GOVERNANCE FOR TOMORROW 2018 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS

Definitions Service innovations: the Conceptual innovations: the Given the definitions and the development of new world views typology of innovation, there Public sector innovation can be introduction of a new service that challenge assumptions that are changes taking place within defined as the implementation by underpin existing service the public sector. The challenge, a public sector organization of product or an improvement in the products, processes and however, is to assess the extent new or significantly improved organizational forms. E.g. to which these changes have in products, services or ways of quality of an existing service fact, had an impact on growth doing things, either within the Policy innovations: changes to the and development in the structure of the sector itself or in product. E.g. National Land Agency’s thought or behavioural intentions Caribbean and specifically in the way in which the public associated with a policy belief Jamaica. services are provided. eLandjamaica, which provides system. E.g. Venture Capital (OECD/Eurostat 2005). Another Financing through public/private The Environment definition as posited by Jiyao Chen information on a specific plot of partnerships. , R.M. Walker and Mohanbir Innovation will only thrive in an Sawhney states that “Public Sector land. Systemic innovation: new or environment where there is innovation (PSI) as the improved ways of interacting transformational leadership at development and implementation Service delivery innovations: new or with other organizations or various levels, supported by the of a novel idea by a Public Sector altered ways of delivering to clients, knowledge bases. E.g. political will and commitment Organization (PSO) to create or or otherwise interacting with them, for radical change to the public improve public value within an for the purpose of supplying specific (Innovation In the Public Sector, sector. This requires a paradigm ecosystem.” (Academy of public services. E.g. Registrar The Innovation Policy Platform- shift from what currently Management Proceedings. 2015). General’s Department – Birth World Bank Group) obtains to an enabling Both definitions allude to new Certificate’s online and delivery environment that provides processes or activities, actual services and Passport, Immigration incentives for public sector development and implementation and Citizens’ Agency (PICA) – workers with the requisite that result in value to the public. airport kiosks and 1 day service for skills and competencies to passports. Administrative and penetrate the workforce. Windrum (2008) proposes the organizational innovations: changes following typology of innovations in the organizational structures and in the public sector: routines by which front office staff produce services in a particular way and/or back office staff support front office services. E.g. Executive Agencies (15) Tax Administration of Jamaica. 51

A new approach to governance Pages, Pierre, and Scarpeta The countries in the region must be adopted to influence (2009: 44) in examining Job innovation that will change the They note that, “It represents a creation in Latin America and must increase their trajectory, to one that should break with the past.” Over the years, the Caribbean: Recent Trends impact growth and development. the incremental approach to public and Policy Challenges concur “investment in research and Undoubtedly, Jamaica over the sector transformation has been that a “strong correlation exists years as reflected in the current generally less than effective. between changes in GDP per development training and environment, is conducive to and capita and labour productivity does promote to some extent For better results, a strategic across Latin America and the institution collaboration which innovation, given the number of approach to overhauling the entire Caribbean. This correlation projects that are being pursued. public sector to more intentionally indicates that changes in labour are strategies that will improve For example, ASYCUDA, the embrace innovation is now critically productivity are the main drivers computerized operating system required. An enabling environment of differences in growth across productivity and efficiency.” currently in place at the Customs must be created to build and countries in the region. Yet Department has not only nurture a culture of innovation productivity growth was less than (Science, Technology and enhanced trade facilitation but has within the public sector. To the 1.0 percent annually.” The drivers considerably improved the level of extent that it is the government’s of productivity must of necessity Innovation in the digital productivity of both workers and responsibility so to do, include research and development the public by virtue of the restructuring the role of and innovation. The poor economy). Factors influencing reduction in the time now taken to government is an essential investment in these has process goods. The dynamic prerequisite for fostering innovation consequential results, one of which innovation global environment, compels the in the public sector. Government is the low GDP. public sector to adapt to the must therefore create the space for For innovation to develop and changing political and societal public sector workers to be flourish, cognizance must be landscape. Osbourne and Brown informed, inspired and incentivized taken of the context, the (2005: 3) concur that “This for innovation to thrive. community, i.e., public sector challenging environment has workers, and the conditions made it increasingly important for that will impact growth and public service managers to engage development. in the management of change and innovation and to be clear about 52 the difference between these two phenomena.” Innovation requires a detachment from the status quo.

The Context For example, the small splintered The Community (Human labs located in various Ministries, Capital) The challenges facing the such as Health, Agriculture, and respective countries in the Ministry of Science, Energy and A critical component in public Caribbean are fairly well known; Technology (MSET), that these include the growing fiscal currently exist within the sector innovation is how austerity, large trade deficits with Jamaican context, are relatively the concomitant balance of unproductive and cannot advance Governments incentivise payments problems, vast social in the present construct, any inequalities and high levels of meaningful innovation that will innovation within the public unemployment. The public sector dramatically impact the growth continues to be the largest and development of Jamaica, or sector. Are there barriers to employer and absorbs a by extension the Caribbean. This considerable size of the budget, is due to limited financial innovation? The public sector is leaving very little for development resources and lack of the initiatives like research and requisite skills. A consolidation of apprehensive to change and the innovation. In Jamaica, given the skills and competencies, along fiscal constraints, the Government with the required financial question must be: What fuels is not too inclined to invest resources, could be impactful in significantly in the research and the creation of a Centre of such fears? Any deviation from development which should inform Excellence, focusing on research policy and decision-making. This, and development and innovation. the known frameworks, seems however, is a prerequisite for innovation to become a critical to pose a real threat to public part of the service sector contribution to economic sector workers. In examining activities, in the national and global economy. In discussing innovation as a means the context, the human capital of solving local development challenges, Bruno Pouezat, the component is central to the United Nations Development Representative in Jamaica is discourse. reported as saying that, “innovation is one of the more significant keys to 53 economic growth and development, noting that the 2016-2017 Global Competitiveness Report identifies innovation as the 12th pillar of economic growth, but warns that developing cutting-edge products and processes, require an environment conducive to innovative activity supported by both public and private sectors” (Jamaica Observer, September 2017).

Is there the right mix with the Homogenous thinking c at the same There is need for collaboration The Governance Conditions requisite education, knowledge, level is limiting within respective skills and competencies, to Ministries, Departments and with the Universities and the The political five-year cycle introduce and implement Agencies and the limitation or lack quells any appetite for dramatic innovative ideas and concepts? of inter-cultural competencies, private sector to promote changes, if not effected within restricts intellectual capacity to the first two years of any Khadan (2018; 1) in estimating ‘think outside of the box.’ innovation at all levels that will political party assuming office. the effects of human capital Hence, many major policy constraints on innovation in the contribute to the country’s decisions are stymied by year 3. Caribbean, notes that “Human This was evident in the stance capital as reflected in education development. For example, the taken by successive levels and skills and innovation governments in the are two important engines of case of Singapore. The implementation of the Public economic growth” (2018: 1). She Sector Master Rationalization posits further that “The Caribbean Government Technology Agency Plan that was developed in is deficient in both: lower than 2010, by the Public Sector expected GDP growth rates are Insecurities as public officers of Singapore (GovTech) has Transformation Unit. This Plan accompanied by relatively low provided the impetus for innovation at the firm level [which perpetuate the silo effects that collaborated with the National systemic innovation within the could also be extrapolated and public sector that would have applied to the government level] continue to influence the public University of Singapore to boost demanded redesigning the and the work force is current system of operations. characterized by skills deficiencies sector and the competitiveness, in skills and innovation in the Public and educational mismatches” (Policy Brief, N IDB – PB 274, May unnecessary ways continue to Sector. Both parties share 2018). Innovation therefore, depends on a skilled workforce create barriers to learning. resources and expertise to that can conceptualise, implement and produce goods or services, for Maximizing diversity and enhance the technological the market. integration of technical, capabilities and competencies of managerial/organizational and public officers. political capabilities are critical to support innovation throughout the public sector. Fresh thinking, new insights and a dramatic change in culture are imperatives necessary to facilitate and encourage innovation. A totally new mind set is required within the government to incentivize public officers to be innovators and agents of change. 54

Governments must intentionally The GoJ should also reconsider its Develop the digital enablers and Current Status develop a policy framework that approach to prematurely taxing will support research and businesses that are in a fledgling platforms for Smart Nation, to To some extent elements of the development and promote state to reduce the financial burden above have been captured as innovation that cannot be and to encourage innovation that grow economic value and catalyse over the past fifteen years, manipulated by successive incurs a certain amount of risks and various innovations and governments. Vision 2030 must be therefore require time to be innovation by companies and initiatives have been in a shared vision that lends itself to established and grow. There is much progress in several areas of GOJ continuity of all successive to be learnt from the Government of citizens. The SNDGG (Smart with varying degrees of success. governments realizing the major Singapore and the priority they These include several of the goals. Aligned with that must be place on promoting a smart nation. Nation and Digital Government examples mentioned previously an enabling environment that Their focus is primarily on three as innovations of various types. provides incentives for those major areas, namely: Apply digital Group) will build on the ongoing developing and sustaining and smart technologies to improve innovation within the public citizens’ lives in key domains, in work by GovTech to enhance data sector. Investment in training and partnership with other government development of the human capital agencies, industry, and the sharing through data.gov.sg, and is an imperative in promoting a public. One such key domain is knowledge and digital economy. urban mobility. The Land Transport partner the Monetary Authority Training to build capacity and Authority (LTA) has been using data develop capabilities, along with a analytics to better manage their bus of Singapore (MAS) to promote e- targeted approach to transforming fleets, reduce crowdedness and the existing culture, are improve timeliness. payments. Drive digital determinants to encourage innovation in the public sector. transformation for the public Government should review some of its policies that could inhibit service, to strengthen collaboration with the private sector or stymie private sector Government ICT infrastructure embarking on innovative businesses. and improve public service delivery. The SNDGG will build up digital capabilities within government, including in areas such as data science and IoT, to continue delivering excellent public services to the citizens. (The New Silicon Valley, April 17, 2017) 55

