Final Year Project (1)

Management Development Institute of Singapore Bachelor of Science (Honours) Safety, Health and Environmental Management Final Year Project Name : Mithun Menon s/o Surentheran NIRC : S8941624H Supervisor : Mr. Victor Word Count : 7226 words

Content Pg. 3 Pg. 3 1. Introduction Pg. 3 2. Title Pg. 4 - 9 3. Aim and Objectives Pg. 9 4. Background / Literature Review Pg. 10 5. Rationale of the research Pg. 10 6. Learning outcomes Pg. 11 - 11 7. Study design Pg. 12 8. Method of investigation Pg. 12 9. Ethics Pg. 13 10. Risk Pg. 13 11. Resources required Pg. 13 – 29 12. Programme diary Pg. 29 - 32 13. Results Pg. 32 - 33 14. Recommendation Pg. 34 - 35 15. Conclusion 16. References 2

Introduction Construction sites are potential places of danger. This is a known fact by professionals working at construction sites. While work sites can be dangerous, they cannot be assumed as unsafe places to work in (Young, 2016). Over the years, there have been many efforts made to increase the safety culture of the construction industry in Singapore. With the new developments in the construction sector in Singapore, it is necessary to review if the increased use of technology is strengthening the safety culture and practices at work sites. Title This research is entitled as technology's role in enhancing safety practices at construction work sites. Through this research, the researcher aims to answer the research question of “How is technology used to increase safe work practices at construction sites in Singapore?” Aims and Objectives As mentioned, the broad aim of this research is to assess the impact technology has on the safety culture at local construction sites. To meet this aim, the researcher has identified three objectives this research aims to meet. The objectives are: 1. To document changes to safety process to accommodate the use of technology at work sites, 2. To assess if new safety process are effective in ensure safe work practices. 3. To determine the needs for a change in safety training to accommodate the use of technology prevalently in work sites. 3

Background / Literature Review This section of the research aims to provide an overview of the use of technology in construction sites locally and globally. The information from this section of the paper will also justify the need for the research the researcher is proposing. Technology in Today’s World In the past, simple technologies such as the television, used to be bulky; rendering channels in black and white and an antenna attached to it. Whereas, in comparison with the current times, the television comes in various technical specifications such as satellite tv; light weight; Bluetooth connectivity; USB ports and it is even possible for internet streaming. Over the last decade, the implementation and advancement of technology has varied depending on various avenues. Lane (2006) believes that there are different definition to the terminology which is influenced by an individual’s perspective and the context in which the technology is used in. Despite having varying perspectives and definition, it can be agreed that a broad definition of technology is the applying knowledge for practical purposes (Lane, 2006 & Ramey, 2013). In the 21st century, the use of technology is increasing on a daily basis. Technology is being implemented in almost every section of an individual’s life and business structures (Lane, 2006) Technology is now readily embraced and used at work, to communicate, for transportation, to learn, for manufacturing and for many other things. The beauty of integrating science and technology results in individuals being able to accomplish a specific tasks or to solve a problem in an efficient and effective manner (Ramey, 2013). Lane (2006) strongly believes that while technology assists us, it also extends our abilities, making us more competent professionals. This humans are an integral part of the technological system. Dimensions of Technology Understanding the dimensions of technology is critical when attempting to understand the impact it has on human and the influence human have in shaping technology. Having an understanding of these dimensions will empower individual to create existing technology to create new ones (Lane, 2006). 4

The intent of technology is to support the use of knowledge in a creative and organized manner that would meet goals and to sustain behaviors in meeting those goals. Ramey (2012) stated that to attain this goal, there are three important dimensions, which are: 1. Technology involves interaction between users, products and process. Lane (2006) indicated that when using technology both intentional and unintentional interactions between products, people and systems are established. This reinforces the views that humans are an integral part of any technological system. 2. Technology is meeting the needs of human. Ramey (2012) believes that the constant use of technology opens the possibilities for further technological development, creating more technological solutions to manage situations and challenges. 3. Technology is an integration of knowledge, values and creativity. Technology is a dynamic system that uses much more than scientific knowledge and value skills, practical craft, personal and community values. Lane (2006) beliefs that as long as technology embraces the different aspects of knowledge and skills, technology will be a dynamic and purposeful system. Embracing Technology in Construction Site According to Halsey (2016) and Gallagher (2017), technological innovations are sweeping the construction industry rapidly. Technology is revolutionizing equipment and practices, making the entire industry safer and more efficient (Halsey, 2016). so thoroughly that even the humble hard hat is changing, with high-tech smart hats coming to the market, alongside new advances that benefit every area of the industry. Through a recent research done by the World Economic Forum, it was found that constructions sites that have been using technologies for work have seen a 20% reduction in time and money spent in completing the project. They have also found that workers’ sustainability, quality of work and safe practices had improved (Gallagher, 2017). 5

