farm machinery and equipment ( PDFDrive )

TERRACING MACHINERY 439 702. Slip Scrapers.-Slip scrapers (Fig. 681) are used in making fills where the terrace crosses gullies. 703. Fresno.-The fresno is not only used in making fills but also for building the terrace. Both horse-drawn (Fig. 682) and tractor-power dump types (Fig. 683) are used. One ohjection to the fresno is that the surface soil for a considerable dis- tance on each side of the terrace is scraped off in ' building the terrace. Graders cut into and throw up much subsoil. A smooth terrace cannot be built with fresnos. 704. V-drags and Graders.- The wooden V-drag when properly con- structed will move a good volume of . loose soil several feet horizontally. FIG. 682.-Horse-drawn fresno. A well-designed wooden V-drag is shown in Fig. 684. A grader-blade cutting-edge plate is attached to the wing. The landside and wing are covered with light galvanized sheet iron to provide better scouring surfaces. Steel V-type terra.cers are equipped with a lever and front wheel assembly to raise and lower the front end (Fig. 685). An adjustable FIG. 683.- Tractor rotary fresno. rolling coulter attached to the rear end of the landside gives lighter draft and holds the landside when a heavy load is carried on the blade. Exten- sion bars push and smooth the soil beyond the end of the blade. Construction costs with the steel V-type terracer are higher than when graders are used. Plowing to loosen the soil so the terracer can handle it is one factor that makes the cost high. 705. Three-wheel or Light-terracing Grader.-These terracers are pulled by teams or small farm tractors. When a small amount of power

440 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FIG. 684.-Homemade wood V-drag. Note how the seat serves as a runner when turning. The small inset shows m ovement of soil by blade. FIG. 685.-Steel V-drag. FIG. 686.-Three-wheel light ter- racer grader.

\\ TERRACING MACHINERY 441 is available on the farm, the terraces can be economically constructed with the small terrace graders. l This type of terracing machine is composed of a grader blade 6 to 8 feet long suspended under a beam (Figs. 686 and 687). Two coulter-like FIG. 687.-Side view of three-wheel terracer. wheels are attached to the rear of the blade to provide a means of raising and lowering and in firm soil aids in overcoming side thrusts when loaded. A tongue truck supports the front end of the beam when horses supply the power, but it is removed when the machine is drawn by tractors. Provi- sion is made for angling the blade, both to the right and to the left. 706. Two-wheel Terracer.- The two-wheel terracer is so called b.ecause the rear of the machine is supported and carried on two wheels FIG. 688.-Two-wheel terracer. (Fig. 688), and the front attaches directly to the tractor by some form of \"gooseneck\" hitch (Fig. 689). This arrangement permits short turns, makes it possible to work closer to the ends, and saves time in turning. 1 Agr. Eng., VoL 16, No.1, p. 3, 1935. •

442 FARM MA CHINERY AND EQUIPMENT A tongue truck can be supplied if desired (Fig. 689). The heavy channel- iron box frame is welded together, giving rigidity and strength. The frame is arched over the blade and provides ample clearance. The blade FIG. 689 .- T ongue t ruck and gooseneck hitch for two-wheel t\".racer. is raised and lowered \"by lifting cranks, operated by a hand-driveL!- worm gear. Two-wheel terracers are built in two sizes. The smaller weighs about 1,400 pounds and may be equipped with 8- or 9-foot blades. The larger machine weighs about 4,600 pounds and is eq ipped with a 10-foo t blade. Simple devices are provided for changing the pitch, reversing and hori- F IG. 690.-1 wo-wheel tractor terracer construct ing a terrace. zontal shifting of the 1lade. With a trained tractor driver the two-wheel terracer can be handled as accurately on a terrace ridge as the four-wheel grader.

TERRACING MACHINERY 443 Ordinarily, from six to ten round trips are required to construct a standard broad-base terrace with a 10-foot blade. The number of rounds required depend upon the condition of the land, type of soil, si~e of terrace, and whether the soil is loose or hard. 707. Four-wheel Terracers or Road Graders.-Large-sized road graders (Fig. 691) and the power required to pull them are too expensive FIG. 691.-Four-wheel or road-grader terracer . for the average farm. Unless several hundred acres are to be terraced, such an investment would not be justifiable. Most terracing with road machinery, therefore, is done with county or government owned equip- ment. A flat charge of from $2.50 to $3.50 per hour is the usual rate. In some sections farmers are cooperatively purchasing this type of equip- ment for terracing purposes. There are some sections where the charges made for use of such machinery are the actual operating expenses. On these terms costs range from $1.37 to $1.84 per hour. 1,2 , Building terraces requires stronger and more durable machines than are required for road building. Efficient construction of terraces requires that the blade be loaded to capacity at all times. Pulling a heavily loaded ma- chine over rough land and around sharp curves will test the durability of A B any machine. Well-built road-grading FIG. 692.-Cutting angles of grader blade: A, angle for moving loose soil; . terracers weigh from 10,000 to 14,000 B, angle for deep cutting. pounds and may be equipped with 10-, 12-, or 14-foot blades. On sandy loam soils these machines are capable of throwing up a terrace 18 to 24 inches in height and 24 to 26 feet in width in three to six round trips. 708. Elevating Graders.-The elevating grader is used to a limited extent where terraces are large. This machine requires a high initial 1 Agr. Eng., Vol. 16, No.8, p. 315, 1935. 2 Proceedings of Fourth Southwest Soil and Water Conservation Conference, 1933.

