projects a relay. The activity committee can develop cre- — All entries must be filed in the orga- ative projects in its crew. If other crews are nizational office at least one week in invited, consider appointing a joint steering advance. All groups are allowed three and planning committee to suggest projects entrants for each event (one team of and have responsibility for approving other four for the relays). projects. In some cases, projects may be shared with other crews. Some projects may — Participants should be in the event be presented as demonstrations, or placed on area when the event is announced. It display in a booth. Each crew should celebrate is their responsibility to be on hand. in a manner befitting its special interest, goals, objectives, or themes. — Each participant must follow rules and regulations for lanes, starts, and finish lines. Participants who are not *A sample sign-up sheet is included on page 109.104

◆ Sports/Physical Performance — Compare records held by Olymp­ ians from different countries. List the — Early in the year, attention can be records held in each event: track and called to the health, fitness, and train- field, swimming, archery, shooting, ing programs Olympic athletes follow. weightlifting, etc. Venturers might want to follow a fit- ness program of their own, or a fit- — Select a favorite Olympic athlete and ness-testing p­ rogram offered by their research his or her life for an essay or chartered organization or another display; or, choose a highly respected community organization. athlete in your city or town and study his or her background. — Study ways of testing athletes for body density. Fat content can be measured — Experiment with the following situa- by skin-fold calipers, body measure- tions: (l) Play a game without officials, ments, and hydrostatic weighing. rules, or captains, and then play the game with officials, rules, and captains. — Study how the differences between Discuss the difference. (2) Play a “new men and women affect the way they game” with an emphasis on coopera- perform different sports. tion, and then play a very competitive game. Discuss the difference. (3) — Study the cardiovascular system Participate in games of trust. and how it is affected by training. Determine participants’ resting pulse — Start an officials’ club to train officials rate and pulse rate after exercise. for the Olympic Day celebration so that Determine the target heart rate for the competitions will be well served. the age group being addressed. Design Conduct workshops on rules and training programs. changes needed. You might want to give a “Golden Whistle Award” to — Have each group select a country to good officials. represent. Participants can research the typical sports for that country. — Start a “fair play” program and give Study the training methods and awards for good sportsmanship dis- equipment used. Study Olympic played during the year. Call attention medal winners in the sports of to the need for good sportsmanship that country. among spectators. Start a campaign for cooperation and fair play at all times. — Learn the folk dances of the different countries and teach them — Help participants decide what events to other participants. Work with they would like to enter on Olympic a musician and dancer to learn Day. Make sure they know the rules, the authentic tunes, scores, and have signed up properly, and have dances of the countries. all the equipment needed. Olympic events should be well researched. — To stimulate interest in your Olympic event, invite professional dance groups — Offer workshops on the lesser-known to perform. Universities in nearby events such as the pentathlon, decath- cities or towns are good sources of lon, etc. such dance groups. — Have groups research various sports — Research the procedure used to deter- that are in the Winter Olympics. mine how new sports are introduced in the Olympic Games. What are 105 demonstration sports and when are they performed?

◆  Language Arts/Debate — Develop a list of questions or topics that need to be researched in a library. — Intellect was emphasized as much as Make sure requests are made to the sport skills in the ancient games, so reference section of the public library. don’t overlook this important area. Encourage poetry writing, perhaps — Devise crossword puzzles or other through a contest. Collecting, read- types of “mind benders” based on ing, and discussing prose and poetry Olympic themes. related to the games are appropriate. — Conduct a luncheon or dinner with — Essays or stories written about the authentic food, rituals, and music Olympism, Olympians, or any part of ancient Greece. of the Olympic movement also are appropriate. At each meeting, one ◆ Science/Research piece could be read. — Research the differences in climate, — An essay contest within the organiza- location, and terrain of the locations tion is always an opportunity for par- of various Olympic Games. What is ticipants to stretch their creativity. the difference between holding the games in Mexico City and holding — A debate centered on controversies them in Montreal or Calgary, Canada? related to the Games is a good way What difference would it make in the to look at both sides of the issues. training programs of athletes? Have participants play the role of the International Olympic Committee — Photograph athletes in action and as they study issues. Issues might examine different muscle groups in include professional athletes versus action; evaluate form and motion. amateur athletes; nationalism; drug-testing p­ rograms. — Why has the USOC established a Sports Science Division at the — Start a program in which the language Olympic Training Centers? What is of a different country is used at each studied and recommended there? session. Use common expressions like “good morning,” “hello,” “thank you,” — What impact has psychology had on “please,”“congratulations,”“good-bye,” the training of athletes? What is meant etc. The language of the day could be by mental rehearsal, mental imagery, introduced and signs could be posted or visualization? on the walls. Each group might select a country and be responsible for — What role has scientific technology one day of awareness of that had in the changes in sports equip- country’s language. ment? Give examples of advances; i.e., luge, bobsleds, ski equipment, etc. — Invite speakers from other countries to speak to participants about their — How have human limits of physical countries of origin or ancestry and the endurance and stamina been sur- customs, language, etc., there. passed again and again? What factors have contributed to breaking records? — R ead books on the Olympic Games, Olympic movement, and Olympism. — Which horses have been ridden in the Develop an Olympic library. Establish Olympic Games? What are the events levels of excellence for reading efforts. for these animals? Which breeds are used for which events?106

◆ Computers/Mathematics — Study controversial issues related to the games. Engage in a debate. — Develop a chart that shows both met- ric and American measurements for — Trace the routes of the Olympic flame a particular sport, such as track and as it is passed from one country to field events, or gymnastics. Consider the next host country: from Athens, courts, equipment, etc. Greece, to Seoul, Korea, to Barcelona, Spain; or from Calgary, Canada, to — Develop a computer program for Albertville, France. keeping statistics for your Olympic Day event. How will the statistics — What is the role of the International be communicated? Olympic Committee? How does it resolve issues? Study and report on — Develop scorecards to be used some of the recent political issues the in events. committee has addressed. — Make “play” money in foreign cur- — Study the issues causing boycotts of rency and use it for a “barter” game. the games in past years. Learn the exchange rate of foreign currency for several countries com- — Discuss the advantages and disad- pared to U.S. currency. vantages of consistently holding the games in one city, such as Athens, — Learn the names of other coun- Greece, or Bern, Switzerland. tries’ currencies. — How does political background influ- — What have been the costs of recent ence the atmosphere of the games? Olympic Games? How are the games organized financially in different ◆  Art/Industrial Arts countries? What are the advantages and disadvantages of various meth- — Design the banners used for each ods? Which countries have made a country selected. profit from the games? — Design a logo for each team that ◆  Social Issues/Ethical Controversy enters the Olympic Day events. The design could be transferred — Make a flag of the country selected to T-shirts. by the group or individual. Study the symbolism displayed on the flag. What — Design and produce medals to be used do the colors represent? as awards during the celebration. — How is the order of the parade of ath- — During the year, design and place letes chosen for the Olympic Games? materials on bulletin boards on sub- What is the protocol for the order jects or topics related to the games. of countries? — Construct posters to be used through- — Learn as much as possible about a out the building or organization. selected country: customs, foods, stamps, location, political — Conduct a poster contest and use the background, etc. winning poster as the official poster for the celebration. — Prepare a brochure about the symbol- ism of the Olympic Games: motto, — Make name tags for all participants of creed, rings, flame, torch, doves, oath, Olympic Day. hymn, etc. — Design and print the programs, bro- chures, and fliers for any part of the Olympic Day for Youth program. 107

— Study the ancient Greek and Roman ◆ Health/Drugs/Fitness art forms, sculpture, paintings, and symbols for ancient games. Reproduce — Discuss the drug problem as it relates art forms on posters, brochures, to athletes. What drugs are banned? programs, etc. What impact do these banned drugs have on the human body and mind? — Draw the Greek alphabet in Where can information about drugs original forms. be found? — Design and build the stands for — Determine the appropriate target ceremonies and awards. heart rates, training effects, and pulse rates for activities duringQuest — Design and create a (nonflam-­ physical education. mable) torch. — For total wellness, what factors should ◆ Music/Dance/Drama be considered? What are some of the health hazards that the Olympic — Study how music and dance have been Committee must consider when a part of the ancient and modern American athletes compete in Olympic Games. Study the contests other countries? held in conjunction with the games. — How do heat, high altitude, and sea — Relate the music, dance, and drama of level affect performance? each country selected. — What type of stress is likely to affect — Trace the history of each country’s athletes? How do athletes cope with musical forms. external stress? — Teach the Olympic Hymn to all par- — What roles do mental and emotional ticipants so that it can be sung during health play in an athlete’s training the celebration. Have a choir or cho- and competition? rus learn the hymn and sing it early in the program. — What are the different methods used by athletes to relax? — Have a band learn the national anthems of all countries represented — What common types of injuries and record them so they can be played do­a­ thletes suffer while training during the awards ceremonies. and competing? — Study the origin and history of why — What types of training programs are music was played during the opening followed related to weight training, and closing ceremony; what is the nutrition, or injuries? symbolism of the music? — Research recent training techniques — Produce a drama similar to one that being used by world-class athletes. might have been produced in ancient Greece. — How do the training programs of athletes in other countries differ from — Study the Greek philosophers and training in the United States? their methods of teaching. Use role-play to stimulate intellectual discussion and debate.108

Sample Sign-Up SheetSection A—Leg Events (Choose only one event out of this section.) I. Standing Long Jump (two jumps per participant)Men Women1. __________ 1. __________2. __________ 2. __________3. __________ 3. __________4. __________ 4. __________5. __________ 5. __________6. __________ 6. __________7. __________ 7. __________8. __________ 8. __________ II. Running Long Jump (two jumps per participant)1. __________ 1. __________2. __________ 2. __________3. __________ 3. __________4. __________ 4. __________5. __________ 5. __________6. __________ 6. __________7. __________ 7. __________8. __________ 8. __________ 109

