HINDI - FL - CLASS 7 - TS

Practice: 1. Find the angle of rotation for these figures 2. How many times do these figures have to be rotated to get to their original orientation? Rotate the cutouts and find out. A A B C B C D A B C D F E Patterns 1. What will be the next two positions? Draw in the box. a. b. c. d. 101

2. Study the shapes and the numbers given. What is the relation between the numbers in the square and circles on either side of it? 7 24 6 5 84 60 4 40 3 112 48 8 Magic Squares 4 X 4 Square How will you construct it? Use numbers 1 to 16. 1. Write it in a grid. 2. Reverse the numbers along the diagonals. You get a magic square with magic sum 34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 16 2 3 13 5 11 10 8 9 7 6 12 4 14 15 1 102

Practice : Make a 6 X 6 magic square with numbers starting from 1 to 36. Find the magic sum. Patterns with shapes 1. With a square cutout make the following pattern colour it using different colours. Hint: Turn the cutouts through 45 each o time. 103

2. Make the pattern with equilateral triangle cutout. Patterns with digit sum of the multiplication table. Multiplication table 2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 Digit sum 2 4 6 8 1 3 5 7 9 2 4 6 Draw a circle. Mark the numbers at equal distance, from 1 to 9 on the circle. Join the digit sums You get a beautiful pattern. 9 4 6 7 2 8 1 3 5 Complete the patterns colour them 104

Complete the number pattern Block designs Making designs with blocks 1. Think of 2 more designs with the same block. 2. Make designs with these blocks 3. Make these designs by cutting stencils in the paper. 1. 2. a. b. 105 1 2 3 4 5 3 5 7 9

Four operations BODMAS RULE Bracket off Division, Multiplication, Addition and Subtraction Rule 1: In problems involving multiplication and addition or multiplication and subtraction, First multiplication is performed. Example: 2 x 3 + 4 = 6 + 4 = 10 3 x 5 – 4 = 15 – 4 = 11 Rule 2: If addition or subtraction are bracketed, the operation in the bracket is done first. Example: 2 x (3 + 4) = 2 x 7 = 14 3 x (5 – 4) = 3 x 1 = 3 Rule 3: In the case of addition, subtraction and multiplication combined, the operations should be done in this order: Multiplication, addition and then subtraction. 106

Example: a. 3 x 4 + 5 – 2 = 12 + 5 -2 = 17 - 2 = 15. b. 4 x 5 + 2 – 8 = 20 + 2 - 8 = 14 Simplify using BODMAS Rule a. 8 x 5 + 4 b. 8 x 5 + 4 x 3 c. 8 x (5 + 4) d. 8 x (5 + 4) x 3 e. 8 x (5 + 4 x 3) f. 3 x 7 + 4 – 2 g. 3 x 6 + 5 – 6 h. 4 x 3 + (5 – 3) i. 4 x (3 + 5 – 3) j. 5 x 2 + [ 2 x 3 – 2 ] Rule 4: In the case of operations involving division, addition and subtraction, first division should be performed unless these is a bracket. Example: 1. 8 + 15 3 – 2 = 8 + 5 – 2 = 11 Independent 107

2. (8 + 15) 3 – 2 = - 2 3. 8 + (15 3 – 2) = 8 + (5 - 2) = 11 4. (8 + 15) (3 – 2) = 23 1 = 23 a. 3 + 24 8 – 2 b. (3 + 24) 8 - 2 c. (3 + 24) (8 – 2) d. 3 + 24 (8 – 2) e. 12 – 35 5 + 8 f. (12 – 35) 5 + 8 g. 12 – 35 (5 + 8) h. 24 + 16 4 - 2 i. (24 + 16) 4 - 2 j. 24 + (16 4 – 2) k. 24 + 16 (4 – 2) l. 24 + [16 4 – 2] 23 3 Independent 108

Ru le 5: In the case of operations involving multiplication division, addition and subtraction. First is division which is followed by multiplication, then addition and subtraction unless there are brackets. Example: 1. 12 3 x 2 + 4 = 4 x 2 + 4 = 8 + 4 = 12 2. 12 (3 x 2) + 4 = 12 6 + 4 = 2 +4 = 6 3. 12 3 x (2 + 4) = 12 3 x 6 = 4 x 6 = 24 Independent a. 18 3 x 6 + 4 b. 25 5 x 3 – 5 c. 24 (4 x 2) + 8 d. 8 + 2 x 10 5 e. 32 (4 x 2) + 5 f. 28 (7 x 2 – 7) g. 40 8 x (5 – 3) h. 75 5 + 4 x 5 109

