CLASS 2 - TERM-1 PRIME YEARS

1. Shrubs : Plant that have branches growing from the base 2. Herbs : Tiny plants that live only for a short time 3. Creepers : A plant that spreads on the ground instead of climbing up. 4. Cactus : A plant in which leaves are like thorns 1. Name the different types of plants. 2. What are climbers? 3. What are creepers? 4. What are cacti? 101 1. What is the difference between a tree and a shrub? 2. What is the difference between grapevine and cucumber? 3. What is the difference between lotus and water hyacinth?

a. Collect a few leaves. Keep them upside down on the table. Keep a paper on each leaf. Rub over the paper with crayons. You will get the impression of the leaf on the paper. Stack them in your note book. b. Keep a paper on the bark of a tree and rub over it with a crayon. Observe the pattern that you get on the paper. Are all tree barks the same? Keep it for making designer cards. 102 Go around the school campus or a garden nearby with your teacher. Observe different types of plants that grow around you. Get a sample leaf from each of the plants and paste it in your note book. Write the name of the plant under each leaf. Keep the book pressed under a heavy weight for a week.

Banyan, Mango, Tulsi, Grass, Neem, Night queen, Lily, Bougainvillea, Coconut, Eucalyptus, Chrysanthemum, Marigold, Oleander, Crotons, Spinach, Cabbage, Tulip, Peepal, Guava. Trees Shrubs Herbs 103 Write names of trees, shrubs, and herbs in the columns below:

Parts of Plants Pull out a small wild plant from your school campus, or from near your house. Study the plant. Root: Root grows under the soil. It fixes the plant in the ground. It also takes up water from the soil and passes it to other parts of a plant. Stem: Stem grows above the soil. It contains leaves, branches, fruits, and flowers. It carries water from the root to other parts of the plant. flower fruit leaf stem roots 104 Parts of Plant

Leaf: You might have observed that leaves of all plants are green in colour. Leaves make food for the plant. Flowers: Flowers are the most beautiful part of the plant. Flowers of different plants are of different colours and shapes. They attract butterflies and honeybees. Honeybees collect nectar from the flowers and store in their hives. Fruits: Flowers change to fruits. Fruits are the edible part of the plant. Fruits are of different colours and shapes. Most of the fruits are edible. Seeds: Fruits contain seeds. Some fruits such as mango and plum have only one seed. Apple, grapes etc. have a few seeds, while papaya, watermelon, guava, etc. have many seeds. New plants grow from seeds. Activity 1: Put some soil in an icecream cup. Put some green gram or kidney bean seeds in the soil and cover it with a thin layer of soil. Water it regularly. In a few days, you will see a baby plant coming out. Activity 2: Collect different types of flowers. Sort them according to the number of petals. Write their names and complete the table. 105

4 petalled 5 petalled 6 petalled poly petalled 106 Single flower Cluster Bunch 1. Wild plant - not grown by us 2. Nectar - a sweet liquid produced by flowers 3. Edible - Suitable for eating 4. Poly petalled - having many petals 5. Cluster - Group Put the flowers together again. Now, group them as single flower, clusters, and bunches. Write down their names and complete the following table.

107 1. Collect different types of seeds from your home or from your school garden. Study their shapes and sizes. Using the seeds, make as many patterns as you can. You can make many more patterns like this. You can make the formation of your name, your school’s name, and many more. 2. Gather the flowers collected in activity 2. Keep the petals in a large book. Cover it and keep a heavy weight on the book. In a week’s time, the petals get pressed. You can use the pressed petals for making greeting cards. 3. Paste a small plant in your note book and label its parts.

