Childrens Illustrated Dictionary

Word building visible into invisible. Suffixes, such as a -ful, -ism, or -ment, are joined to the end of The charts on this page show how you can a word. They are often used to change a word b take one word and build a new one from it by from one part of speech to another. For c adding a group of letters called a prefix or example, adding the suffix -er turns the verb a suffix. Prefixes, such as dis-, un-, or mis-, teach into the noun teacher. These charts d are joined to the front of a word. They are show some common prefixes and suffixes. e often used to change a word to its opposite. For example, adding the prefix in- turns f g Prefixes h Prefix Meaning Example Prefix Meaning Example i j anti- against antiseptic non- makes the opposite nonfiction dis- makes the opposite disagree post- after postwar k ex- out of, or from export pre- before prehistoric l ex- former exwife re- again replace m in- makes the opposite independent sub- under submarine n inter- between international super- above, or more than superhuman o mis- makes the opposite misfortune trans- across transplant p multi- many multicolored un- makes the opposite unpleasant q Suffixes r s Suffixes that make nouns Suffixes that make adjectives Suffix Meaning t Example Suffix Meaning Example u v -age a result wreckage -able able to be inflatable w -ance an action or state importance -en made of woolen x -ant a person assistant -ful full of beautiful y -ee a person referee -ible ability flexible z -ence an action or state difference -ish a little greenish -er/-or a person teacher -less without careless -ery a type or place of work bakery -like similar to, like lifelike -ess makes a feminine form waitress -ous full of joyous -ful as much as will fill spoonful -some a tendency to quarrelsome -ing an action or result painting -ion a process, state, or result decoration Suffixes that make adverbs quickly -ism a belief or condition Judaism forward -ist a person florist -ly in a manner sideways -ment an action or state measurement -ward shows direction -ness a quality or state happiness -ways shows direction 249

A Facts and figures B C Imperial measures Temperatures D Metric measures E Length Length Degrees Centigrade / Celsius 10 millimeters = 1 centimeter 12 inches = 1 foot Boiling point of water 100ºC F 100 centimeters = 1 meter 3 feet = 1 yard 1,000 meters = 1 kilometer 1,760 yards = 1 mile Freezing point of water 0ºC G Area Area Normal body temperature 37ºC H 10,000 square centimeters = 144 square inches = 1 square foot Degrees Fahrenheit 212ºF 1 square meter 9 square feet = 1 square yard 32ºF 4,840 square yards = 1 acre Boiling point of water 98.6ºF I 1,000,000 square meters = 640 acres = 1 square mile Freezing point of water 1 square kilometer Normal body temperature Weight J Weight To convert Centigrade to Fahrenheit: K 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram 16 ounces = 1 pound multiply by 9, divide by 5, and add 32. 2,000 pounds = 1 short ton (e.g.: 20ºC x 9 = 180; 1,000 kilograms = 1 metric ton 180 ÷ 5 = 36; 36 + 32 = 68ºF) Volume L Volume To convert Fahrenheit to Centigrade: 10 milliliters = 1 centiliter 8 fluid ounces = 1 cup subtract 32, multiply by 5, and 2 cups = 1 pint divide by 9. M 10 centiliters = 1 deciliter 2 pints = 1 quart 10 deciliters = 1 liter 4 quarts = 1 gallon N O P The 50 states and their capital cities Q State Abbr. Capital City State Abbr. Capital City State Abbr. Capital City R Alabama AL Montgomery Maine ME Augusta Ohio OH Columbus S Alaska AK Juneau Maryland MD Annapolis Oklahoma OK Oklahoma Arizona AZ Phoenix Massachusetts MA Boston City Arkansas AR Little Rock Michigan MI Lansing Oregon OR Salem T