Simplify using BODMAS RULE a. 12 x 3 + 3 – 2 b. 25 + 3 x 3 – 2 c. 15 3 x 3 + 4 d. 24 6 + 3 x 2 e. 18 + 4 2 x 4 f. 18 +4 (2 x 4) g. (18 + 4) (2 x 4) h. 28 7 x 4 – 2 i. 28 + 5 x (15 3) – 5 j. (32 + 4) 3 + 5 k. (32 + 4) (3 + 5) l. 35 5 x 7 + 2 m. (100 x 6) 3 x 5 -10 110 Question box Answers: a. 37 b. 32 c. 19 d. 10 e. 26 f. 18 g. 2 h. 14 i. 48 j. 17 k. l. 51 m. 990 9 2 3 4 1 2

Contents 1. Human Body - Skeletal System .................................... 112 2. Nervous System...................... 118 3. Food and Nutrition ...................125 4. Natural Calamities and dealing with emergencies .......134 Class 5 Term 1

Human Body Skeletal system Skeleton is the frame work of bones in the body. There are 206 bones in the human body. They are of different shapes and lengths. Thigh bone is the longest bone in our body. Our skeletal system has the following functions: 1. It gives shape to the body 2. It protects the internal organs 3. It helps in the movement of body parts Parts of the skeletal system Skull, vertebral column, rib cage and limbs form our skeletal system. Skull: It protects the brain. There are 22 small bones in the skull. All the bones of the skull are fixed, except the bone in the lower jaw, which enables us to open and close our mouth. Vertebral column: It is also called the backbone. It is made up of 33 small bones called vertebrae. The vertebrae are connected in a chain like fashion. The spinal cord is situated within the backbone. Vertebral Column 112

Rib cage: It protects the heart and lungs. There are 12 pairs of ring shaped bones in the rib cage. They join the vertebral column and the chest bone called sternum. The last two pairs are not connected to the chest bone. They are connected to the previous pair of bones. Hence, these two pairs are called floating bones. Limbs: Human beings have two forelimbs and two hind limbs. The upper limbs are used for doing work, while the lower limbs are used for walking. Skeletal system cranium mandible rig cage radius pelvis femur fibula vertebrae humerus coccyx patella tibia scapula sternum ulna 113

Muscles Bones are attached to muscles. Muscles are formed by soft, elastic tissues. Bones are joined to muscles through a strong fibrous matter called tendons. There are three types of muscles in our body: 1. Voluntary muscles: They work according to our orders. E.g. Muscles in the our hands and legs. 2. Involuntary muscles: These are muscles that move without our knowledge or control. Example: muscles of the stomach and intestine. 3. Cardiac muscles: These are special type of involuntary muscles that work throughout our lifespan without stopping. Example is muscles of the heart. Cardiac arrest means the cardiac muscles have stopped functioning. It means the person is dead. Bones cannot function if they are single, rigid units. Therefore, pieces of bones are connected together. These joints allow the bones to be flexible. It is this flexibility which allows us to perform various movements such as bending, stretching, rotating etc. Muscles 114

Demonstrate each of these joints in front of the class, as the teacher illustrates them. 1. Ball and socket joint: This is found in the shoulder and hip. This joint enables rotation of hands and legs. 2. Hinge Joint: This is found in the elbow and knee, as well as fingers. It allows movement in only one direction, just like the hinges of a door. You cannot bend the knee up or bend the elbow back. Same is the case with your fingers. 3. Pivot Joint: It is found in the neck, where the skull rests. It enables the head to turn left and right, but not backwards. Bones of the shoulder Anatomy of the human knee joint Anatomy of the elbow 115

4. Gliding Joint: This enables rotation of body parts such as wrist and ankle. It is also found between the vertebrae. This allows the backbone to be flexible for bending and straightening. 1. Voluntary – performing tasks according to one’s will 2. Involuntary – performing tasks without one’s order. 3. Skeleton – framework of bones. 4. Vertebral column – backbone . 1. What are the functions of the skeletal system? 2. What are floating ribs? 3. What are muscles? 4. What are tendons? 5. What are joints? 116 Make a human figure with soft, flexible dough. See what happens after some time. You will notice that the dough flattens, thus spoiling the shape of the figure. Make the figure again. However, this time, insert small twigs or broomsticks from head to toe and also across the shoulders. Now, you will notice that the dough does not wobble. This is how the skeletal system maintains the shape of the body.