1. Name the parts of a plant from bottom to top in order. 2. How does root help the plant? 3. What do leaves do for the plant? 4. How are flowers useful to the plant? What part of the plant are the following: a. Fixes the plant in the soil - _______________ b. Attracts insects - _______________ c. Becomes fruit - _______________ d. These contain seeds - _______________ e. They produce new plants - _______________ f. It prepares food for the plant - _______________ g. Carries water to other parts of the plant - _______________ h. Absorbs water from the soil - _______________ i. The part that grows above the soil - _______________ j. Branches are part of this - _______________ 1. Some fruits contain many seeds. Do all these seeds grow into new plants? 2. Name two flowers that have a pleasant smell. 3. Name two flowers that bloom at night. 108

Uses of Plants Plants are useful to us in many ways. Food: Plants provide us food. Fruits, vegetables, grains like rice, wheat and pulses are obtained from plants. Rice Wheat Potato Tomato Brinjal Corn 109

Beverages: Tea, coffee and cocoa are obtained from plants too. Spices: Spices make our food tasty. Cardamom, clove, cinnamon, pepper, ginger, and garlic are obtained from plants. 110 Oil: Some plants like coconut, sunflowers, castor, mustard, sesame and groundnut give oil. Fibre: Some plants provide us fibre for making clothes. For example, cotton, jute and linen. Perfume: Flowers such as rose, jasmine, and nightqueen are used for making perfumes. Sandalwood is the trunk of a tree is also used in making perfumes. Decoration: Flowers are used for decoration in functions. Flowers are also used for worship. Wood: We get wood from plants for making furniture. Teak, and rosewood are examples of commonly used wood. Plants give us all the things mentioned above. Other than that, plants also help us in many other ways. Coffee Coconut Sunflower Groundnut

And many more..... 1. A large number of plants and trees growing together make a forest. Forests are home to many wild animals 2. Plants & trees provide fresh air, and help in rainfall too. 3. Rubber is a valuable product we get from plants. Rubber trees grow well in hill slopes 4. Plants like eucalyptus, tulsi, and neem etc. have medicinal properties. 111 1. Grains - small, tiny seeds 2. Cocoa - an ingredient of chocolate 3. Spices - fruits, flowers, barks, and seeds with a pleasant smell that are used to add flavor to food. 4. Fibres - Thin, hair like material obtained from plants. They are made into threads, which are then spun into clothes and other things. 5. Pulses - Seeds that are used in curries 1. Name 4 food grains. 2. Name two flowers used for making perfumes. 3. Name 2 oil seeds. 4. Name a plant whose trunk is used in making perfumes. 5. Name a plant whose trunk is used in making furniture.

Name these plants a. Example of a pulse - ________________ b. A plant that gives coir - ________________ c. A tree that provides wood - ________________ d. A plant that provides a vegetable - ________________ e. A plant that gives oil - ________________ 112 Circle the correct answer a. We eat the fruit of this tree a. Neem b. mango c. teak b. This plant gives us food grains a. guava b. mustard c. wheat c. This plant gives us fibres a. rose b. lotus c. cotton d. An example of a tree trunk that is used in making perfumes a. rose b. jasmine c. sandalwood e. A medicinal plant a. mustard b. guava c. tulsi

Animal World Animals are classified on their food habits Animals differ in their eating habits. Depending on their food habits, they are classified into herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Herbivores: Herbivores are animals that eat grass and other plants. Example: Cow, goat, deer, rabbit, giraffe, zebra, elephant, etc. 113 Zebra squirrel Goat Cow Parrot Pigeon Rabbits Elephant Deer Giraffe Monkey

Herbivorous birds like sparrow, pigeon etc. eat grains. Parrot, monkey and squirrel eat fruits and nuts. Carnivores: Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. For example, lion, tiger, wolf, fox etc. eat other animals. While fox and wolf eat dead animals too, lion, tiger, leopard, jaguar etc. eat only the prey they have killed. Animals like vulture and hyena eat the dead animals. They eat the flesh left over by lion and tiger. They don’t kill animals. They are called scavengers of the forests because they clear the forests of dead animals. 114 Fox Cheetah Lion Tiger Wolf

