CLASS 4 - TERM-1 PRIME YEARS

An ore is a mineral that contains more percentage of metals than non metals. Metals can be extracted from ores. The earliest metal known to man was copper. Iron was discovered much later. If we go by K.M. Munshi’s version of Mahabharata, it was Sri Krishna who extracted iron from iron ore for the first time when he was hiding in the Gomanthaka Hills to avoid Jarasandha. Gomanthak is what is now known as Goa. Iron ore is still extracted from the hills of Goa under the name Gomanthak Mining Company. The plateau region in India is rich in minerals. Metallic ores like iron ore, manganese, bauxite, gold, silver, copper, as well as non- metallic ores like coal, petroleum, graphite, and mica are mined from plateau regions. The process of taking out minerals from the earth is called mining. Iron Ore: Iron ore is present in large quantities in Jharkhand, Chattisgarh, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. Iron is the basic material used for manufacturing machines, and thus, it is a widely used metal. Iron and steel industries are located in Bhilai in Chattisgarh, Durgapur in West Bengal, Bokaro and Jamshedpur in Jharkhand, Visakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, and Salem in Tamil Nadu. Copper: Copper ore is mined mainly in Khetri mines of Rajasthan. Uttarakhand and Jharkhand also have copper mines. Gold: Gold occurs in free form, and not in a combined state. Kolar mines in Karnataka were the only gold mines in India. However, they are completely exhausted now. 201

Aluminum: The ore of aluminum is bauxite. Aluminum finds great use in making airplane parts, utensils and machine tools. Bauxite is mined in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand and Maharashtra. Manganese: It is used in making alloys. Its ore is pyrolusite. It is mined in Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh and Jharkhand. Non-metallic minerals Coal: Coal is known as black gold. It is mainly used in thermal power generators. It is used as fuel also in factories with coal fired furnaces. Coal gas is produced from coal which is used as a domestic fuel. Many other products are also obtained from coal.Coal mines are located in Jharia (Jharkhand) and Raniganj (West Bengal). A different variety of coal named lignite is mined at Neyveli in Tamil Nadu. Coal mines Coal is formed by the carbonisation of dead plants buried under the earth millions of years ago. If the present coal deposits are exhausted, there won’t be any coal on earth for another million years. 202

Petroleum: It is nicknamed as liquid gold because of its huge demand. India has very little oil deposits. Some places where there are oil deposits in India are Jwalamukhi (Rajasthan), Ankleshwar (Gujarat), Krishna- Godavari delta in Andhra Pradesh, and off shore drilling rig called Bombay High.Most of the oil requirement of the country is met by importing petroleum from Gulf countries. Crude oil is refined in refineries at Digboi (Assam), Narora, Mathura, Visakhapatnam, Kochi, etc. Petroleum was formed under the sea bed by decomposition of dead aquatic animals buried under the rocky bed. The process went on for millions of years. The existing petroleum deposits are the only source of this essential energy resource. 203 Petroleum from sea

Mica: It is a chemical compound used in making film rolls. It is mined in Andhra Pradesh, Chotanagpur and Jharkhand. Minerals are non-renewable resources. Once they are exhausted, they cannot be produced again. Therefore, there is a need to use minerals economically. It is high time that we turn to sun and wind for our energy requirements. Biomass (plant waste) can also be used to produce energy. Solar lights, solar heaters, solar battery operated cars, and solar cookers are gradually becoming popular. Wind is also being tapped through wind mills to meet our energy needs. Wind Mills 204

1. Turbine : A device with blades which rotates with the force of water or wind 2. Generator : A device that produces electricity by rotating a coil inside it. 3. Rainwater Harvesting : Collecting and storing rainwater for daily use 4. Recycle : Make waste materials usable again 5. Refine : Separating components present in crude matter. 1. What is the difference between Himalayan rivers and rivers of the plateau region of India? 2. What are multipurpose projects? 3. How can we save water? 4. What is the difference between ores and minerals? 5. What is lignite? 6. What are some non-renewable resources? Give 2 examples 1. Why did Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru say ‘Dams are modern temples of India’? 2. Why are most of our mineral deposits found in the plateau region? 3. Why is there a need to look for alternative sources of energy? 4. Why petroleum is called liquid gold? 205

1. Which of the following is not a mineral? a. Iron ore b. Salt c. Humus d. Lignite 2. Which metal is obtained from bauxite? a. Gold b. Silver c. Aluminium d. Manganese 3. Which dam is built on River Chambal? a. Gandhi Sagarb. Sardar Sarovar c. Rohtak d. Hirakud 4. Which of the following is a renewable resource? a. Coal b. Petroleum c. Rain d. Rivers 5. What is mined in Jharia? a. Iron ore b. Bauxite c. Coal d. Petroleum Identify the partners from both the boxes and put them together: Ankleshwar Mettur Raniganj Digboi Damodar Ore Recycle Ganga Waste Metal Oilfield Coal Dam River Refinery Perennial 206

Contents 1. Microsoft Paint ____________208 2. Importing Images __________211 Class 4 Term 1

Microsoft Paint Curve tool, Polygon tool, magnifier tool 1. Curve tool • Click on the curve tool in the tool box. • Select the thickness from the box that appears • Select the colour • Bring the pointer to the drawing spot on the screen • Press the mouse left button and drag the cursor to make a curved line a shape. 208

• If you want to color it, click the ‘fill the colour’ tool in the tool box, bring the pointer into the curved shape and left click. 2. Polygon tool • Click polygon box, select any polygon and repeat the procedure for polygons. Magnifier • Click on the magnifier tool • Select one figure from the box that appears & choose the magnification measure 209

Bring the pointer to the desired area on the screen and click. Assignment Draw and color the following. 210 1. Which tool helps you to draw curve and wavy lines 2. Which tool helps you to make a drawing look bigger? 3. What is a Polygon Tool?

Importing Images picture file 3. Use left click to select \"copy \" from the list that appears. (OR) 4. Press (Ctrl+c) on the keyboard. 211 We can import images from the web or our computer into our document. To do so: 1. Select either or by clicking on it – A list of images appear. 2. Drag the pointer to the screen & select the place where you want to paste the picture. 3. Click on Edit, A list will appear. Click on ‘Paste’ from the list. 4. Click on the image which you want to choose and click open or drag it to the selected place on the screen. 5. Click outside the image. Copy-Paste 1. Import an image. 2. Select using or

Rotating an image 1. Import the image 2. Go to the tool bar click on image. A list of options appear. 3. Select ‘rotate’ and specify angle. 90/180. (OR) 4. Press the keyboard command (Ctrl+R) 5. Click ‘OK’ on the right top of the screen. Task : Import and Rotate these figure by 90 0 Answer the following questions: 1. Importing means ________ pictures from a website and ________ in your selected area on the screen. 2. For copy paste which button or icon will you click first? 3. What are the steps in copy – paste ?. 3. Select Paste in the list (OR) 4. Press keyboard key (Ctrl+V) (1) (2) 212