Here are six areas where technology is revolutionizing the construction industry. 1. Personal Protection Equipment Gallagher (2017) commented that hard hats or helmets have always been a symbol of construction workers. However with technology the traditional PPE has evolved to become a smart helmet. The smart helmet is equipped with a transparent visor with special lenses and has the ability to provide a 4D augmented reality. This ability gives workers advance notice if there are changes in the physical environment that might affect safety, providing them enough time to react to prevent the mishap (Gallagher, 2017) 2. Communication Ramey (2012) believes that the most widely adopted technology currently would be smart phones. The ability to access internet on the go and to use a range of apps, enables workers to access documents, share information, provide evidences of their work progress and receive instruction immediately. Gallagher (2017) mentioned that companies are currently designing heavy-duty devices made specifically for work sites and/or field work. This new smart phones are designed to be more durable to extreme weather and rough handling. 3. Collecting and Sharing Data & Information Dietrich (2017) mentioned that most often safety professionals are tasked at collecting data and analyzing them. Data is crucial at any work environment, especially at construction sites as the assist in identifying common injuries, determines the root causes of incidents, find accident-prone groups. With this information, the professionals are able to develop better safety systems and culture. Dietrich (2017) also believes that using technology like tablets and/or smartphones will ensure that the collected information is accurate as professionals would be collecting information directly from the sources. 6

This eliminates process like transcribing or entering directly into a system, reducing the risk of human errors and/or wrong interpretation of information. This leave more times for safety professionals to focus on analyzing the data to enhance the quality of safety at their work sites. Gallagher (2017) also indicated that the use of technology enables data to be automatically summarized into an easy-to-interpret reports. Tools will be able to be set to regularly run reports, which is essential when attempting to understand a behavior pattern. These reports can also be then shared with managements and/or clients. 4. Quality Control & Administration Monitoring and ensuring for quality work is a core responsibility for safety professional and site managers. In order for managers to maintain quality, it is crucial for them to adhere to deadlines, attend training and have good record- keeping (Gallagher, 2017). Previously managers and safety professional tend to rely on the traditional pen-paper method for record keeping and relied on phone calls or emails for information on training or maintenance. However with technology, there are now a wide range of applications and tools that enables managers and safety professionals to managers their responsibility in a more effective and efficient manner (Dietrich, 2017). For instance, maintaining an online calendar that is synced to the tables of the safety managers at the respective work sites will ensure they get reminders of scheduled maintenance or trainings or meetings. This will reduce time spent to manually record important dates and events, and reduced the possibilities of managers forgetting to see through these events. This will ensure quality work is occurring and a smooth administration is maintained at all work site 5. Monitoring Productivity Productivity is typically measured by the ratio of production output to what is required to produce it. 7

In construction, the output is usually expressed in weight, length, or volume, and the input resource is usually in cost of labor or man-hours (Intergraph, 2012). In a recent research conducted it was highlighted that shortage of equipment and tools, over-manning and dilution of supervision are some of the key reasons why some sites are considered to be unproductive. To combat these challenges to boost productivity at work sites, Intergraph (2012) stated that professionals needs to consider the use of smart tools that enables them to plan to reduce, and eliminate these factors, thus improving productivity and staying on budget. An example of a smart tools being used extensively at work sites currently are drones. The drones enables safety professionals and site managers to keep tabs on work progress and to check if safety practices are in place. The shots takes by these drones can used to study the work progress and used to show clients of the progress of the project. Just like the drone, there are many other technology based equipment springing into the market which can be used effectively at construction sites (Gallagher, 2017). 6. Work Equipment In sufficient tools and equipment seem to be a factor influencing productivity at work sites. 3D printer can be a quick solution to tasks that requires special equipment to be used when building from scratch. If 3D printers can be used to complete certain tasks, workers can be re-deployed at other crucial areas, which would prompt for higher productivity. Gallagher stated that currently at some work sites in Dubai, 3D printers are being used to extrude concrete (including concrete composites), plastics and other materials are being used to create building components and even entire buildings. Dietrich (2017) shared that robotic arms have been used in conjunction with 3-D printers to print a variety of forms. Robots also are being used for demolition, to place bricks, excavate and do other tasks. 8