Where do you find them? a. Cardiac muscle : ______________________ b. Gliding joint : ______________________ c. Pivot joint : ______________________ d. Involuntary muscle : ______________________ 1. Which joint resembles fig. 1 ? 2. Which joint resembles fig. 2 ? 3. Which joint resembles fig. 3 ? You will find all the joints that you learned in this chapter in a bicycle. Look for them. Identify the parts and draw them. fig. 1 fig. 2 fig. 3 117

Nervous System Brain, spinal cord and nerves constitute our Nervous system Functions l It controls all thought process in human beings. l It controls the sense organs. l It controls the working of other organs. Brain: It is a vital part of our body. Brain functions like the managing director of a company. Our brain is situated inside the top part of the skull called cranium. Our brain has three parts, each performing specific functions. 118 right lobe cerebrum left lobe Nervous system 1. Compare our brain with a computer’s brain, that is, the CPU. Write in two columns what is common between them. Write in a separate table what are the differences between the two. 2. Compare the brain with the administrative office in your school. Write the similarities and differences. Do these activities after watching the presentation on brain.

1. Cerebrum: It is the larger part of the brain. The front part of cerebrum has 2 lobes. The right lobe controls the left side of the body, while the left lobe controls the right side of the body. Memory, intelligence and linguistic skills are controlled by the right lobe, while creativity and lateral thinking are controlled by the left lobe. Unlike cells of other body parts, brain cells once damaged cannot be repaired. 2. Cerebellum: It helps to balance the body. It also controls our emotions and feelings. You might have seen a drunkard staggering, and his speech unclear. He also forgets his tensions and worries temporarily when he is under the influence of drinks. It is because the drink affects the functioning of the cerebellum. Cerebrum 119 Cerebellum Medulla Oblongata

3. Medulla oblongata: It is actually a continuation of our spinal cord. It is the part where it merges with the brain. It controls the functioning of our heart and lungs. A hard blow to the medulla can lead to instantaneous death. Spinal cord: Spinal cord is situated in the vertebral column. It receives messages from nerve cells through sensory nerves and passes them to the brain. It passes the orders of the brain to the respective parts of the body through motor nerves. Reflex action: It is the instantaneous response of the body to a stimulus. Sometimes, the spinal cord has to take a decision immediately instead of sending messages from nerves to the brain. Such actions initiated by the order of the spinal cord are called reflex actions. For example: Suppose you touch the flame of a candle. The flame is hot and it could be harmful to you. The sensory nerves carry this message to the spinal cord. The spinal cord immediately gives orders to muscles to withdraw the hand. Thus, you retract your fingers immediately. boy with a candle 120 sensory nerve shoulder neck motor nerve spinal cord

Discuss in groups and infer the reason. 1. When someone raises a hand to slap you, you blink without even knowing it. Why? 2. When you are hungry, the aroma of food makes your mouth water. Why? 3. Small babies wet their bed in sleep, but grownups don’t. Why? 4. A drunkard cannot walk steadily, and he stammers while talking. Why? 5. Even when we are sleeping or unconscious, our breathing and heartbeat go on steadily. Why? 6. Take 2 identical opaque boxes. Fill one of them with pebbles or anything heavy and close the box. Keep the other one empty, but closed. Keep both the boxes on the table. Ask your partner to lift both the boxes with two hands. You will notice that the lighter one gets lifted, but the heavier one remains where it was. Why does it happen? What is the brain’s role in this? Repeat the activity, keeping both the boxes open. What happens now? How will you explain it? 121

For example: Blind people can recognize people by touch and their voice. They also identify people and objects by smell. 122 Sense organs Functions of our sense organs are controlled by the brain. Functioning of the brain is also affected by these sense organs. If one of the organs is not functioning, the other organs become more alert and efficient. Ask your partner to close his/her eyes, or blindfold him. Prick his fingertips with two match sticks. Prick his/her arm or back of the palm with two match sticks. Your partner will say that his finger tips were pricked by two sticks, while the other parts were pricked by one. Why does he/she feel so? Ask him to do the same with you. Do you also feel the same way?