The challenge, however, is a lack of to facilitate shared services. These GovNet, is expected to result in The rollout of AMANDA in the co-ordination and cohesion for include data centre computing greater interconnectivity and Municipal Corporations (MCs) “joined-up” government that services (Gov-Cloud); a consolidated efficiency in the public sector. and related Agencies since 2006 would result in greater efficiencies voice communication system (Gov- creates a seamless/continuous and cost reduction and directly Talk), a consolidated email system AMANDA electronic processing and contribute to growth. Several (Gov-Email); and Gov-Internet. It is management system for major ICT investment projects envisioned that GovNet will In 2008, the Government of Development Applications. It is currently being undertaken by GoJ facilitate the seamless transfer of Jamaica (GOJ) developed an a major element in streamlining entities remain uncoordinated and information between State agencies implementation plan to the Development Applications decentralized. The rationale and other stakeholders, as well as, streamline and standardise the Process (DAP) and reduce the behind these investments is provide online services to the public Development Approvals process time for processing centred around the concept of at minimal cost. GovNet will be the for building and land use. The development applications. (For shared services, requiring a underlying network platform that intention is to reduce the lengthy Subdivision applications nine common (shared) infrastructure, provides a secure network and cumbersome challenges that (9) lots and under on less than connecting service providers and infrastructure for shared services to persisted and had an impact on five acres and building customers. Regrettably, each of all MDAs. Some of the projected investment. The thrust to improve applications 3000 sq.ft (300m2) these entities is separately benefits from this shared secure the Development Approvals and below), in the first proposing their own individual network include: Review Process (DARP) has instance). GoJ Wide Area Network (WAN) resulted in the implementation of infrastructure for provision of More efficient and productive use of the Application Management and their respective services to their resources Data Automation (AMANDA) customers, resulting in a waste of System across all Municipal resources and duplication of More efficient control, monitoring Corporations (Parish Council efforts. There are some areas of and accounting for resources Offices) and key Agencies that operations in which the concept of impact the DARP. shared corporate services is now Improved data collection and being introduced, to include the storage following: GovNet Improved security GovNet is a secure, wide area 56 network infrastructure that will link government Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs)

The National Environment and The need arises therefore to build This innovation in handling these The officer at the time, Lionel institutional capacity to properly trade matters has resulted in: Planning Agency (NEPA) has manage the borders, effectively Brown, worked assiduously control processes and operations, already implemented other types while maintaining trade compliance. with the MDAs to capture all of automated processes to treat The level of efficiency of customs Efficiently and effectively critical information pertinent to administrations has an important controlling legitimate trade with various applications, impact on transaction costs for across borders; every single employee of the international trade. Streamlining including environmental permits and simplifying customs procedures government of Jamaica and was will reduce transaction costs and and licences for large benefit: (a) exporters; (b) able to project ahead of time importers; (c) the government; and developments. Dealing (d) the private sector. The the number of persons who introduction of technology has expeditiously with approvals and greatly reduced corruption and Enhancing Government revenue would retire annually from the improved the revenue to the collection; permits is a critical matter for Government. Other related public service. Such information government agencies benefitting investors, who are better able to from the system are: the Port was critical for future planning Authority, health, veterinary, plan and execute projects in a agricultural, as well as, the trading Facilitating trade and simplify in terms of training and community which includes Customs business process; and, timely manner, resulting in more brokers, forwarding and shipping development, succession agents, carriers, banks and other investments in the country’s intermediaries. This enhanced and planning, leave arrangements, fully integrated management economic development. information system is critical in Supporting the decision-making pension planning, among other improving compliance and facilitating trade. process in formulating economic things. ASYCUDA – A System for Customs and fiscal policies. It was believed Data that the Public Sector Transformation Unit was Generally, customs innovative in 2010, when the administrations operate in a unit was able to develop the e- dynamic environment where trade Census using Excel to capture logistics, technological information on the 125,000 innovations and other challenges public sector workers in all are encountered. With the government Ministries, expansion in international trade, Departments and Agencies this is accompanied with (MDAs). increased commercial fraud, terrorism, smuggling and contraband, as well as, money laundering and other financial crimes. 57

That at the time, was innovative The first phase of the Government The Companies Office of Jamaica Time and money will be saved after thirty years of implementing of Jamaica Portal (Gov.jm) has now (COJ) is to launch before the end for those registering a business. the HRMIS system.. The made conducting business with the of 2018, an electronic business Importantly, this should Government has now invested in a Government of Jamaica much easier registration form (EBRF), to improve the Jamaica’s standing new HR software system which with the official launch of the facilitate a hassle-free and more in the UN Doing Business will provide both HR and Payroll GOV.JM website in August 2017. convenient option to transacting Ranking in the category of functions. The introduction of HR business. The electronic business Registering a Business. Shared Services will be on a It is a one-stop shop for registration form will convert the phased basis and the application is government-related information manual form to an electronic NIDS currently being rolled out to the and services and will help to reduce version, which will allow persons MDAs. The initial phase of cost, while improving efficiency. to register their business name or Since the 1970’s the operations of the HR+ software Among the services available online, company online. The other Government of Jamaica has will provide the following services are tax and traffic fine payments, as agencies that are responsible for seen over forty years of among others: well as, queries; motor-vehicle regulating business start-ups will indecision in attempting to registration; bill payments; and also be included in the process. introduce a National Leave Administration applications for passport, birth, Once the form is properly Identification System. During death and marriage certificates and completed and submitted, then 2011 to 2015, reports and Employee Record of Service driver’s licences. The website also the registration is done documents were developed to facilitates applications for import automatically and a notification support the implementation of Reporting and Data Analytics and export permits and licences sent when the certificate is a NIDS. (ASYCUDA); and access to forms and ready.Persons who do not have Employment Verification Letters links for doing business and access to the internet or a investing in Jamaica. The computer, are still able to utilize Talent Acquisition and Government Portal is part of the the eBRF, as kiosks will be in eGovernment Strategy. EBRF – place at various office locations of Onboarding Support Electronic Business Registration the Tax Administration Jamaica Form (TAJ) and the COJ. Pension and Retirement Planning Support Payroll gov.jm – Government of Jamaica 58 Portal

Among them were the following: and a multi-agency Technical As Jamaica moves in the right Developing the metrics and the Design of NIDS ICT Architecture; Committee have been established to direction to present its Science, appropriate tools for assessing Development of a Baseline Survey; provide oversight and technical Technology and Innovation policy innovation in the public sector, Development of an Institutional support during the implementation to the Cabinet, it is hoped that are crucial to measuring Framework; Preparation of an of NIDS. “this national system of progress and remains a Economic and Cost Benefit innovation will [indeed] generate, challenge to measure the Analysis; Development of a Conclusion store and transfer knowledge and degree of success to date. Densil Communication and Behaviour technologies that promote Williams, former Head of the Change Strategy and the Several initiatives are currently growth, competitiveness and Department of Management Development of a Legislative underway in the public sector that efficient delivery of public goods Studies, UWI now PVC Planning, Framework. will improve citizens’ lives and [and services].” The next steps has stated eloquently, that “For encourage investors to invest in should be integrating science, Jamaica to move forward, there In April 2016, the National Jamaica. To a large extent reduction technology and innovation in all is no doubt that the country will Identification System (NIDS) was of transactional costs is being public policies. have to make significant stated as a priority of the GoJ and pursued, They also aim to expedite investment in building an subsequently the NIDS Policy was business efficiently, reduce Training to build capacity and innovation culture. formulated and approved by duplication and overlaps, eradicate develop capabilities, while Cabinet in November 2016. In or minimize corruption and transforming the existing culture March 2017 the Government streamline the business of and the recruitment of the right tabled the National Identification government through innovation and skills and competencies, are and Registration Authority Bill in the effective use of technology. In major determinants to encourage Parliament, allowing for laws to be concluding, The Governments of the innovation in the public sector. enacted to bring the Civil Caribbean should learn from the Registration and Identity lessons of Jamaica. Collectively, Management under a new entity much can be achieved locally, to be called the NIRA (National nationally and regionally, in shaping Identification and Registration public policy and facilitating Authority). The establishment of innovation and the use of NIRA and the implementation of a technology, within the public sector, National Identification System will which will positively impact growth pave the way for Jamaica to and development. become a digital society in the Caribbean. An Implementation 59 Taskforce (ITF)

This investment has to come from Review of Economic Performance. Windrun, Paul. 2008. Public January – March 2018. Planning private firms, venture capitalists, OECD/Eurostat. 2005. Innovation Sector Typology. In Public in the Public Sector. The Innovation Institute of Jamaica Media Brief. angel investors and the Policy Platform. World Bank Group. Sector Innovation: Typology Accessed June 26, 2018. Science, Technology and Government. If this investment is Innovation in the digital and Validation. Jiyeo Chen, R. M. Gebre, Beniam, Petter Hallman, economy: The State of the Art in not coming, Jamaica will not be Mark Minukas and Becca O’Brien. Latin America and the Caribbean. Walker and Mohanbir Sawhney 2012. Transforming Government 2016. Second Session of the able to overcome the innovation performance through lean Conference on Science, in Academy of Management management. McKinsey Centre for Innovation and ICTs of ECLAC. challenge, which is inhibiting Government. Accessed June 26, LC/G 2685. CCITIC 2/3. United Proceedings. 2015. Accessed 2018 from mckinsey.com Nations. Santiago. Accessed July robust economic growth in this 12, 2018 from July 17, 2018 from Organization for Economic repositorio.cepal.org. small, island economy. It is time to Cooperation and Development researchgate.net (OECD) 2018. Fostering Innovation Jeetendra Khadan. 2018. change course” (The Gleaner, in the Public Sector. Accessed July 3, Estimating the effects of human Nitin Dahad. 2017. Singapore 2018 from www.oecd.org. capital constraints on innovation makes moves to spur public October 2011). Ladies and in the Caribbean. Inter-American sector innovation, build smart Development Bank. Policy Brief nation. In the Next Silicon Gentlemen: It is time to change N.IDB – PB 274. May 2018. Valley, April 17, 2018. Accessed Accessed July 10, 2018 from July 23, 2018 from course dramatically. The publications.iadb.org. http://www.thenextsiliconvalle y.com/ presenter closed with a quote from Edith Widder, Researcher/Explorer, who states: “Exploration is the engine that drives innovation. Innovation drives economic growth. So let’s all go exploring.” REFERENCES: “Innovation Key to Economic Growth says UNDP Rep in Jamaica.” Jamaica Observer, September 29, 2017. Accessed July 16, 2018 in jamaicaobserver.com. “Cabinet to receive Science, 60 Technology, and Innovation Policy shortly.” Rochelle Williams. Jamaica Information Service. May 17, 2018. Accessed on July 16, 2018 from Jamaica Information Service.