Human Factor in Adopting Technology at Construction Sites. Gallagher (2017) acknowledged that most construction industry professionals acknowledge that increased adoption of technology is in their future, there are still many challenges to adopting it at work sites. Young (2017) stated that the “human” factor is one of the main challenges. Young (2017) strongly believes that when implementing new technology at any construction site, it is crucial the users of the equipment understand the technology. As Ramey (2012) mentioned if technology is well applied, it can benefit humans. However if it is wrongly applied, it can cause harm to human being. Thus safety professionals, site managers and workers must receive proper training on the equipment and technology before it can be used in an effective and efficient manner. Gallagher (2017) and Young (2017) also strongly believed that technology is just an enabling tool, and it is still essential for construction sites to have good procedures and guidelines in place for workers to ensure no safety practices are breached. Technology in Work Sites in Singapore Minister for National Development, Lawrence Wong stated that while productivity at construction site has increased since 2009, Singapore is working towards a 3% growth annually by 2020 (Yeo, 2016). To reach the desired percentile growth, Building and Construction Authority (BCA) has a developed a new construction and productivity research and development road map where 35 technologies will be infused in areas like automated equipment and robotics; info-comm technology; building information modelling and virtual design and construction; 3D printing; advanced construction materials; and productive civil engineering solutions. To move Singapore construction industry towards more automation, digital technology and sustainable design, an Industry Transformation Map was introduced in October 2017 (The Straits Time, 2017). The map focused on four areas where research is currently underway to create or improve various tools that are part of the construction process. The four areas are Smart Crane, drones, robotics and virtual reality communication. 9

The use of Smart Cranes at construction sites will improve safety by reducing “blind lifting” situations, while the use of drones will assist in monitoring and inspecting buildings as they are being built. The use of robotics will assist in establish an intelligent lifting system while virtual communication will create opportunities for a live and virtual tour of the project for managements or clients. Rationale While it is acknowledged that with the use of technology in construction sites will improve productivity and quality work, there is minimal research to indicate if the same technology enhances the culture of safety at construction sites. Thus as Singapore moves towards being a Smart Nation, it is critical for the construction industry to understand the relationship technology has with safety practices. The discussion that emerges from this study will provide sound data for safety professional to review training plans to impart safety awareness about technology to their workers. Learning Outcomes The study hopes to meet the following learning outcomes through this research: 1. Observe and understand a trend at local worksites 2. Reflect on collected data and review existing work process and practices to accommodate to the trends of the industry to improve quality of work. 3. Share findings and reflections with other safety professionals to enhance the general quality of work and safety in local construction sites. Study Design This research will be adopting a descriptive research design as the study will be collecting data from the participants in the natural settings, and would use methods like questionnaire, observations and interviews to collect data. While there is extensive research on how technology can enhance productivity, there is limited research done in relation to role technology plays in increasing the safety culture at work sites. The analysis made from this research aims to gather some insights into the current trend. 10

Method of Investigation Company & Participants Three companies who uses technology prevalently for communication, data collection, quality control and work equipment would be approached for their participation in this research (Annex 1). After each company has given its approval, ten participants (eight construction workers and two safety professionals) from each company would be recruited for this research. This would result in a total of twenty four construction workers and six safety professionals across three companies participating in this research. An information and consent letter (Annex 2) will be given to each participant. Data will only be collected from the participants after their response slips have been collected. Data Collection Methods Data from the participants will be collected through a questionnaire and on-site observation. 1. Questionnaire An open-ended questionnaire will be administered to all participants. Each survey will require participants to indicate the traditional method, method of usage, its approximate duration, new technology currently using, method of usage, and its approximate duration in the following four functions: communication, data collection, quality control and work equipment. The sample of the questionnaire is attached as Annex 3. 2. On-site Observation The researcher will conduct an on-site observation to observe the work process of the four functions when managed with technology. The researcher will focus his observation on the safety practices when using technology to complete assigned tasks in the four functions. A sample of the observation record is attached as Annex 4. 11