444 'FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT investment and is so complicated and requires so much power for operation that is is difficult to economically construct terraces with it. Generally wpere a 75-horsepower tractor and elevating grader are used a terrace core ~ ~ ~ ~ (-Heighf 18\"-24\" ',_ FIG. 693.-Terrace built with two-wheel terracer shown in Fig. 688. The 'ftlrrace is built from both sides. After fourth round terraee is finished from upper side. can be built in three or four rounds (Fig. 696) after which the channel is cleaned out and the terrace smoothed up in two or three rounds with a 12-foot blade grader. Clean out channel Trip six ~:~rl.~ k.~ Trip seven FIG. 694.- ,'Terrace built from upper side. The Missouri Experiment Station has developed a small power take- off elevating terracer that moves a good volume of earth (Fig. 697). In Missouri a 20-horsepower wheel-type tractor with the Wooley elevat- ing tcrracer required 53 man-hours and 53 tractor-terracer-hours ',to

TERRACING MACHINERY 445 construct a mile of terrace containing 2,825 cubic yards per mile. In Iowa with a 22-horsepower tractor the outfit required 66 man-hours and 66 tractor-terracer-hours to construct a mile of terrace containing 2,863 yards per mile. 1 709. The Whirlwind Rotary Terracer.-Thjs terracer con&ists of a shortened moldboard plow to cut and lift a furrow slice up into a rapidly revolving vertical power-driven auger, which throws A hea'lCYc,~a,o,oro>:i/ll'7k,t,~ the soil to the side2 (Fig. 698). In operation the auger revolves about 1,060 revolutions per minute and the tractor travels about 5 miles per hour. In Iowa with a 22-horse- power wheel-type tractor, the whirlwind ~-!6Ito!.;'lwh'e--~ terracer ' required 50' man-hours and 50 tractor-terracer-hours to construct a mile of terrace containing 1,899 cubic yards per mile. l 710. Cost of Constructing Terraces.- There are so many variables that enter into terracing costs' that it is hard to arrive at a definite estimate. Numerous methods of calculating costs have been tried but the best seems to be based on the cost per foot, per 100 feet,10r per mile of constructed Thi terrace. Terraces in the Southeastern States average from 12 to 18 feet in width. In the Southwestern States terraces 20 to 24 feet wide and 18 inches high are recommended. In the high plains of the Middlewest they range from 40 to 50 feet in width. The Soil Conservation Service has adopted as a FIG. 695.-Showing angle of standard a width of 24 feet and a height of blade and cut for the first three rounds in constructing terrace 18 inches with a 3-foot top width. Steep with a road machine. slopes require closer spacing of terraces than more gentle slopes. Hoover3 enumerates the factors that must be con- sidered in calculating the cost of terracing as follows: 1. The field or area terraced, including lineal feet of terrace necessary, the slope in per cent, soil type (surface and subsoil), vegetative cover, number of gullies to be crossed, and weather. 1 Soil Conservation Service, U. S. Dept. Agr., unpublished data. 2 Agr. Eng., Vol. 16, No.1, p. 6, 1935. 3 Agr. Eng., Vol. 17, No.2, p . 51, 1936.

446 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT FIG. 696.-Large elevating grader building a terrace. . ..,_\"~,~ (Courtesy ,lIo. Aur. Expt . Sta.) -FIG. 697.-Light elev,ating grader. ' .\\ I FIG. 698.-Whirlwind terracer.

