The Complete Idiot''s Guide to Music Theory ( PDFDrive )

The Complete Idiot’s Chord Reference 277



CAppendix Answers to Chapter Exercises Here are the answers to those chapter exercises that weren’t open-ended in nature. (The open-ended exercises—“write a melody to this chord progression,” and the like—don’t have a single correct solution.) If you haven’t completed the exercises yet, don’t cheat—go back and do the exercises before you peek at the answers! Chapter 1 Exercise 1-1 Exercise 1-2 Exercise 1-3 Exercise 1-4

280 Appendix C Exercise 1-5 Exercise 1-6 Exercise 1-7 Exercise 1-8 Chapter 2 Exercise 2-1 Exercise 2-2

Answers to Chapter Exercises 281 Exercise 2-3 Exercise 2-4 Exercise 2-5 Exercise 2-6 Exercise 2-7 Exercise 2-8

282 Appendix C Chapter 3 Exercise 3-1 A Major, D Major, B-flat Major, E-flat Major Exercise 3-2 D minor, G minor, E minor, F minor Exercise 3-3 Exercise 3-4 Exercise 3-5 Exercise 3-6

Answers to Chapter Exercises 283 Chapter 4 Exercise 4-1 G Major, A Major, F Major, E-flat Major, E Major, B-flat Major, A-flat Major, D-flat Major, D Major, B Major Exercise 4-2 A minor, C minor, E minor, D minor, G minor, E-flat minor, B minor, C-sharp minor, F-sharp minor, F minor Exercise 4-3 Exercise 4-4 Exercise 4-5 Exercise 4-6 Exercise 4-7

284 Appendix C Exercise 4-8 Chapter 5 Exercise 5-1 Whole note, quarter note, sixteenth note, eighth note, half note, sixteenth notes, eighth notes, half rest, quarter rest, sixteenth rest, eighth rest, whole rest Exercise 5-2 Exercise 5-3 Exercise 5-4 Exercise 5-5 Exercise 5-6

Answers to Chapter Exercises 285 Exercise 5-7 Exercise 5-8 Chapter 6 Exercise 6-1 Exercise 6-2 Exercise 6-3 Exercise 6-4 Exercise 6-5

286 Appendix C Exercise 6-6 Exercise 6-7 Chapter 9 Exercise 9-1 G Major, E Major, D Major, B Major, B Major, A Major, F Major, D Major, C Major, G Major Exercise 9-2 D minor, G minor, C minor, A minor, B minor, E minor, D minor, A minor, E minor, B minor Exercise 9-3 Exercise 9-4 Exercise 9-5 Dm7, G7, FM7, B M7, CM9, Cm7 (or Cm7/E ), Gm7, B11, C m7, A 7 Exercise 9-6

Answers to Chapter Exercises 287 Exercise 9-7 Exercise 9-8 Chapter 10 Exercise 10-1 Exercise 10-2 Exercise 10-3 Exercise 10-4

288 Appendix C Exercise 10-5 Exercise 10-6 Chapter 12 Exercise 12-5 Exercise 12-6 Chapter 14 Exercise 14-1

Answers to Chapter Exercises 289 Exercise 14-2 Exercise 14-3 Exercise 14-4 Chapter 15 Exercise 15-1 One possible solution is as follows: Chapter 16 Exercise 16-1

290 Appendix C Exercise 16-2 Chapter 17 Exercise 17-1 Exercise 17-2 Exercise 17-3 Exercise 17-4 Exercise 17-5

Answers to Chapter Exercises 291 Exercise 17-7 Chapter 18 Exercise 18-1 Exercise 18-2 Exercise 18-3 Exercise 18-4