Olympic Lore Olympic Oath “In the name of all competitors, I promiseAcknowledgments that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, This supplement was developed from an origi- respecting and abiding by the rules which gov-nal idea advanced in 1982 by Simon A. McNeely, ern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, forthen a member of the USOC Education Council. the glory of sport and the honor of our teams.”It combines information previously included inan earlier edition of “Olympic Lore,” as well as Olympic Ringsinformation excerpted from other publications The five interlocked rings represent the fiveof the U.S. Olympic Committee, including “TheU.S.A. in the Olympic Movement,” prepared by continents of the world. In every flag of theGayle Plant of the USOC Media Relations and world can be found at least one color of thePublic Information Division in 1988. Material colored rings. The colors of the rings from leftin the original edition of “Olympic Lore” was to right are blue, yellow, black, green, and red.written and edited by members of the U.S. Whether the rings are in different colors or theOlympic Committee (USOC) Education Council, same color, they are the official Olympic symboland by USOC Archivist Mr. C. Robert Paul. and the exclusive property of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) according to Rule 6Introduction of the IOC Charter. This material was prepared in response to Olympic Mottorequests for special materials about the organi- “Citius, Altius, Fortius” expresses the aspirationszation, operation, and conduct of the OlympicGames. It is intended to answer some of the of the Olympic movement. Loosely translated,questions most frequently asked, and it includes these Latin words mean “Swifter, higher, stronger.”a special section highlighting each of the sportson the program for the Games of the XXV Olympic Torch and FlameOlympiad, held in 1992 in Barcelona, Spain, and The torch is usually carried hand-to-handthe XVI Olympic Winter Games, held in 1992 inAlbertville, France. by relays of runners from the original site of the Olympic Games at Olympia, Greece, to the main The information included in this supplement stadium of the games. As a symbol of peacecan be used to help shape educational objectives, among peoples, the flame represents the basicto help introduce Olympic educational material, spiritual significance of the Olympic movement.and to create interest and awareness when usedin connection with other Olympic educational International Olympic Academymaterials. The question-and-answer format Located at Olympia, Greece, the Internationalis intended to facilitate use of the material forgroup discussions and for research assignments. Olympic Academy provides educational pro- grams based on the philosophy, spirit, ideals, The material will be revised as appropriate in principles, and values of the Olympic Games,the future. Comments, feedback, and suggestions Olympic movement, and Olympism.from those who use it are welcome. Olympic FlagOlympic Symbolism The Olympic flag, which appeared in OlympicOlympic Creed competition for the first time at Antwerp in 1920, “The most significant thing in the Olympic has a white background with no border. In the center are five interlocked rings whose colors areGames is not to win but to take part. Just as the blue, yellow, black, green, and red.most important thing in life is not the triumphbut the struggle. The essential thing is not to Olympic Pictogramshave conquered but to have fought well.” Familiar pictograms have become symbols of Olympic sports. The organizing committee for each sport develops its own set of figures,110

which are used at the venues and sold to com- Hano, Arnold. Muhammad Ali—The Champion.mercial sponsors. After the games are concluded, G. P. Putman’s Sons, 1977.the rights to these pictograms revert to theInternational Olympic Committee. They cannot Henry, Bill, and Patricia Henry-Yeomans. Anbe used unless special permission is granted. Approved History of the Olympic Games. Southern California Committee, 1984.Doves A symbol of peace, doves are released at the Hollander, Phyllis. 100 Greatest Women in Sports. Gosset & Dunlap, 1978.opening ceremony to remind all peoples thatthe Olympic Games are held in an atmosphere Hollander, Zander. Great American Athletes ofof peace. the 20th Century. Random House, 1966.Bibliography Jackson, Doug, M.D., and Susan Pescar. The Young Athlete’s Health Handbook.Arnold, Caroline. The Summer Olympics. Everest House, 1981. Franklin Watts, 1983. Jacobs, Linda. Wilma Rudolph—Run for Glory.Borstein, Larry. After Olympic Glory: The Lives of EMC, 1975. 10 Outstanding Medalists. F. Warne, 1978. Kaufman, Mervin. Jesse Owens. Thomas Y.Coe, Sebastian. The Olympians, Pavilion Crowell, 1973. Books, 1984. Kieran, John, Arthur Daley, and Pat Jardon. TheColeman, Ellen. Eating for Endurance. Bull Story of the Olympic Games, 776 B.C. to 1976. Publishing, 1988. Lippincott, 1977.Conner, Bart. Bart Conner: Winning the Gold. Killanin, Lord, and John Rodda. The Olympic Warner Books, 1984. Games: 80 Years of People, Events, and Records. Macmillan, 1976.Darden, Ellington, Ph.D. Nutrition for Athletes. Anna Publishing, 1978. Lakan, Carii. Golden Girls: The True Stories of Olympic Women Stars. McGraw Hill, 1980.———Olympic Athletes Ask Questions About Exercise. Anna Publishing, 1980. Libby, Bill. Stars of the Olympics. Hawthorn Books, 1975.Durant, John. Highlights of the Olympics: From Ancient Times to the Present. Hastings Ludwig, Jack. Five Ring Circus: The Montreal House, 1977. Olympics. Doubleday, 1976.Fradin, Dennis. Olympics—A New True Book. Mallon, Bill, and Ian Buchanan. Quest for the Children’s Press, 1983. Gold. NY Leisure Press, 1974.Fry, John. Winners on the Ski Slopes. A Picture May, Julian. The Winter Olympics. Creative Life Book, 1979. Education Press, 1976.Gelman, Steve. Young Olympic Champions. Newman, Matthew. Mary Decker Slaney. Gossett & Dunlap, Inc., 1973. Crestwood House, 1986.Girard, Wolfgant. Olympic Games. Franklin Olympic Bobsledding/Olympic Figure Skating/ Watts, 1972. ­Olympic Ice Hockey. Staff of the Ice Skating Institute of America in cooperation with theGlubok, Shirley, and Alfred Tamarin. Olympic U.S. Olympic Committee, 1979. Games in Ancient Greece. Harper & Row, 1976. Peterson, Marilyn. Eat to Compete. YearbookGreenberg, Stan. The Guinness Book of Olympic Medical Publishers, 1988. Facts and Feats. Sterling Publishing, 1984. Powers, John. One Goal—A Chronicle of theHabn, James, and Lynn Habn. Zaharias! The 1980 U.S. Hockey Team. McGraw Hill, 1981. Sports Career of Mildred Zaharias. Crestwood House, 1981. Pursuit of Excellence—The Olympic Story. Associated Press, Grolier Enterprises, 1979.Hamill, Dorothy. Dorothy Hamill—On and Off the Ice. Knopf, 1983. Retton, Mary Lou, Bela Karolyi, and John Powers. Mary Lou—Creating an Olympic Champion. McGraw Hill, 1986. 111

Schaap, Richard. An Illustrated History of the It should be noted that the IOC awards the Olympics. Knopf, 1975. bid to the city, not the country, although each bid city must have the backing of its respectiveValens, E. G. A. Long Way Up. Harper & Row, 1966. National Olympic Committee.Van Steenwyk, Elizabeth. Stars on Ice. Dodd, In 1987, the IOC voted to begin holding Mead, 1980. the Winter Games quadrennially but midwayWallechinsky, David. The Complete Book of the between the Games of the Olympiad (i.e., Summer Games), meaning that 1992 was the last Olympics. Penguin Books, 1988. year in which the Winter and Summer Games were held in the same year. At the 1988 OlympicOrganization and Administration Summer Games the 1994 Olympic Winterof the Olympic Games: Questions Games were awarded to Lillehammer, Norway.and Answers In 1991 the 1998 Olympic Winter Games were awarded to Nagano, Japan.Who Governs the Olympic Games? The International Olympic Committee How Are Sports Selected for the Olympic Program?(IOC), founded on June 23, 1894, is the supremeauthority over the Olympic Games and the At a time a city presents a bid to host theworldwide Olympic movement. games, the sports proposed to be included on the program if that city is selected are specifi-How Is a City Selected to cally named.Host the Olympics? To be considered for inclusion on the According to IOC regulations, each country program of the Olympic Games (note thatwith a recognized NOC may select a single city “Olympic Games” usually refers to the Summerfrom that country to make a bid to the IOC to Olympics, and “Olympic Winter Games” to thehost the games. The bid presentation outlines the Winter Olympics), a sport must be “widely prac-city’s plan for staging the games. IOC regulations ticed.” That is, men’s sports must be practicedrequire that the bid presentations be made by the in at least 50 countries on three continents, andmayor of the city, who may be accompanied by women’s sports must be practiced in at least 35only one or two of the city’s civic leaders. countries on three continents. The sport must also have an international sports federation rec- Bid presentations are made to the members ognized by the IOC and must conform with allof the IOC at an annual session of an Olympic IOC bylaws.Congress, or during the Olympic Games. To be eligible for inclusion on the program Following presentations from bid cities, the of the Olympic Winter Games, a sport must beIOC evaluates the bids and selects the city it feels widely practiced by men and women in at leastis best prepared to host the games. Selection of 25 countries on three continents.the city usually is made six or seven years priorto the year in which the games will be held. For New sports are admitted to the Olympicexample, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was selected program no later than six years before the nextas host city for the 1988 Winter Games during Olympic Games. For example, in 1980, it wasthe 1981 Olympic Congress in Baden Baden, decided that tennis and table tennis would beFederal Republic of Germany; and Seoul, Korea, added as full medal sports beginning in 1988,was selected as host for the Games of the XXIV and in 1986, it was decided that badminton andOlympiad at the same time. Likewise, at the baseball would be added as full medal sportsIOC annual session in 1986, the 1992 Olympic beginning with the 1992 games.Winter Games were awarded to Albertville,France, and the Games of the XXV Olympiad toBarcelona, Spain.112