TERRACING MACHINERY 447 2. The terrace built, including cross-section (height, width, and average distance dirt is moved laterally), and length. 3. The equipment, including size and make, condition, and skill of operators. • 4. Cost of equipment and operating cost, including fuel consumption, grease used, depreciation, repairs and maintenance, interest on investment, and labor cost (operators). 5. Cost of engineering and supervision. 6. Cost of fresJ;lo or other work to bring low spots up to grade. 7. Outlet cost. FIG. 699.-Bull-dozer filling gully. FIG. 700.-Speciai sod cutter and contouring plow. When all of these factors are considered the cost arrived at is for the completed job and fully protected land. If all costs are not included, it would be like a man figuring the cost of laying the foundation as the total cost of his house. Unless the low spots and gullies are filled and outlets constructed, a terrace might as well not be built at all.

448 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Ward1 states that eight terracing associations in Virginia built terraces at an average cost of $22.50 per mile. Carter and Hulburt2 state that the Rural Rehabilitation Corporation constructed terraces in Arkansas at $17.85 per mile. These costs do not include outlet construction or fills. Baird3 estimates the cost of building terraces in East Texas at $30.00 per mile, or more. Data presented by Ayres4 show the cost of constructing a terrace in Iowa was $30.97 per mile when a 15-27 tractor and grader were used and $32.65 when a general-purpose tractor and three-wheel farm grader were used. He also gives data on the cost of constructing terraces with several other types of machines. TABLE XXVII.-CoST OF CONSTRUCTING 124 MILES OF TERRACE IN THE VICINITY OF SAN ANGELO, TEXAS Miles of Labor Trans- Fuel Depre- Total I Total Number terrace portation eiation cost of hours built Cost number per mile $1254.21 124 ~'m\"rru.n~r~u.ng ---,- ------ $1511, 26 $211,12 $528.78 $3505,67 $28.27 2110 17,01 NOTlI: Lab!>r charge 0.335 cent per hour. Depreciation on tractor 0.471 cent per hour. DepreciatIon on grader 0.121 cent per hour. Transportation of crew to and from work charged at the rate of 0.02 cent per hour. 1 Extension Service Rev., Vol. 7, No.7, p. 105, 1936. 2 Agr. Eng., Vol. 17, No. 12, p. 511, 1936. 3 Agr. Eng., Vol. 16, No.1, p. 5, 1935. 4Soil Erosion and Its Control, McGraw-Hill Bo'ok Company, Inc., p. 168, 1936.

INDEX A Bolts, 38 types of, 38 Acme harrow, 127 carriage, 38 Alfalfa drill, 195 machine, 38 Angle of disk-plow bottoms, 87 plow, 38 Angling of disk-harrow gangs, 132, 136 stove, 39 tire, 39 Bordeaux spray nozzle, 234 Brass,. 17 Babbitt, 18, 33 Broadcast seeders, 196 of bearing, 33 duty of, 198 Back furrow, 56 end-gate, 197 Barn equipment for hay, 265 knapsack, 197 Basin lister, 75 two-wheel, 197 Bean cultivators, 220 wheelbarrow, 199 Bean planters, 182 Bronze, 18, 33 Bearings, 30 Bumpers on disk harwws, 130 babpitting of, 33 Bundle carriers, 282, 296 on disk harrows, 129 Burr feed grinder, 377 heating of, 32 Bushings, 32 kinds of, 32 types of. 30 1\"., ball, 31 babbitt, 33 plain or splitc 31 bronze, 33 roller, 31 oilless, 32 self-aligning, 31 wood,33 solid,30 Beet cultivators, 220 Beet diggers, 316 Beet planters, 182 Calibration of grain drill, 190 Belt, 19 Cam, 37 care of, 24 Cast iron, 15 creep, 23 chilled, 16 kinds, 19 malleable, 15 canvas, 21 Cast-iron land roller, 140 leather, 20 Center, of disk-plow bottom, 88 rubber, 20 V~belts, 21 of load, 89 lacing, 22 of moldboard plow bottom, 86, 89 precautions for, 23 of power, 89 rules for, 23 of resistance of plow, 86 Binders (see Corn binders; Grain binders) Chains, 27 Blades, for disk harrows, 128 kinds of, hook, 27 for plows, 78, 88 pintle, 27 roller, 27 Check-row planter, 145 449