World Bank In the 2000’s, there was a shift from Today there is a better shift Important advances have been administrative reformed to public again from sort of made in the past, including a A number of elements in the sector modernization. The rhetoric administrative reforms and steady reduction in public debt. is uber important to pay attention to modernization to now Improvement can be seen in public sector management because there is sort of an evolution transforming. The speaker service delivery as well. One there that is quite interesting. And believes that actually reflects has to turn the radio on when programme was discussed. This this programme in the early 2000’s the use of ICT, e-government curious to hear what people are was motivated by a desire to define techniques. It was mentioned in talking about and read the entails the investment operation, and to modernize the State to a presentation on shared newspaper and one can see respond more effectively to services that these are needed comments in the newspaper and local advisory work as well as globalization, to take this austerity by the government, as well as a about the level and quality of and to meet expectations for focus on reforming the public services and ideas for their development role in the efficiency and improved services for specialist agencies and entities improving it every day . But the public. Many of which are that have a high impact on the anyone who has had to wait in operation . Many of the reforms drawing out concepts of New Public private sector such as PICA, the line for their TRN number or for Management. And new Public Passport and Immigration their driver’s license can attest that have been pursued within the Management draws on a lot of what Agency, which has a very to that. was happening in the private sector important role to play. And in context of macro-economic management space and bringing fact, under the project that into the public sector. So for supported in Jamaica, the Public stability and a high public debt example, they are paying attention Sector Transformation project, to management techniques, addresses a number of these programme from which in turn introducing performance incentives, areas. introducing a kind of customer have very much constrained the focus. level and quality of civil servants and the citizens. The public service has been under more constant pressure to reform, and to adapt to changing external circumstances. What you can see here is that in the seventies (70s) through the administrative reform programme, emphasis was really on professionalizing the public sector and ensuring effective control of budgeting. Now in the eighties under the financial and programme management improvement project, the focus was really on the human and financial investments, as well as private investment and expert development. 61

Attempts to address the different The need to provide local expertise and some capacity to And finally, just to acknowledge aspects of reform can be seen over where possible and closely backtracking some areas and the that public sector reform and the years which have brought coordinate that with government need to bring in better capacity in government reforms in some unbalanced improvements. counterparts, so that the reforms others. Another lesson is really particular is as much about Suggesting a review of the can seem to be led by government for more coordinated support attitudinal and cultural change, approaches are needed. A more counterparts because that’s the only around development partners, as it is about changing comprehensive and coordinated way that one would get State reform and that’s not just specific to organizational structures and attempt at reform particularly over time. Engaging agencies and Jamaica, that’s been around the procedures. Achieving change from the development partners is departments that are particularly world where nowadays groups in one without the other, may required. The lessons from the located for change. The public can come together and try to have the effect of sabotaging the past was reflected on, many of sector will seize the island of coordinate the reform measures. whole process of reform. So the which are documented in the excellence where there is a It was mentioned that leadership laws may change, the world bank reports. dynamism to build, reform and is really important. Something institutions may change, but let improve. And so, drawing on that that has also come up in relation that be the case to trickle down The government’s own reform dynamism to really build reforms to the topic, is that you need to into implementation through programs was reviewed and there behind that… There needs to be have media respect, to the budgeting process that may are a number of lessons that one focus on really building the capacity communicate that reform, which result in improved services to can draw from it, and certainly of the service itself, Within the demonstrates motivation and the public. many of you have a number of context of the high public debt something that others can follow. lessons that you can also bring to burden and macro-economic the table. One of them would instability, there is still a lot of really be to not underestimate the pressure on public service in kind of reform portfolio, and the particular, fatigue caused by constant reforms of the development sector. 62 It can be seen where this has been a very sustained agenda over time and that can actually impact momentum. The importance of the need to engage the population can be seen as there is really a need to communicate with them about what’s happening in the public sector.

Also, in conclusion, public sector PANEL D: INNOVATION, reform and governance reforms in INFRASTRUCTURE AND URBAN particularly is a very difficult reform CITY MANAGEMENT to undertake, and again this is not specific to Jamaica, this is something Description: The idea of a that is being addressed in the “smart’ city, conveys visions of Caribbean and in Latin America as citywide networked transport well here, but these are reforms, and systems, Wifi and retrofitted they require a deep engagement ICT driven services. How does across the public sector to get a lot of Government become an enabler people motivated, and these of innovation, thereby organizations are made up by stimulating the development of individuals. cities, communities as well as connective infrastructure – Sometimes enough attention is not urban, sea and air and a healthy paid to the sort of cultural change investment climate? The that needs to happen in order to get negative impacts of urban the current reforms. And then finally, sprawl cauterizes city just to say it’s kind of remarkable, sustainability and services, that you can see the commitment to which suggests the need for governance and public sector market mechanisms to enforce reforms over the long haul in eg, urban land use regulations Jamaica, this is very remarkable. And but also to stimulate on the donor side, coordinated and development and partnerships, sustained support is needed. A both public and private. What partnership really guided by the are the implications for the objectives set in the Vision 2030 and governance of urban growth that is really making Jamaica the and city management and the place of choice to live, to work, to citizenry given the inequalities raise families, and to do business. of accessibility? And that’s something that the banks come to acknowledge over time and 63 absolutely the vision of the country and the objectives emanating from that need to be aligned.

PANELD:INNOVATION, Dr. Damian Graham spoke on Dr. Graham said that historically The aim is to create Smart INFRASTRUCTUREANDURBAN Cities. Dr. Graham defined a CITYMANAGEMENT Managing Urban infrastructure local planning of a city is done. Smart City as one that is willing to adapt to fast changing through technological applications. However the UDC looks at urban environments. It will invest in infrastructure. There will be The mission of the Urban management at both the local and widespread use of data in governance of city. A Smart City Panellists: Development Corporation (UDC) is national levels. At the local level, will allow people to propel. Dr. Graham proposed that smart to make development happen which the Corporation is concerned governance should be concerned with the future of Dr. Damian Graham, General will cause an improvement in the with Minor Road Repairs, public services, specifically in Manager, Urban Development reducing the overall cost of Corporation lives of people. There are two main Granting of Building Permits, managing the public sector. Dr. Michael Saunderson from the urban centers: Kingston and St. Street Vending Management, National Works Agency was the next to present. He focused on Andrew and Montego Bay. 1.69 Development Control and roads being essential on the journey to Smart Cities. Mr. Everton Hunter, CEO, National million people live in Kingston and Licensing of trades and business. Transportation systems connect Works Agency everybody. 350,000 in Montego Bay. In At the national level, concerns accordance with Vision 2030, Dr. include Major Road Development, Mrs. Julian Palmer, Director of Graham spoke to the need for Solid Waste Management, Sewage Finance and Administration, redistributing the Infrastructure Development and population. Overpopulation results Development Orders. Dr. Graham MBJ Airports Ltd in crime, poverty and lack of pointed out some of the opportunity. According to Dr. Development Challenges that are Graham, the government tries to put now being faced. They are; Ad hoc Mr. Trevion Manning, President, in prevention mechanisms which development, Lack of affordable Jamaica Institute of Planners. don’t always prove effective. The Housing, Fragmented Lands - planning of a city takes 10 years. confused land titles, Poor traffic Mr. Robert Woodstock, Chairman, management, inadequate Jamaica Institute of Architects, response to climate change Adaptation, Urban Sprawl - Mr. Christopher Hamilton, housing schemes. President Elect, Jamaica Institution of Engineers Dr. Michael Saunderson , National Works Agency Mr. Richard Vernon, Councillor of 64 Montego Bay

There is technology now that adds All of this is possible because of Mrs. Palmer is the director of Mrs. Palmer also iterated that to the safety of roads. For example, infrastructure such as: Trenching, Finance and Administration and Montego Bay Jamaica Limited is there are road sensors that can Duct Installation, Cable installation has been with the prestigious a share ownership business detect speed of drivers and and Microwave network. airport for over two years and has with Grupo Aeroportuario del friction on the road surface during over fifteen years’ experience is Pacifico, a Mexican airport rain. Incident detection is now Dr. Saunderson lamented on the fact accounting. Mrs. Palmer drifted group, owning 74.5% of the possible through CCTV cameras. that the government cannot afford the conversation from Innovation, shares and 25.5% of the shares There are digitized advisory signs the cost of some infrastructure. infrastructure and city being owned by Vantage on roads and apps such as Waze. Information Sharing between the management in the city to Airport Group, a Canadian Dr. Saunderson envisions the NWC, Flow and others who lay innovation and infrastructure company. future where people will be able infrastructure aids cooperation development in the airport. Mrs. to connect with the Waze Platform between agencies to allow for traffic Palmer began with a brief The presenter then shifted her in such a way that deals with enforcement, transit enforcement, synopsis of the Montego Bay presentation towards the traffic management. Data will be parking enforcement, traffic court Airport Limited, which is a various developmental phases sent about where construction is and traffic management. company that operates the that the Montego Bay Jamaica taking place, accidents etc. Smart Donald Sangster International Airport limited has undertaken roads will help tremendously with The focus of the National Works Airport under a concession since 2003. the enforcement of road codes. Agency in 2019 is to expand the agreement. Montego Bay Jamaica The technology will be able to road camera systems, license plate Limited has been managing the detect: recognition, expanding the fibre Donald Sangster International optic network by 120 km and Airport successfully for 15 years. Red Light Running connecting 7 major cities. Spot Speed The next presenter was Mrs. Julian Palmer from the Montego Bay Average Speed Jamaica Airports Limited. Lane Violation Real Time Monitoring and Control 65