DAppendix The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course CD The CD that accompanies this book contains The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course. This audio course leads you step-by-step through the essential concepts of music theory, including pitches, scales, intervals, rhythms, chords, and melodies. You can play this audio CD on any CD player or personal computer. To work through The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course, all you have to do is listen to the examples on the CD, and then test yourself with the audio exercises. Listen to each exercise, pause the CD player, and then write down your answer on a piece of blank staff paper. Feel free to repeat each exercise as many times as necessary. You can then check your answers against those in this appendix. CD Track Listing Track Contents 1. Introduction 2. Lesson One: Pitches 3. Pitch Exercises 1–5 4. Pitch Exercises 6–10 5. Pitch Exercises 11–15 6. Pitch Exercises 16–20 7. Pitch Exercises 21–25 8. Pitch Exercises 26–30 9. Pitch Exercises 31–35 10. Pitch Exercises 36–40

294 Appendix D 11. Lesson Two: Intervals 12. Interval Exercises 1–5 13. Interval Exercises 6–10 14. Interval Exercises 11–15 15. Interval Exercises 16–20 16. Interval Exercises 21–25 17. Interval Exercises 26–30 18. Interval Exercises 31–35 19. Interval Exercises 36–40 20. Interval Exercises 41–45 21. Interval Exercises 46–50 22. Interval Exercises 51–55 23. Interval Exercises 56–60 24. Lesson Three: Scales 25. Scale Exercises 1–5 26. Scale Exercises 6–10 27. Lesson Four: Rhythms 28. Rhythm Exercises 1–5 29. Rhythm Exercises 6–10 30. Rhythm Exercises 11–15 31. Rhythm Exercises 16–20 32. Rhythm Exercises 21–25 33. Rhythm Exercises 26–30 34. Rhythm Exercises 31–35 35. Rhythm Exercises 36–40 36. Lesson Five: Melodies 37. Melody Exercises 1–5 38. Melody Exercises 6–10 39. Melody Exercises 11–15 40. Melody Exercises 16–20 41. Lesson Six: Chords 42. Chord Exercises 1–5 43. Chord Exercises 6–10 44. Chord Exercises 11–15 45. Chord Exercises 16–20 46. Coda

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course CD 295 Answers to Audio Exercises Compare your answers to the CD exercises with the correct answers listed here. (Don’t cheat!) Pitch Exercises (Tracks 3–10) Identify the following pitches, using the treble clef, as played on the CD. 1. A 2. C 3. G 4. B (or A , enharmonically) 5. F (or G , enharmonically) 6. B 7. A (or G , enharmonically) 8. C (or D , enharmonically) 9. D 10. B 11. E (or D , enharmonically) 12. B (or A , enharmonically) 13. F 14. A (or G , enharmonically) 15. E 16. C 17. C (or D , enharmonically) 18. F (or G , enharmonically) 19. E 20. A Identify the following lower pitches, using the bass clef, as played on the CD. 21. C 22. B (or A , enharmonically) 23. D 24. F 25. A (or G , enharmonically) 26. G 27. E 28. C (or D , enharmonically) 29. E (or D , enharmonically) 30. F (or G , enharmonically)

296 Appendix D 31. A 32. C 33. G 34. B 35. F (or G , enharmonically) 36. B (or A , enharmonically) 37. E 38. E (or D , enharmonically) 39. A 40. D Interval Exercises (Tracks 12–23) Identify the following ascending intervals, as played on the CD. 1. Perfect fifth 2. Octave 3. Perfect fourth 4. Major third 5. Minor third 6. Perfect fifth 7. Major sixth 8. Major seventh 9. Major second 10. Minor sixth 11. Perfect fourth 12. Minor second 13. Minor third 14. Perfect fifth 15. Tritone (or augmented fourth or diminished fifth, enharmonically) 16. Major third 17. Minor seventh 18. Octave 19. Major sixth 20. Major seventh Identify the following descending intervals, as played on the CD. 21. Major third 22. Perfect fourth 23. Minor third