1. Cranium - Top part of the skull that covers the brain. 2. Sensory nerves - Nerves that carry messages to the brain. 3. Motor nerves - Nerves that carry orders of the brain to other parts of the body . 4. Stimulus - something that provokes you to do a specific task - External interference. 1. What constitutes the nervous system? 2. What are the parts of the brain? Explain the functions of each briefly. 3. What is the function of the spinal cord? 4. What are motor and sensory nerves? 5. Explain reflex action. 1. Classify the following actions as voluntary or involuntary. Write in two columns. Reading, watching TV, breathing, eating, beating of the heart, excretion, thinking, feeling of pain, writing, taking decision, digestion of food. 2. Lable the parts of the brain 123

Study the web chart and describe in about 10 lines how brain functions in co-ordination with other organs and what is reflex action. Brain Spinal cord Sense organs Sensation Sense organs Motor nerves Motor nerves Sensory nerves • Do all the activities mentioned in the chapter. • Write down your findings on each. Sensory nerves reflex action 124

Food and Nutrition Nutrition: Intake and utilization of nutrients is called nutrition. Food provides nutrients to the body. Nutrition can be classified into 4 categories: 1. Autotrophic nutrition: Self synthesis of food is called Autotrophic Nutrition . For example: plants make their own food. Thus, they get autotrophic nutrition. 2. Heterotrophic nutrition: When nutrition is obtained by intake of plant or animal products, it called Heterotrophic Nutrition . 125

3. Saprophytic nutrition: Getting nutrients from decayed animals and dead organisms is called Saprophytic Nutrition. Example: fungus and some bacteria. 4. Parasitic nutrition: Getting nutrients from food synthesized by plants by attaching themselves to a plant is called Parasitic Nutrition. Example: Orchids, Cuscutta etc. Round worms in human body are also parasites. The process of nutrition can be sequenced as follows: Ingestion digestion absorption assimilation Excretion egestion Ingestion - intake of food. Digestion - breaking down food into simple compounds. Absorption - digested food taken up by blood. Excretion - waste given out after absorption of food in the body. Orchids Parasitic nutrition Heterotrophic nutrition 126

Assimilation - food nutrients getting oxidized, thus releasing energy. This occurs in the tissues. Proteins and vitamins help the body grow by multiplying the cells. Egestion - the waste product obtained on oxidation of food (glucose) is given out. The wastes are mostly carbon dioxide and water vapor. They are carried by blood to the lungs. Components of food Carbohydrates: These are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They include all types of sugars, starch and cellulose. Human digestive system cannot digest cellulose. It is called roughage and is excreted. But herbivorous animals can digest cellulose. Some examples of food rich in carbohydrates are cereals, millets, milk, sugar, potato, and roots like carrot, radish, sweet potato and honey. They are energy giving foods. Fats: Fats are also energy giving food. In fact, they give more energy than carbohydrates. However, the human body cannot use all the energy given by fats in a single go. Thus, fat gets stored as fatty acids in our tissues and also under the skin for later use. That is why, people Rice Milk Carrot and radish Honey 127

become obese when they eat a lot of fatty food such as butter, cheese, ghee, ice-cream, vegetable oil, and milk. Proteins: These are the building blocks of the body. They help is repairing worn out tissues and grow more cells in the body. For muscle building, more protein is required. That is why sportsmen are advised to take more protein rich food in their diet. Pulses, milk and milk products, meat, fish, egg, soyabean etc., are rich in proteins. Growing children need more proteins in their diet. Vitamins: Vitamins help to keep the body healthy and free of diseases by building up the immune system. Egg, milk, fruits and vegetables are some sources of vitamins. Minerals: Calcium and phosphorous strengthen our bones. Sodium and potassium help to reduce acidity, while iron is a constituent of our blood. These are some important minerals required by our body in moderate amounts. Lack of iron in our body reduces hemoglobin in blood, which leads to anemia. Lack of Iodine in the body leads to a disease of the thyroid gland which is known as goiter. 128

Sea water contains iodides. When salt is prepared from sea water, it will have traces of iodide in it. This supplements the iodine deficiency. You might have read on the packaged salt labels \"iodized salt\". Water : Water is an essential ingredient of food. Doctors advice that we should drink minimum 1 ½ litres of water a day. It helps digestion and excretion easy and also helps to keep body temperature normal. Roughage : Roughage mainly consists of undigestible fibres – mostly cellulose. It helps digestion and excretion. Raw vegetables, corn, whole grains etc are rich in fibres. Balanced diet : It is a diet that contains required amount of all components of food. Ideal food : Cow’s milk is an ideal food because it provides all the nutrients for the body. • Ancient Aryans had certain norms about food. The priests and scholars did not usually do any manual work. So they were advised to take milk, fruits and cereals only. • The kings, soldiers and warriors needed to build a strong body. So they were advised to take protein rich food like meat, pulses eggs and the like • Interestingly the stories say that the Rishis and Saints survived only on milk and fruits. 129