These developmental changes in The Montego Bay Jamaica Airport More individuals are entering the Montego Bay is the fastest limited is also known for its growing city in Jamaica. Today phase one included an expansion impeccable customer service and Caribbean region and are utilizing Montego Bay has outgrown the has received various awards for this. infrastructure that is here. In of the terminal building, increased In the last 15 years they have this airport so mechanisms that Nov 2012 there was a flood due received the Caribbean’s leading to the influx of persons to the parking spaces for the aircrafts, airport award 10 times. The airport are compliant with international city. Inner-city communities are is also receiving more passengers developing more so now. People implementation of 18 boarding because of their customer service standards have been put into who are earning more new and dedication to their work. Due to revenue are building houses in bridges, enhanced security this the Montego Bay Jamaica place to ensure there is efficient the hillside. This results in Airport Limited continues to water flowing down roads from systems with higher technology innovate and improve where it is running of the airport. These infrastructure which results in possible. Currently they are working flooding. There must be for more efficient safety and on improving the taxiway, developments indicate that the partnership with NWA, UDC, rehabilitating the check in area and PIOJ, UNDP etc. to ensure that improving the fuel hydrant ensuring that the environment is Montego Bay Jamaica Limited are there is sufficient urban hospitable. The ceilings, floors planning to tackle these issues. system. Phase two, which was in lighting, air handling units have making progress in Innovation been revamped and a bit of 2009, saw improvement in the fire Caribbean aesthetics come into play. and infrastructural development The ceiling has been designed to hall, the customs hall, immigration emulate the waves in the Caribbean in the society and work is being Sea. The Montego Bay Jamaica area, runway overlay, equipment Airport has been utilizing a master done to ensure this. Councillor plan that has short term, medium and the introduction of more and long term goals. Richard Vernon was the final checking counters for airlines. The presenter. The first point the final phase is in 2018 and this is Councillor of Montego Bay geared more towards touched on was the municipal infrastructural investment of 100 corporation being the million USD into runway extension replacement term for what used and other infrastructural to be the parish council. Montego developments. Since 2003 Bay continues to undergo Montego Bay Jamaica Airport continues to undergo reform to Limited has processed 52.3 meet the needs of modern million passengers, 655,000 Jamaica. aircraft movement and has 29 airlines operating at the Donald Sangster International airport travelling to 61 destinations in 16 countries. The Montego Bay Jamaica Airport Limited is also a major employer in the western region supplying 7,500 jobs and several commercial enterprises, at the airport, which are owned by 66 local Jamaican companies.

The corporation is responsible for the PANEL E: BALANCING municipality of St. James but they are focused now on the urban area. Trying to INVESTMENT, SUSTAINABLE control traffic, vending etc. is the main challenge facing the government of DEVELOPMENT AND Montego Bay. Councillor Vernon spoke of the intention of rebuilding Charles Gordon ECONOMIC GROWTH Market for sale of clothes and ground provisions. Giving road vendors new Description: In the midst of the avenues to provide a living in the market will allow the roads to be more functional. challenges of debt, fiscal Issuing vendors licenses also helps alleviate the roads. Now, improvements austerity, poverty and have been made of the sidewalks so that disabled community, such as those with vulnerability to external risks wheelchairs can access the city with more ease. There is also more building being that prevail for Small Island done with inflammable materials so as to mitigate the destruction caused by fire. Developing States (SIDs), what The final area the Councillor touched on was in the government's relationship with frameworks, strategies, the Jamaica Constabulary Force in regulating traffic. mechanisms and approaches have proven successful for SIDS managing investment capital in key economic sectors? What are the lessons learned that can engender economic growth, poverty reduction, environmental protection and sustainable development? 67

PANELE: BALANCING PANEL F: TRANSFORMATIONS IN INVESTMENT,SUSTAINABLE NATIONAL SECURITY & DEVELOPMENTANDECONOMIC GOVERNANCE GROWTH Description: National security Panellists: captures multi dimensions such as economic security, environmental Professor Luca Buscema: security, energy security, food University of Milan, Italy, security, cyber security in all its non- Conference Paper: ‘Sustainable military forms. The global explosion Development, Efficient and of innovation and technological Effective Production Processes advancement has heralded an era of and Protection of the Environment insecurity as well as heightened from Pollution in the Italian Legal risks to national governments and System international governance. The power of technology has encouraged Mr. Ainsworth Carroll, Director of global competition and innovation Projects, Planning, Programmes, that transcends national boundaries. Monitoring Evaluation & Research How are governments to respond to –NEPA emerging security risks that threaten national stability and Mr. Lenworth Tracy, General improve their national security Manager, Trade and Commercial related capabilities to be resilient to Lending EXIM BANK external and internal threats? Mr. Richard Kelly, United Nations 68 Development Programme (UNDP)

PANELF: TRANSFORMATIONSIN Thursday,26July2018 The essence of governance is to One is used to thinking in one NATIONALSECURITY& ensure that it can take all these direction. as an engineer, one GOVERNANCE Day2: different parts, all these different thinks like an engineer. As a problems, all the data to solve medical doctor, one thinks like Panellists: INNOVATION,GOVERNANCEAND them, and bring it to some kind of a medical doctor. As a teacher, INTERNATIONALDEVELOPMENT mainstream thinking. The one thinks like a teacher. Think Ms. Dianne McIntosh, Permanent problem-solving method, so of any situation, any problem Secretary, Ministry of National TRENDS drawn from everything that you and see if one doesn’t see that Security can find to create some kind of it has an economic side to it, it Keynote:Mr.RichardKelly-UNDP streamline approach to problem has a social side, and it has an Mr. Rohan Richards, Chief ProgrammeSpecialist, solving. Problem solving is being environmental side. In other Technical Director, Ministry of tackled in a very ordered way. But words, it has economic National Security Representative,UnitedNations going back, It starts with chaos.. implications, it has social DevelopmentProgramme Learning to live with uncertainty implications and it has Mr. Delroy Simpson, Ministry of (UNDP)Jamaica must be stressed. The time calls environmental implications. National Security, Corporate and for less things being ordered, That is considered in UNDP and HR, Ministry of National Security when one could predict what was of course, in other agencies, going to happen. Just look around World Bank, IDB, for instance, Mr. Dunstan Bryan, Deputy Moving from micro to macro problem you, just listen to the news, government, local institutions. Financial Secretary, Ministry of solving requires a different type of skill locally, globally, regionally, things This kind of thinking is really Finance than what is needed to solve small change rapidly, In a very dynamic expanding that they have to problems . And of course, moving from environment, governance systems think multidimensionally if one Professor Anthony Harriott, incremental to transformational change. respond as such. Now, one is ought to solve problems, and Director, Institute of Criminal So, these concepts or settings are wearing glasses of course, one one ought to solve the mysteries Justice and Security. definitely not the kinds of environment never used to wear them. One is that are really bombarding in which one has to govern. Things are getting younger every day, so one entities each day. Another all over the place, and it has been felt by finds that one has to wear them. school of thought is that one has all. Just knowing not what to do, there to think systems. are so many things to address, so many things to do locally, at the community, nationally, regionally, just everywhere, globally. 69

Again, this is extremely important It’s the process through which You have to ensure that what is The normal definition of because a system is any set of States and non State actors interact governance is good governance. distinct parts that interact to form to design and implement policies happening internationally In UNDP, inclusive democratic a complex rule. So, for instance, within a given set of formal and governance is said. In there is a governance, innovation, informal groups that shape and are reverberates and articulates at democracy really, majority rules local and national system. All shaped by power. That’s actually or majority can rule. It’s more these systems are interacting. So coming from a World Bank the national level, and regional than just the majority who wins people who are a part of the definition. State and non-state an election. That is democratic system interact with the system. actors are the key players and the first too. It is ensured that the governance. But inclusive And there is interaction with main players in governance. And democratic governance goes a different systems every day. How very importantly too, governance structural parish level is effective, step further by ensuring that does one get all of these systems can be formal as well as informal. the interests of all is accounted to be compatible? How does one Again, these are all systems and efficient and interfacing with for. And this is the definition get them to interact effectively, interacting. Power should also be that UNDP uses. Good and efficiently and successfully? defined and is the ability of groups what is happening nationally, and governance overall but one These are the challenges that are and individuals to make others needs to go a step further and faced in regard to governance, active in the interest of those groups of course there are the look at inclusive democratic locally, internationally and and individuals and to bring about governance. regionally. Systems approach. If specific outcomes , and that is communities, and this is really you never used to think in three important. Of course, governance dimensions, you need to, because occurs on different levels: the playground that all policies that’s the only way one is going to community, parish, national, be able to solve problems as they international. And here lies another and governance systems really present themselves today. And if challenge of governance and here you never used to think in lies the system’s approach again. play on. How does one get all of systems, you need to think systems because again that’s the these systems and levels only way one is going to be able to successfully address the problems interacting in a way that brings that are faced. What is governance? the kind of upliftment and economic development that they want. So, there is good governance, and inclusive governance. Good governance of course, 70

And as the presentation continues, Invention is a new device, method, Well likewise, you need It was said that if these process or product that is Sustainable Development Goals you will hear about “leave no one developed. It could be a process, it innovation to perpetuate good are achieved it would be becomes an innovation when it’s thought of as heaven with no behind”, which is the foundation of made available to the market or the governance. And of course, poverty . Just the thought of masses who use it. And innovation achieving these goals will be the Sustainable Development is the conversion of knowledge and governance is the hand that just so great but it requires two knowledge implementation turning major things among many that Goals. So, it’s not just about good ideas into products, processes and cradles the sustainable were mentioned. Governance services for commercial and public and innovation. And the two go governance and democratic use. And of course, this is no new development goals, and there are together. It is essential that knowledge for you. The point is that there is good governance to governance, It has to be ensured governance and innovation are 17 of them. One that directly achieve all these goals, but one twins, they go together. You cannot would have to innovate or die. that governance is inclusive so have good governance if you don’t deals with government was innovate processes, if you don’t that no one is left behind because innovate systems to make them looked at, but all of them have better to change with the demands there is equality for all in terms of of time. And if you don’t have good some kind of governance governance of course, can you have the governance systems. What are innovation? No, but that will be situation in them, but specifically addressed later on. Innovation some of the characteristics of good happens anywhere anytime, but you goal 16 speaks to speaks to good need good governance to fuel, governance? Good governance is stimulate and catalyze innovation. governance, peace, justice and accountable of course, strong institutions. So, transparent, responsible, governance is the hand that consensus-oriented, participative, cradles the sustainable inclusive, following the rule of law, development goals. Governance so important, efficient and it was and innovation drive the said that one could add that good achievement of the SDG’s. Here governance is innovative. And this are 17 goals, very ambitious. No list is non-exhaustive, there are a poverty, gender equality, life and million other things but a few land, climate change, life under were mentioned. What is water, peace, justice and strong information? Now remember it is institutions, excellent a journey, where one is trying to partnerships, reduced inequality, figure out something. The speaker sustainable cities, just think about started with governance, and took what these goals expect to be the presentation to a place where done to meet it. inclusive democratic governance and some of the characteristics of good governance are understood, Now it is time to look at innovation. Often people tend to mix up invention with innovation. 71