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course CD 297 24. Octave 25. Perfect fifth 26. Perfect fifth 27. Major sixth 28. Major seventh 29. Major second 30. Minor sixth 31. Minor second 32. Minor third 33. Perfect fourth 34. Perfect fifth 35. Major third 36. Tritone (or augmented fourth or diminished fifth, enharmonically) 37. Minor seventh 38. Major sixth 39. Octave 40. Major seventh Identify both the interval and the second note in each series, as played on the CD. 41. Minor third (A-C) 42. Perfect fifth (D-A) 43. Major seventh (G-F ) 44. Minor third (B -D ) 45. Perfect fourth (C-F) 46. Major sixth (A -F) 47. Octave (C -C ) 48. Tritone (G-C or G-D , enharmonically) 49. Major third (D-F ) 50. Minor second (B-C) 51. Minor sixth (C-A ) 52. Minor seventh (B-A) 53. Minor second (G-A ) 54. Minor third (E-G) 55. Perfect fifth (F -C ) 56. Major second (D-E) 57. Major third (E-G ) 58. Major sixth (A-F ) 59. Major seventh (G-F ) 60. Octave (A-A)

298 Appendix D Scale Exercises (Tracks 25–26) Identify the following scale types and the starting note of each scale, as played on the CD. 1. A Major 2. C Major 3. A natural minor 4. F Major 5. E natural minor 6. E harmonic minor 7. E melodic minor (ascending) 8. B Major 9. D natural minor 10. G melodic minor (ascending) Rhythm Exercises (Tracks 28–35) Transcribe the following rhythms, as played on the CD.

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course CD 299

300 Appendix D Melody Exercises (Tracks 37–40) Transcribe the following melodies, as played on the CD.

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course CD 301

302 Appendix D Chord Exercises (Tracks 42–45) Identify the following chord types (major, minor, diminished, and augmented), as played on the CD. 1. Major 2. Minor 3. Major 4. Major 5. Minor 6. Diminished 7. Major 8. Augmented 9. Minor 10. Diminished Identify the following types of extended chords, as played on the CD. 11. Major seventh 12. Minor seventh 13. Dominant seventh 14. Major seventh 15. Dominant seventh 16. Major ninth 17. Dominant seventh 18. Minor ninth 19. Major seventh 20. Minor seventh

The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition, Ear Training Course CD 303 Repeat the previous exercises, this time writing out the actual chord names (with the correct starting pitch) for each chord. 1. C Major 2. F minor 3. E Major 4. B Major 5. G minor 6. B diminished 7. E Major 8. E augmented 9. D minor 10. G diminished 11. F Major seventh 12. G minor seventh 13. E dominant seventh (E 7) 14. D Major seventh 15. A dominant seventh (A7) 16. C Major ninth 17. F dominant seventh (F7) 18. D minor ninth 19. E Major seventh 20. F minor seventh