450 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Check wire, 152 Corn binders, shafts, 293 Chisel plow, 73 countershaft, 293 Cleaners and graders, 429 crank shaft, 294 belt, 437 tractor binders, 298 cylinder, 433 wheels, 292 corn, 433 grain, 293 cotton, 434 main, 292 peanuts, 434 Corn pickers, 300 wheat, 433 clutches on, 303 dIsk, 431 elevators for, 303 gravity separator, 433 harvesting costs with, 303 fanning mills, 429 huskihg rolls on, 303 oat kicker, 431 snapping rolls on, 302 types of, 429 Corn planters, 145 Clutches, 35 check row, 145 types of, 35 attachments for, 155, 157 friction, 35 back frame, 147 positive, 35 clutch, 148 snap, 36 feed shaft, 147 Combined harvester-thresher, 336 front frame, 147 advantages, 346 furrow opener, 155~ attachments for, 345 operation of, 152 auxiliary engine, 344 valves, 151 cost of operation, 346 variable drop, 150 cutting unit, 337 wheels for, 146 canvas, 339 wire, 152 cutter bar, 338 draft of, 158 platform, 338 duty of, 157 reel, 339 .four-row, 154 disadvantages, 346 hand, 145 duty of, 347 one-row walking, 145 grain weigher on, 344 plates for, 148 harvesting losses with, 349 row markers, 157 sizes of, 336 Corn shellers, 350 straw spreader, 344 capacity of, 353 threshing unit, 339 cylirider, 351 cylinder and concaves, 339 spring, 350 feeder house, 339 Cost, of baling hay with pick-up baler, recleaner, 343 264 separating apparatus, 340 of combining grain, 346 J shoe, 342 of dusting by airplane, 231 t ' types of, 336 of ginning cotton, 376 Corn binders, 292 of harvesting cotton, 310 binding attachment on, 295 bundle cf<rriers 01\\, 296 of operating corn binder, 299 bundle elevators, '297 corn-borer 1\\.ttacbment for, 2~~ of operatihg trucks, 424 cost of use, 299 cutting p:uts, 294 of picking corn, 304 dutyof,299 of plowing, 117 elevating chains, 295 of terracing; 445 frame, 292 of threshing, 332 Cotton choppers, 222 Cotton driers, 376

INDEX 451 Cotton gins, 356 Cotton pla.nters, first improved, 159 baling apparatus, 369 four-row, 173 press box, 369 . frame for, 161 presses, 371 furrow openers for, 169 size and type of, 369 hill drop for, 165 trampers for, 370 modern types, 160 bur extractors, 374 one-row walking, 160 cleaner feeder, 362 one-row riding, 161 cleaners, types of, 371 two-row, 172 condenser, 368 primitive types of, 159 cottonseed conveyors, 375 tractor type, 172 driers for, 376 variable depth attachment, 166 elevator distributors, 360 variable drop for, 167 auger, 362 wheels for, 162 belt distributor, 360 Coulters and jointers, 58 pneumatic, 360 Covering shovels, 170 gin stand, 365 Cow-pea thresher, 334 breast or front, 365 Culti-packer land roller, 141 ribs for, 365 Cultivators, 200 roll box, 366 attachments for, 212 saws, 364 axles for, 206 sizes of, 364 balancing frame, 206 types of, 363 beams for, 207 ginning charges, 376 beet and bean, 221 lint flues, 367 comparison of horse and tractor types, motes, 367 217 rate of feeding, 363 disk, 204 removal of lint from saws, 366 draft of, 222 air blast, 366 \"•\"~ duty of, 201, 214, 217 brush, 366 forecarriage for, 215 seed scales, 375 gang controls, 210 ~ types of gins, 356 \\ combination, 211 roller, 357 , direct foot, 210 saw, 357 parallel shift, 211 Cotton harvesters, 305 pivot axle, 211 pickers, 305 seat guide, 210 combined mechanical and vacuum, gangs, 207 307 garden, 301 mechanical, 307 .hitches for, 211 levers for, 206, 207 vacuum,. 306 ~: strippers or sleds, 308 objects of cultivating, 200 cost of harvesting with, 310 seats for, 206 factors affecting efficiency of, 310 shields and fenders for, 212 Cotton planters, 159 shovels and sweeps for, 210 attachments for, 171 trips, 210 clutch for, 162 types of, 200 covering shovels for, 170 disk,204 draft of, 173 duty of, 173 field, 222 dropping devices for, 162 lister, 218 cell, 162 shovel,204 picker wheel, 164 Bubsoil, 224