That is what is being looked at. And these authors are positive that Could it be that why nations fail, And why design systems put this kind of hypothesis is human development at the When the Sustainable why nations fail is not because of wonderful. Could it be that there heart of addressing problems. It are no effective institutions that could be that in the approach in Development Goals were being culture, not because of geography, should exist? There are visions solving problems, humans were and plans, which have not necessarily put first or at developed for instance, The but there are positive that it’s programmes, universities, and the center, which is what the institutions, but could it be that Sustainable Development Goals presenter read one of these because of the types of institutions the institutions are not as strong seem to do. as they ought to be.? The quotes, “democracy, good that are developed and perpetuated presenter wanted to talk about So, what if, there is a sort of design thinking, and how design methodology employed that governance and the rule of law at in countries that have not actually thinking can help improve the could possibly give better governance systems. scenarios to addressing the national and international seen the kind of social and economic problems. Design thinking was proposed. What is the analysis levels as well as an enabling development that are expected. So of the existing terrain, the context, and then out of that, environment are essential to they purport that there are two start believing something could happen to change this. What if sustainable development types of institutions, (one is) that could happen?, what if 10% economic growth over 5 including sustained and inclusive extractive institutions. Extractive years could be achieved? economic growth, social institutions are led by a few, and of government, environmental course as the name suggests, extract protection, and the eradication of wealth, resources, basically poverty and hunger. Again, good everything from the rest of the governance is the cradle or the society, and it makes them wealthy cornerstone of social and and they remain that way. However, economic development and of what happens eventually of course course, buttressed by because you’re not having this kind environmental protection. It is of creating destruction, no extremely important that people innovation, new thinking, then there are calling for good governance. is poverty and economic stagnation. Now, There’s this very interesting And there are inclusive institutions, book, some of you might know it, that of course leverage power, it it’s called “Why Nations Fail” and decentralizes power, it includes it’s written by James Robertson everyone in the competition and of and Daron Acemoglu. course it creates an enabling environment for people to strive. These kinds of institutions of course would support innovation. 72

What if one could empower The government was supported in And in terms of this discussion on This was very startling, very people in communities to have governance, if these accelerators interesting, and it’s something their own local government Mainstreaming Acceleration Policy were achieved , then one would that Jamaica can boast about. systems and do that effectively. be on the way to achieving the When a Rapid Integrative Actually now, out of all of these Support Missions, it’s called MAPS. goals of Vision 2030, for example. Assessment was carried out, ideas, one would say, what would What the accelerator tends to do what was realized is that the people actually like? What could And this is to ensure that local is if you achieve one, it has a planning documents in Jamaica work in the end based on the multiplying effect across sectors. were 91% aligned to the SDG’s. resources and capacities? What planning framework, development Now, bear in mind that a lot of actually works? The thing about For example, if strengthened these planning documents were this is that it’s inclusive. This planning framework is aligned to protected areas were look ed at, prepared before the SDG’s were method enlists a lot of different one would find that many developed, and that is partnerships. But most the Sustainable Development Goals communities depend on something that is astounding. importantly it has empathy, which ecosystems, goods and services And, when you go to Vison 2030 means that it’s a type of approach which really is essential to adequate for their survival. The tourism itself, it’s actually 77% aligned that ensures they listen to people. industry depends on protected to the SDHG’s. Jamaica was like So, if you’re enhancing and effective governance systems. areas, coral reefs, beaches, etc. So the third country in the world government systems then one the 3D approach, you’d actually that had this alignment and that would have to listen to people. An alignment process was looked at achieve economic development, is something one needs to boast One has to know what their social upliftment, and of course, about. There are good challenges are, one wants to know which involved the national you’d have environmental governance systems in place, what their needs are and then protection. and the vision. Vision 2030 is they have to be addressed. In priorities, and how those were spouted as one of the better 2016 through UNDP support and plans of the world. the UN by extension, aligned with the SDG’s. Institutional coordination that would ensure that those priorities are achieved was looked at as well . The actors were also looked at in relation to the priorities of the SDGs and it was found that there should be heavy participation with government and other stakeholders. ‘SDG accelerators’ that are aligned with one of the goals of Vision 2030 were also formulated. 73

All the planning framework, RoundtableDiscussion2 Speakers: equated to over 90% alignment with SDG’s, Data is available but PartnershipsforGovernanceand Mr Richard Kelly, United Nations more is needed. There are many Development: Development Programme (UNDP) universities. There are intelligent people. And there is more or less a TheRoleoftheInternational Ms Joanna Watkins, Senior, Public stable democracy. The ingredients DevelopmentPartners Sector Specialist, (World Bank) exist, and one hopes you can see where, the country can be Development Partners have had a European Union (TBD) positioned to achieve developed key supportive role to governments status such as what the Vision in enabling the introduction of Ms Adriana La Valley, Chief of 2030 is aiming for. projects and programmes that Operations, Inter American support the development trajectory Development Bank (IDB) Why then has Jamaica not of states. In these interventions, advanced as expected? Here lies what is the role of innovation in the challenge of governance, and economic development and the the presenter hopes that this very lessons learned from multi important and essential stakeholder partnerships and conference can help to fathom and implementation across diverse to dissect and to analyses and to sectors? As modernization proceeds provide answers for some of these and societies become networked, questions that are to be traditional approaches and addressed. institutions become challenged to respond. Can innovation yield new capacities, institutions and approaches to old problems, supporting good governance ideals and transformational outcomes, critical to sustainable development.? 74

PANEL G: E-GOVERNANCE & DIGITAL INNOVATION

PANELG: E-GOVERNANCE& Panellists: DIGITALINNOVATION Mr. David Soutar Slashroots E-governance seeks to build upon Mr. Ron Mckay, CEO/Co- existing Government services, Founder, Audience Data Strategies Inc. and Immediate enhancing the access and delivery Past President of the American Chamber of Commerce for by the use of technology, Jamaica computers, the internet as well as Mr. Andrew Nooks, Managing Director of OpenWave citizen engagement and Information Security Limited participation through, to impacts. Mr. Walt Brown, Senior Technical Specialist, Research Beyond the focus of Government and Innovation Department, eGovJa Ltd. practice and administration, Ms. Leona Atkins, IBM Client digital governance creates an Executive for GOJ ecosystem with multi partners- public and private sectors and non-governmental groups interacting with deeper interconnectedness in innovative ways. How can digital innovation be transformative, leading to better information and communication flows and efficiency? Can digital innovation foster increased trust through better governance and access to data? 76

The session was geared towards However, noting that the system is The public believes this would be He stated that this digitization much safer than a paper base that another avenue where the should understand the need it is technology’s role in governance- does not leave a footprint in the case government will be ineffective. He to solve. Souter highlighted the of theft. Additionally, he highlighted postulated that it is not the base needs need for the addressing developmental the concern of artificial intelligence releasing of sensitive information digitization of services in the systems displace human workers in which causing the issue of trust as country to advance the society, challenge, interconnectivity of some markets such as call centers, a this information is given freely to economy and growth are: current input to the decreasing private companies and on social people with skills in tech and sectors and increasing public unemployment rate. Removing one media platforms. Souter noted design, processes that of the lower rungs of the economic that software usage has become encourage iteration and sector efficiency. development ladder. Souter went on increasingly important in the feedback loops, leaders willing to inquire on the effects this shift in world and Jamaica’s economy is to reinvent institutions and Mr. David Souter opened the technology may have on the poorest becoming digitized which will protect teams that do the work countries in the world. Legislatively affect policy. Therefore, solutions and most importantly, focusing discussion as the founders for he posited that GDPR and other must be digitized. Digital on understanding context and Data Protection Legislations are Solutions are more than just delivering real user needs. Slash Root which is a social impact required to ensure consent is websites. It was noted thatthere is Failing to do so will result in the granted, however, he added what a need to rethink how digitization solutions being organization that uses the form should consent take (What institutional governments are ineffective. The second panelist does consent looks like). Therefore, being operated and form to speak was Ms. Leona Atkins principles and practices of the Souter asserts that asymmetry of institutional change through the who is the IBM Account information should not be shunned digitization of services. Manager for the Government of digital age to create a more but welcomed as informing users Technology should not be the Jamaica. Ms. Atkins spoke about about how their personal data will driver of public transformation. It the fact that nowadays, citizens equitable, inclusive, and be used is an important step to should be the enabler. are expecting more from their consent and trust. He purported governments. sustainable Caribbean society. He that the technological shift in governance to e-governance faces a purported that technology is moral conundrum. This is due to the reluctance of the citizenry to trust available in Jamaica, there are the government with such sensitive information, as the perception of technological solutions to societal government inefficiency. problems. The challenge lies in figuring out the problems and then ensuring that there is sustainable implementation of the technology in alleviating these problems. He highlighted the challenge the Indian government faces in their attempt to collect biometrics information from its 1.3 billion citizens to create a digital identification system. While acknowledging the benefits of such system, Mr. Souter contends with the idea of privacy and security. 77