California CA Sacramento Minnesota MN St. Paul Pennsylvania PA Harrisburg Colorado CO Denver Mississippi MS Jackson Rhode Island RI Providence U Connecticut CT Hartford Missouri MO Jefferson South Carolina SC Columbia Delaware DE Dover City South Dakota SD Pierre V Florida FL Tallahassee Montana MT Helena Tennessee TN Nashville Georgia GA Atlanta Nebraska NE Lincoln Texas TX Austin W Hawaii HI Honolulu Nevada NV Carson Utah UT Salt Lake Idaho ID Boise City City X Illinois IL Springfield New Hampshire NH Concord Vermont VT Montpelier Indiana Trenton Virginia VA Richmond IN Indianapolis New Jersey NJ Y Iowa IA Des Moines New Mexico NM Santa Fe Washington WA Olympia Kansas Albany West Virginia WV Charleston KS Topeka New York NY Z Kentucky KY Frankfort North Carolina NC Raleigh Wisconsin WI Madison Louisiana LA Baton Rouge North Dakota ND Bismark Wyoming WY Cheyenne 250

Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers Roman numerals a 1 one 1st first 1 I b 2 two 2nd second 2 II c 3 three 3rd third 3 III 4 four 4th fourth 4 IV d 5 five 5th fifth 5 V e 6 six 6th sixth 6 VI 7 seven 7th seventh 7 VII f 8 eight 8th eighth 8 VIII g 9 nine 9th ninth 9 IX 10 ten 10th tenth 10 X h 11 eleven 11th eleventh 11 XI i 12 twelve 12th twelfth 12 XII j 13 thirteen 13th thirteenth 13 XIII 14 fourteen 14th fourteenth 14 XIV k 15 fifteen 15th fifteenth 15 XV l 16 sixteen 16th sixteenth 16 XVI m 17 seventeen 17th seventeenth 17 XVII n 18 eighteen 18th eighteenth 18 XVIII o 19 nineteen 19th nineteenth 19 XIX p 20 twenty 20th twentieth 20 XX q 21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first 21 XXI 30 thirty 30th thirtieth 30 XXX r 40 forty 40th fortieth 40 XL s 50 fifty 50th fiftieth 50 L 60 sixty 60th sixtieth 60 LX t 70 seventy 70th seventieth 70 LXX u 80 eighty 80th eightieth 80 LXXX v 90 ninety 90th ninetieth 90 XC w 100 one hundred 100th one hundredth 100 C x 500 five hundred 500th five hundredth 500 D y 1,000 one thousand 1,000th one thousandth 1,000 M z Symbols and punctuation marks + plus % percent & and ? question mark – minus º degree @ at ! exclamation mark × multiplied by √ square root © copyright – dash ÷ divided by π pi . full stop * asterisk = equals ≈ is similar to , comma ( ) parentheses > greater than $ dollar ; semicolon “ ” quotation marks < less than ¢ cent : colon , apostrophe 251

A Countries of the world B On the next four pages is a list of the world’s C countries, arranged in alphabetical order. Benin Cameroon Capital city: Porto-Novo Capital city: Yaoundé People: Cameroonians D Under each country’s name are its capital city, People: Beninese Currency: CFA Franc* the name of the people who live there, and its Currency: CFA Franc* Canada E currency. When a country has two capital cities, Bhutan they are both listed. If there is a common Capital city: Thimphu Capital city: Ottawa People: Canadians People: Bhutanese Currency: Canadian Dollar (C$) F abbreviation or symbol for the currency, such Currency: Ngultrum (Nu) Cape Verde as $ for dollar, this is shown in parentheses Bolivia Capital city: Praia People: Cape Verdeans G after the name of the currency. Capital city: La Paz, Sucre Currency: Cape Verde Escudo People: Bolivians Central African H Austria Currency: Boliviano (B) Republic Afghanistan Capital city: Vienna Bosnia & Capital city: Bangui People: Austrians Herzegovina People: Central Africans I Capital city: Kabul Currency: Euro (€) Currency: CFA Franc* People: Afghans Capital city: Sarajevo Azerbaijan People: Bosnians Chad J Currency: Afghani (AF) Currency: Marka Capital city: Baku Capital city: N’Djamena Albania People: Azerbaijanis Botswana People: Chadians Currency: New Manat Currency: CFA Franc* K Capital city: Tirana