Index Symbols/Numbers accompaniment, 167 B chord sheets, 168-169 I chord, 130-131 comping technique, 124 B Major scale, 30 I-ii-IV chord progression, 136 exercises, 175 B minor I-ii-IV-V chord progression, 136 lead sheets, 168 I-IV chord progression, 134 melodies, 169-170 harmonic minor scale, 35 I-IV-V chord progression, 135 playing without music, 170 melodic minor scale, 37 I-IV-V-IV chord progression, 135 song form, 170 minor keys, 49 I-V chord progression, 134-135 strumming, 174-175 natural minor scale, 33 I-V-vi-IV chord progression, 135 techniques, 170-174 B-flat instruments, transposing for, I-vi-ii-V chord progression, 136 arpeggiated, 173 230 I-vi-ii-V7-ii chord progression, 136 bass, 174 B-flat Major scale, 30 I-vi-IV-V chord progression, 136 block chord, 171 B-flat minor ii-V-I chord progression, 137 rhythmic, 171-173 harmonic minor scale, 35 V-I chord progression, 133 melodic minor scale, 37 2/2 time, conducting, 260 active listening skills, ear training, minor keys, 48 2/4/8/16 rule (melody), 100-101 157-158 natural minor scale, 33 4/4 time, 68 Bach, Johann Sebastian, Minuet in G adagietto tempo, 79 chord progression, 139-140 conducting, 259-260 adagio tempo, 79 melodic techniques, 93-94 rhythms, 57 Aeolian mode, 41-42 baritones, vocal arrangements, 226 time signatures, 68 allegretto tempo, 79 bass 8va notation, 232 allegro tempo, 79 accompaniment, 174 alphabet tone names, 8 vocal arrangements, 226 A altered bass chords, 205 walking bass lines, 174 altered chords, 120-121 bass clef, 12 A Major scale, 30 altos, vocal arrangements, 226 beats A minor alto clefs, 13 measures, 58 andante tempo, 79 tempo, 77 harmonic minor scale, 35 andantino tempo, 79 melodic minor scale, 37 anthems, 149 bpm (beats per minute), 78 minor keys, 48 arias, 149 changing, 80 natural minor scale, 33 arpeggiated accompaniment, 173 click tracks, 78 a tempo, 80 arpeggiated chords, 112, 219 conducting, 261 A-flat Major scale, 30 arrangements fast tempos, 79 A-flat minor fermatas, 80-81 harmonic minor scale, 35 instrumental Italian musical terms, 78-79 melodic minor scale, 37 characteristics, 227-230 metronome, 78 minor keys, 49 good and bad concert keys, moderate tempos, 79 natural minor scale, 33 232 slow tempos, 79 A-sharp minor ranges, 232-236 time signatures, 67-73 harmonic minor scale, 35 transposing, 230-232 changing, 72 melodic minor scale, 37 eighth-notes, 69 minor keys, 48 vocal arrangements, 225-227 grouping beats, 72-73 natural minor scale, 33 ranges, 226-227 half-notes, 71-72 absolute pitch, 159 voice characteristics, 226 meters, 67 accelerando, 80 quarter-note, 68-69 accented notes, 82-83 Arranging and Composing for the beats per minute. See bpm accidental notes, 18, 51-52 Small Ensemble, 263 big band music, 247-248 Arranging Concepts Complete, 263 augmented chords notations, 115 triads, 115 augmented intervals, 22

306 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition block chord accompaniment, 171 block chord accompaniment, chorus blues music, chord progressions, 171 out chorus, 147 songs, 146 138 compound, 205-206 books as resources, 263 diminished, 114 chromatic intervals, 103 bpm (beats per minute), 78 extensions, 203-204 chromatic notes, 31 brass ranges, 235-236 chromatic scale, 28 brass instrument arrangements, 229 eleventh chord, 120 circle of fifths bridges in songs, 147 ninth chord, 119-120 seventh chord, 116-118 chord progression, 137 C sixth chord, 119 keys, 50 forming, 112 classical music forms, 149-151 C Major hearing, 163-164 clefs major keys, 46 inversions, 122-123, 189-191 bass, 12 major scale, 29 first inversion, 122 grand staff, 12-13 root inversion, 122 specialty C minor second inversion, 122 harmonic minor scale, 34 major chords alto, 13 melodic minor scale, 36 notation, 113 octave 14 minor keys, 49 triads, 113 percussion, 14 natural minor scale, 32 minor chords tenor, 13 notation, 114 treble, 11-12 C-flat Major scale, 30 triads, 114 click track, 78 C-sharp Major keys, 46 power, 122 Coda sign, 85 C-sharp minor progressions comping technique, 124 blues, 138 Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music harmonic minor scale, 34 chord leading, 131-133 Theory, Second Edition, Ear melodic minor scale, 36 chord substitutions, 206-209 Training Course, The, 156 minor keys, 49 common progressions, Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music natural minor scale, 32 Composition, The, 109, 263 cadences 134-137 Complete Idiot’s Guide to Playing imperfect, 133-134 creating, 130 Drums, The, 263 interrupted, 134 exercises, 143 Complete Idiot’s Guide to Singing, plagal, 133 extensions, 203-204 The, 263 V-I progression, 133 hearing, 163-164 Complete Idiot’s Guide to Solos and calando (dynamic marking), 83 melodies, 106-107, 138-141 Improvisation, The, 263 call-and-response melodies, 105 phrase-ending chord progres- composing. See also music, songs, Canon in D written music chord progressions, 140 sion (cadence), 133-134 arrangements melodic techniques, 95 returning to the I chord, instrumental, 227-232 canons, 149 vocal, 225-227 cantatas, 149 130-131 counterpoint. See counterpoint changing scale-based chords, 127-130 harmony. See harmony dynamics, 81-82 writing tips, 141-142 melodies, 95-97 keys, 52-53 seventh chords, 204 compound chords, 205-206 tempos, 80 sheets, 168-169, 243 compound intervals, 23 time signatures, 72 substitutions con sordino (dynamic marking), 83 choral music, 243, 247 diatonic, 206-207 concert band music, 248-251 choral symphonies, 149 dominant seventh, 208-209 concert keys, 178 chorales, 149 functional, 209 good and bad concert keys, 232 chords major, 207 transpositions, 231 adding to music, 123-124 minor, 207-208 concertos, 149 altered bass, 205 suspended, 121-122 conducting altered chords, 120-121 tonic, 243 2/2 time, 260 arpeggiated, 112, 219 triads, 112 4/4 time, 259-260 augmented, 115 turnarounds, 210-211 in three pattern, 260-261 voicing, 189-191 practicing, 261-262