This creates the need for Brown observed the cyber-security Brown asserted that NIDS wants Brown posited that auditing, government to digitize so that one of new technology. He looked at the to achieve several objectives: data restriction, logs protection, can deliver proper services. Good tablet programme in Barbados who establish reliable and established data security and accreditation. governance relies on accessibility, partnered with Digicel Barbados to system for identification of Finally, Mr. Ron McKay security and integrity. In light of children - how to regulate that they Jamaican citizens, unique number presentation focused on this, “smart” government needs to are using it for e-learning? National ID Number and serves as technology in governance. He think differently about how a vehicle that will serve as the asked the question on the life services are consumed and how Pushing approved educational trusted form of personal ID cycle of Jamaica, to put into they are delivered to increase content directly to the devices; throughout Jamaica, to provide perspective the needs based of effectiveness. In the private sector, restrict access to unauthorized apps legislation, policy, process and the country. Observing global business transformation is often websites. Finally, she highlighted technology - saving money on perspective on where the world about technology transformation. that the shift in technology can be books and distribution and also a is and how Jamaica fits into The same ought to be true of used for cognitive analysis for crime digital ecosystem which results in that. The idea of big data is an government. Ms. Atkins informed prevention. Noting the Jamaica eye secure and reliable e-governance. ignorant topic to majority of the the attendees that the IBM works technology as a move towards such Brown highlighted the principles population. Mckay, posited that in almost 160 countries around developments. Thirdly, Mr. Walt Governing ICT - separation of the public therefore should be the world. Its deepest skills area is Brown presented on the interest, consent, transparency given information of usage, as in helping to foster smarter controversial issue of National and inclusiveness, accountability, these information passes from governance in areas such as Identification System. He looked at adoption of industry standards. public to private and serves an defense and intelligence, social the incorporation of biometric Security access was also mention important role in facilitating services education etc. national information in aid in the efficiency as a component of the efficient service by the private infrastructure. Ms. Atkins pointed of governance of Jamaica. The issue implementation process of the sector and government upon its out that there is new technology of unauthorized use of data or NIDS. implementation of systems such now available in Jamaica in the disclosure of information is the as NIDS. form of and Micro services, main issue that is articulated by the Artificial Intelligence, Cyber populist. However, this system is security, Automation and highly recommended to move the Advanced Robotics and Block country towards into a digital chain. Looking at social services - economy. He posited that IT has voter registration ⅓ of the cost of solutions that must considered to an election is about voter enhance governance. registration as such he noted that the news systems would remove 78 this cost dramatically.

There was pushback however on PANEL H: GOVERNANCE OF Can SIDs navigate new INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS: such a system. McKay posited that Ultimately he proposed that in COMPETITIVENESS COMMERCE technological innovations, Jamaica, there is a unique AND TRADE while there are pushbacks, the opportunity to continue looking at business models, access online best practices globally, global system is safer than the current initiatives so that one can remove markets and digitized the mistakes of governance and and the paper system has they innovation in order to move platforms, as the modalities of forward in a prosperous way. leave no trace. While cyber theft (Innovations in Trade Agriculture global trade and commerce are and Commerce; Sustaining the can be tracked to point of origin Potential) being transformed? and notification can be made in case of a breach. He stated that (Governance of International Networks: Engendering Growth questions such as why are there and Competitiveness) pushback/concerns, should be asked to facilitate the process of trust. Data has already been given Description: The modern economy to so many government and has been transformed informally private agencies: voter by the way in which governments, registration process, car network with investors, financial registration, auto insurance, institutions, academics and non- health insurance, bank accounts, state actors. Can these new TRN. This system he stated would synergies strengthen the national therefore centralized these for development trajectory and more efficiency Governance uses transform regimes alongside the digitization to protect its citizens. development of a corporate body Get out of the paper world it poses of ethical practices that engender major threats to the safety of development and not people's private information. The underdevelopment? Technology implementers should explore affords opportunities to unique opportunity - looking at strengthen agribusinesses best practices globally, global operating in the context of initiatives, remove the mistakes, to fragmented food chains and move forward- when efforts to improve and sustain implementing such changes. productivity. 79

PANELH: GOVERNANCEOF A former Trade Commissioner INTERNATIONALNETWORKS: Ms.DianeEdwards for JAMPRO in New York, COMPETITIVENESS Biography COMMERCEANDTRADE Brussels and London, Ms. Panellists: Edwards has a wealth of knowledge and experience in international marketing and Dr. Maria Myers-Hamilton, business development. She Managing director of Spectrum Management successfully managed product Ms. Elaine Campbell-Daenen, Dr. Tolupe Bewaji launches of Jamaican food Conference Paper;” brands into mainstream Competitiveness, Innovation markets and conceived and towards Sustainability and the negotiated substantial Regulatory Mechanisms for the European Union funding for the Settlement of Investment Disputes innovative ‘Target Europe’ for CARICOM States’ Trade Development Programme, an initiative that Ms. Diane Edwards, President, positioned Jamaican products in JAMPRO the European market, and subsequently evolved into the Dr. Cliff Riley, Executive Director, five-year Private Sector Scientific Research Council Development Programme (PSDP). Equally adept at Mr. Ative Ennis, Head of investment promotions, the Innovations and Entrepreneurship (Digicel) President also commenced negotiations with foreign investors Riu and Iberostar, Ms. Eritha Huntley Lewis, which led to landed Lecturer, Mona School of Business and Management - Paper: The investments in Jamaica; and Relationship Between Tourism and Agriculture: A review of the was instrumental in the Purchasing Behaviour of Select Hotels in Jamaica development of Jamaica’s garment sub-contracting and information and communications technology (ICT) industries. 80

Prior to rejoining JAMPRO on Ms. Edwards holds an MBA Dr.CliffRiley Dr. Riley holds a PhD in from New York’s Pace Biography September 2, 2013, Ms. Edwards University, a Masters in Biotechnology International Relations from completed a highly successful Institut d’Etudes Politiques de (Pharmaceutical), a M.A in Paris and a BA (Hons) in tenure as General Manager and French, Spanish and German Teaching-Science Education, from the University of the West Director of J. Wray & Nephew UK Indies (UWI). She is a member and a Bachelor of Science of the UK Institute of Directors, Ltd., where she led the a Trustee for the British Degree in Chemistry and Foundation for the University of organisation to profitability and the West Indies, and an active Biochemistry from the member of the St. Andrew High successfully grew the UK School Old Girls’ Association. University of the West Indies, Company’s turnover by 77% over Mona. He is currently the 10 years. During her time at Executive Director of the JAMPRO since rejoining the Scientific Research Council, organisation, she has led its Jamaica. Dr. Riley has served in transformational development to several capacities including, serve as a catalyst for wealth Associate Professor and creation through increased Associate Dean, Graduate customer focus and more effective Studies and Research in the marketing communications College of Health Sciences, programmes, and has promoted a University of Technology, culture of innovation to facilitate Associate Director of Research and support the development of and Grants at Northern new industries in Jamaica. She has Caribbean University. also been a strong advocate for the Additionally, he has served the development and advancement of scientific community both Jamaica’s business brand and locally and internationally and transformation of the nation’s is an active member of several business environment. Ms. professional organizations Edwards also currently serves as including the Biochemical the President of the Caribbean Society, UK, the Society for Association of Investment Scientific Advancement, and the Promotion Agencies (CAIPA) Caribbean Academy of Science. where she strives to position the Caribbean Region as a premier destination for foreign investment. 81

Additionally, he served as Dr.MariaMyers-Hamilton Chairman of the Board of Biography Directors of the Jamaica National Agency (JNAAC) for Accreditation 82 from 2012 – 2015 and is currently the Vice-President of Cariscience, a Board Member of the Diabetes Association of Jamaica and a Director for the Carnegie Foundation for Cancer Research, Trustee to the Environmental Health Foundation, Commissioner of the National Commission on Science and Technology, Member of the Board of Graduate Studies UTech among others.

Objectives of the session: The Ms. Campbell-Daenen highlighted one Thus, Ms. Campbell-Daene Currently Jamaica is 71% objective of this session was to get a of the major problems to sustainable proposed that there should be a service industry and this better understanding of trends in development is dispute resolution. system where CARICOM and industry is open to many risks the commerce and trade sector and The presenter gave the example of the other international bodies should because of dependence on the what is currently being done Bauxite case where investors had the be given some jurisdiction, there markets of other countries. compared to what should be done option to bring their case to should be some integration of Jamaica is also a major primary international jurisdiction. The EC sustainable development as a producer and has to reach into The presenters all took a different Banana and shore case was also legal framework and some clarity markets to achieve targets set view towards governance in brought up to reiterate the point that in the dispute resolution system by other countries. However, international networks and these dispute resolutions do occur for foreign direct investment. Dr. there are gaps in the research competitiveness. The first and the public has knowledge about Riley, on the other hand spoke where large hotels could not be presenter, for instance, was Ms. these cases. However, the same cannot from the point of view of the contacted for interviews. It is Campbell-Daenen and she be said about foreign direct Science Research Council. Dr. evident that demand for highlighted the sustainable investment because this area lacks Riley began by congratulating the produce is based on occupancy development principles and goals. some amount of clarity. This has University of the West Indies for but linkage is evident and It was opined that at the largely to do with the fact that if a case organizing this wonderful policies can be imposed to bring international level there needs to is taken against a country it is kept Conference. From the perspective the agriculture industry back to be more done in regard to foreign private. The presenter recommended of the Science Research Council, life. It is clear that there is an direct investment. To achieve this that cases need to be brought to the there is a disconnect between over dependence on tourism goal of sustainable development forefront so that there can be more what needs to be done for and the service sector and there must be a balance in clarity in the area of foreign direct international commerce and the various institutions need to step investment capabilities. The investment and dispute resolution. policies that are implemented. in and fix this problem. balance should be between economic investment, social investment and cultural investment. Ms. Campbell-Daenen highlighted the legal framework of sustainable development, which is seen as a legal framework, and discussed the CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement. 83

Ms. Eritha Huntley Lewis If linkages occur between tourism The findings suggest that there is a relationship between the Paper: The Relationship Between and agriculture then the country agriculture sector and the Tourism and Agriculture: A review tourism sector in terms of the of the Purchasing Behaviour of will gain in terms of innovation and supply of produce. There are, Select Hotels in Jamaica however, notable differences in creativity (Wiley, 1998). the purchasing pattern when the Abstract size of the hotels is considered. The main purpose of this study, Additionally, the impact of the Small open economies face a purveyors was also evident since challenge in terms of productivity therefore, is to examine the nature they are one of the main source of and economic growth since they agricultural purchases identified. are more vulnerable to external of the relationship between the The researchers hope to add to shocks, have limited access to the discourse on strengthening capital markets and are more hotel sector and the agriculture with the link between these two susceptible to natural disasters sectors by assessing the behavior (Iyare & Moore, 2011). As such, in a view to ascertain the purchasing of hotels and the value of this the pursuit of sustainable relationship. Recommendations development, it is important that behaviour of select hotels in will also be made to suggest linkages are formed between key innovative ways in which the sectors in order to maximise the Jamaica. This paper is a part of a linkage can be strengthened. The benefits they can accrue to the paper will help to influence policy society. Tourism and agriculture wider assessment of the link and practice in both sectors. are two of these key sectors in Jamaica. If planned and managed between tourism and agriculture. well, tourism has the potential to be an axial industry that radiates The research utilizes the survey benefits to other sectors. Agriculture is poised as one that technique, administering can benefit from this relationship given the nature and necessity of questionnaires to personnel from consumption. forty (40) hotels who were asked about their purchasing behaviour. The researchers are attempting to determine the frequency of agricultural purchases, the value of purchases, as well as the source of agriculture produce utilized in the hotels under examination. 84