Omnivores: These animals eat both flesh and plant products. Examples of omnivores are cat, dog, bear, crow, hen etc. Insect eating animals: Some animals eat insects. Example: frog and lizard. They stick out their tongue and catch insects. Snakes: Snakes eat frogs, rats, mouse etc. They swallow the animal as a whole. They swallow eggs too. 115 Dog Cat Bear Crow Rat Frog Lizard Snake Hen

116 Food chain The herbivores eat the plants, while the carnivores eat the herbivores. In this manner, a food chain is formed. The food chain helps keep a check on balance in nature. What will happen if there are no carnivores? If it so happens, the population of herbivores will increase, as there will be fewer animals to eat them. As a result, they will eat all the plants and crops, thus leaving little for our consumption.

117 Uses of animals They are called domestic animals. For example, cow, goat, sheep, buffalo, donkey, horse etc. Elephant is a wild animal that can be domesticated. Its tusks are very valuable. They are used to make ivory handicrafts. Domestic animals like donkey, bull and horse help in carrying loads and pulling carts. Cows, buffaloes and goats give milk. Goats, sheep and cow are also eaten by us as meat. Pets: Some animals are kept as playmates. They are called pets. For example rabbit, dog, cat etc. In what way are animals useful to us? Domestic animals: Some animals live with us. They help us in our work.

118 Wallet Bag Hand Bag Sandals Shoes Entertainers: Some animals are used to entertain people and earn money for the owner. Monkey, bear, snake, and mongoose are some examples of such animals. Dead animals: We get many things from dead animals. Skin of animals like crocodile, snake, turtle etc. is used to make things like leather bags, belts, and shoes. Fish not only gives us meat, but also gives us oil and fat. Skin of tiger, deer, and leopard is used to make clothing, while skin of cattle is used for making leather and leather products. Sheep’s fur is used as wool, which is sheared off once in every six months from the sheep’s body. This wool is used to make woolen clothes. We must care for animals. Animals help to make our life comfortable and easy. Killing or torturing animals should not be allowed.

119 1. What are the three classes of animals according to their feeding habits? 2. Why vultures and hyenas are called the scavengers of the forest? 3. What do omnivores eat? 4. How are domestic animals useful to us? 5. How do lions and tigers get their food? 6. How is an elephant useful to us? 1. Scavenger - One who eats the flesh of dead animals. 2. Herbivores - Plant eating animals. 3. Hyena - an animal which has features similar to that of a wolf and a leopard.

Write what we can get from each of these animals: Cow - _______________ Snake - _______________ Tortoise - _______________ Goat - _______________ Hen - _______________ Sheep - _______________ Buffalo - _______________ 120 Circle the correct one : a. A herbivore a. Rabbit b. Rat c. Frog b. An omnivore a. Bear b. Snake c. Hyena c. An animal that kills other animals & eats them a. Vulture b. Lion c. Hyena d. An insect eating animal a. Pigeon b. Parrot c. Lizard e. Rat is a. Herbivore b. Carnivore c. Omnivore f. Dog is a a. Domestic animal b. Wild animal c. Pet animal

Write 2 lines about each of these animals. a. Peacock ____________________________________ ____________________________________ b. Parrot ____________________________________ ____________________________________ c. Snake ____________________________________ ____________________________________ d. Penguin ____________________________________ ____________________________________ e. Elephant ____________________________________ ____________________________________ 121

Homes of Animals We need a house to protect ourselves from heat and cold. Similarly, animals also need shelter to protect themselves. Domestic animals: You must have seen where some animals live. For example, we build a small cage like box for a dog in our house. It is called a kennel. Similarly, hens and cocks are kept in a closed shelter called coop. We build sheds for cows, stables for horses, pens for goats and sheep and sty for pigs. 122 Dog - Kennel Cow - Shed Sheep - Pen Horse - Stable

Wild animals: Lions and tigers live in caves called dens. Wolves and foxes live in gaps between rocks, while most other wild animals take shelter in thick bushes. 123 Rat - Hole Bird - Nest Ant - Ant hill Lion - Cave Some animals build their own homes. For example, birds build nests on trees. Similarly, rabbits make burrows in the ground, rats make holes underground, while ants make ant hills. Rabbit - Burrows