Index 307 preparations, 257-258 drums, 229 F rehearsal routines, 258 Dvorˇák, Antonin, New World setting the tempo, 261 F instruments, transposing for, 231 contour melodies, 101 Symphony F Major scale, 30 counterpoint, 187 chord progression, 140 F minor creating, 195-198 melodic techniques, 92-93 note combinations to avoid harmonic minor scale, 35 E melodic minor scale, 37 big leaps, 198-199 minor keys, 49 dissonant intervals, 199 E Major scale, 29 natural minor scale, 33 parallel movements, 198 E minor F-sharp Major scale, 30 overview, 194-195 F-sharp minor crescendos, 82 harmonic minor scale, 35 harmonic minor scale, 35 cycles per second, frequency, 5 melodic minor scale, 36 melodic minor scale, 37 minor keys, 49 minor keys, 49 D natural minor scale, 33 natural minor scale, 33 E-flat instruments, transposing for, fast tempos, 79 D Major scale, 29 231 fermata, 80-81 D minor E-flat Major scale, 29 fifth modulation, 52 E-flat minor first inversions (chords), 122 harmonic minor scale, 34 harmonic minor scale, 34 flags, 61 melodic minor scale, 36 melodic minor scale, 36 flams, 217 minor keys, 49 minor keys, 49 flats natural minor scale, 33 natural minor scale, 33 key signatures D-flat Major keys, 46 ear training, 155-164 D-sharp minor active listening skills, 157-158 circle of fifths, 50 harmonic minor scale, 34 developing hearing skills overview, 48 melodic minor scale, 36 pitch intervals, 17-18 minor keys, 49 chords and chord progres- sign, 18 natural minor scale, 33 sions, 163-164 flute, 228 decrescendo, 82 forced accents, 82 degree-wise transposition, 180-181 intervals, 159-160 forms degrees of the scale, 19-25 keys, 163 accompaniment, 170 augmented intervals, 22 melodies, 162-163 classical music forms, 149-151 compound intervals, 23 pitch, 158 melodies, 107 diminished intervals, 22 rhythms, 162 forte (dynamic marking), 81 half steps, 23-25 resources, 156 fortissimo (dynamic marking), 81 major and minor intervals, 21 transcribing music, 156, 164 fortississimo (dynamic marking), 81 perfect intervals, 21 eight-measure phrase rule, 147-148 fourth modulation, 52 diatonic chord substitutions, eighth notes, 61, 69 frequency (tone value) 206-207 eleventh chords, 120 cycles per second, 5 diatonic notes, 31 endings oscilloscopes, 5 diminished chords creating memorable melodies, 98 fugues, 149 notations, 115 songs, 147 functional chord substitutions, 209 triads, 114 enharmonic notes, 18 diminished intervals, 22 exercises G diminuendo (dynamic marking), 83 accompaniment, 175 dissonant intervals, 199 chord progressions, 143 G Major scale, 30 dolcissimo (dynamic marking), 83 intervals, 25 G minor dominant seventh chord substitu- keys, 53 tions, 208-209 scales, 43 harmonic minor scale, 35 dominant seventh chords, 116-117 time signatures, 74-75 melodic minor scale, 37 doppio movimento, 80 transpositions, 183 minor keys, 49 Dorian mode, 39 extensions (chords), 203-204 natural minor scale, 33 dotted notes, 63 eleventh, 120 G-flat Major scale, 30 ninth, 119-120 seventh, 116-118 sixth, 119