PANEL I: THE FOURTH AND FIFTH ESTATE - TRANSFORMATIONS IN MEDIA AND DIGITAL MEDIA FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE

PANEL I:THE FOURTHAND Panellists: FIFTHESTATE- Mr. Cordel Green, Executive TRANSFORMATIONSINMEDIA ANDDIGITALMEDIAFORGOOD Director, Broadcasting GOVERNANCE Commission (TechnologicalandMedia Revolution:SocialDevolutionfor Dr. Maria Myers Hamilton, Managing Director - Spectrum CaribbeanStates) Management Description: Print media, the Ms. Davianne Tucker, Brand press and print journalism of the Manager for Wright Image, Fourth estate find themselves Dream Entertainment being crowded out in part by the Fifth estate, of electronic and Mr Gavin Myers- National social media and blog sites which use non-mainstream media Integrity Action (NIA) platforms. To what degree can regulation enhance the credibility Conference Paper: We the of these forms of media? Is democracy held hostage to these People Need to Know: Using media forms or strengthened by them? How trustworthy are they Social Audits for People in exposing the truth? Do they influence governance regimes in Participation and an unbiased fashion? Are the sources of power the same Accountability in Jamaica influencing media content, ‘what is left in and taken out’ hence Mr. Darragh Fitzgerald Selby, reducing the possibilities for true Chair, Knowledge Linkages democracy and equitable power Network, Ministry of Tourism distribution which underpins sustainable development ideals? Mrs. Sharon Hay-Webster, Advisor, Minister of Education, Youth and Information 86

Mr.CordelGreen Mr. Cordel Green is an Attorney-at- Mr. Green is a graduate of the Biography Law, a former Assistant Attorney- University of the West Indies General of Jamaica and a former where he had the distinction of broadcaster. He is the Executive serving in a number of Director of the Broadcasting capacities, including President Commission, which regulates radio, of the Students’ Union and a television and cable in Jamaica. founding Resident Advisor at AZ Preston Hall.He holds He is a Commissioner on the Jamaica Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) and Bachelor of Laws (Hons.) National Commission for UNESCO; degrees from the University of the West Indies; a Master of member of the Intergovernmental Laws Degree with distinction, from the University of Sheffield Council for the Information For All in England; and a Master of Business Administration (MBA) Programme (IFAP), UNESCO; Member degree from the Mona School of Business. He is also an alumnus of the Law Committee for the IEEE of the Harvard Kennedy School Executive Education Program. Global Initiative for Ethical He is married to The Honourable Mrs. Justice Marcia Consideration in Artificial Dunbar-Green, Judge of the Supreme Court, and they have a Intelligence and Autonomous daughter, Pia-Milan. Systems; and Honorary Member of 87 the Multicultural Media, Telecom and Internet Council (MMTC), Washington D.C. He has a rounded lifestyle, which over many years has included active participation in cultural and entertainment events in Jamaica. He remains involved in the musical side of entertainment mainly by performing the role of MC at select reggae concerts such as “Rebel Salute”. He is also chairman of the Planning Committee for “Powerful Women & Men Perform for Charity” Concert.

PANEL J:GENDEREQUITY,SOCIAL Panellists: INNOVATIONANDINCLUSIVENESS Mr. Jaevion Nelson, Executive FORGOVERNANCEAND Director, Jamaica Forum for DEVELOPMENT Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays Description: To achieve economic Dr. Natasha Mortley, Lecturer growth, equity in participation, and Research Specialist at the the access to and strengthening of Institute for Gender and institutions that shape good Development Studies (IGDS) governance are essential components. To create the social Mrs. Cordia Chambers Johnson, capital and societal cohesiveness, United Nations Development key governance issues relating to Programme (UNDP) the inclusion of all societal groups and measures that would seek to Mr. David Allen; Faculty Adviser, diminish forms of gender-based International University of the discrimination to promote Caribbean (IUC) fairness, equity and transparency are critical. What are the Ms. Cordia Chambers-Johnson, measures required? What is the relationship between gender and Project Manager, Gender Seal governance? How is this divide to be bridged in the context of Certification Programme, sustainable and inclusive development? United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) 88

Dr.NatashaMortley Dr. Natasha Kay Mortley is a Self-fashioning in Post-diaspora Biography Lecturer at the Regional Contexts Network (Post- Coordinating Office of the Institute diaspora Network), which for Gender and Development Studies consists of scholars from the (IGDS) at the University of the West UK, North America and the Indies, Jamaica, lecturing in the Caribbean, who investigate how areas of Development Studies, globalization works for African- Gender Analysis for Policy & Caribbean women migrants, Development Planning and Research even while acknowledging and Methods. Dr. Mortley is a addressing its exclusions and Sociologist, Developmentalist and production of inequalities. She Research Specialist having been is also currently Expert Advisor engaged in a multi-disciplinary to the Organization of Eastern approach to key developmental Caribbean States (OECS) challenges of particular relevance to Secretariat for the “Migration Caribbean countries. Her work has and Engaging OECS Diaspora inter alia focused on: migration and Programme”. diaspora studies; migration and health; medical tourism; diaspora tourism; sports tourism; gender and entrepreneurship; gender and political leadership; gender and climate change; Contemporary Caribbean masculinities. Dr. Mortley is a member of the African- Caribbean Women’s Mobility and 89

Panels J and L had to be merged The main focus previously has been Also, the need for the Government The actions taken as outlined by and the session began with Mr. Jaevion Nelson, Executive Director, on HIV prevention. Now, a to fulfill the role of reducing the presenter include extensive J-FLAG sharing under the topic “The Gay Agenda: Centering LGBT distinguishing number of homophobia within Jamaica in research which informed the people in Jamaica’s future”. The broad issues that this presentation programmes in Jamaica are being order to have a safer space for implementation of Gender focal focused on included homophobia in Jamaica, existing challenges and geared towards the LGBT cohort of LGBT persons and finally an point Networks as well as threats faced by people within the LGBT community, policy the population, as well as there inclusive approach to Gender Ambassadors responses (or lack thereof) to the presupposing conditions that were greater levels of inclusion for development planning. The programmes within Primary LGBT men and women face in Jamaica, low levels of tolerance for LGBT youth at the national level e.g. second presenter, Dr. Siddier and Secondary schools across LGBT people in Jamaica, discrimination, harassment and a greater representation of LGBT Chambers is the Acting Director Jamaica in an attempt at the need for constitutional reform. youth was noticed in 2018’s cohort for Policy and Research at the promoting gender equality Mr. Nelson identified some actions that were taken in an attempt at of the National Youth Parliament of Bureau of Gender Affairs, shared through education. mitigating these issues. It was purported that more attention has Jamaica. The primary strategy on the topic of Gender Equality. been focused on the LGBT community, in that they were now referenced by the presenter that The issues identified included being included in national research. achieved most of these results was Gender mainstreaming, sexual “The Gay Agenda”, a programme harassment, gender-based which inoculated “…building violence, gender equality and boldness and confidence among Gay sustainable development through people…to live their truth” as well as gender equity. to evoke change in policies at the national level. In the end, the recommendations were that, there exists a need and an opportunity for more and better relationships to be formed between Organizations, Community groups and the LGBT community as well as an appeal to the Government to make “deliberate efforts to meaningfully include LGBT persons in programmes, activities and policies”. 90

The strategies expounded by the The primary issue was grounded in UNDPs Sustainable Development presenter included policies Goals, the catchphrase for which is “Leave no one behind”. These goals established in the workplaces were formed in the post 2015 agenda for equity, gender and across the island that address the human rights. The presentation explored findings of several UNDP issues of gender equality and researches that sought to identify systematic inequalities and bridge sexual harassment, the the gap of inequities and inequalities on the basis of gender establishment of a Gender in Jamaican systems. Inclusiveness was measured against the Advisory Council by Cabinet as Recommendations. well as a 10 year plan to eliminate gender-based violence. Additionally, references were made to National Strategic action plans, the purchasing of National shelters for female victims of gender-based violence, education and sensitization within public sector, the “International End Violence against Women Day” and initiatives geared towards “positive masculinity”. The recommendations purported included poverty alleviation and development of rural women in the context of expanding their social and psychological capabilities through policies and programs. The final presenter, Ms. Cordia 91 Chambers Johnson presented with the theme of Gender spoke on the topic “Inclusiveness and Social Innovation: A Practical Approach for Gender Equality”.

PANEL K: COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE & DEVELOPMENT

PANELK:COMMUNITY Panellists: GOVERNANCE& DEVELOPMENT Mr. Tarik Weekes, Research (InnovationandChanging Officer, Institute for Criminal ModalitiesofCommunity Justice Development) Dr. Sharon Smith, Director, Mona Entrepreneurial & Description: Community Commercialization development involves changing Ms. Nicole Satchell - Lecturer, The University of the West power structures to build Indies sustainable communities that Ms. Peisha Bryan, Social Sector Specialist, Planning Institute of pivot around social justice and Jamaica participatory decision making. Dr. Donovan Stanberry, Permanent Secretary, Minister Implicit in this is the need for of Industry, Commerce, Agriculture and Fisheries social change powered by the Dr. Christopher Charles, inbuilt capacity of communities Lecturer , the University of the West Indies facilitating the realization of a 93 joint vision and a renewed discourse anchored in practices that engender growth and further reflexive change. What are the necessary approaches and reforms necessary to build sustainable community development frameworks that work?