Put up a play in the class. Each food component boasting about its merits and trying to project itself as the most important component. A heated argument takes place among the components. In the end milk arrives as a mediator and makes them understand that all are equally important. Deficiency diseases Deficiency of any one of the components or excess of any one of the components may lead to diseases. These are called nutritional disorders. 3. Anaemia : It is due to lack of iron. Skin becomes pale. Person suffers from fatigue and weakness. Egg, leafy vegetables, spinach and cereals help to improve the health. 130 1. kwashiorkor: It is commonly found among babies who are denied mother’s milk. It is due to the lack of proteins. Abdomen swells and limbs become thin. 2. Marasmus : This is mainly due to starvatrion. Children in famine – affected places suffer from this disease. It is due to lack of carbohydrates and proteins. The child will be too weak to move around and body will be skinny, showing the folds of the neck bone and rib cage. These children require full meal compressing of carbohydrates and proteins thrice a day.

4. Night blindness : The person cannot see in the dim light especially in the night. It is due to lack of vitamin A. Lots of carrot, spinach and green leafy vegetables should be included in the diet. In olden days people used to perform Suryanamaskar in the morning. It exposed the body to sunlight and also provided physical exercise. 5. Beri – Beri : Skin becomes dry, cracks are formed on the lips and in the long run affects nervous system and muscles. Usually found among the sailors. Food should be rich in milk, egg, meat, green leafy vegetables and brown rice. 6. Scurvy : Caused by the deficiency of Vitamin C. Bleeding gums and swelling of gums are the symptoms. Citrus fruits like lemon, oranges, sweet lime are good remedy for this disease. 7. Rickets : Caused by the deficiency of Vitamin D. Vitamin D is synthesized in our body by absorbing sunlight. Exposing to sun daily for half an hour in the morning helps to rebuild Vitamin D. Rickets results in bending of leg bones and also bending of the backbone. Sprouted grams, milk, fish and egg contains Vitamin D. Leafy vegetables 131

1. Parasites -Ex ploiting others for fulfilling ones needs. 2. Cereals - Food grains such as rice, wheat, barley etc. 3. Cellulose - A compound formed by joining a number of glucose molecules. Leaves and stems of plants are made of cellulose. 4. Iodized salt - Salt that contain permissible quantity of iodine. 1. What is nutrition ? 2. What are the different types of nutrition ? 3. What are the different stages of nutrition ? 4. What is roughage ? 5. Why is Cow’s milk called ideal food ? Read the extract on deficiency diseases and answer these questions: 1. Identify the disease ? a. Bleeding of gums b. Bending of leg bones c. Bulging belly and thin limbs d. Pale skin and fatigue e. Swelling in the neck 2. Identify the Vitamin a. Synthesized in the body b. Present in the citrus fruits c. Present in carrot and green leafy vegetables 3. What are the symptoms and remedy for the following diseases? a. Marasmus b. Kwashiorkor 132

• Do the given activity • Prepare a table of contents for the food you eat in a day – breakfast, lunch and dinner and snacks, if any. Analyse the food. a. Which component is more in the food? b. Which nutrient is lacking? c. How will you change the meals so that you get all nutrients in the right amount ? Write a short essay on ‘you are what you eat’ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Meal food items nutrients present nutrients lacking changes needed Breakfast Lunch Snacks Dinner 133

Natural calamities and dealing with emergencies Natural calamities are beyond human control. After every calamity, people suffer from starvation, lack of sanitation and unfavourable weather, which collectively lead to epidemics and nutritional diseases. Government sets up emergency protection squad and medical rehabilitation groups during any calamity. But there are implementation problems, and many people are left to fend for themselves. Let’s see how people suffer during calamities and what can be done to restore things to normalcy. 1. Earthquake The Earth’s crust has layers of rocks stacked one above the other. Sometimes, due to pressure from rocks lying underneath, one layer may push the rocks next to it, so that both the layers will rise up, causing a projection and crack on the Earth’s surface. At other times, one plate (rock) may slide over the other. This also causes shaking of the Earth. Tsunami 134