What Is the Difference Between 25 sports have appeared as demonstration sportsa Sport and an Event? on the programs of the Summer and Winter Games. Demonstration sports were eliminated An event is a medal competition included by the IOC following the 1972 Olympics inin a sport or one of its disciplines. For example, Munich, but were reinstated for the 1984 gamesathletics (known in the United States as “track following petition by the Los Angeles Olympicand field” but officially called “athletics”) is a Organizing Committee.sport on the Olympic program, and the decath-lon is an event within that sport. Medals are awarded in the demonstration and exhibition sports, but they are not theWhat Are “Demonstration” and same as the Olympic medals. The U.S. Olympic“Exhibition” Sports and Events? Committee considers all athletes in the demon- stration and exhibition events, including exhibi- Demonstration and exhibition sports and tion events for people with disabilities, as partevents are sometimes held for sports not cur- of the official delegation from the United States,rently on the program but seeking inclusion in meaning that these athletes enjoy all the rightsfuture Olympic Games. Typically, a demonstra- and privileges of the other athlete members oftion sport or event extends over several days, the U.S. team.while an exhibition sport or event takes placein a single day. In many cases, demonstration What Prizes and Awards Aresports are expected to be on the program for Given to the Winners?future Olympic Games, but there is no guaran-tee that all demonstration sports will become Prizes given to the winners in the OlympicOlympic sports. Games consist of medals and diplomas, both of which are specially designed for each specific It is widely believed that the host city may games. The prizes are designed and producedselect the demonstration sport(s) for the pro- by the host organizing committee according togram, but this is not exactly true; the final specifications outlined in the Olympic Charterdecision regarding whether or not the demon- of 1978. They are distributed by members ofstration and exhibition sports/events can be held the IOC and representatives of the internationalrests with the IOC. Under the rules of the IOC, sports federations.the host city can petition the IOC to include upto two demonstration sports for the Summer In the individual events, the first prize is a silver-Games and one for the Winter Games, as well gilt (gold in appearance) medal and a diploma.as up to two exhibition sports or events. Sports The medal must be made of 92.5 percent pureproposed as demonstration or exhibition sports silver and must be gilt with at least 6 grams of gold.must be sports recognized by the IOC, and they It and all medals (i.e., for first, second, and thirdmust conform to the IOC’s bylaws. Usually, the place) must be at least 60 millimeters in diameterhost country requests inclusion of one sport and at least 3 millimeters thick. In team sports, allthat is widely practiced in that country, plus one team members who participate in the final matchother sport that the IOC approves. or game are given a gold medal and a diploma. It has been customary in team sports where the com- Nonmedal events of a sport already on the petition is conducted in league-type competitions,Olympic program may also be considered for pool competitions, or preliminary-round competi-demonstration or exhibition status. Examples are tions, for all members of the squad to receive thewomen’s judo, which was held as an exhibition medals and the diplomas.event during the 1988 Summer Games in Seoul,and disabled skiing, which was an exhibition event The second prize is a silver medal and aat the Winter Games in both 1984 and 1988. diploma. Like the first-place medal, the second- place medal must be made of 92.5 percent The first demonstration sports in the pure silver.Olympics, men’s basketball and American base-ball, emerged in 1904. Since then, more than 113

The third prize is a bronze medal (no pentathlon, water polo, and weightlifting inspecifications) and a diploma. In the team the Summer Games, and bobsled in the Wintersports, all members of the team receive the Games. The United States has been a leaderappropriate award. in trying to increase Olympic competition for women and encouraging expansion of Olympic It is customary for all medal winners’ names events to include regular competitions forto be inscribed boldly on the walls of the main women in water polo and weightlifting.stadium immediately following the games. Who Selects the Television Networks Special-award diplomas are also extended to That Will Cover the Games?all athletes (in individual and team sports) fin-ishing fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth. Since television began carrying Olympic competitions live, there has been a bidding war The awarding of the prizes is conducted among the American networks to carry theunder the rules approved by the IOC. Any sur- games in the United States.plus medals at the end of the games becomethe property of the IOC. When a competitor is Because there is considerable revenue to bedisqualified, his or her medal must be returned received from American networks for the rightsto the IOC, and the medal is subject to be re- to televise within our country, the IOC itselfawarded to the athlete who placed next after the conducts negotiations with U.S. television net-one who was disqualified. works, in cooperation with the host city. The OCOG also usually designs and produces The USOC did not receive any funds froma special commemorative medal and participa- the U.S. television contract until 1988, when fortion diploma that are awarded to all Olympic the first time, a small payment from networksGames competitors, as well as to all international carrying the Olympics was negotiated. Since thesports federation officials, referees, and judges, 1992 Olympics, the USOC has received a largeralong with the noncompetitors attached to each percentage, paid directly by the networks, overNOC delegation. This is in accordance with the and above contracts with the IOC for televisingIOC Rule 37 governing the distribution of the the games.IOC–approved and –sanctioned prizes. In other countries, the IOC negotiates aWhat About the Participation contract with the national television network ofof Women in the Olympic Games? the country, geographic area, or even continent (for example, Africa). The first women’s competition in theOlympics was in 1900, when women competed More than 150 hours of television were sentin golf and tennis. A number of events for to the United States from Seoul. The impact ofwomen have been added since that time. television coverage is obvious when one realizes that the competition schedules in Seoul were The program for the 1988 Summer Games revised to permit more “live” coverage of theincluded 72 events for women. The 1988 Winter event in the United States. About one-half of theGames included 16 events. Presently, there are time spent on American television networks forseven team sports for women on the Olympic recent games has been to show competition; theprogram: volleyball, field hockey, basketball, team other half has been devoted to special feature sto-handball, soccer, ice hockey, and softball. ries or reruns of the previous days’ competition. More than 35 percent of the U.S. athlete Coverage of Olympic Games by television indelegation of 600 at the 1988 Olympic Games foreign countries is often even more extensivein Korea were women. This is a significant than in the United States. Some countries haveincrease from the first women’s competition in almost continuous coverage for 15 hours a day;1900, when there were three women on the U.S. most cover the games at least 12 hours a day.Olympic team. Teachers should counsel their students to read local newspapers for all the good, specific sports Women are not currently permitted to com-pete in the sports of boxing, wrestling, modern114

coverage missed by American television. Some number of chromosomes it contains. Examin­schools, for example, subscribe to the News­ ation of the chromosomes in the smear indicatespapers in Education program sponsored by the whether the athlete is truly a biological female.American Newspaper Publishers Association. This test was inaugurated at the 1968 The U.S. television coverage of the Olympics Olympic Games to make certain that women’stypically concentrates on strengths of the U.S. competitions would be conducted under fairteam. Most foreign countries also feature shows and equal conditions. Since the tests were begun,or highlights emphasizing the best moments of no athlete entered in the women’s competitiontheir teams. has been disqualified.Who Governs Drug Testing All women must undergo this test unless theyfor the Olympics? possess a valid certificate issued for a previous Olympic Games or world championship. The IOC draws up the policies and proce-dures for any drug tests to be performed. What Are the Most Popular Olympic Sports? The list of substances banned for use byOlympic athletes is long, and is determined by Obviously, popularity of various sports variesthe IOC Medical Commission. The Medical throughout the world, but typically, track andCommission also is responsible for drawing up field (known officially as “athletics”) is the mostthe protocol to be followed in the conduct of popular of the individual sports. In the Uniteddrug testing that will take place during the games. States, other popular sports include swimming, gymnastics, boxing, and cycling. When a drug test is confirmed as positive, theathlete may be banned from further Olympic Soccer (called “football” outside of the Unitedcompetition or deprived of a medal, or his or her States) is usually ranked as the number-onespecific team in a team sport may be disqualified team sport in the world and the most popularfrom the Olympic Games. team sport in the Olympic Games. Volleyball and basketball (men’s and women’s in both Through the USOC Drug Education Program, instances) usually are considered the nextUnited States athletes are given a broad-scale most popular.educational program on a continual, four-yearbasis. Most members of the U.S. Olympic Team Among the Winter Sports,already have undergone substance-abuse tests What Is the Most Popular?while participating in the U.S. Olympic Festival,the Pan American Games, or their own world Among television viewers, the sport of figurechampionships. (Note to Advisors: For additional skating is a great favorite, but in terms of par-information about the USOC Drug Education ticipation and membership within the UnitedProgram, write to: USOC Drug Education States, ice hockey and skiing top the list.Program, One Olympic Plaza, Colorado Springs,CO 80909-5760.) The USOC also operates a toll- Which Countries Usually Winfree “hotline” number to which specific questions at the Olympics?about banned substances may be directed. Thenumber is open for use by any athlete, coach, or Actually, the spirit of the Olympic Gamesother individual concerned with drug use in sports decries any mention of a country “winning,” andin the United States. The number is 800-233-0393. the IOC is averse to the publication of tables listing the number of gold, silver, and bronzeWhat Are Femininity Tests and medals garnered by each country; however, theWhy Are They Performed? practice persists. The femininity test is a simple one. With a As a matter of record, France led in medalstongue depressor, a buccal smear (sample of the in 1900. Great Britain was the leader in 1908,cells inside the cheek) is taken from the upper Sweden prevailed in 1912, Germany in 1936,jaw and examined under a microscope for the and the USSR in 1956, 1960, 1972, and 1976. In 1980, the Soviets won 80 gold, 69 silver and 46 115