Dr.SharonSmith Sharon Marie Smith, PhD, is the She also served as President of Biography her Alumnae Association's vibrant Director of the UWI South Florida chapter a registered 501(c)(3). In South Business Incubator. She has Florida, she directed activities, managed the budget and significant industry as well as negotiated contracts to achieve goals for the more than 150- consulting experience with a focus member organization serving approximately five thousand in on MSMEs, a proven track record in their community. There she designed a programme to give teaching and research as well as support (financial, social and even educational) for recent the practice of marketing, past students on athletic scholarships in the US. She was operational and general recently recognized by Project Harambe and Mughamba management in the global Foundation (Chicago based charities) for her contribution marketplace. In the short time that to the women and children with HIV/AIDS in Kenya, based on she has been with the UWI, she has her innovative microeconomic projects that have helped ignited fires in terms of restore dignity to its participants. Since her return, entrepreneurship and she has continued her activism on behalf of women and commercialization on the campus! children, focusing on Jamaica and other Caribbean territories. Sharon has a highly evolved sense 94 of social responsibility and justice evidenced by her numerous community and professional involvement. Her burning passion is for the causes of women and children worldwide. As past president and active life member of the St. Hugh’s Past Students’ Association in Jamaica, she pioneered a self-sustaining School Breakfast Feeding Programme, which has endured for more than twenty years. There was also an innovative activity she introduced in the 90s, “Rap Sessions” between past and current students which has evolved into Group Mentoring at St. Hugh’s today.

Objectives of the session: To There are also many actors that Dr. Smith is the director at the play a key role in community identify the changing modalities of Ms. Satchell conceptualised the governance. There are gangs, Mona Entrepreneurial and notion of community in relation to dons, corner groups, community Community Development; the research area and problematic members and they all play a role Commercialization Centre narratives were highlighted in community governance. Presentations were centred (Garrisons, Social exclusions/ male Furthermore, in high violent (MECC). This organization marginalization, subculture of communities everybody is their around using social research and violence, organized crime, counter own government and make focuses on the vulnerable societies etc.).The Lapop survey was various rules. Mr. Weekes modern advancements like also utilised to help get the statistics highlighted an approach that population in order to create a across to those in attendance. It was should be taken and proposed technology as well as finding highlighted that in Jamaica a that there needs to be some more equal Jamaica. The problem arises where the issue of recognition that it cannot be a synergies in social investment (i.e. violence is seen as a state problem single effort and it also needs to presenter highlighted that but a solution becomes evident be understood that this is not just social programs). where Jamaicans are willing to a police effort. Dr. Sharon Smith women and persons with organize at the community level, shifted the focus of the discussion building trust, fixing the problem of to incorporate what is currently disabilities are less likely to corruption (Macro level). At the being done to help the meso level- community networks, community. identify themselves as policing for social control, control Ms. Nicola Satchell, from the the narrative in communities. The entrepreneurs even when they University of the West Indies, was Outlook in relation to Governance the first presenter. The presenter for Tomorrow is that there must be are doing what entrepreneurs looked at community governance a critical approach to building good gone wrong and delved into relation between the government do. They are making steps to research into social process. It was and the people. Mr. Tarik Weekes, a highlighted that social processes Research Fellow from the Institute improve this and incorporate has its downfalls and if social of Criminal Justice, was the next processes issues are not dealt presenter and he focused on the these individuals. MECC with then vision 2030 goals notion of community governance. It cannot be achieved. Ms. Satchell was opined that Community provides space and support highlighted that there is a need to governance is quite diverse and it is look into the high rates of urban not just the geographical space. services and advisory services violence, lowering crime rates, economic hardships, community to help individuals formulate policing and community policies implemented. The research their business. MECC targets problem that the presenter highlighted was “what are the women and persons living with social processes at the community level that are problematic”. disabilities and they have seen an 800% increase in women interested in MECC. 95

The presenter concluded by session. Dr. Charles looked at a Finally, the long term goals last Multifaceted Approach to Solving highlighting that they have made Crime and gave his take on more than a year and are various solutions. Dr. Charles significant strides and some of iterated that there should be geared towards infrastructural immediate solutions, short term their clients have won prize solutions, medium solutions and development, garbage long-term solutions. Immediate money from UWI competitions, solutions are things to be done collection and out-competing right now. local competitions and dons by providing efficient It was suggested that the international competitions. It is government should place police services. There should also be military post in 13 hotspots and important not to just look at what the benefit is that these posts take tax-break for companies that less resources than zones of is wrong with the community but special operations. However, move to inner cities, social police posts only work to a point to also highlight where the so it is a fix for right now. The workers, training and support short-term solutions take 6 community is doing well. Ms. months. Short term solutions for frustrated single mothers. includes public education, Peisha Bryan from the Planning mobilize public support and There also need to be some case working on transparency. The Institute of Jamaica was the next medium solutions take one year studies of successful youth and are geared towards needs presenter at this panel session. the people and good governance. assessment and socio-economics programs in there parts of the Effective governance is a profile of inner-city communities. Ms. Bryan focused on aligning prerequisite and outcome of the world. legitimation of formal systems and national development planning normative frameworks. Effective governance is about making sure and community development that things work the way that was stated and agreed upon. planning. To have national The presenter concluded by development more needs to be proposing some initiatives to consider. There need to be global done to develop and uplift the and regional development frameworks integrated into vision Jamaican communities. This was 2030. There should also be an establishment of the Community described as balancing the desired Renewal Program to produce relevant community level data. Dr. goals and outcomes of collective at Christopher Charles a lecturer from the University of the West Indies all levels. However, it is evident was the final panellist at this that there is a lack of trust in the system so Jamaica’s ability to develop as a country is questioned. Trust is needed for development and as long as Jamaicans have this culture of not trusting each other then difficulties in development will be faced. Ms. Bryan also touched on Vision 2030 and highlighted that it 96 is really about

PANEL L: CLIMATECHANGE, Panellists: GOVERNANCE,RESILIENCEAND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: Mr. Carliton Burrell, Project IMPLICATIONSANDTRENDSFOR Manager, Caribbean Climate Innovation Centre THE21STCENTURY Description: In 2017, Hurricanes Dr. Babu George, Conference Paper: Inclusive Sustainable ‘Irma,’ ‘Maria’ and ‘Harvey’ Tourism: Leveraging Social Capital to Create Competitive reminded the Caribbean region of Advantage in Tourism Cooperatives and Business how vulnerable small island Networks developing economies are to natural disasters and climate change effects. The governance of resilience regimes, adaption and Ms. Beienetch Watson, Lecturer and Tourism and Event mitigation measures within the Specialist, School of Hospitality and Tourism Management, context of risk management for Utech states are critical existential considerations in achieving established objectives of sustainable development. Ms. Leah April, Climate Resilience & Governance, World Similarly, tourism a key Bank contributor to GDP, would require strategic interventions to enable resilience and sustainability, Mr. Ainsworth Carroll, Director given the context of the realities of Projects, Planning, of a competitive global market Programmes, Monitoring and external shocks. How can Evaluation & Research –NEPA policies and programmes be engineered to support climate change resilience and sustainability for the tourism sector? 97

Critical Review On the other hand, Leah April Climate change is a global security Leah April centered her Also, with contribution from the representing the World Bank threat affecting states and non-state presentation on the role of International Development Bank actors. It is a major defect to government in ensuring resilience; has conducted training camps focused on the role of the economic and sustainable whilst, Anthony McKenzie shared throughout the Caribbean region development. The reality of such a his view on coastal resources and in helping to train entrepreneurs Jamaican government in security threat was demonstrated building resilience in relation to the to lead the charge in minimizing with the 2017 North Atlantic country’s coastal areas. After climate shocks. In addition, the building resilience. Great hurricane break. Roughly five identifying the specific issues Development Bank of Jamaica hurricanes developed during that possible recommendations were also provided 14 million to its emphasis must be placed on year while one affecting several given. local entrepreneurs. The Caribbean states and destroying one- presenter identified these natural disaster management, Barbuda. After the introduction, the Carliton Burrell raised the issue of strategies and actions as being facilitator raised the question, how innovation through the use of successful. As businesses and risk management, tourism, law can governments incorporate technology in improving resilience entrepreneurs raised millions to innovation to foster mitigation and in key areas. These include: tourism, combat climate change in every and regulations. One of the strengthen resilience against climate transportation. Recycling and sector. Furthermore, the change? To this the three panellist, energy conservation. In addressing presenter raised the issue that issues raised was the idea of the representing the Caribbean Climate this issue, the CCCIC is working with governments must employ Change Innovation Center (CCIC); the entrepreneurs to contribute to climate smart technology to limit government to ensure World Bank and the National climate resilience. This was evident the effects of climate change. One Environment and Planning Agency in 2014 training programme where recommendation emphasized by infrastructural resilience. Both (NEPA) gave different responses to the CCCIC contributed 80, 000 to the presenter is that states should the question raised. emerging entrepreneurs to support adopt progressive strategies that during and after the event of resilience against climate change. have worked in different states. natural disasters. In addition, governments must be responsible in ensuring that financial resources are allocated effectively. This can be done through budget allocation which will help the government to react to climate issues. The possible strategies focused on the Vision 2030 document. The first panellist, Carliton Burrell, 98 focused on incorporating innovation when dealing with climate change issues in specific areas such as transportation, tourism, recycling and energy conservation; with the use of technology.

Some recommendations include: Strengthening resilience across the creation of effective several sectors will help to conserve regulations regarding proper resources. The need for the building codes, there must be government to become involve greater corporation with the state through financing, access to and non-state actors and that the information and regulations will involvement of technology in improve resilience. Maintaining and climate change surrounds citizens protecting the country’s coastal access to information. The areas are another strategy towards National Environment and climate resilience. Planning Agency’s (NEPA) representative raised the issue of 99 improving coastal areas as a mechanism in building resilience. This is achieved with the employment of a monitoring process island-wide. This is supported through data collection in corporation with varying institutions. The monitoring of beaches around the island is necessary to reduce the trends in beach erosion. These actions tend to improve coastal guidelines policies. Coral bleaching is heavily recommended in building coastal resilience. Even though coral bleaching can induce natural disasters. This can be limited with policies set out to control the bleaching process. Building climate resilience through innovation is integral limiting the effects of climate shocks.

SESSION M: DOCTORAL COLLOQUIUM