1. Shelter - A place to keep ourselves safe from heat, cold, dust, and rain. 2. Burrows - Holes that extend like a tunnel 3. Ant hills - Ants use mud to build a structure that look like a small hill. They live inside it. 6. Name the shelter of these animals a. Lion _______________ b. Monkey ____________ c. Crow ____________ d. Hen _______________ 124 e. Goat _______________ f. Fish _______________ g. Snake _____________ h. Rat _______________ Monkey on tree Beehive Did you know? Snakes don’t build their homes. Instead, they occupy ant hills. Spiders spin their web and live in it, while honeybees build beehives on trees. Monkeys live on trees. 1. What is shelter? 2. Where do lions and tigers live? 3. Where do monkeys live? 4. What are the things birds use to make their nests? 5. Why do animals need a home?

Contents 1. My Family ...........................126 2. My Neighbourhood and Helpers ........................131 3. States of India.....................135 4. Places of Worship...............140 5. Directions............................144 Class 2 Term 1

My Family Parents and children make a family. Sometimes, grandparents also live with them. In some families, children, parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, and their children, all live together. Such a family is called a joint family. Small Family Joint Family 126

Activity: This is Anita’s diary entry. Read it and write about your own family. I am Anita. I am seven years old. My father is Mr. Suresh Kumar. He is a doctor. My mother is Mrs. Seema. She is a computer professional. I have a brother. He is five years old. His name is Ritesh. My father’s father and mother live with us. My grandmother tells me nice stories. My grandfather helps me with my homework. Now, write an account of your family. ______________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ _____________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 127

Paste your family photograph here. Write one sentence about each member of your family. 128 Write one sentence about your family.

1. Family - Parents and children living together makes a family 2. Family tree - A pictorial way of showing three or four generations of a family, including parents, grandparents, great grandparents, uncles, and aunts 1. What is a family? 2. What role does each family member play in your family? 3. What do you call them? a. My father’s father _____________ b. My mother’s father _____________ c. I am their _____________ d. My father’s brother _____________ e. My mother’s brother _____________ f. Children of my uncle _____________ g. My uncle's sons are my fathers’ _____________ h. My uncle's daughter, is my father’s _____________ 129

Uncle Father's brother husband of my father's sister Complete the relation bubbles Answer the following questions: 1. Do your grandparents live with you? _______________________________________________ 2. Do your father or mother have a brother or sister? What do you call them in your mother tongue? Father’s brother _________________ Father’s sister _________________ Mother’s brother _________________ Mother’s sister _________________ 130

School Airport Bus stand Bank ATM 131 Hospital Railway station Neighbourhood People who live near your house are your neighbours. Buildings, residential complexes, institutions and other offices around your house make a neighbourhood. Usually in the neighbourhood we can see shops, schools, hospitals, bus stand, ATM, banks, post office, Police station and other offices.

The people who live around us, people who help us and the offices and other buildings around together make a neighbourhood. People who help us We need people to help us in our household work. Electrician repairs electric gadgets, plumber help in water supply through pipes, carpenter makes door, windows and furniture, mason builds our houses, garbage picker takes Police Station Hotel Fire station 132

away garbages, sweepers keep the street clean, milkman supplies milk, the vendors and shopkeepers supply fruits, vegetables, and other food items. In addition, we have people at our service. Teacher, Doctors, Nurses, Postman, Bus conductor, Auto Rickshaw drivers, Traffic police man, petrol bunk operator, bankers, air hostess, chef, taxi drivers and such others. Electrician Plumber Chef Doctor Computer professional Garbage picker Carpenter Courier man 133