bronze, the most dominant role taken by any For 1984, after the final accounting wascountry in the history of the Olympics; however, made, the surplus of income over expenses wasit should be remembered that the United States more than $215 million. From the 40 percentdid not participate in the 1980 games. of the surplus that was assigned to the USOC, an autonomous foundation—the U.S. Olympic In 1984, the United States won the medal Foundation—was established to make annualcount, but the Soviet Union and other Eastern bloc grants to USOC member organizations. For thecountries did not participate. At the 1988 Olympic calendar year 1988, USOC member organizationsGames in Seoul, the United States was third in the received grants totaling $9 million for 178 specificmedal count, with 94 medals (36 gold), behind the projects. Other parts of the surplus went to theSoviet Union, whose athletes won 132 total medals Los Angeles Amateur Athletic Foundation, which(55 gold) and East Germany, with 102 medals (37 funds amateur sports programs in the southerngold). Over the years, the United States has won California area.more medals in men’s track and field than anyother nation. In men’s basketball, the U.S. team Here are some thought-provoking questionshas won the gold medal every Olympiad but two for a Venturing crew’s discussion about the(1972 and 1988) since the sport was added to the economics of the Olympics:program in 1936. The United States has also, overthe years, won many medals in men’s and women’s ◆ How would you compare the advantages of aswimming and diving, boxing, wrestling, shooting, strong fund-raising effort to cover the costs ofand archery. hosting the games with the use of public funds from federal, state, and local governments?How Big Is “Big Business”in the Olympics? ◆ How important is it to construct state-of-the- art competition venues to assure use after the For the sports-minded in most parts of the games? For example, facilities from the 1960world outside of the United States, the Olympic games in Rome, the 1964 games in Tokyo, theGames have been the most important sports 1972 games in Munich, the 1976 games inevent quadrennially since 1908. Among the Montreal, and the 1980 games in Lake Placidgeneral public in the United States, the Olympic are excellent examples of Olympic facilitiesGames really did not become popular until playing an important role today.1964, when television first brought the gamesinto our living rooms. ◆ In the past 20 years, corporate America has sought opportunities to identify with the It has always been expensive to put on the USOC. Why do you think this is so?Olympic Games. However, contrary to frequentlyquoted misinformation, the host cities have on ◆ What other countries do you think aremost occasions been able to cover all expenses. equipped to conduct Olympic Games funded by the private sector? The introduction of corporate sponsors forthe Olympic Games was a long time in com- ◆ Are the Olympic Games too expensive for anying, and was first successfully done in 1972 by new cities to conduct beyond 2004?the Munich Organizing Committee. The SovietUnion successfully canvassed the entire globe ◆ Do you favor rotating the Olympic Gamesseeking sponsors for their 1980 games. In 1984, among the cities that have previously servedLos Angeles depended heavily on American as hosts?industrial leaders and corporations to underwritethe games’ expenses. Korea followed suit for 1988.116

CHAPTER 8 Outdoor/High-Adventure Program Ideas Make your first super­activity a trip to a high-adventure base or other similarly outfitted and organized place.Outdoor Code As an American, I will do my best to— Be clean in my outdoor manners. I will treat the outdoors as a heritage. I will take care of it for myself and others. I will keep my trash and garbage out of lakes, streams, fields, woods, and r­ oadways. Be careful with fire. I will prevent wildfire. I will build my fires only where they are appropriate. When I have finished using fire, I will make sure it is cold out. I will leave a clean fire ring, or remove all evidence of my fire. Be considerate in the outdoors. I will treat public and private property with respect. I will use low-impact methods of hiking and camping. Be conservation-minded. I will learn how to practice good con- servation of soil, waters, forests, minerals, grasslands, wildlife, and energy. I will urge others to do the same. 117

IGetting Started might include some skill development for a f you are just starting a crew or even if you planned event or trip. You might bring in a con- are an established crew, welcome to one of sultant who has made some exotic or excitingthe most exciting and challenging opportuni- trip like the one you have planned. You couldties—high adventure! even invite another crew to share their specialty or their supera­ ctivity. It’s fun and educational to Start simple, grow slowly, and use expert con- do things with other crews.sultants whenever possible. Make your first super­activity a trip to a high-adventure base or other This chapter has sug­gested meetings andsimilarly outfitted and organized place. By doing activities that could be useful as you get started.this, you can watch how they do it. Find expertsand get them to help you prepare for your chosen Planning High-Adventureactivity. Have alternate plans. Things might get Superactivitiestoo difficult and y­ ou might not be able to followthrough with your original plan. Where Can We Go? Arrange it so that there are exciting trips early First ask the question, “Where do we wanton that everyone will be able to go on. Make sure to go?” A good method for determining placesyour meetings are well planned and have a pur- within a short range is to take a map of thepose, such as preparing a skill for an upcoming United States or North America and mark yourweekend trip or superactivity. Dull meetings and location with a dot. Then make a circle with aactivities are a sure way of losing new members. radius of 600 miles—this is how far you could safely drive in one day following the BSA Tour If prospective members see an exciting pro- guidelines for trip planning (a maximum ofgram written in black and white, they will be 12 hours of driving per day, under 600 milesmore likely to join and then come to meetings. per day on interstate highways). Every placeIf they get to go on an exciting trip right away inside your circle is a one-day-to-get-there trip.and have more trips to look forward to, they will Make a second circle with a radius of 1,200 milesbe sold on Venturing and your crew. to see how far you could get in two days. All of a sudden, faraway places seem a little closer. If you Since young men and women are looking can afford to travel by boat, train, or plane, yourfor excitement and fun, make it happen, even circle of possibilities can grow dramatically.if only two Venturers show up. If it really is Call the map the Circle of Possibilities. Then­interesting, they will tell their friends and more see if you can get the resources to get there.will show up next time. If you cancel becauseof low attendance, you will get into a cycle that When Can We Go?is hard to break. Always have a plan-B activityfor situations such as bad weather. Choose the time of year that best suits your crew—summer vacation, spring break, winter Meetings should include a variety of things. holidays, etc.—and select events suited to theAn initiative game gets everyone loosened up, season or time. For example, you might decidebuilds friendships, and encourages coopera- to do the Okpik experience (winter camping)tion—plus it’s fun! These kinds of games can at the Northern Tier National High Adventurebe found in books at the library or in chapter Programs the week after Christmas or go on a9. Follow the initiative game with the business sailing cruise at the Sea Base in the Florida Keyspart. Announce upcoming trips, have members during spring break. Or you could choose wheretell stories or show slides from the previous you want to go, then pick the best time to go.trip if you have had any, bring up any planning Some trips are only possible for one season ordetails for upcoming events, and be sure to sell last for only a short time during a particularthe upcoming trips. Finally, spend the bulk of season. Some just change the level of difficulty,the meeting on a program. A good program118

depending on the season. Other factors such as activity chair to see if assistance is needed, ifrainy weather hazards and crew member and problems/challenges have developed, and toAdvisor availability can affect your timing too. ensure that planning is moving along and thatThe bottom line is that there is a wide range of deadlines aren’t missed. The president and thetrips and activities possible for your crew any crew Advisor should follow up with the vicetime of the year. president to make sure planning is progressing according to schedule. Pull the backdating sheet For detailed information on basic program and activity planning sheets from this book, copyplanning, see chapter 3, “Planning Your them, and give them to the program vice presi-Crew’s Program.” dent and the activity chair so that they will know what they need to do. The Advisor is ultimatelyWhat Do We Want to Do? responsible for the health and safety of the crew. The Advisors and crew officers, as a team, need Use the method called brainstorming. Your to make sure that the activity manager has theideas of what to do will usually center around necessary training and support to carry out theyour crew’s theme. When brainstorming, any- job. The activity chair needs to recruit other helpthing goes. Make no comments until the end as n­ ecessary to plan and execute the activity.of the session. Don’t make fun of any sugges- You may want to assign an adult to assist andtions and don’t discount any posibilities. Some advise the ac­tivity chair. (See chapter 3 forof the best trips start out as bizarre ideas. What information on the activity chair position andif someone says, “Let’s go to the Amazon!” activity planning.)Would you give it serious consideration or sayit’s impossible? Well, there is a crew that goes to How Do We Do It?the Amazon. If they can, you can! Almost any-thing is possible. Chapter 4 is a good resource Get Readyon how to practice brainstorming. Before you Planning a great superactivity is a big job. Forstart brainstorming, you may want to consultyour program capability invent­ory (PCI) and it to go right, you must consider several points.Venturing interest surveys and list any crew Can crew members handle this at their presenttrips that were successful (but avoid getting into skill level? Will members need to increase theira rut of redoing trips). (See Passport to High skill level? What facilities and equipment will beAdventure, No. 34245.) List activities at the needed? Will cons­ultants or guides be needed?national high-adventure bases and programs The point here is to anticipate every challenge sothat your local council or neighboring councils that you can plan and prepare. If you are ready,offer. Everyone, Venturers and adults, should you will have a great time.sort through the list and then narrow it downto the one or two things you really want to do. Also consider if you need or want to planIt is important that you select activities that the your crew program around the superactivity.majority want to do. Or, if you are able to plan In the superactivities featured in this book,multiple activities, be sure there is enough inter- you will see as many as 10 or more meetingsest in each activity to make it successful. It is also or weekend activities that can be done to getimportant that both the Venturers and adults ready for your superactivity. Using this methodwant to participate in the chosen activity. ensures that your skill level matches your super- activity and gives you some real continuityWho Is Responsible? of program for the six months or even a year before the superactivity. Really good crews You will want to select an activity chair who have really good superactivities.is a Venturer. The program vice president shouldselect the activity chair carefully, since the success If you choose to use several crew meetings orof your crew greatly depends on the success of weekend activities for preparation, you might con­your superactivity. Check regularly with the sider assigning activity chairs for those meetings 119