Capital city: Gaborone People: Albanians Bahamas People: Batswana (singular Chile Motswana) Currency: Lek Capital city: Nassau Currency: Pula (P) Capital city: Santiago People: Bahamians People: Chileans L Algeria Currency: Bahamian Brazil Currency: Chilean Peso M Capital city: Algiers Dollar Capital city: Brasília China People: Algerians People: Brazilians Currency: Real Capital city: Beijing Currency: Algerian Dinar (DA) People: Chinese Bahrain Currency: Renminbi N Andorra (known as Yuan) Capital city: Manama O Capital city: Andorra la Vella People: Bahrainis Brunei Colombia People: Andorrans Currency: Bahraini Dinar Currency: Euro (€) Capital city: Bandar Seri Capital city: Bogotá Bangladesh Begawan People: Colombians P Angola People: Bruneians Currency: Colombian Peso Capital city: Luanda Capital city: Dhaka Currency: Brunei Dollar People: Bangladeshis Comoros Q People: Angolans Currency: Taka (Tk) Bulgaria Currency: Readjusted Kwanza Capital city: Moroni (Kz) Barbados Capital city: Sofia People: Comorans People: Bulgarians Currency: Comoros Franc R Antigua & Barbuda Capital city: Bridgetown Currency: Lev S Capital city: St. John’s People: Barbadians Congo Currency: Barbados Dollar Burkina Faso People: Antiguans Capital city: Brazzaville Currency: Eastern Caribbean Belarus Capital city: Ouagadougou People: Congolese People: Burkinabé Currency: CFA Franc* T Dollar Capital city: Minsk Currency: CFA Franc* People: Belarusians Congo, Democratic Argentina Currency: Belarussian Myanmar (Burma) Republic Rouble U Capital city: Buenos Aires Capital city: Nay Pyi Taw Capital city: Kinshasa People: Argentinians Belgium People: Burmese People: Congolese Currency: Kyat (K) Currency: Congolese Franc V Currency: New Argentine Peso Capital city: Brussels People: Belgians Burundi Costa Rica Armenia Currency: Euro (€) Capital city: Bujumbura Capital city: San José W Capital city: Yerevan Belize People: Burundians People: Costa Ricans People: Armenians Currency: Burundi Franc Currency: Costa Rican Colón (¢) Currency: Dram Capital city: Belmopan Cambodia X Australia Y Capital city: Canberra Capital city: Phnom Penh People: Australians People: Belizeans Currency: Australian People: Cambodians Z Dollar (AU$) Currency: Belizean Dollar Currency: Riel 252

Croatia Equatorial Guinea Grenada Ireland a Capital city: Zagreb Capital city: Malabo Capital city: St. George’s Capital city: Dublin b People: Croatians People: Equatorial Guineans People: Grenadians People: Irish c Currency: Kuna or Equatoguineans Currency: Eastern Caribbean Currency: Euro (€) Currency: CFA Franc* Dollar d Cuba Israel e Eritrea Guatemala Capital city: Havana Capital city: Jerusalem f People: Cubans Capital city: Asmara Capital city: Guatemala City People: Israelis g Currency: Cuban Peso People: Eritreans People: Guatemalans Currency: Shekel Currency: Nakfa Currency: Quetzal (Q) h Cyprus Italy i Estonia Guinea j Capital city: Nicosia Capital city: Rome People: Cypriots Capital city: Tallinn Capital city: Conakry People: Italians k Currency: Euro (€) People: Estonians People: Guineans Currency: Euro (€) l (Turkish Lira in Currency: Kroon Currency: Guinea Franc m Northen Cyprus) Ivory Coast n Ethiopia Guinea-Bissau o Czech Republic Capital city: Yamoussoukro p Capital city: Addis Ababa Capital city: Bissau People: Ivorians q Capital city: Prague People: Ethiopians People: Guinea-Bissauans Currency: CFA Franc* People: Czechs Currency: Ethiopian Currency: CFA Franc* r Currency: Czech Birr (Br) Jamaica s Koruna Guyana Fiji Capital city: Kingston t Denmark Capital city: Georgetown People: Jamaicans u Capital city: Suva People: Guyanese Currency: Jamaican Dollar v Capital city: Copenhagen People: Fijians Currency: Guyanese Dollar w People: Danes Currency: Fiji Dollar Japan x Currency: Danish Haiti y Krone Finland Capital city: Tokyo z Capital city: Port-au-Prince People: Japanese Djibouti Capital city: Helsinki People: Haitians Currency: Yen (Y) People: Finns Currency: Gourde (G) Capital city: Djibouti Currency: Euro (€) Jordan People: Djiboutians Honduras Currency: Djibouti Franc France Capital city: Amman Capital city: Tegucigalpa People: Jordanians Dominica Capital city: Paris People: Hondurans Currency: Jordanian Dinar People: French Currency: Lempira (L) Capital city: Roseau Currency: Euro (€) Kazakhstan People: Dominicans Hungary Currency: Eastern Gabon Capital city: Astana Caribbean Dollar Capital city: Budapest People: Kazakhstanis Capital city: Libreville People: Hungarians Currency: Tenge Dominican Republic People: Gabonese Currency: Forint (Ft) Currency: CFA Franc* Kenya Capital city: Santo Domingo Iceland People: Dominicans Gambia Capital city: Nairobi Currency: Dominican Capital city: Reykjavik People: Kenyans Republic Peso Capital city: Banjul People: Icelanders Currency: Kenya Shilling People: Gambians Currency: Icelandic Krona East Timor Currency: Dalasi (D) Kiribati India Capital city: Dili Georgia Capital city: Tarawa Atoll People: East Timorese Capital city: New Delhi People: I-Kiribatis Currency: US Dollar ($) Capital city: Tbilisi People: Indians Currency: Australian Dollar People: Georgians Currency: Indian Rupee (AU$) Ecuador Currency: Lari Indonesia Kosovo (disputed) Capital city: Quito Germany People: Ecuadoreans Capital city: Jakarta Capital city: Pristina Currency: US Dollar ($) Capital city: Berlin People: Indonesians People: Kosovars or People: Germans Currency: Rupiah (Rp) Kosovacs Egypt Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Euro (€) Iran Capital city: Cairo Ghana Kuwait People: Egyptians Capital city: Tehran Currency: Egyptian Capital city: Accra People: Iranians Capital city: Kuwait City Pound People: Ghanaians Currency: Iranian Rial People: Kuwaitis Currency: Cedi Currency: Kuwaiti Dinar El Salvador Iraq Greece Kyrgyzstan Capital city: San Salvador Capital city: Baghdad People: Salvadorans Capital city: Athens People: Iraqis Capital city: Bishkek Currency: Salvadorean People: Greeks Currency: New Iraqi People: Kyrgyz Colón (¢), US dollar ($) Currency: Euro (€) Dinar (ID) Currency: Som 253

A Laos Maldives Mozambique Palau B Capital city: Vientiane Capital city: Male Capital city: Maputo Capital city: Melekeok People: Laotians or Laos People: Maldivians People: Mozambicans People: Palauans Currency: New Kip (KN) Currency: Rufiyaa Currency: New Metical (Mt.) Currency: US Dollar ($) C Latvia Mali Namibia Panama Capital city: Riga Capital city: Bamako Capital city: Windhoek Capital city: Panama City D People: Latvians People: Malians People: Namibians People: Panamanians Currency: Lats Currency: CFA Franc* Currency: Namibian Dollar Currency: Balboa (B) E Lebanon Malta Nauru Papua New Guinea Capital city: Beirut Capital city: Valletta Capital city: None Capital city: Port Moresby F People: Lebanese People: Maltese People: Nauruans People: Papua New Guineans Currency: Lebanese Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Australian Dollar Currency: Kina (K) Pound (£L) (AU$) Marshall Islands Paraguay G Lesotho Nepal H Capital city: Maseru Capital city: Majuro Capital city: Asunción People: Marshallese Capital city: Kathmandu People: Paraguayans People: Basotho (singular Currency: US Dollar ($) People: Nepalese Currency: Guaraní (G) Mosotho) Currency: Nepalese Rupee Mauritania Peru I Currency: Loti (M) Netherlands Capital city: Nouakchott Capital city: Lima Liberia People: Mauritanians Capital