452 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Cu.ltivators, types of, tractor, 215 Disk plows, blades for, center of resist- four row, 217 two row, 21.5 ance,88 two-row horse drawn, 213 draft of, 106 wheels for, 205 Cut-off, for corn planters, 150 troubles of, 113 for cotton planters, 162 types of, 77 Cutters, silage, 390 Cutting mechan~sm for binders, 270, 294 gang, 180 Cylinder, threshing machine, 325 one-way, 82 orchard,82 reversible, 80 tractor, 81 uses of, 77, 87 D weights for, 87, 11~ width of cut, 115 Dead furrow, 56 . Draft, of binders, 290 Density of bales, of cotton, 369 of cultivators, 222 of hay, 263 of disk harrows, 138 Depth of plowing, 117 of grain drill, 195 Design, definition of, 43 of mowers, 247 of plows, 84 of planters, 158, 173 disk,87 of plows, 101 moldboard, 84 disk, 106, 177 IJ Diggers, beet, 316 effect on, of attachments, 106 peanut, 315 of character of soil, 102 potato, 311 of depth of plowing, 101 sweet potato, 315 of grade, 106 Disk harrow, 127 of hitch, 103 bearings for, 129 of moisture, 102 bumpers for, 130 of other factors, 106 center depth regulator, 131 of previous treatment of soil, 102 disks for, 128 of rigidity of plow, 104 double action, 134 of shape of moldboard, 103 draft of, 137 of smoothness of surface, 102 dutyof,138 of speed, 104 forecarriage, 132 of width of furrow, 101 frame, 129 moldboard, 101 .. gangs, 129 of wagons, 421 angling of, 132 Drags, 144 horse types; 134, 1~7 Driers for cotton, 376· lubrication, 130 Drills, grain, 184 pffset types, 136 Dusting machinery~ 225 orchard, 134 agitators for, 229 power angling devices., 136 airplane, 229 reversible, 134 fan, 229 scr!l.pers for, 130 hand, 225 single action, 128 saddle gun, 226 soll penetration, 133 horse drawn, 226 transportation, 133 ground driven, 226 uses of, 127 power cart, 228 weights for, 130 orchard, 229 Di'<k plows, 77 tractor, 228 blades for, 78, 88 Duty, of airplane dusters, 230 ,Jlgle of, 78 of binders, 291, 299

INDEX 453 • Duty, of combined harvester-thresher, Fertilizer distributors, attachments, for 347 row planters, one-row \\valking, of corn pickers, 304 of cultivators, 201, 204, 217 161, 407 ' of disk harrows, 138 of mowers, 249 potato, 180, 411 of planters, 173 of plows, disk, 82, 115 tractor, 173,410 moldboard, 105, 114, 117 broadcast sowers, 413 cultivator attachments, 212, 412 feeds for, 414 grain-drill attachment, 193, 411 placement of fertilizer, 405 types, 406 Force, 5 Electrical power, 30 Forecarriage, for cultivators, 215 Elements of a machine, 30-41 for disk harrows, 132 End..gate lime spreader, 414 for grain binders, 282, 292 End-gate seeder, 197 for mowers, 247 Ensilage cutters, 387 for planters, 171 Evener construction, 92 .' Fresno, 439 ]I' Friction, definition of, 11 remedy for, 11 rolling, 11 Fanning mill, 429 Furrow, definitions of, 56 Farm wagon, 420 Feed grinders, 377 back, 56 burr, 377 crown, 56 bagging attachment for, 380 breaking and cutting rolls, 379 dead,56 capacity of, 380 combination/grinder and roughage face, 56 cutter, 383 capacity of, 385 openers, 155, 169, 189 fineness of grinding, 378 plates for, 377 sole, 156 safety devices, 379 Gage wheels, 62, 156, 161 hammer, 380 Gang_ plows, disk, 80, 113 advantages, 381 bagging attachment for, 383 moldboard, 69, 72, 112 capacity of, 382 Gangs for harrows, 129 grinding process, 382 Garden cultivators, 201 hammers on, 381 Gears, 28 screens on, 381 bell, 28 Fertilizer attachments, for bean and bevel, 28, 34 beet planters, 182 helical, 28, 34, 35 pinion, 34 for corn planters, 157, 409 spur, 28, 34 for cotton planters, 171,407,410 worm, 28, 34 for cultivators, 212, 412 Georgia stock, 66 for grain drills, 185, 193, 411 Graders and cleaners, 429 for potato planters, 180, 411 Grain binders, 267 r~ Fertilizer distributors, 405 auxiliary power for, 287 attachIp.ents, for row planters, 407 binder attachment on, 276 bean and beet, 410 parts of, 277, 281 check row, 157, 409 troubles of, 284 bundle carrier, 282 butt adjuster, 276