Data Analysis Method As the data collected will be descriptive, the researcher will be adopting a coding or categorizing techniques to analyze the data. During the analysis process, the researcher will be grouping observations and responses from the participants that are similar. The groups of behaviors and responses will be interpreted to identify the reasons for the responses. The interpretation will provide reliable information for the researcher to present his findings. Ethics The researcher will be sensitive towards the following ethical issues that might arise during the research: 1. Confidentiality. Some participants might wish to remain anonymous during the research. The researcher must respect the participant’s request and not name the participants. For consistency, all participants will remain anonymous and would be assigned a code for cross-referencing of data. 2. Accuracy of data: Migrants form the bulk of the work forces at construction sites in Singapore. Thus it cannot be assumed that all workers will be able to communicate using English. To ensure that the researcher understands the participant’s response, a translator would need to be appointed to do the needed translation of questions and data, 3. Objective: Some researchers might be overwhelmed by the research process and might tend to interpret the collected information from one perspective, which alters the authenticity and validity of the analysis that would be made. To prevent this, it is vital for researcher to be objective. The researcher would need to be objective by not addressing the participants on a personal basis or by coaxing them on what to include in their response. Risk Just like any other tasks that happens at work site, there will be several risks the research might need to be prepared for. 12

The details risks analysis is attached as Annex 5. Resources Required The research would require the following resources to complete the study. 1. Printing of questionnaire and observation record  $20.00 2. Transport to site  $20.00 3. Token for Translators (if needed)  $30.00 Based on the resources listed above, the total cost for the research is expected to be $70.00. Program Diary The researcher will take approximately 12 weeks to complete the research. The first one week will be used to approach the company and recruit participants. 5 weeks will be used to collect data, with 2 weeks after that being used to analyze, interpret the collected data and complete the research paper. The remaining weeks will be used to collect and/or clarify data, and to complete the research paper. The timeline is provided as Annex 6. Mid November'17 Early December'17 Mid December'17 (1 week) (5 weeks) Submission of Protocol & Ethics Approach Company & Data Collection Recruit Participants Mid January'18 (2 Early February'18 (4 March-April'18 weeks) weeks) Submission of Data Analysis Data Verification (If Research Paper needed) Completion of Research Paper Results Data was collected from 24 construction workers 6 safety professionals focusing on three different work at the construction site. 13

The three works are: 1. Installing False Ceiling: 8 construction worker (1 to 5 years of experience) and 2 safety professionals (3 to 5 years of experience). 2. Installing Façade: 8 construction worker (1 to 5 years of experience) and 2 safety professionals (3 to 5 years of experience) 3. Ducting Installation: 8 construction worker (1 to 5 years of experience) and 2 safety professionals (3 to 5 years of experience) Data was collected through two methods, (1) questionnaire and (2) observation. In this section, the researcher would be presenting and analyzing the data collected from these two methods. Questionnaire The questionnaire was administered to all 30 participants and they were asked to respond to the questions based on their assigned tasks. The questionnaire required the 6 safety professionals to compare between the traditional methods of communication, collection data, maintaining quality control and equipment used to complete the task. The 24 construction workers focused on giving information on the current methods use to communication and the equipment used to complete their tasks. Their responses is reflected across three tables: table 1 (Installing false ceiling), table 2 (installing façade) and table 3 (ducting) 1. Installing False Ceiling Communication Safety Professional Effective Traditional Method Tool No Current Method Yes Call Data Collection Communication Apps Effective Traditional Method No Tool Current Method Documents Yes Photographs & electronic documents 14

Quality Control Tool Effective Traditional Method Tool Box Meeting No Current Method Video recordings Yes Work Equipment Tool Effective Traditional Method Mobile Scaffold No Current Method Scissors Lift Yes Table 1.1 – Safety Professional (Installing False Ceiling) Workers Tool Effective Communication Communication App Yes Walkie Talkie & Communication Apps Yes Work Equipment Tool Effective Scissor lift Yes Table 1.2 – Construction Workers (Installing False Ceiling) Based on table 1.1 and 1.2, it is clear that the use of technology at work sites has deemed to be more safe, effective and efficient. For instance when communicating, safety professional now use communication apps like WhatsApp where they have the option of texting or calling individuals and/or groups. Response is almost immediate, although one safety professional mentioned that speed of response can be affected due to poor reception and/or signals. As such, Walkie-talkies are used when workers and safety professionals work at sites where reception is weak. This is to ensure information can be received and collected immediately. Likewise, the use of scissors lift has saved workers and safety professionals man hours for workers now do not have to erect and physically shift the mobile scaffold (Pic 1). While the operation of the scissors lift (Pic 2) can only be done by someone who is competent and trained, it is safer and more effective in ensuring the work is completed in a manner that is efficient and safe. 15