city: Amsterdam People: Peruvians Currency: Ouguiya (UM) Seat of government: The Hague Currency: New Sol (NS) J Capital city: Monrovia People: Dutch People: Liberians Mauritius Currency: Euro (€) Philippines Currency: Liberian Dollar Capital city: Port Louis New Zealand Capital city: Manila K Libya People: Mauritians People: Filipinos L Capital city: Tripoli Currency: Mauritian Rupee Capital city: Wellington Currency: Philippine Peso (Mau Rs) People: New Zealanders People: Libyans Currency: New Zealand Dollar Poland Currency: Libyan Dinar Mexico (NZ$) Capital city: Warsaw M Liechtenstein Capital city: Mexico City Nicaragua People: Poles Capital city: Vaduz People: Mexicans Currency: Zloty (Zl) Currency: Mexican Peso Capital city: Managua N People: Liechtensteiners People: Nicaraguans Portugal Currency: Swiss Franc Micronesia Currency: New Córdoba Capital city: Lisbon O Lithuania Capital city: Palikir Niger People: Portuguese Capital city: Vilnius (Pohnpei Island) Currency: Euro (€) People: Micronesians Capital city: Niamey P People: Lithuanians Currency: US Dollar ($) People: Nigeriens Qatar Currency: Litas Currency: CFA Franc* Moldova Capital city: Doha Q Luxembourg Nigeria People: Qataris Capital city: Luxembourg-Ville Capital city: Chisinau Currency: Qatar Riyal People: Moldovans Capital city: Abuja R People: Luxembourgers Currency: Moldovan Leu People: Nigerians Romania Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Naira (N) Monaco Capital city: Bucharest S Macedonia North Korea People: Romanians Capital city: Skopje Capital city: Monaco-Ville Currency: New Romanian People: Macedonians People: Monégasques or Capital city: Pyongyang Leu (lei) Monacans People: North Koreans T Currency: Macedonian Denar Currency: Euro (€) Currency: North Korean Won Russian Federation U Madagascar Mongolia Norway Capital city: Moscow Capital city: Antananarivo People: Russians People: Malagasy Capital city: Ulan Bator Capital city: Oslo Currency: Russian Rouble People: Mongolians People: Norwegians V Currency: Ariary Currency: Tugrik Currency: Norwegian Krone Rwanda Malawi Montenegro Oman Capital city: Kigali People: Rwandans W Capital city: Lilongwe Capital city: Podgorica Capital city: Muscat Currency: Rwanda Franc People: Malawians People: Montenegrins People: Omanis Currency: Euro (€) Currency: Omani Rial Saint Kitts & Nevis X Currency: Malawi Kwacha Morocco Pakistan Capital city: Basseterre Malaysia People: Kittitians, Nevisians Capital city: Rabat Capital city: Islamabad Currency: Eastern Caribbean Y Capital city: Kuala Lumpur, People: Moroccans People: Pakistanis Dollar Putrajaya Currency: Moroccan Dirham (DH) Currency: Pakistani Rupee People: Malaysians Z Currency: Ringgit 254

Saint Lucia Solomon Island Tajikistan United Kingdom a Capital city: Castries Capital city: Honiara Capital city: Dushanbe Capital city: London b People: St. Lucians People: Solomon People: Tajiks People: British c Currency: Eastern Caribbean Islanders Currency: Somoni Currency: Pound Sterling (£) Dollar Currency: Solomon Islands d Dollar Tanzania United States of e Saint Vincent & the America Grenadines Somalia Capital city: Dodoma f People: Tanzanians Capital city: Washington, D.C. g Capital city: Kingstown Capital city: Mogadishu Currency: Tanzanian Shilling (T Sh) People: Americans People: St. Vincentians People: Somalis Currency: US Dollar ($) h Currency: Eastern Caribbean Currency: Somali Shilin Thailand i Dollar Uruguay j South Africa Capital city: Bangkok Samoa People: Thais Capital city: Montevideo k Capital city: Pretoria, Currency: Baht (B) People: Uruguayans l Capital city: Apia Cape Town, Bloemfontein Currency: Uruguayan Peso m People: Samoans People: South