454 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Grain binders, care of, 290 Grain drills, wheels for, 184 cutter-bar, parts, 271 Grain header, 291 deck,275 Grain-shock sweep rake, 333 draft of. 290 Grain thresher, 319 duty of, 291 eievators, 273 capacity, 332 frame, 268 cleaning apparatus on, 327 hitches, 287 knotters, 279 chaffer, 328 troubles of, 285 chaffer extension, 328 platform, 272 fan, 328 reel, 271 screens, 328 rice type, 289 shoe, 328 seventh roller, 275 sieves, 328 shafts, 268 tailings auger, 328 countershaft, 268 cost of operating, 332 crank shaft, 269 fire in, 331 sickle, 270 functions of, 319 size and tightness of bundles, 281 grain handler, 328 tractor binders, 289 weigher on, 328 troubles, 283 recleaner'on, 331 trucks, 282 self-feeder, 321 tongue, 282 band-cutter knives on, 322 transport, 282 governors, 322 twine tension, 280 separating apparatus, 326 wheels, 267 beater, 326 grain, 272 check board, 326 main, 267 grain pan or c~veyor, 327 grates, 326 Grain drills, 184 straw racks, 326 adjusting seeding rate of, 187 setting of, 331 alfalfa, 195 size of, 330 attachments for, 193 straw stacker, 329 fertilizer, 193 threshing apparatus, 323 grass, 193 cylinder bearings, 326 boot, 189 cylinder and concave <teeth, 325 calibration of, 190 Grass-seed attachment, 193 covering deviccs, 190 Grease cups, 12 draft of, 195 kinds of, 12 duty of, 198 Grinders, feed, 377 frame for, 184 Guards, binder, 271 • furrow openers, 189 mower, 242 lifts for, 193 grain feeds, 186 Hammer feed grinder, 380 fluted 'wheel, 186 Hand atomizer, 231 internal double run, 187 Hand dusters, 226 hitches, 193 p Hand planters, corn, 145 • land measure for, 190 Hand seeders, 196 one-horse type, 193 Harrow attachments for plows, 61 preSS wheels, 190 Harrow cart, 124 seed box, 185 Harrows, 122 seed tubes, 187 sizes of, 190 acme, 127

Harrows, disk, 127 INDEX double action, 128 single action, 134 Hay rakes, sweep, tractor type, 255 Hay stackers, 258 spike tooth, 122 open and closed, 123 cable, 260 riding attachments for, 124 combination, 260 rigid and flexible, 124 derrick, 260 teeth for, 123 overshot, 258 swinging, 259 spring tooth, 125 tripod, 260 horse, 125 Hay tedders, 251 teeth for, 126 Heat treatment of steel, 18 tractor, 126 Hill drop, 165 orchard, 126 Hitch, for binders, 287 for cultivators, 211 Harvester-thresher, 336 for grain drill, 193 Harvesters, beet, 316 for manure spreader, 404 for plow, 89 corn, 292, 300 cotton, 305 horizontal adjustment of, 91 grain, 267 line of, 89 pea, 316 mUltiple horse, 94 peanut, 315 tractor plow, 99 potato, 311 vertical adjustment of, 90 soybean, 316 trailer, 427, 428 Hay forks, 266 Hoe, rotary, 224 grapple, 266 Homemade land rollers, 142 harpoon, 266 Husker-shredder, 354 sling, 266 operation of, 354 Hay harvesting machinery, 237 size of, 354 barn equipment, 265 loaders, 255 <to!> I mowers, 237 pick-up balers, 263 Inclined plane, 9 presses, 261 Influence of friction, on design, 86 racks, 257 rakes, 252 on speed, 86 stackers, 258 Iron, cast, 15 tedders, 251 Hay loaders, 255 chilled, 16 combination, 257 malleable, 16, cylinder, 256 wrought, 16 fork, 255 gleaning cylinder for, 257 1 HaJ{ presses, 261 capacity of, 262 Jockey arch, 213 horse, 261 Jointers, plow, 58 pick-up, 263 power, 261 setting of, 60 sizes of, 262 Judging plowing, 84 Hay rakes, 252 dump, 252 K Bide delivery, 252 sweep, 254 Keys, 38 Knapsack broadcaster, 197 hor)3e type, 254 Knapsack sprayer, 232 I{nife grinder, mower, 248