134 1. What is a neighbourhood? 2. Why do we need people to help us? 3. What are the buildings or institutions we usually find in a neighbourhood? 4. Who are our neighbours? 5. Name some institutions in a neighbourhood? What services do we get from these people? 1. Electrician ______________________ 2. Plumber ______________________ 3. Computer professional ______________________ 4. Doctor ______________________ 5. Garbage picker ______________________ 6. Carpenter ______________________ 7. Chef ______________________ 8. Courier service ______________________

States of India 135 Look at the map of India given You can see parts of different colours in the map. These coloured parts are the states. What is a state? India is a large country, to rule such a vast country it is to be divided into parts and each part is administered separately. At the same time each part called state is answerable to the government at the centre. It is like each member of a family looking after different tasks in the house. In your school there are people looking after different departments. But they are all answerable to the head of the school.

At present there are 29 states in India. Read the names of the states from the map. Write them in alphabetical order. What is the name of your state? Locate it in the map. Jammu and Kashmir is at the northern most part of India. Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie to the south. Gujarat, Rajasthan and Punjab are in the West, there are seven states lying close to each other on the east. They are called seven sisters. Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharashtra and Telangana lie in the central part. Each state differs in language, food habits and dressing style. In Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Bihar and Jharkhand, Hindi is spoken widely. In Tamil Nadu, the language is Tamil while in the nearby Andhra Pradesh they speak Telugu. In Maharastra the language is Marathi while the neighbouring state Gujarat has Gujarati as their language. Dressing style In Kashmir people wear long flowing dress that covers the whole body. This helps to protect their body from extreme cold. On the other hand, in Kerala, the southern most state, people wear light cotton clothes. They prefer white. Mostly men and women wear Dhoti. In West Bengal, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka women wear a 5-metre long cloth called ‘Saree’. But the style of wearing the same saree is different. People of Rajasthan wear Lehanga-Choli with a cloth to cover their head. The pattern of dresses vary because of the difference in climate. However national dress of India is saree for women and shirt and trousers for men. Food habits too differ from state to state. People of Northern India and central India prefer wheat while south Indians are rice eaters. 136

Various dressing styles in different states Can you identify to which state do these people belong? West Bengal Nagaland Tamilnadu Maharashtra Kashmir Assam Rajasthan 137

138 1. Why is India divided into states? 2. How many states are there in India? 3. Name two states which speak the same language? 4. Why is the dressing style different in different states? Look at the map of India given and answer the following. 1. Which is the smallest state? 2. Which is the largest state? 3. Name the states which are together called 7-states. 4. Which is the northern most state? 5. Name the two southern most states.

139 1. Write the names of the states in the north _______________ _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 2. Write names of the states in the west _______________ _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 3. Write the names of states in the south _______________ _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 4. Write the names of the states in the east _______________ _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 5. Write the names of the states in Central India _______________ _____________ ________________ _______________ _____________ ________________ 6. What is the name of your state? _________________________________________________ 7. Who is the Chief Minister of your state? _________________________________________________ 8. What is the language of your state? _________________________________________________ 9. Which is the largest state of India? (Look at the map and say) _________________________________________________ 10. Which is the smallest state of India?(Look at the map and find out) _________________________________________________

Places of Worship Identify the places of worship 140 Temple Church Gurudwara Mosque

In India people follow different religions. What is religion? Worshipping god in a given form and the rituals and customs associated with the worship is called religion. Hindus worship many gods and goddess, Christians worship lord Jesus, Muslims call god as Allah, the Sikhs worship Guru Nanak as their god and the buddhists worship Sri Buddha. Hindus pray in the Temple, Christians offer prayer in the Church where as muslims go to Mosques for worship. Sikh’s place of worship is Gurudwara, while a Buddhists place of worship is a Vihara. Mode of worship also differ from religion to religion. Hindus prostrate before the deity while muslims and Christians kneal down while praying. In whichever form we worship and whichever the mode of worship be, all reach the same supreme being – the almighty God. All religions teach the same thing – be good to others, be patient, believe in peace, help the poor and the needy, not to be greedy and such other things. It is ignorance to fight over religion. The holy book of the Hindus is Bhagavat Gita. The holy book of the Muslims is Quran and that of Christians is the Bible. The Sikh’s holy book is Guru Granth Sahib. 1. Religion - belief and practices related to belief in a particular form of god. 2. Rituals - religious practice like arthi, fasting offer Prasad etc. 3. Mode - way of doing things. 4. Prostrate - fall down with whole body touching the ground. 5. Deity - idol in the temple 6. Ignorance - Lack of knowledge 141