and weekend activities. This will avoid putting too ◆ Superactivity resources sheetmuch on one individual’s plate and ensure thateach preparatory step is given adequate attention. ◆ Parental permission formSome activities might even need a committeeassigned to assist the activity chair. Consult the following BSA literature: The activity committee investigates and ◆ BSA Tour Planreports on the following: ◆ Fieldbook◆ Exact location ◆ Venturer/Ranger Handbook◆ Transportation ◆ Conservation Handbook◆ Housing—along the way, there, and back ◆ Passport to High Adventure◆ Equipment ◆ Current fact sheets/brochures from the high-◆ Events and activities along the way adventure bases with programs and prices◆ Which adults will go ◆ Local council lists of facilities, equipment, and programs◆ Reservations, if needed Select Your Route◆ Costs and affordability After selecting your destination or series of◆ Food places to stop, determine what route you want to take to get there, either the scenic route or the◆ Health and safety concerns fastest way possible. Determine where you will stop for food and rest. For more information◆ Contacts about any particular stop, contact your local council service center to get the name, address,◆ Contingencies and emergencies and phone number of the BSA council that serves that area. Then contact that council service center◆ Fund-raising for information about availability of their camps, local military bases that may allow Scout groups◆ Tour plans to use certain facilities, other Venturing crews, volunteers, churches or local organizations, youth Gather activity planning materials: hostels, and other local resources. These people can get you information on where to stay, where◆ Maps to eat, and things to do and see. There is a large Scouting network available for you.◆ PCIs Determine How You Will Travel◆ Venturing interest surveys (from your own Driving cars or vans is usually cheaper than crew members) using other forms of transportation. Parental◆ Critiques and records from previous trips participation is very important, and parents are great resources for vehicles and drivers.◆ Forms and worksheets from the Venturing Determine who will drive and plan for delays Leader Manual such as mechanical problems or flat tires. Using the BSA Tour Plan can help you plan your trans-◆ Local or national tour permit portation needs. If you choose transportation such as buses, trains, or planes, choose carefully◆ Medical forms and ­consider consequences of delays. Choose the best transportation method based on your◆ Unit finance facts and money-earning project request sheets◆ Activity planner◆ Budget worksheet120

destination, itinerary, numbers, and budget. Refer participation. Have an annual parents’ nightto the Guide to Safe Scouting for BSA driving in January or February and discuss what therequirements for both adults and Venturers. crew will do in its regular activities and for its superactivity for the coming year. Parents needConsider Food Options to be involved. Will you eat out or take your own food? It is Wear a Uniformusually cheaper to cook your own food. You can It is important during travel, especially onalso cut your food expenses by buying nonperish-ables in bulk ahead of time. Also, check with your military bases or at Scout camps, that your crewcouncil to see if the crew is exempt from paying be in some sort of uniform, even if it is just asales tax in your state. If you take your own food, crew T-shirt. ­A common attire lends credibility,be careful to prevent spoilage. Even a slight case makes the participants feel as though they areof food poisoning could ruin your trip. Plan for a part of a team, makes it easier to keep trackthe right amount of food and for opportunities of people when traveling in large groups, isto restock. You might consider taking some required at some places to take advantage offreeze-dried foods, and today’s grocery stores offers only available to organized groups, and isoffer many lightweight, tasty foods, too. Don’t your passport to shared Scouting goodwill.forget to take condiments and cooking utensils.Determine the type of cooking you will need to Adhere to BSA Regulationsdo. In some cases it might be best to just have Be sure to check your Guide to Safe Scouting,everyone bring their own food so that you won’thave to worry about group cooking. If you are the Venturing Reference Guide (updated annu-planning a high-adventure trip that requires trail ally with the latest insurance requirements andfood, you might want to have a trail food expert restrictions), the Safe Swim Defense Plan, thefrom a local outdoor store give a presentation at Safety Afloat Plan, the Wilderness Use Policy, andone of your crew meetings. Food can be one of Leave No Trace principles.the most important ingredients of a successfulhigh-adventure activity. Plan well. You will need to file a tour plan. Check with your local council on its requirements for filingAdvertise a tour plan, which is required for certain types For a trip to be successful, people must go! For of outings. Allow at least 21 days for processing a tour plan and, to ensure approval, fill it outpeople to go, they must know about it so that they completely. Whatever you do, don’t wait untilcan plan. Keep the Venturers and their parents the last minute. The national high-adventureinformed about what exactly will happen, dates, bases, most military bases, national parks, andcosts, and what they will need to do to prepare for many other places that offer amenities will wantthe trip. Get them excited! You are competing with to see your approved tour plan before allowingmany other activities, so you need to sell yours you to use their facilities.well. A crew newsletter is a good medium forselling and for advertising all upcoming events. Consider CostsKeep interest high. Including enjoyable experi- Most Venturers would love to go everywhereences from crew trips in the newsletter will alsoget people interested in going on future trips. and do everything. Usually they are limitedKeep a crew photo album, scrapbook, slide show, by only one thing—money. With a little fore-or videotape. Remember, a picture is worth a thought, you can significantly reduce your costs:thousand words. At meetings, have Venturersrecap past events and highlight future trips and ◆ Drive your own vehicles.how much fun you anticipate having. Keepingparents informed is another key to good activity ◆ Provide your own food. ◆ Buy in bulk, when possible. ◆ Take advantage of nonprofit group discounts. 121

◆ Stay at free or inexpensive lodging or reference. Learn from what went well and what BSA campsites. didn’t. You will be doing another superactivity and you can always improve. Your successors Check with BSA local councils in the will really appreciate your critiques. Who knows,areas where you plan to go. Find the available they may want to repeat one of the reallyresources. By offering inexpensive trips, everyone successful activities.can afford to go and you can offer more tripsand activities. Remember the Purpose When planning your trips, don’t forget whyConsider Skill Levels Different kinds of activities require different the crew is doing all this in the first place. The purpose of the Boy Scouts of America, includingskill levels. When your crew starts out, many of Venturing, is to build character, promote citizen-the members are probably at the same skill level. ship, and develop mental and physical fitness.If you have several trips and have been going on When problems crop up, when you get irritated,trips for a long time, crew members probably are when things don’t go quite the way you hopedon different skill levels. It is important to offer they would, or when you are faced with ethicaltrips that cater to those with lower skill levels decision making, remember that other Venturersas well as those that offer greater challenges for are watching and learning from you. Leadershipthe skilled. You may have to set prerequisites on is a method of Venturing, so give your Venturerssome trips, such as requiring previous experi- a chance to plan, make decisions, and lead. Youences, preparatory classes, and outings. But be might be able to do it better, but remember thecareful not to leave the newcomers out or sepa- purposes of Venturing stated above.rate the crew too much or you won’t get newblood into the crew. Different skill-level outings Kodiakcan develop a tenure track, giving your crew Can your trip/activity be a Kodiak course atexperienced youth leaders. the same time? Why not?Celebrate and Critique A good superactivity is like a good book; itshould have a good buildup (activity planningprocess), a climax (superactivity), and a closing.In this case, the closing would be recognizingeveryone who helped you put on your superac-tivity with thank-you cards or other appropriatemeans. A fun thing to do is to have a get-togethersuch as a cookout or potluck dinner for your crewmembers, leaders, and parents. You could eveninvite those who helped you. Show slides andreminisce about your trip. You will have a greattime and the parents will be able to see what youare about. It is important that you critique your a­ ctivityplan and superactivity and file this for future122

WhitewaterIntroduction Fitness Level Water is one of the most powerful natural Whitewater canoeing is a physically demandingresources on earth. Riding a massive wave as it sport. You must be in good physical condition andcrashes through a narrow gorge or correctly exe- be able to think quickly.cuting a technical move through a difficult turncan be one of the most exciting high-adventure Safetyactivities. This is whitewater! Having a safe andenjoyable whitewater trip requires preparation, Become familiar with the American Whitewaterability, and physical conditioning. Affiliation Safety Code, and understand and use the Boy Scouts of America’s Safe Swim Defense With practice, anyone can become a skilled and Safety Afloat plans.whitewater enthusiast. First, master your basicwater skills such as swimming and canoeing. Then Where to Find Helpyou will be ready for the whitewater. Most partsof the country have whitewater relatively close. When planning this activity, check withTake advantage of it for the true high-adventure your local council to see if it offers a whitewaterexperience. Who knows, soon you might be course or if whitewater instruction is availablemastering the eskimo roll. through the summer camping program. Also check with local outdoor sporting goods stores,Knowledge Level your library to see if there is a local whitewater or canoeing club in your area, and local colleges To participate in this superactivity you should and universities. Other Venturing crews mighthave swimming skills (see Guide to Safe Scouting also be of help.for definition), basic canoeing/boating skills,and knowledge of equipment and how to use it.You should also know whitewater characteristics,basic first aid, and the Safety Afloat Plan. 123

Days superactivity Backdating—Whitewater-180 Select superactivity. Assign an activity chair. Assess each crew member’s ability. Determine how many preparation sessions you need.-175 -165 Recruit consultant for first session.-150 -135 Annual parents’ night. Show superactivity and plans.-120 Whitewater preparation sessions begin. Kick off with the consultant.-120 -110 Physical fitness contest (to check physical conditioning).  -90   -90 Make reservations with river outfitter. Contact Indian reservation  -75 about visit.  -60   -60 Submit newsletter article.  -45 Canoeing instruction either in pool or lake, depending on weather.  -45   -30 Canoeing instruction either in pool or lake, depending on weather.  -30   -30 Submit newsletter article.  -20 Local weekend canoeing or whitewater trip, with camping.  -14   -14 Submit newsletter article.   -5 Make arrangements to stay at a military base, Scout camp, armory, etc.,   -2 before and after river trip.   -1    0 Local weekend canoeing or whitewater trip, with camping.  +1   +7 Order vans or other transportation, if needed.+14 Submit newsletter article. Turn in your tour plan to council service center. Final attendance list. Communicate with outfitter on list. Name the person you will call when you get off the river. Confirm visit to Indian reservation. Purchase trail food. Put an article in your local newspaper about your trip. Collect consent forms and medical examination forms. Check personal equipment. Tell others the name of the person you will call when you get off the river. Last crew meeting before departure. Last-minute details. Purchase fresh food. Pick up vans if needed. Superactivity. Put a follow-up article and pictures in the newspaper. Potluck or cookout with families. Show slides. Critique. Send thank-you cards or letters to everyone who helped.Note to activity chair. This backdating schedule will vary greatly, depending on your chosenactivity and the participants’ skill levels. Feel free to build your own backdating schedule.Be more thorough if you want and share it with your crew. The following activity plan relatesto this backdating schedule; however, it is just “food for thought.” Use what you want; modifyand add to it.124