Effect of an earthquake: Many people lose their lives during a high intensity earthquake. An earthquake may be accompanied by landslides and floods too. Under sea earthquakes result in tidal waves Epidemic may breakout due to contaminated water and food. Nutritional diseases may also occur due to starvation. Tsunami results from underwater earthquakes. Coastal villages are flooded during a tsunami and there is loss of life and property. 2. Cyclones Cyclones are a regular phenomenon in the Bay of Bengal. Cyclones cause floods, and uproot electric poles, causing breakdown of communication systems. People in cyclone affected areas are cut off from the rest of the world. There is loss of life and property. Water gets contaminated too, because of dead bodies and decayed plants floating in it. Cholera, jaundice and other water borne diseases play havoc with the health of the people in affected areas. 135

3. Floods Every year, during rainy seasons, rivers get flooded. Floods result in starvation, as the crops are destroyed. 4. Drought In regions of scanty rainfall, people are affected by drought. This results in acute shortage of water, as well as lack of harvest. Drought like conditions result in starvation and dehydration. How do we deal with diseases resulting from these calamities? Government often sets up temporary medical camps in the affected areas, and doctors attend to the patients day and night. Many volunteers and NGOs also take initiatives to render help in providing food and medicines in the affected areas. Dehydration Lack of timely food and water can lead to dehydration. Dehydration is the state of body getting dried due to lack of water. An immediate measure to tackle dehydration is to inject water in the body intravenously. The fluid so injected is commonly called saline. It contains glucose and salt in water. Dehydration also occurs due to continuous vomiting and diarrhoea. It is common among children. To prevent severe dehydration, there are easy remedies. ORS: It is Oral Rehydration Solution. It is a powder which can be dissolved in water and taken orally. 136

ORS packets are easily available in medical shops. When medical camps are set up in disaster hit areas, ORS is the first thing distributed to people. ORS packets contain the instructions for using it. Electral is also a rejuvenating drink. Like ORS, electral can also be mixed with water and given to patients. In summers, children and adults can have electral solution instead of just water. This helps them to tackle the extreme heat. How do we deal with water contamination during disasters? a. Purified water can be bottled and distributed among the affected people. They should be counselled about the dangers of consuming contaminated water. b. Sewage repair must be undertaken without waste of time. Carcasses should be buried and the flooded areas must be cleared of decayed wastes and garbage. c. Water in wells, borewells and even taps should not be consumed till the tests show that the water is fit for use. d. Sanitation should be maintained in rehabilitation centres. Food and water supplied must be clean. In case of epidemic, the patients should be isolated and kept in a healthy and clean environment. Timely care and attention should be given to patients. 137

1. Epidemics - sudden outbreak of communicable disease s 2. Dehydration - Lack of water in the body 3. Rehydration - Replenishing the body with water 1. What are the common steps taken by government to tackle calamities? 2. What are the after effects of earthquake? 3. List the remedial measures one should take to deal with diseases breaking out after natural calamities? 4. What is dehydration? What are the remedies for dehydration? 1. Collect newspaper reports of the recent cyclone (in October 2013) in the Bay of Bengal hitting the Odisha Coast. 2. Collect newspaper reports of the landslide and flood resulting in death of hundreds of pilgrims in Rishikesh (2013). Make a collage and display in the class. 138

Contents 1. Globe and maps .....................140 2. Weather and climate ...............150 3. Tropical and temperate Zones ......................................157 4. Equatorial region .....................164 5. Hot deserts..............................170 6. Land of ice ..............................178 7. Frigid zone and tundras...........185 8. Important monarchs of India ...193 Class 5 Term 1

Globe and Maps Globe is a model of the Earth. You might have seen a globe in your school. Look at the globe on your teacher’s table. Why do you think it is tilted? What are the vertical and horizontal lines on the globe called? The titled axis of the globe represents the imaginary axis of the Earth which is inclined at 23 1/2 to the vertical. The horizontal lines 0 on the globe are called latitudes, while the vertical lines are called longitudes. Latitudes: Latitudes are imaginary circles drawn parallel to each other. Hence, they are also called parallels of latitude. Equator is the longest latitude. it is marked by 0 . It 0 divides the earth into two hemispheres - the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere. 23 ½ N latitude is 0 called the Tropic of Cancer, while 23 ½ S 0 latitude is called the Tropic of Capricorn. Globe Latitudes 140