456 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Manure spreaders, box, 401 brake for, 403 Lacing belts, 22 conveyor or aprons on, 398 Land roilers, 139 lime-spreader attachinent, 403 kinds of, 139 loading of, 404 cast iron, 140 mechanical loaders for, 404 culti-packer, 141 size and capacity of, 403 hopemade, 142 straw spreader for, 403 concrete, 142 tractor hitch for, 404 log, 142 trucks for, 403 mower wheel, 142 widespread device, 400 subsurface, 143 Materials of construction, 15 tube, 140 Mechanics, 5 . Laying out fields for plowing, 118 Middlebreaker, 65 Lever, 6 Moldboard plows, 47 classes of, 6 accessories for, 57 Life of plows, 117 bottom and parts, 47 Lime spreader, 403 design of, 84 Line of hitch, 89 types of, 63 Line shafting, 26 Motor trucks, 423 Lister cultivators, 218 cost of operation, 424 Lister planters, 174, 178 types of, 423 loose ground, 178 Mowers, 237 one-row four wheel, 175 aligning cutter bar, 243 one-row two wheel, 174 attachments fo1,\"245 one-row walking, 174 bearings lor, 241 one-row wide tread, 177 clutch, 2·10 tractor, 178 crank shaft and wheel, 240 three row, 178 cutter bar, 242· • two row, 178 Bermuda, 247 Lister plows, 70, 74 lespedeza, 247 l ..og land roller, 142 lifts for, 244 ..ubricants, 12 weed and brush, 246 forms, 12 draft of, 247 use of, 12 \\ duty of, 249 ..ubrication, of disk harrows, 130 frame for, 239. high pressure, 13 gea.rs, 239 remedy for friction, 1i grass board, 243 guards, 242 ledger plates, 242 pitman, 241 Machinery, reduces labor, 1 r~gistration o,f knife, 244 reduces production costs, 2 with rul,ber tires, 2 si!ie drr.ft in, 248 for terraced fields, 3 sizes of, 241 Machines, for future, 3 t<\">~gue truck for, 247 simple, 6 special, for crops, 2, 3 tra'ctor types, 249 Malleable cast iron, 15 trailer mower, 251 Manure spreaders, 397 troubles of, 2.47 beaters for, 399 wearing plates, 242 drlv~,s, 400 wheels for, 237 I : .... Mower-wheel land roller, 142

INDEX 457 N Plow bottom, wing bearing in, 51 Plow design, 84 Nozzles, Bordeaux, 234 Plow hitches, 89 vermorel, 234, horizontal adjustment of, 91 Nuts, types of, 39 line of, 89 multiple ~ype, 94 o side draft in, 89 tractor, 99 Oat kicker, 431 vertical adjustment of, 90 Objects, of cultivation, 200 Plow shares, 49 cast iron, 49 of plowing, 47 plain steel, 50 One-way disk plow, 82 repointing of, 51 Orchard cultivator, 223 sharpening of, 50 soft-center steel, 50 disk plow, 82 suction in, 49 duster, 229 treating edge with stellite, 51 harrow, 126 Plowing, cost of, 117 sprayer, 233 depth of, 116 duty of, 117 Pawl, 37 fields, 118 judging of, 84 Pea harvester, 316 objects of, 47 rate of, '104, 106 Peanut diggers, 315 speed of, 86, 104 terraced fields, 119 Peanut pickers, 334 troubles in, 108 Plows, disk, gang, 80 Peanut thresher, 333 • one way, 82 Pickers, corn, 300 orchard; 82 reversible, 80 cotton, 305 special types, 82 sulky, 77 ,. Planters, beet and bean, 182 tractor, 81 corn, 145 ~.. moldboard, 47 basin or damming lister, 75 cotton, 159 chisel, 73 gang, horse type, 69 lister, 174 high-lift sulky (frame), 68 peanut, 172 hillside, 64 potato, 178 low-liLt sulky (frameless), 67 Plates for planters, 148, 162 middlebreaker, or lister, 65, 70, 74 Plow accessories, 57 subsoil, 64, 74 beam, 57 tractor, 72 clevis, 58 two-way, 69, 76 vineyard, 66 coulters and jointers, 58 types, 63 gage wheels, 162 Potato diggers, 311 handles, 57 attachments on, 315 trash shields, 62 baggers for, 315 weed hooks, 62 sweet potato, 315 Plow bottom, 48 frog, 48 horizontal suction in, 53 landside, 53 moldboard, construction of, 54 shape of, 53 types of, 53 share, kinds of, 49 size of, 56 vertical suction in, 52