WHITEWATER MEETING AND ACTIVITY PLANSESSION SKILLS INSTRUCTION SPECIAL ACTIVITY 1 Analyze your crew’s white- Meet at an indoor pool. Have a white- 2 water skill level. What will water expert bring different types of 3 you need to work on? whitewater crafts. Allow crew members 4 to try them out. Discuss pros and cons Make a presentation on of ABS, fiberglass, and aluminum boats; 5 paddling techniques (three designs and construction; paddles; categories of strokes). Use clothing; safety equipment; PFDs. dry drills. Conduct physical fitness contest to In water, practice tech- assess individual conditioning. niques learned at the pre- vious session. Maneuver Have this session either at an indoor pool around obstacle course. or lake depending on the weather. Have a paddling expert present the session. In water, practice paddling techniques previously Have this session either at an indoor learned. Practice spills, pool or lake depending on the weather. righting, and boat reentry. Discuss whitewater obstacles you Plan for river trip. Do you might encounter. have to rent gear? Conduct first-aid training session. Analyze your first river trip. What areas do you need to work on? How was your camping and cooking? 125

6 Discuss River Rescue Practice throwing throw-ropes. Throw A. P rinciples of rescue for a target. Begin planning your next 1. R escue priorities: river trip. people, boats, equipment A. 2. Responsibilities of victim A. 3. R esponsibilities of rescuers B. T ypes of rescue 1. Self-rescue 2. Boat-over-boat rescue 3. Boat-assisted rescue 4. Bumping 5. Shoreline rescue 6. Pinned craft C. D iscuss first-aid treatment of victim on the river 1. Hypothermia 2. Cuts and abrasions 3. B leeding and vital functions 7 Analyze your river trip. Are Practice the Steve Thomas rope trick you getting better? Discuss to tie a rope to a broached boat. the International Scale of Then practice pulling the boat off the River Difficulty, river-reading “obstacle” with a two-drag pulley responsibilities, broached system. The “obstacle” can be three boats, group organization or more Venturers holding a canoe. on your trip, and American Whitewater Association river signals. 8 Conduct final planning Give special presentation on Native for superactivity. Americans (related to superactivity). Determine crews. SUPERACTIVITY 9 Have a family potluck or Show slides of your trip. Have a fun cookout. Invite people who awards ceremony for such things as helped you prepare for biggest wipe-out, hungriest Venturer, your trip and along the way. most sunburned, wettest. Send thank-you notes to those who helped, outfitter, places you stayed. 10 Critique your activity plan Put your critique and activity plan in your and trip. How did you do? crew program file for future reference.126

Resources Canoeing Wild Rivers, Cliff Jacobson, Indiana Camp Supply Books, 1984.BSA Resource Literature The Complete Guide to Whitewater Rafting ToursFieldbook, No. 33104 (West), Rena K. Marqulis, Aquatic Adventure Publication, 1986, 1988.Passport to High Adventure, No. 34245 Whitewater Home Companion: Southeast Rivers,Tour Plan, No. 680-014 William Neely, Menasha Ridge, 1984.Conservation Handbook, No. 33570 OrganizationsBoy Scout First Aid merit badge pamphlet, American Canoe Association, 108 Hanover St., No. 35897 Fredericksburg, VA 22401.Safety Afloat, No. 34368 American Red Cross, local chapters as well as the national office, 2025 E Street, NW,Safe Swim Defense, No. 34370 Washington, DC 20006.Guide to Safe Scouting, No. 34416 American Whitewater Affiliation, P.O. Box 1540, Cullowhee, NC 28723.Venturer/Ranger Handbook, No. 33494Additional Resources National Organization for Rivers, 212 West Cheyenne Mountain Blvd., Colorado Springs,Canoeing and Kayaking Instruction Manual, CO 80906. (Memberships available for $20). Laurie Gullian, American Canoe Association, 1987. America Outdoor Association, P.O. Box 10847, Knoxville, TN 37939.Recreational Whitewater, Thomas Foster, Leisure Enterprises, 1991. U.S.A. Canoe and Kayak (U.S. Olympic national governing body), 330 South Tryon St., LowerRiver Rescue, Les Bechdel and Slim Ray, Level, Charlotte, NC 28202. Appalachian Mountain Club, 1985.The Whitewater River Book, Ron Watters, Pacific Search Press, 1982. 127

Rock ClimbingIntroduction Fitness Level If your crew is like many others, you have Rock climbing is a physically demandingtried rappelling and liked it. Maybe you are now activity. You must be in good physical conditionready for the up side of rappelling—climbing. and be able to think quickly.Climbing can be a matter of degree. You canstart with some simple, free climbing on rocks Safetyin your area and work your way up to technicalrock climbing on local rock faces or nation- In order to be safe while rock climbing, youally renowned climbing areas. Whichever you should always use proper equipment, get quali-choose is a sport that can be thrilling, physically fied instruction, follow standard climbing rules,demanding, and satisfying. Skills, equipment, and understand the dangers and possible conse-and safety are the key words in rock climbing. quences of ignoring safety procedures.You can attack it as simply as attending a rock-climbing school or as aggressively as buying all Where to Find Helpyour own equipment and developing your skills,heights, and difficulty as you progress. If your When planning this activity, check with yourcrew is tough both mentally and physically, you local council to see if they provide rock-climbingmay be ready to climb! instruction. Local outdoor stores sometimes have rock-climbing instructors available. CheckKnowledge Level with your local library, college, or university to see if a rock-climbing club meets in your area. You will need a qualified instructor who can Other Venturing crews might also be of help.help you develop your climbing skills.Note. Some councils offer a course called “ClimbOn Safely.” Contact your council service center tosee if it is offered by your council or another onenearby. Share with them your interest in theactivity and desire for an instruction course.128

Days SUPERACTIVITY Backdating—Rock Climbing-180 Select rock climbing as your superactivity. Assign an activity chair. Assess your crew’s climbing ability. Decide which preparation sessions you need.-175 Recruit a consultant to kick off your first session.-165 Annual parents’ night. Share superactivity and plans.-150 Promote the activity in your annual program calendar and newsletter.-150 Start rock-climbing preparation sessions.-135 Have a physical fitness contest to check physical conditioning.-120 Make necessary trip reservations.-120 Submit newsletter article.-110 Attend a rock-climbing clinic.  -90 Submit newsletter article.  -75 Weekend campout, rock-climbing trip.  -60 Submit newsletter article.  -45 Weekend campout and technical rock-climbing shakedown.  -45 Order or recruit vehicles for trip.  -30 Submit newsletter article.  -30 Final attendance list. Collect fees. Confirm with stopover facilities.  -30 Turn in tour plan to council service center.  -20 Purchase trail food.  -14 Put article about your trip in your local newspaper.  -14 Collect consent forms and medical examination forms. Check crew climbing gear.   -5 Last crew meeting before departure. Last-minute details.   -2 Purchase fresh food.   -1 Pick up vans if necessary.   0 Superactivity.  +1 Put an article and pictures of your trip in your local newspaper.  +7 Potluck or cookout with families. Show slides.+14 Critique. Send thank-you notes to everyone who helped.Note to activity chair.The above backdating schedule will vary greatly depending on your chosenactivity and skill level. Feel free to build your own backdating schedule. Be more thorough if youwant and share it with your crew.The following activity plan relates to the backdating schedule andlike the backdating schedule is just “food for thought.” Use what you want; modify and add to it. 129

ROCK CLIMBING MEETING AND ACTIVITY PLANSESSION SKILLS INSTRUCTION SPECIAL ACTIVITY 1 Analyze your crew’s climb- If you can identify a local indoor 2 ing skills level. What level of climbing wall, have your meeting 3 climbing is your goal? This there. Have an expert climber 4 will determine how much introduce you to climbing. 5 you need to know and 6 prepare any equipment 7 you need. 8 Practice tying climbing Review equipment you will need for 9 knots and slings. your chosen level of climbing. Decide how you are going to obtain it. Research where a rock-climbing clinic is held. Make reservations. Practice climbing Conduct a physical fitness contest to commands and top-roping. assess physical condition. You will need to get into good shape. Develop a plan to get you into shape. Review types of equipment Check final plans for your needed and its use; types of rock-climbing clinic. ropes and their capabilities. Analyze your rock-climbing Plan your first climbing trip and clinic experience. How did campout. Review your camping and you do? Think you will cooking techniques. Make assignments. continue this activity? Show climbing video of Go to indoor climbing wall again to Devil’s Tower climb so crew improve your techniques, teamwork, will know what’s coming. and commands. Analyze your first weekend Show slides of weekend trip. Have campout and climbing. a competition in climbing terms, Making progress? How hardware use, ropes, knots, selecting are your camping and anchor points, etc. Start planning your cooking skills? Got all your next weekend campout and climb. equipment yet? Final shakedown. Analyze your second Have a pizza party and watch weekend campout. Secure climbing videos. needed equipment and repair equipment if needed. Discuss how to read routes. Conduct final planning for Review information from Indian superactivity. Determine reservation and repair project. partners and crews. Check Do you need to take tools? equipment. Turn in forms. (Related to the superactivity)130