Pic 1: Mobile Scaffold Pic 2: Scissor Lift http://scaffoldingsingapore.com/all-about- https://www.unitedrentals.com/marketplace/equipment/aerial-work-platforms/scissor- scaffolding/mobile-scaffold/ lifts/electric-scissor-lift-30-33-32-wide#/ 2. Installing Façade Communication Safety Professional Effective Tool No Traditional Method No Call Yes Current Method Communication Apps Yes Communication Apps Yes Data Collection Walkie-Talkie Traditional Method Whistle Effective Current Method No Tool Yes Quality Control Visual Inspections Traditional Method Hazard Analysis Effective Current Method Yes Tool Yes Work Equipment Operator Manual & Briefing Traditional Method Operator Manual & Briefing Effective No Tool Mechanical Winch Current Method Movable Mechanical Winch Yes Table 2.1 – Safety Professional (Installing Facade) 16

Communication Workers Effective Tool Yes Yes Communication App Yes Walkie Talkie & Communication Apps Walkie Talkie Work Equipment Tool Effective Movable Mechanical Winch Yes Table 2.1 – Construction Workers (Installing Facade) Similar to tables 1.1 and 1.2, the data represented in 2.1 and 2.2 have clearly indicated that the use of technology at work sites has made the safety professionals more effective and efficient. The distinct increase in efficiency is observed in the work equipment category where the use of the movable mechanical winch (Pic 3) has allowed workers to complete their assigned tasks in a manner that is efficient and safe. The movable is mobile and requires no installation compared to the traditional method, which reduced man hours which was previously used to install, uninstall, move to new location and reinstall again. This create more time for workers to complete their tasks, making them more efficient. Pic 3 http://www.smartrigcranes.com/ 17

3. Ducting Safety Professional Communication Tool Effective No Traditional Method Call Yes Communication Apps & Walkie Effective Yes Current Method Talkie Yes Effective Data Collection Tool Yes Yes Traditional Method Site Observation Effective No Current Method Site Observation Yes Quality Control Tool Traditional Method Tool Box Meeting Current Method Training & Meeting Work Equipment Tool Traditional Method Scissor Lift Current Method Super Lift Table 3.1 – Safety Professional (Ducting) Workers Tool Effective Yes Communication App Yes Communication Walkie Talkie & Communication Yes Effective Apps Yes Walkie Talkie Work Equipment Tool Super Lift Table 3.2 – Construction Workers (Ducting) Similar to tables 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 and 2.2, the data collected for the workers and safety professional involved in ducting (represented in 3.1 and 3.2) have clearly indicated that the use of technology at work sites has made safety professionals more effective and efficient. 18

Similar to table 2.1 and 2.2, the distinct increase in efficiency is observed in the work equipment category where the use of the super lift has allowed workers to complete their assigned tasks in a safer manner although it might take more time to manually hoist the ducting. Safety professionals have noted that with the super lift, it takes approximately 20 minutes to complete one ducting task, which is about 10 minutes longer than the traditional method of using a scissors lift. However, using the super lift is more stable and required a trained worker to operate manually. As such, while the technology might see in longer man hours, it reduced all possibilities of accidents or fatalities, which is the aim of any safety professional. Pic 4: Scissor Lift Pic 5: Super Lift https://www.unitedrentals.com/marketplace/equipment/aerial- https://www.amazon.com/Genie-Superlift-Contractor- work-platforms/scissor-lifts/electric-scissor-lift-30-33-32-wide#/ Capacity-Transport/dp/B004QTPJQQ Observation The researcher conducted a 3 hours observations of three work sites (managed by different companies). The data collected from the observations aim to share how technology is being used for the four identified functions: Communication, data collection, quality control and work equipment. 19

The observation for each company has been summarize in tables 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. The data found in the table has been elaborated on to support the researcher’s analysis. 1. Company One Tool Process Safety Function Considerations Site supervisors Communication Phone and workers use No observable own mobile phones safety hazard to communicate with each other Site supervisors are Data Collection Smart Phone seen taking No observable pictures with their safety hazard smart phones for documentations Site supervisors make their site Quality Control Site Check checks and use No observable pictures taken by safety hazard workers to ensure quality and work progress Training needs to Workers are seen be provided to Range of using simple workers who Equipment Work Equipment machine (etc operate the scissors lift) to machines to ensure complete tasks proper procedures are followed. 20