308 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition G-sharp minor I introductions, songs, 146 harmonic minor scale, 35 inversions, chords, 189-191 melodic minor scale, 37 imperfect cadences, 133-134 inverted chords, 122-123 minor keys, 49 incalzando (dynamic marking), 83 natural minor scale, 33 indefinite pitch clefs, 14 first inversion, 122 instrumental arrangements root inversion, 122 glissandos, 219 second inversion, 122 grace notes, 217-218 characteristics Ionian mode, 38-39 grand motets, 149 brass, 229 Italian musical terms, 78-79 grand staffs, 12-13 guitars, 228 grave tempos, 79 keyboards, 229 J–K Gregorian chants, 150 percussion, 229-230 grouping beats, time signatures, strings, 227 jazz band music, 247-248 woodwinds, 228 72-73 keyboards guitar tabs, 124 good and bad concert keys, 232 instrumental arrangements, 229 guitars ranges, 232-236 ranges, 236-237 solos, 147 accompaniment, 174-175 transposing instruments, 230-232 keys, 45 instrumental arrangements, 228 instruments changing, 52-53 melodies, 108 circle of fifths, 50 H MIDI (musical instrument digi- concert, 178 good and bad concert keys, 232 half notes, 59-60, 71-72 tal interface), 253 transpositions, 231 half step intervals, 18-19, 23-25 unpitched, 4 exercises, 53 half-step modulation, 52 internalizing music, 158 hearing, 163 harmonic minor scale, 34-35 interrupted cadences, 134 key signatures harmonic tension (melody), 104-105 interval-based transpositions, changing keys, 52-53 harmonics, 21 181-182 outside the key notes (acciden- harmony intervals tal), 51-52 Aeolian mode, 42 overview, 46 counterpoint, 187 chromatic, 103 sharps and flats, 48-50 note combinations to avoid degrees of the scale, 19-25 major keys, 46 minor keys, 48-49 big leaps, 198-199 augmented, 22 outside the key notes (acciden- dissonant intervals, 199 compound, 23 tal), 51-52 parallel movements, 198 half steps, 23-25 transposition. See transposition swapping notes, 192 major and minor, 21 voice leading, 192-193 perfect, 21 L voicing and inversions, 189-191 dissonant, 199 head arrangements, 148 Dorian Mode, 39 larghetto tempo, 79 Hearing and Writing Music: exercises, 25 largo tempo, 79 Professional Training for Today’s half steps, 18-19 lead sheets, 168, 242 Musician, 156, 263 harmonic minor scale, 34 leading notes, 34 hearing skills (ear training) hearing, 159-160 ledger lines (staff), 11 chords and chord progressions, Ionian mode, 39 leggiero (dynamic marking), 83 163-164 Locrian mode, 42 lento tempo, 79 intervals, 159-160 Lydian mode, 40 lieders, 149 keys, 163 major scales, 29 listening (ear training), 155-164 melodies, 162-163 melodic minor scale, 36 pitch, 158 melodies, 102-103 active listening skills, 157-158 rhythms, 162 Mixolydian mode, 41 developing hearing skills, 158-164 high-pitched tones, 4 Mod-12 system, 24 resources, 156 holding notes (fermata), 80-81 natural minor scale, 32 transcribing music, 156, 164 home chords, returning to, 130-131 Phrygian mode, 40 Locrian mode, 42-43 home pitch, memorable melodies, sharps and flats, 17-18 low-pitched tones, 4 97-98 tones, 6 hooks, memorable melodies, 99-100