SUPERACTIVITY10 Have a family potluck dinner Show slides of your trip. Have a funor cookout. Invite people awards ceremony for such things aswho helped you prepare for biggest blisters, coolest hat, bravestyour trip. Send thank-you climber, most cheerful, helpful, etc.notes to those who helped.11 Critique your activity plan Put your critique and activity planand trip. Did you like in your crew program file fortechnical rock climbing? future reference. 131

Resources Southern Rock: A Climber’s Guide to the South, Chris Hall, Globe Pequot, 1981.BSA Resource LiteratureClimbing merit badge pamphlet, No. 35873 Climber Guide to N.A.: West Coast Rock Climbs,Topping Out, No. 32007 John Harlin III, Chockstore Press, 1987.Fieldbook, No. 33104Conservation Handbook, No. 33570 Climber Guide to N.A.: East Coast Rock Climbs,Tour Plan, No. 680-014 John Harlin III, Chockstore Press, 1987.Passport to High Adventure, No. 34245Knots and How to Tie Them, No. 33170 Learning to Rock Climb, Michael Loughman,Guide to Safe Scouting, No. 34416 Sierra Club, 1981.Venturer/Ranger Handbook, No. 33494 A Manual for Basic Mountaineering & TechnicalAdditional Resources Climbing, John Walter, Jelm Mountain, 1985.The Climbing Handbook, Ron Fawceh, Ropes, Knots, and Slings for Climbers, Walt Sierra Club, 1987. Wheelock, LaSiesta, 1985.Rock Climbing, Gleasner, McKay, 1980. Organization The Mountaineers, 7700 South Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98115.132

Canoe CampingIntroduction Fitness Level In today’s world of machines, conveniences, Fitness requirements depend on the environ-and speed, we often miss the real world that some- ment and length of trip. Simple trips can betimes moves at a slower pace. Nature is made up done by almost anyone. Long trips, heavy loads,of wind and water, daylight and dark, animals and portages can require better physical fitness.and fish, and even bugs. If you want to experiencenature in a very fluid way, you might want to try Safetycanoe camping. In this sport, you combine yourcamping skills with your canoeing skills to reach Review applicable BSA policies, whichareas unaccessible to the faster traveler, while include Safe Swim Defense Plan and Safety Afloatexperiencing the quietness of water. Your trips Plan (which includes lifeguard requirements).could be as simple as a one-nighter on a local Personal flotation devices (PFDs) are requiredstream or lake or as ambitious as a two-week trip to be worn by all persons engaged in activityinto the wilderness. Either way, preparation and on open water. Check the BSA Guide to Safeskill will make your trip more enjoyable. Scouting, available from your local council.Knowledge Level Where to Find Help To participate in this superactivity you Check with your BSA local council to see ifshould be a swimmer (see Guide to Safe Scouting they offer canoes or any canoeing or campingfor definition) and possess basic canoeing, ­courses. They should also be able to tell youcamping, and first-aid skills (including CPR). where Safe Swim Defense and BSA LifeguardYou should also possess basic compass and map- courses are available. Your local outdoor store,reading skills and know basic survival library, college, or university can tell you if theretechniques and the Safety Afloat Plan. is a canoeing club in your area. Sometimes they are called paddlers. 133

Days superactivity Backdating—Canoe Camping-180 Canoe camping is selected as your superactivity. Activity chair assigned. Assess your crew’s canoeing and camping ability. Decide on preparation-175 sessions you need.-165 Recruit consultant for your first session.-150 -135 Annual parents’ night. Share superactivity and plans. Cook some foods-120 you might have while on your trip.-120 -120 Promote in your annual program calendar and newsletter.-110   -90 Physical fitness contest to check physical conditioning.  -90   -75 Make reservations with Northern Tier Canoe Base.  -60   -60 Complete Safe Swim Defense review and Safety Afloat.  -45 Submit newsletter article.  -45 Canoeing instruction, either in pool or lake.  -30   -30 Canoeing instruction, either in pool or lake.  -30   -20 Submit newsletter article.  -14   -14 Local canoe camping weekend trip 1.   -5 Submit newsletter article.   -2    -1 Make arrangements to stay at military base, Scout camp, armory, etc.,   0 while en route if needed.  +1   +7 Local canoe camping weekend trip 2; use same foods you will use on+14 wilderness trip. Order vans or other transportation if needed. Submit newsletter article. Turn in your tour plan to council service center. Final attendance list. Choose a person to call when you get off the water. Purchase trail food. Put article about your trip in your local newspaper. Collect consent forms and medical examination forms. Check personal and crew equipment. Distribute name of person you will call when you get off the water. Last crew meeting before departure. Last-minute details. Package food. Purchase fresh food. Pick up vans if needed. Superactivity. Put article and pictures of your trip in your local newspaper. Potluck or cookout with families. Show slides. Critique. Send a thank-you note to everyone who helped.Note to activity chair.The above backdating schedule will vary greatly depending on your chosenactivity and skill level. Feel free to build your own backdating schedule. Be more thorough if youwant and share it with your crew.The following activity plan relates to the backdating schedule andlike the backdating schedule is just “food for thought.” Use what you want; modify and add to it.134

CANOE CAMPING MEETING AND ACTIVITY PLANSESSION SKILLS INSTRUCTION SPECIAL ACTIVITY 1 Analyze your crew’s canoe- Meet at an indoor pool. Have a canoe- 2 ing and camping skills level. ing expert bring canoes to teach you 3 What will you need to the basics of canoeing. If you can, try work on? aluminum, ABS, and fiberglass canoes. 4 Discuss designs, construction, paddles, 5 clothing, safety, equipment, PFDs, etc. 6 Make a presentation on Have a physical fitness contest to 7 paddling techniques (three assess individual conditioning. categories of strokes). Use 8 dry drills. At a pool, practice what you Show video of Northern Tier National have learned. Review the High Adventure Programs. Discuss BSA Canoeing merit badge itineraries and trip plans. pamphlet to see if it can help you. Cover Safe Swim Defense and Safety Afloat. At a pool, practice what Plan first canoe camping weekend. you previously learned. Discuss lightweight trail foods, their Practice spills, righting, preparation, and equipment needed and boat reentry. for trip. Conduct final planning Have an expert come from a backpack- for your first weekend trip. ing store or club to make a presenta- Organ­ i­ ze your crews tion on trail foods. Teach you how to and teams. Assess your use trail stoves. equipment, both crew and individual. Analyze your first canoe Have a medical Venturing crew, Red camping trip. What areas Cross, or other agency do a first-aid do you need to work on? course for you. How were your camping and cooking skills? Discuss and practice portag- Show video of Quetico Provincial Park ing skills. Also, discuss trail or Boundary Waters Canoe Area. safety on portages. (This is where most injuries occur.) Plan your next weekend canoe camping trip. Analyze your second canoe Test how everyone has been camping trip. Are you ready doing with their physical fitness for the big one? Practice development programs. map-reading and compass skills with map of Quetico or boundary waters. 135

9 Conduct final planning for Have teams prepare some of the the superactivity. Determine different types of trail food you might crews and teams. Have a be using. shakedown for crew and individual equipment. SUPERACTIVITY 10 Have a family potluck or Show slides of your trip. Have a fun cookout. Invite people who awards ceremony for such things as helped you prepare for most mosquito bites, worst cook, best your trip and along the way. paddler, most cheerful, etc. Send thank-you notes to those who helped. 11 Critique your activity plan Put your critique and activity and trip. How did you do? plan in your crew program file for future reference.136

Resources The New Wilderness Handbook, Paul Petzholt, Norton, 1984.BSA Resource Literature Path of the Paddle, Bill Mason, NorthFieldbook, No. 33104 Word Press, 1984.Passport to High Adventure, No. 34245 Roughing It Elegantly: A Practical Guide to Canoe Camping, Patricia J. Bell, Cat’s PawTour Plan, No. 680-014 Press, 1987.Conservation Handbook, No. 33570 Whitewater River Book: A Guide to Techniques, Equipment, Camping & Safety, Ron Watters,Knots and How to Tie Them, No. 33170 Pacific Research, 1982.Soft Paths, Bruce Hampton and David Cole,Safety Afloat, No. 34368 Stackpole, 1988.Safe Swim Defense, No. 34370 Song of the Paddle: An Illustrated Guide to Wilderness Camping, Bill Mason, North WordGuide to Safe Scouting, No. 34416 Press, 1988.Venturer/Ranger Handbook, No. 33494 The Wood and Canvas Canoe, Jerry Stelmok andAdditional Resources Rollin Thurlow, Harpswell Press, 1987.Being Your Own Wilderness Doctor, E. Russel Organizations Kodet and Bradford Angier, Stackpole, 1975. American Canoe Association, 108 Hanover St.,Hypothermia, William W. Forgey, Indiana Camp Fredericksburg, VA 22401. Supply Books, 1985. American Red Cross, local chapters as well as theWilderness First Aid, William W. Forgey, ICS national office, 2025 E Street, NW, Washington, Books, 1987. DC 20006. Web site: www.redcross.org.Backwoods Ethics, Laura and Guy Waterman, U.S.A. Canoe and Kayak, P.O. Box 789, Stonewall Press, 1979. 330 South Tryon St., Lower Level, Charlotte, NC 28202.Be an Expert with Map and Compass, Bjorn Kjellstrom, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1976.The Canoe, Philip Shackleton and Kenneth Roberts, International Marine Publishing Co., 1983.Canoeing and Kayaking Instruction Manual, Laurie Gullion, American Canoe Association, 1987. 137