Table 2.1: Observation from Company one The researcher noted that for the work site of company one, the ways and type of technology used were similar to the work site of company three. There was a blend of technology based tools and traditional pen-and-paper tools used for the four functions. 1.1. Communication The workers and site supervisors primarily used their personal phones to communicate with each other. During the observation, the research noted that the site supervisors either messaged or called the workers he needed to speak with. Informal conversation with the site supervisor revealed that all site supervisors were given company phone lines, which meant the company paid for the calls, message and data usage. For all confirmed workers, a fix amount would be reimbursed to them on a monthly basis for their communication needs. Workers and site supervisor stated that because the company are paying for their telecommunication bills, they felt obliged to respond swiftly to work related calls and messages. Workers mentioned that they were comfortable with the arrangements as their site supervisor do not usually contact them on their off days unless it is for an urgent matter. 1.2. Data Collection The team leader was observed to be constantly taking pictures of his team’s progress. Upon speaking with the team leader, he mentioned that the site supervisor would ask for picture update one every hour to take stick of their progress and to document the work process. The site supervisor mentioned that at the end of the day, he collates the relevant pictures and transfer them into a company online storage platform where his mangers and other professional can access and monitor. 21

1.3. Quality Control Although periodic site inspections are made by the site supervisors, he is observed to be constantly overseeing the quality through the information he gathers from the picture he asks for one every hour. 1.4. Work Equipment A team of workers were seen using a scissors lift while another team was seen using a mobile scaffold. The research observed both teams and noted that the team using the scissors lift were able to complete their assigned tasks faster and in a safer manner, as compared to the team using the mobile scaffold. While both teams were using the equipment in the correct procedure, there were more safety measures needed for the team using the mobile scaffold, which slowed. Continued at page 23 22

2. Company Two Function Tool Process Safety Communication Considerations Data Collection Quality Control Site supervisors Work Equipment and workers use Walkie-Talkies company issues No observable walkie-talkie to safety hazard communicate with each other Site supervisors are Tablets seen taking No observable pictures with their safety hazard tablet for documentations Site supervisors E-Checklist observed using a No observable checklist on a tablet safety hazard to check on quality. Range of Workers are seen Training needs to Equipment using simple be provided to machine (etc workers who movable operate the mechanical winch) machines to ensure to complete tasks proper procedures are followed. Table 2.2: Observation from Company Two The researcher noted that while technology was also used in the work site of company two, they differed from that of company one, yielding different response from the workers and site supervisor. 23

Regardless of the tool used, the research noted that in general that with the use of technology, the workers were able to work in a faster and effective manner in company two. 2.1. Communication Each work team was assigned with one walkie-talkie which was in the same frequency as all the other team at the work site. The senior worker in the team held onto the walkie-talkie and was communicating with the site supervisor through the equipment. The research noted that at certain point the communication was hindered because of the interference of signals or week reception. Since other teams were also on the same frequency, there was constant communication and beeping from the equipment that seem to cause the senior worker to lose some focus when working on the task. 2.2. Data Collection The site supervisor seemed to be the only person who was collecting data, and he did that primarily through photo that was taken by a company issues tablet. Informal conversation with the site supervisor indicated that by using a tablet to take pictures of the work progress, allowed him to make notes on it directly. He said this reduces the additional task of collating the pictures and typing his notes when he returns to office, an additional task he would need to do if he used his phone to take pictures. 2.3. Quality Control Just like the how data collection was done, the site supervisor used an e-checklist that was available off-line on his table to take stock of the work and its quality. He was observed showing the workers some pictures and videos during his site checks. Once again the informal conversations indicated that the video had some information the workers could refer to about how they could work in a more effective manner to manage the assigned work. 24

2.4. Work Equipment During the site observation, the research noted a team of workers using the movable mechanical winch. This allowed workers to install the façade and move from one point to the other for the next installation, in a faster and energy conserving manner. It evidently reduced the time workers would have spent on the task if they had used traditional methods of a mechanical winch. This allowed workers to complete tasks within a shorter duration when using simple machines, as compared to using traditional method which required installation of winch to ceiling. Continued at Page 26 25

3. Company three Function Tool Process Safety Communication Considerations Data Collection Quality Control Site supervisors Work Equipment Smart Phones and workers use No observable own mobile phones safety hazard to communicate with each other Worker are seen Photos taking pictures with No observable their smart phones safety hazard for documentations Site supervisors make their site Site Check checks and use No observable pictures taken by safety hazard workers to ensure quality and work progress Training needs to Workers are seen be provided to Range of using simple workers who Equipment machine (etc super operate the lift) to complete machines to ensure tasks proper procedures are followed. Table 2.3: Observation from Company three 26