Africans Togo n Currency: Tala Currency: Rand (R) Uzbekistan o Capital city: Lomé p San Marino South Korea People: Togolese Capital city: Tashkent q Currency: CFA Franc* People: Uzbekistanis Capital city: San Marino Capital city: Seoul Currency: Som r People: Sammarinese People: South Koreans Tonga s Currency: Euro (€) Currency: South Korean Vanuatu Won Capital city: Nuku’alofa t São Tomé & Príncipe People: Tongans Capital city: Port Vila u Spain Currency: Pa’anga (Tongan Dollar) People: Ni-Vanuatu v Capital city: São Tomé Currency: Vatu w People: São Tomeans Capital city: Madrid Trinidad & Tobago x Currency: Dobra People: Spaniards Vatican City y Currency: Euro (€) Capital city: Port-of-Spain z Saudi Arabia People: Trinidadians, Tobagonians Capital city: Vatican City Sri Lanka Currency: Trinidad and Tobago People: Citizens of the Vatican Capital city: Riyadh, Jiddah Dollar Currency: Euro (€) People: Saudi Arabians Capital city: Colombo Currency: Saudi Riyal People: Sri Lankans Tunisia Venezuela Currency: Sri Lanka Rupee Senegal (SL Rs) Capital city: Tunis Capital city: Caracas People: Tunisians People: Venezuelans Capital city: Dakar Sudan Currency: Tunisian Dinar Currency: Bolívar (Bs) People: Senegalese Currency: CFA Franc* Capital city: Khartoum Turkey Vietnam People: Sudanese Serbia Currency: New Sudanese Capital city: Ankara Capital city: Hanoi Pound or Dinar People: Turks People: Vietnamese Capital city: Belgrade Currency: New Turkish Lira Currency: Dông (D) People: Serbs Suriname Currency: Dinar Turkmenistan Yemen Capital city: Paramaribo Seychelles People: Surinamers Capital city: Ashgabat Capital city: Sana Currency: Surinamese People: Turkmens People: Yemenis Capital city: Victoria Dollar Currency: Manat Currency: Yemeni Rial People: Seychellois Currency: Seychelles Rupee Swaziland Tuvalu Zambia Sierra Leone Capital city: Mbabane Capital city: Fongafale (Funafuti Capital city: Lusaka People: Swazis Atoll) People: Zambians Capital city: Freetown Currency: Lilangeni (E) People: Tuvaluans Currency: Zambian Kwacha (K) People: Sierra Leoneans Currency: Australian Dollar Currency: Leone (Le) Sweden and Tuvaluan Dollar Zimbabwe Singapore Capital city: Stockholm Uganda Capital city: Harare People: Swedes People: Zimbabweans Capital city: Singapore Currency: Swedish Capital city: Kampala Currency: Zimbabwe Dollar (Z$) People: Singaporeans Krona People: Ugandans Currency: Singapore Dollar (S$) Currency: New Uganda Shilling * The CFA Franc is used in Switzerland a number of French-speaking Slovakia Ukraine African countries. CFA stands Capital city: Bern for “Communauté Capital city: Bratislava People: Swiss Capital city: Kiev Financiere Africaine”. People: Slovakians Currency: Swiss Franc People: Ukrainians Currency: Slovak Koruna Currency: Hryvna Syria Slovenia United Arab Emirates Capital city: Damascus Capital city: Ljubljana People: Syrians Capital city: Abu Dhabi People: Slovenians Currency: Syrian Pound People: Emiratis Currency: Euro (€) Currency: UAE Dirham 255

A Acknowledgments Dex Image 199fcr; ER Productions 174clb; Fancy/Veer 208fcrb; First/Zefa 45fcra; Bertrand B Gardel/Hemis 130br; Uden Graham/Redlink 162fcrb; Mike Grandmaison 176cr; John C Dorling Kindersley would like to thank the following Harper 46fbl; Ian Hodgson/Reuters 203fbr; Jose Luis Pelaez, Inc. 186cra; Sean Justice D people for their help in the production of this book: 63bl; Jutta Klee 57fbr; Kulka/zefa 192crb; Frans Lanting 163fbl; Klaus Leidorf/Zefa 15fbl; E Robert Llewellyn 141cla; John Lund 222bl; Mango Productions 120fcrb; Lawrence Manning F Additional design assistance 232fbl; Robert Marien 226fcla; Kevin Mason/Loop Images 91ftr; MM Productions 150cr; G