RappellingIntroduction get as much training as you can. Some coun- cils are offering a course called “Outdoor Skills Fear: We all have it, and fear of falling is one Instruction—Climbing/Rappelling.” Please callof the basic fears. But overcoming our fears can your council service center to see if it is offeredoften lead to excitement and self-confidence. by your council or another one nearby. If not,Learning to rappel can be a fun activity in itself you might see if they would put one on.or a necessary skill used in conjunction withrock climbing or caving. Rappelling can be done Fitness Levelindoors, on buildings, in trees, on rocks, andother ingenuous places, making it a great crew Rappelling is physically demanding. You needhigh-adventure program. to be physically fit and possess quick reflexes. Rappelling is one activity that has real and Safetypresent danger. People have died rappelling.However, with proper training, equipment, All rappellers must wear protective helmetspreparation, and execution, it can be safe and with chin straps secured when engaged in thegreat fun. If you are a Venturer who is looking activity. Only proper equipment and rope shouldfor excitement and tests of your abilities, give be used. Only rope in good condition should berappelling a try. used. See Boy Scout Venture Rock Climbing and Rappelling, pages 36–38, for rules.Knowledge Level Where to Find Help To participate in this superactivity youshould know rappelling techniques, including Check with your local council to see if theya knowledge of the proper use of all rappelling provide rappelling instruction. Rappelling mayequipment and knot-tying skills. You should also be part of your council’s summer camp program.know basic first aid. Check with your local library, college, or university regarding an outdoor or climbing club. Also, an Many people think rappelling is just getting ROTC department or another Venturing crewsome rope and some carabiners and jumping could help. If you live near the mountains,off something. There is much more to it. You ask your local outdoor store if there are anyare encouraged to learn as much as you can and rock-climbing schools nearby.138

Days superactivity Backdating—Rappelling-180 Select rappelling as your superactivity. Assign an activity chair. Assess your crew’s rappelling ability. Decide on preparation sessions you need.-175 Recruit a consultant to kick off your first session.-165 Share superactivity and plans at the annual parents’ night.-150 Promote in your annual program calendar and newsletter.-150 Rappelling preparation sessions begin.-135 Physical fitness contest to check physical conditioning.-120 Make summer high-adventure camp reservation.-120 Submit newsletter article.-110 One-day rappelling instruction class.  -90 Submit newsletter article.  -75 Weekend campout with rappelling or Project COPE course.  -60 Submit newsletter article.  -45 Weekend campout with rappelling.  -45 Secure vehicles to transport crew to camp.  -30 Submit newsletter article.  -30 Finalize the attendance list. Collect final fees. Confirm with council.  -30 Turn in tour plan to council service center.  -14 Put an article about your trip in your local newspaper.  -14 Collect consent forms and medical examination forms. Check crew rappelling equipment. Distribute emergency contact phone number.   -5 Last crew meeting before departure. Last-minute details.   0 Superactivity.  +1 Put an article and pictures of your trip in your local newspaper.  +7 Have a potluck or cookout with families. Show slides.+14 Critique. Send thank-you notes to everyone who helped.Note to activity chair. The above backdating schedule will vary greatly depending on your chosenactivity and skill level. Feel free to build your own backdating schedule. Be more thorough if youwant and share it with your crew.The following activity plan relates to the backdating schedule andlike the backdating schedule is just “food for thought.” Use what you want; modify and add to it. 139

RAPPELLING MEETING AND ACTIVITY PLANSESSION SKILLS INSTRUCTION SPECIAL ACTIVITY 1 2 Analyze your crew’s If you can identify a local indoor climb- rappelling skill level. Where ing wall, meet there. Have a rappelling 3 will you need to start? expert start you rappelling. 4 Practice tying seat slings Review basic equipment needed for 5 and other rappelling knots. rappelling, including clothes, helmets, 6 foot gear, rope, carabiners, descending devices, and harnesses. Discuss places 7 to rappel in your area and if you need to buy equipment and how you are going to pay for it. Discuss how to select Conduct a physical fitness contest to a suitable rappelling site— check everyone’s physical conditioning. buildings, trees, rocks, Discuss a physical conditioning schedule. bridges, etc. Practice level rappelling and belay- ing techniques in your meeting room. Plan your one-day outing. Analyze your first rappelling Review high-adventure camp program trip. How did everyone opportunities. First-aid skills course. perform? How was the equipment? Need new or replacement gear? Teamwork? Continue practicing harness- Plan your weekend campout with tying and knot-tying skills. rappelling. Have you procured your Try it in the dark. Discuss equipment yet? (Check with your local different types of rope and council to see if they could do a Project their uses. COPE for you. Builds teamwork and rope skills, including rappelling.) Analyze your weekend rap- Have a rappelling competition night. pelling trip or Project COPE Events could include rappelling terms, course. How did everyone rope information/use, carabiner and do? Have you practiced descender use, knots, bights, bends your skills enough? Do you and hitches, webbing tying and tie-ins, have equipment yet? rappelling rules, slings, selecting anchor points, belaying, and site selection. Plan your next weekend rappelling trip. Practice rappelling com- Show rappelling video. (Check with mands. Review topographic outdoor store or library.) Final details map-reading skills to help on weekend rappelling trip. locate rappelling sites.140

8 Analyze second week- Learn about and practice backpackingend rappelling trip. You skills since you will be in a primitiveshould be getting good by situation for three days on your trip.now. Working together? Learn to be comfortable in the rough.Commands come easily? (For variety)Everyone safety conscious?9 Conduct final planning for Relax a little with a pizza party. Showsuperactivity. Determine slides of previous rappelling trips.partners. Check equipment.Turn in forms. SUPERACTIVITY10 Have a family potluck Show slides of your trip. Have a fundinner or cookout. Invite awards ceremony for such things aspeople who helped you knee knocking, best rappeller, mostprepare for your trip. Send decorated helmet, most fashionable.thank-you notes to thosewho helped.11 Critique your activity Put your critique and activity plan in yourplan and trip. Would you crew program file for future reference.go again? 141

Resources Additional ResourcesPrimary Resources Handbook of American Mountaineering, Kenneth Since rappelling is sort of the backbone of Henderson, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1942.high-adventure activities in both the Venturing Vertical Caving, L. D. Mathews, NSS News,and Boy Scout program, the BSA has an Vol. 27, No. 2, 1969.excellent program on rappelling: Topping Out,No. 32007. The last book is a syllabus for putting Mountaineering Basics, Lynne Foster, 1983.on a climbing/rappelling course. Rock Sport, John F. Gregory, Stackpole, 1989. The Topping Out book has chapters on basicequipment, knots, seat slings, rock climbing, Rock Gear, Gerrand Layne, Ten Speedrappelling, belaying, selecting a suitable climb- Press, 1990.ing site, call systems, rope-climbing and rappel-ling rules, rappelling and rock-climbing terms, The Field Book of Mountaineering and Rockresources, construction plans for climbing walls Climbing, Tom Lymans and Bill Riviere,and rappelling towers, and an activity plan. Winchester Press, 1975.BSA Resource Literature Modern Rope Techniques, Bill March, Cicerone Press, 1988.Climbing merit badge pamphlet, No. 35873 On Rope, Allen Padgett and Bruce Smith,Topping Out, No. 32007 National Speleological Society, 1987.Fieldbook, No. 33104Conservation Handbook, No. 33570Tour Plan, No. 680-014Passport to High Adventure, No. 34245Knots and How to Tie Them, No. 33170Guide to Safe Scouting, No. 34416Venturer/Ranger Handbook, No. 33494142

OrienteeringIntroduction difficulty determine knowledge and skill levels. They are beginner or wayfarer, advanced begin- One of the worst feelings is to be lost, truly ner, intermediate, short expert, medium expert,lost. Some people feel a little lost some of the and elite or long expert.time and a few people get really lost. The fear ofgetting lost keeps a lot of people from enjoying Fitness Levelsome beautiful, untouched parts of our country.Developing orienteering skills will help with Fitness requirements depend on skill level.wilderness survival and get you into areas where Lower levels require walking. Higher levelsothers might not go. require running and covering difficult terrain. After mastering some basic map and compass Where to Find Helpskills, orienteering can be a fun, competitivesport in which to use these skills. You will be able Check with your local library, college, or uni-to travel cross-country using only a map and versity regarding orienteering clubs. A militarycompass. You can do orienteering in the country, unit, BSA camp, or another crew or troop alsoin the wilderness, in the city, on foot, on bikes, at might be helpful.night, and many more ways, so get out your mapand compass and head that-a-way!Knowledge Level To participate in this superactivity youshould be proficient with a compass and be ableto read maps and map symbols. Six levels of 143

Days superactivity Backdating—Orienteering-180 Select orienteering as a superactivity. Assign an activity chair. Assess your crew’s ability level related to compass and map use. Decide on-175 preparation sessions you need.-165 Recruit a consultant.-150 Annual parents’ night. Share superactivity and plans.-150 Have the orienteering consultant lead the opening session.-150 Orienteering preparation sessions begin.-120 Promote in annual program calendar and newsletter.-100 Submit newsletter article.  -90 Crew orienteering 4-km course.  -75 Submit newsletter article.  -60 Preregister for orienteering competition.  -60 Submit newsletter article.  -60 Arrange for housing at Fort Benning.  -45 Crew orienteering 5-km course and night course.  -45 Order vans or other transportation if needed.  -30 Arrange housing for beach stay.  -30 Compete in local orienteering competition.  -30 Turn in tour plan to council service center.  -30 Sign up for competition.  -14 Submit newsletter article.  -14 Put an article about your trip in your local newspaper. Develop final attendance list with emergency contacts. Collect consent   -5 and medical forms.   -2 Last crew meeting before departure. Last-minute details. Check equipment.   -1 Purchase fresh food.   0 Pick up vans if needed.  +1 Superactivity.  +7 Put an article with pictures of your trip in your local newpaper.+14 Potluck or cookout with families. Show slides. Critique. Send thank-you notes.Note to activity chair.The above backdating schedule will vary greatly depending on your chosenactivity and skill level. Feel free to build your own backdating schedule. Be more thorough if youwant and share it with your crew.The following activity plan relates to the backdating schedule andlike the backdating schedule is just “food for thought.” Use what you want; modify and add to it.144