From the observation done by the research, it was evident that company three had attempted to embrace technology in their day to day work. Although the technology used were not elaborated, they were efficient and allowed the workers and site supervisors to work in a more effective and efficient manner. 3.1. Communication During the site observation, the observer noted that communication within the team and with the supervisors were done primarily through their smart phones. Site supervisors typically set up work chat groups through communication apps like WhatsApp and communicated with different work teams through that platform. Informal conversations with some of the workers revealed that most of the phones were the workers own personal phones and they had limited data. As only certain parts of the construction site has Wi-Fi access, workers mentioned that they needed to tap on their personal data for work related matter. There was no clear indication if all workers were reimbursed for their data usage. 3.2. Data Collection Data was primarily collected through photo taken with their smart phones. These photo were either sent in communication groups through communication apps or showed to the site supervisors when he came around for the site check. 3.3. Quality Control Traditional methods of site checks are still maintained at company one to ensure quality is maintained. Informal conversation with the site supervisor mentioned that he prefer to do a site inspection as he can be certain of the work that is being done by his team. Although it is time-consuming, it will ensure the work is done well on the first attempt, which would save more time and effort in the long run. 3.4. Work Equipment There was a range of simple machines used for the different tasks happening on the work sites. The researcher noted that at this work site, while some work teams took a longer time when using the simple machines, they were able to work in safer 27

work environment. For instance, at the first work site, one team of workers was seen using a super lift, which took the team only about twenty minutes to complete the installation. While using the traditional method of a scissors lift might have been faster, it was not as safe as a super lift and opens several opportunities for accidents to occur. Overall Analysis Based on the data collected through the questionnaire and the observation, it is evident that technology has an impact on the company’s ability to complete the assigned work on time without compromising on quality and safety. It can be concluded that with the use of technology companies are able to: communicate better with employees and clients, work more efficiently and document their work processes in an organized manner at real time. a. Communicate better with employees and clients As seen in the data collected, with technology like Wi-Fi and communication app, communication is no longer confined to just calls. Companies are using free communication apps like WhatsApp that enables them to create and maintain group chats. This allows for information to be sent to all workers at one time, reducing any possible delay of information or information being wrongly interpreted. These communication groups also allows for pictures to be shared, enabling easy sharing of information. Being able to communicate in an effective and timely manner will ease all possible stress on clients and workers knowing they can seek information and assistance from the relevant individuals. b. Work more efficiently With more prevalent use of simple machines like super lift, scissors lift and movable winch, it reduces the time taken for workers on completing the tasks, without compromising the safety and quality of the work. The data has revealed across all observed construction site that regardless of the simple machine used, the team using it seem to be able to complete the tasks in a more effective and efficient manner, and most importantly in a safer manner. 28

As such it is crucial for the organization to choose relevant equipment pertaining to the work at hand. This would enable the team to work in a faster and efficient manner. c. Document work process in an organized manner at real time. Most of the site supervisors seem to use a blend of technology based and traditional method to collect and store information. The more common manner of collecting information was through photographs, which is an indication that technology is successful in reducing some paper work. By taking pictures, information is shared real-time, enabling for correction, affirmation or intervention to be done in a timely manner. One of the site supervisors mentioned that these pictures are stored in an online storage platform (like Drop Box), which once again enables any professionals and/or employees working on the project to access the information anytime and anywhere. This enhances productivity as professionals need not be at the physical site to gather information. Recommendations Yates (1988) mentioned that the impacts of technology on the construction sector has been largely evolutionary. With the prevalent use of technology in the construction sector, it is crucial for companies and safety personnel to actively think on how these technologies can be embraced naturally to enhance the company’s efficiency and productivity. In this section of the study, the research will be presenting five blue-sky recommendations that organization can consider when embracing technology at their work sites. 1. Perspective about Technology Before embracing technology, it is essential that the entire organization and/or work team has the same definition, perspective and approach towards embracing technology to enhance productivity. Having the same lingo will support when employees are communicating with each other when sourcing and learning about the available technology based resources in the sector. 29