Moodboard 132fclb, 169fcla, 185cla, 212fcl; David Muench 91tr; Ron Nickel/Design Pics H Bronwen Davies, Susan Downing, Karen Fielding, David Gillingwater, Tim Lewis, 24tl; Richard T. Nowitz 220fclb; Owaki - Kulla 130tr; Carl Purcell 171fcla; Radius Images I Sharon Peters, Peter Radcliffe, Sarah Scrutton, Hans Verkroost, Martin Wilson 227fbl; Jose Fuste Raga 162br; Eddy Risch/EPA 73ftl; Bill Ross/Corbis Outline 139tr; J Charles E. Rotkin 165fbr; Galen Rowell 119fcrb; Kevin Schafer 235tr; Ted Spiegel 77fbl; K Additional editorial assistance Thinkstock 190ftl, 196crb; Stefano Torrione/Hemis 139fclb; Visuals Unlimited 228fcrb; L R. Wallace/Stock Photos/zefa 71ftr; Weatherstock 215tl; P. Wilson/Zefa 237fcra; Jim M Monica Byles, Helen Drew, Stella Love Zuckerman 241cr. DK Images Jerry Young 15ftr, 171br; NASA 68fcra, 172ftl; Philips N Domestic Applicances and Personal Care 69tr; Rough Guides 192bl, 208fclb; The Science O Picture research Museum, London 43br. Massey Ferguson 152bfr. Ermine Street Guard 195cbl. P Getty Images 192cr; Altrendo Travel 235ftl; Image Bank/Tim Graham 160fcrb; Daryl Q Kathleen Collier, Catherine O’Rourke, Lucy Pringle, Jenny Rayner, Joanna Thomas Benson 215bl; Alistair Berg 181fclb; Philippe Bourseiller 232bl; C Squared Studios 219clb; R Rosemary Calvert 218fcla; Gabriel M. 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Philip PhotoAlto/Matthieu Spohn 127bl; Photodisc 88bc, 111bl, 193fcrb; Photodisc/Don Farrall Dowell © 1990 and 1991 page 90 goat and kid; page 111 jaguar; page 118 leopard; page 183 154ftr; Photodisc/Jack Hollingsworth 50cla; Photodisc/Jeff Maloney 114fbl; Photodisc/Kim sheep. Jerry Young © 1990 and 1991 page 168 rattlesnake, flying gecko, milkshake, today Carson 25fcrb; Photodisc/Paul Burns 103fcla; Photographer’s Choice/Michael Rosenfeld lizard, starred tortoise, and leopard gecko; page 217 green toad; page 242 wolf. 37clb; Photographer’s Choice/Simeone Huber/Slow Images 40ftl; Photographer’s Choice/ Tom Walker 144bl; Photographer’s Choice/Travelpix Ltd. 60br; Photographer’s Choice RF/ Models George Diebold 12tr; Photographer’s Choice RR/Fry Design Ltd. 146tr; Photographer’s Choice RR/Geoff Du Feu 50fcr; Photonica/Sabine Scheckel 84tl; Photonica/Silvia Otte Shiran Abay, Di Anguige, Sarah Ashun, Oliver Barber, Lindsey Bender, Marvin Campbell, 62fclb; Andrea Pistolesi 212crb; Plush Studios 165bl; Poncho 167cra; Pool Photo 59ftl; Mike Louis Chan, Puishan Chan, Danny Cole, Andy Crawford, Ebu Djemal, Helen Drew, Andrea Powell 203crb; Rich Reid 206br; Robert Harding World Imagery/Christian Kober 169cla; East, Josey Edwards, David Gillingwater, Emily Gorton, Julia Gorton, Kashi Gorton, Steve Lew Robertson 150cra; Rubberball Productions 88bl; Rubberball Productions/Mike Kemp Gorton, Sheena Haria, Laura Hobbs, Paul Holden, Marcus James, Stella Love, Naomi 111cla; Pete Ryan 163cr; David Sanger 242clb; Science Faction/Jim Reed 96fbl; Zack McLean, Rachael Malicki, Jamie May, Ryan Munroe, Emily Parsons, Jade Reading, Seckler 203fcrb; Erik Simonsen 175br; Check Six 211ftl; John Slater 196cra; Luke Stettner Jonathon Reed, Tim Ridley, Matthew Saunders, Sarah Scrutton, Silpa Shah, Lee Simmons, 63bc; Stockbyte 12ftr; Stone/Jeff Hunter 117bl; Stone/Kevin Cooley 34tr; Stone/Oliver Cheryl Telfer, Nicola Tuxworth, Aubrey Weiner, Martin Wilson, David York. Benn/Royal Philharmonic Orchestra 142tl; Stone/Rex Butcher 157br; Stone/Roger Tully 64fcla; Stone/Walter Hodges 109fbr; Taxi/Francesco Bittichesu 154fclb; Taxi/Jasper White/ Additional acknowledgments [email protected] 88fbl; Taxi/Kevin Cooley 47fcra; Alan Thornton 166fcrb; Travel Ink 166cl; UpperCut Images/John Churchman 129fbl; Slaven Vlasic 130fcrb; Gary Wade Anatomical models on pages 20, 98, 114, 120, 122, 202 and 232 supplied by Somso Modelle, 201cla; Gordon Wiltsie 196clb, 206clb; Yashoda 43fcra. Greenwich Maritime Museum 31tr, Coburg, Germany. 