Kashi Viswanth Temple - U.P. Tirupathi Balaji Temple - A.P Brihadisvara Temple Tamil Nadu Puri Jagannath Temple - Odisha Juma Masjid - Delhi Jama Masjid - Hyderabad Golden Temple Amritsar, Punjab Mahabodhi Temple, Bodhgaya, Bihar 142 Read the states to which the following famous places of worship belong.

143 Name these : 1. Place of worship for Hindus. 2. Place of worship for Christians. 3. Place of worship for Muslims. 4. Place of worship for Sikhs. 5. Place of worship for Buddhists. Put the jumbled words correctly to get the place of worship. 1. R H C H U C - 2. E L P M T E - 3. A H V I R A - 4. M E Q U S O - What are these ? 1. Bhagavat Gita - 2. Holy Quran - 3. The Bible - 4. Guru Granth Sahib - There are some famous places of worship given in the book. Are there any such places in your state? If so write their names.

North East South East North West South West 144 Directions What are directions? When we travel by auto rickshaw or taxi, we tell the drivers to go straight, or turn left or turn right etc. What we are doing is to give him the direction in which he has to go. There are four cardinal directions. They are East, West, North and South. The direction in which sun rises is taken as East and where it sets is the West. East and West are therefore opposite to each other. The other two are North and South. They are also opposite to each other. In between the 4 directions there are 4 more directions. They are North East, North West, South East and South West.

Activity 1: Stand facing the rising Sun. It is the east direction. Your back is facing the west. Your left hand is pointing to the north, and right hand is pointing to the south. Between these directions are 4 other directions namely: North East – between and N E North west – between and N W South East – between and S E South West – between and S W Activity 2: Look around your school Identify one thing in each of the 8 directions. E ___________ NE ___________ W __________ NW ___________ N___________ SE ___________ S_____________ SW___________ While locating places on a map, identifying directions is different. Top of a map is North, while bottom of the map is South. Left of the map is the West direction, while right of the map is the East direction. 145

146 Answer the following questions by looking at the map of India. Kashmir is in the _______________________ Kerala is in the _______________________ Rajasthan is in the _______________________ Arunachal Pradesh is in the _______________________

Gandhi Nagar Airport Netaji Township Balaji Temple Business school Nehru park Railway Station Secretariat Bus Stand 147 N S W E Activity 3 : Study the local map of a city and identify one thing in each of the directions. What is in each of the following directions of the secretariat? E ________________ W ________________ S ________________ N ________________ NE ________________ SE ________________ NW ________________ SW ________________

148 1. In the given sketch, mark the directions. 2. What are the 4 main directions? 3. Write one building to the a. North of your house. b. South of your house. c. East of your house. d. West of your house. N

Contents 1. Indoor Games.........................150 2. Longest - Tallest - Smallest ..................................153 3. Interesting facts about our Country .............................157 Class 2 Term 1

Indoor Games There are games played in the ground and games played indoors. Let's know about a few indoor games. Carroms: It can be played in pairs or groups. There are white and black coins. Each team chooses coins of one colour. There is a red coin too which is of more points. Each team tries to push their coins into the pocket of the carrom board using a striker. 150 Chess : It is a very ancient game. In olden days kings used to play this game. Actually it is mock war between two kings. The chess board has 64 squares – half white and half black. There are toy elephants, horses and soldiers with each player. Now these are replaced by new images. But the rules of the game are still the same. Do you know? India's Viswanathan Anand is the International Chess Champion. Another outstanding player is Koneru Hampy. Chess