It is also essential for the team to broaden their perspective of technology, and not be boxed in to say that technology is only machine. As defined by Ramey (2013), technology is a body of knowledge that aims to create tool, process actions and to extract materials. When adopting technology, companies will be revolutionizing the manner problems are currently being solved, incorporating a technology and scientific perspective to accomplish specific tasks or solve problems. When this understanding of technology is understood and embraced, companies and work teams will be setting off on their journey to embrace technology with the same perspective. 2. Training and Conference As technology is constantly evolving, it is crucial for professionals at the construction firms to be aware of what is available in the market. While information can be easily found online, attending training, demonstrations or conference allows professionals to understand what the technology is about and would be aware of how the technology can be used. Hearing from individuals who have tried the equipment is essential as it allows professionals to be aware of the advantages and disadvantages of using the technology. Thankfully with the internet, learning is no longer bound by physical location. As such, professional should embrace this new way of learning and attend Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) through platforms like Cousera and edX. Rich learning opportunities are also available through resource platforms like TedTalks and Youtube, where sharing of technology and new research is shared through videos and demonstrations. 3. Community of Practice (COP) As more construction companies in Singapore are beginning to embrace technology, establishing a community of practice (COP) would be ideal. A community of practice would refer to a group of like-minded individuals coming together to share ideas and best practices to learn from each other. 30

This collaborative approach towards learning will create a support system amongst safety professional and other professionals in the construction firm. However to be able to establish a strong COP, there must be a sense of trust amongst each professional and each member needs to be open and receptive to the feedback given. Sharing needs to be two-ways, and it cannot be just an information sourcing opportunity. By establishing a COP, member would be creating a learning ecosystem that is unique to the construction sector in Singapore, enabling the industry to develop its own set of best practices that can be shared to other construction firms not in the COP. This might pave the way towards a construction fraternity being established in Singapore. 4. Multidisciplinary Team Approach to Selecting and Evaluating Technology The multidisciplinary team approach is prevalent to health care where the medical decisions are made involving medical and allied health care professionals. This ensure that the medical decision taken has considered all different options and perspective before deriving on the best decision for the patient. The technology that the company embraces is not going to be directly used just by the safety professional and/or the architect. As such, by adopting the same approach towards construction, the team would comprise of the different stakeholders in the firm and/or work site, getting their input, before deciding if the technology should be adopted. Workers who form the backbone of the construction sector are going to be employees of the company that use the technology on a daily basis. By including the workers in this process, the team would be getting the first-hand experience from the end users, which would be handy when selecting, testing and reviewing the chosen technology and in designing the training program for the adopted technology. 5. Design-Thinking Perspective Design-Thinking is a problem solving approach that is the way of thinking and working. It revolves around the concept of developing an understanding of the end users of the product or solution. 31

It is a thinking process that aims to understand the end user, challenge common assumption and redefine the challenge in hand to identify alternate strategies and solution that might only be visible from a different perspective. As such, when adopting this thinking perspective in the construction sector, the professionals involved in the process will develop an empathy for the workers, who are directly at the work sites. This new perspective would help professionals source and review suitable technology based on the needs of the firm, work and the understanding they have about the working professional. This would make the entire process of embracing technology holistic, taking into consideration the different perspectives and needs of the different stakeholders. Conclusion It is evident that technology has been a significant contributing factor in leveling up the health and safety in the construction industry. The realization to undertake such technological advances and utilize them is the current dilemma among employers and companies. Such hesitations are a result of objective rationales such as feasibility, time, difficulty of placement and implementation and the concern that supersedes the others, cost. In an economic and profit gathering perspective, these concerns and hesitations are bound to be a barrier in the decision making process. These arise prior to undertaking and involving technology to assist and improvise the safety and health in construction sites. Organizations need to have a long term view on cost recovery, loss of intangible capacity to perform and inability to acquire new projects and much more just for safety lapse that has occurred. The responsibility and provision of such technology should not only be entirely left in the hands of contractors but also to be a shared responsibility by the client. It suppresses the successful tenderers to invest in such technologies if clients do not provide assistance or a set aside sum to fuel such good initiatives. It is encouraged that the use of technology in safety is a tripartite effort by client, consultant and contractor. Although the use of superlative technology cannot be undertaken by all construction organizations, to each individual capacity, technology has to be a system that has to be looked into and considered. 32

Just like how our mobile and electronic devices have improved rapidly over time due to technological advances and made great lengths of improvements, it is the same implication that has to be applied in the safety in construction projects. 33

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The Straits Times, (2017), ‘Construction site of the future’, The Straits Time, viewed on 1 Nov 2017, http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/construction-site-of-the-future Yates, A. P. (1988). Globalization of Technology. USA: The National Academy of Science, Engineering & Medicine, pp 68-218. Yeo, S.J. (2016). ‘Singapore government to step up construction productivity using technology’, The Straits Time, viewed on 1 Nov 2017, http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/government-to-step-up-construction-productivity- using-technology. 35