31tl, 31cr, 31car, 109cl. Robert Harding Picture Library/G and P Corrigan 131tl. Michael Holford 112cal. The Image Bank/Charles S. Allen 5cl, 6bfr, 39b; Gary Crallé 24cbr; Gary Gay Chest page 43, chest of drawers page 65, and fan page 75 loaned by Gore Booker, Covent 103tr; Alvis Upitis 23tfr. NASA 21fcla, 68tr, 68 cafr, 172 tfl. National Museum of Denmark, Garden, London; drum page 67 loaned by Foote’s Musical Instruments, London; leotard Copenhagen 112tl. Natural History Photographic Agency/Peter Johnson 100cl; David page 118 loaned by Porselli, Covent Garden, London; cup page 55 loaned by Whittard, Woodfall 17bfr; Norbert Wu 111tfr. Nature Photographers Ltd./David Hutton 115bfr. Covent Garden, London; chess set page 43 loaned by the British Museum Shop, London. Oxford Scientific Films 76bfr, 99cafr, 131cfl. The Pitt Rivers Museum 183cbfr. Planet Earth Pictures/Robert Canis 131cafr. Quadrant 220br. Rough Guides 192 bl. Rough Guides/ Alex Thanks to Clark Denmark at the Centre for Deaf Studies, Bristol University for advice. Robinson 208 bfl. Science Photo Library 224cal/John Burbridge 80cbfr; CNRI 83cbfr; Peter Menzel 162cbr; Astrid and Hanns-Frieder Michler 245br; Claude Nuridsany and Marie Thanks also to the BCP contributors: Gemma Casajuana (Conversion manager), Miguel Cunha Perennou 192cbr; Jim Selby 232cfl; US Department of Energy 231tr. Tony Stone Images (Conversion coordinator), Colleen Dixon (Conversion DTP), Marc Staples (Conversion DTP) 120cbfl, 244bfl/Tim Beddow 226cfl; Dave Bjorn 207tr. Thistle Quilters/The Quilter’s Guild 161cafr. Warwick Castle 95br. The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths/Andrew Grima 112bfl. Picture agency credits Jacket images: Front: Corbis: Corbis: Matthias Kulka/Zefa cb; © 2008 The LEGO Group: KEY: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-center; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top. MINDSTORMS is a trademark of the LEGO Group clb; Science Photo Library: Mehau Kulyk cr. Back: Alamy Images: Trip tr; Corbis: Tim Davis/Davis Lynn Wildlife clb; Kulka/zefa tc. The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs: Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders. Dorling Kindersley apologizes for any unintentional omissions and would be pleased, in such cases, to add an Action Plus/Tony Henshaw 198cr. Ayrton Metals Ltd. and The Platinum Advisory Centre acknowledgment in future editions. 112car, 112cbfr. Beaulieu Motor Museum 39cl, 222tr. The Bridgeman Art Library/Bonhams, London 112cb. Kremlin Museums, Moscow 54tl. British Museum 17cfr, 35tfl, 99bfr, 112ca. All other images © Dorling Kindersley British Museum/Museum of Mankind 221cafl. John Bulmer 224tr. Christies’s Images 9cbl, For further information see: www.dkimages.com 131cbr. The Coleman Company 38tfr.Bruce Coleman Limited/Erwin and Peggy Bauer 226bfl; John Cancalosi 179tfl; Peter Davey 42cafr, 211tfr; P. Evans 18cr; Christer Fredriksson 22car; Frans Lanting 70tl; Luiz Claudio Marigo 124tc; William S. Paton 104bfl; Eckart Pott 166br; Andy Purcell 8bfl, 142car; Hans Reinhard 6c, 7tl, 25bfr, 58cfl, 70tfl, 163cbl; Dr Frjeder Sauer 147bfr; Konrad Wothe 97tr. Compix/A and J Somaya 56tr. Corbis Theo Allofs 66ftr; Andrea Rugg Photography/Beateworks 115cl; Atlantide Phototravel 25cl, 103tl, 169crb; Bilderbuch/Design Pics 169bl; B. Bird/Zefa 211fcrb; Christophe Boisvieux 22ftl; Ron Chapple 171crb; Mike Chew 20cra; Philip Coblentz/Brand X 176clb; Chris Collins 242br; CS Productions/Brand X 200tr; Wolfgang Deuter/Zefa 153br; 256