458 FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Potato diggers, types, 311 Screws, wood, 41 riding-horse drawn, 312 tractor, 312 Seed plates, 148, 162 walking-horse drawn, 311 Seeders, broadcast, 196 Potato planters, 178 fertilizer attachments for, 180 end-gate, 197 one-man type, 178 two-man type, 179 knapsack, 197 two-row tractor, 181 wheelbarrow, 199 Power, 5 Power transmission, 19 Selection of farm machinery, 42 belts, 19 adaptability, 44 electricity, 30 gears, 28 design, 43 sprocket and chain, 27 triangles, 29 ease of operation, 44 universal points, 29 Pulley, block and tackle, 7 new devices, 45 differential, 8 Pulleys, 24 repairs, 43 kinds, cast iron, 25 trade mark,' 42 Rockwood, 25 solid, 25 trade name, 42 1\" split, 25 split hub, 26 where to buy, 45 workmanship, 44 Setting of coulters and jointers, 60 Shellers, corn, 350 Silage cutters, 387 blower pipe, 394 capacity and power requirements of, 388, 395, 396 cutting mechanism, 390 cylinder, 390 flywheel, 391 knife adjustment, 392 R sharpening knives, 394 shear plate, 391 ~tchet and pawl, 37 feeding apparatus, 388 .. 'Rate of plowing, 106 Recleaners on combines, 343 apron for, 388 threshers, 331 control of, 390 Repairs, ordering of, 43 Reversible-disk harrows, 134 corn chute for, 388 Reversible-disk plows, 80 Rice binder, 289 distributor pipe, 394 Riding planters, 146, 16! Rod weeder, 224 length of cut, 389 Rotary hoe, 224 Roughage gri~ders, 383 _rolls for, 388 'Row marker, 157 Rubber tires on farm machines, 1 sizes of, 388 types of, 387' Silage harvester, 396 Simple machines, 6 Single-disk harr()ws, 128 Sleds, corn, 300 cotton, 309 Slip scraper, 439 S Soft-center steel, 17 Solder, 18 Scouring of plows, 109, 112, 113 \" Sorghum header, 318 Screw~ 9 Screws, cap, 40 Soybean ha.rvester, 316 jack, 9 Speed of plowing, 104 lag, 40 machine, 40 Spike-tooth harrow, 122 'Setscrew, types of, 39 cart for, 124 open and closed, 123 riding attachments for, 124

INDEX 459 Spike-tooth harrow, teeth for, 123 Terracing machinery, V-drags and graders, 439 uses of, 122 whirlwind grader, 445 Sprayers, 231 Threshers, cowpea, 334 barrel,232 grain, 319 peanut, 333 bucket, 232 velvet bean, 335 Tractor cultivators, 215 compressed air, 233 Tractor harrows, 135 Tractor hitches, 99, 193, 211, 287, 404 hand,231 Tractor manure spreader, 404 Tractor mowers, 249 knapsack, 232 Tractor planters, 154, 172 Tractor plows, 72, 81 power, 233 Tractor sweep rakes, 254 Trade mark, 42 nozzles for, 234 Trade name, 42 Trailers, 424 stationary, 234 four wheel, 427 Spreaders, manure, 397 hitches for, 428 one wheel, 424 straw, 344 two wheel, 425 Spring-tooth harrow, 125 hitchcs for, 427 Transmission of power, 19 horse, 125 Transplanter, 183 Triangles, 29 teeth for, 126 Trucks, motor, 423 Tube land roller, 140 tractor, 126 Two-way plows, 69, 76 orchard, 126 u uses of, 125 Springs, types of, 41 Sprockets, 27 Stackers, hay, 258 Stalk cutters, 120 horse drawn, 120 tractor drawn, 121 Stationary spray plants, 234 Steel, 16 case-hardened, 17 cas\"t, 17 1/\",) heat treatment of, 18 soft center, 17 structural, 17 Stellite, use of, 51 Uneven furrow crown, 112 Unit cotton cleaner, 374 Straw spreaders, 334 Universal joints, 29 Unloading hay, 265 Strippers, cotton, \"308 Unterraced fields, plowing of, 118\" Uses of disk plows, 87 Subsurface land rollers, 143 Suction in plow, 49, 52 Sulky plow, 67 Sweep rakes, 254 T ..V .\", Tedders, hay, 251 V-belts,21 Terracin\"g machinery, 438 V-drags, homemade, 439 cost of operation, 445 steel, 439, 440 elevating grader, 443 -VaculIIll cotton picker, 306 four-wheel terracer, 443 Valves for corn planters, 151 fresno, 439 Variable- depth attachment, 166 plows, 438 Variable drop, 150 slip sQraper, 439 Velvet-bean thresher, 335 three-\"\\vheel grader, 439 Verniorel spray nozzle, 234 two-wheel terracer, 441 Vertical adjustment of plow hitches, 90 Vineyard plow, 66

FARM MACHINERY AND EQUIPMENT Wagons, 420 Weights for disk harrows, laU draft of, 421 plows, 87, 113 farm truck, 420 farm wagon, 420 Wheel and axle, 7 selection of, 420 Wheelbarrow broadcast seeder, 199 Widespread device on manure spreader, Walking planters, 145, 160 Washers, kinds of, 41 400 Windrow pick-up, 263 quick repair, 40 Wedge, 10 combines, 345 Weed attachment for mowers, 245 hay balers, 263 Weed and brush bars for mowers, 246 Windrowing attachment for mowers, 246 Weed hooks, 62 Wire, check, 152 Weed screen, 343 vVood, uses of, 15 Weeder-mulchers, 139 Wood bushings, 33 Wood screw, 41 Work,5 Wrought iron, 16