Index 309 Lydian mode, 40-41 New World Symphony, 140 MIDI (musical instrument digital lyrics writing tips, 141-142 interface), 253 combining tones and rhythms, melodies, 107-108 91-92 minor chords notating, 220-221 composing, 95-97 notation, 114 hearing, 162-163 substitutions, 207-208 M melodic techniques triads, 114 Canon in D, 95 madrigals, 149 “Michael, Row the Boat minor intervals, 21 Maelzel’s Metronome. See MM minor keys, 48-49 major chords Ashore,” 94 minor scales Minuet in G, 93-94 notation, 113 New World Symphony, 92-93 harmonic, 34-35 substitutions, 207 memorable melodies melodic, 35-37 triads, 113 2/4/8/16 rule, 100-101 natural, 31-33 major intervals, 21 call and response, 105 minor seventh chords, 117-118 major keys, 46 chord progressions, 106-107 Minuet in G major scales contour, 101 chord progression, 139-140 intervals, 29 endings, 98 melodic techniques, 93-94 overview, 28-30 form, 107 minuets, 150 major seventh chords, 117 harmonic tension, 104-105 Mixolydian mode, 41 mancando (dynamic marking), 83 home pitch, 97-98 MM (Maelzel’s Metronome), 78 marcato (dynamic marking), 83 hooks, 99-100 Mod-12 system (intervals), 24 marches, 149 instruments, 108 moderato tempo, 79 markings intervals, 102-103 modes dynamics, 81-83 lyrics, 107-108 Aeolian, 41-42 notes pentatonic scale, 99 Dorian, 39 range, 102 Ionian, 38-39 staccato mark, 217 repetition, 106 Locrian, 42-43 tenuto mark, 217 rhythm, 103-104 Lydian, 40-41 turn mark, 218 scales, 98-99 Mixolydian, 41 martellato (dynamic marking), 83 skip-wise motion, 101-102 Phrygian, 40 “Mary Had a Little Lamb,” chord step-wise motion, 101-102 modulating keys progressions, 141 symmetry, 105-106 fourth, 52 masses, 150 time signatures, 104 half-step, 52 measures uniqueness, 108 Molehill Group website, 264 repeat signs, 85 varying motifs, 100 molto vivace tempo, 79 rhythms, 58 vocals, 108 morendo (dynamic marking), 83 time signatures overview, 91 motets, 150 changing, 72 resources, 108-109 motifs, memorable melodies, 100 eighth-notes, 69 Melody in Songwriting: Tools and motion grouping beats, 72-73 Techniques for Writing Hit Songs, 263 contour melodies, 101 half-notes, 71-72 memorable melodies. See melodies skip-wise, 101-102 meters, 67 memory step-wise, 101-102 quarter-notes, 68-69 rhythmic, 162 multiple-measure rest sign, 86-87 melodic minor scales, 35-37 tonal, 158 music. See also composing, songs, melodies meters, time signatures, 67 written music accompaniment. See accompani- metronome, 78 adding chords, 123-124 ment mezza voce (dynamic marking), 83 classical music forms, 149-151 chord progressions mezzo forte (dynamic marking), 81 conducting, 258-262 Canon in D, 140 mezzo piano (dynamic marking), 81 defining characteristics, 3-4 “Mary Had a Little Lamb,” “Michael, Row the Boat Ashore” head arrangements, 148 chord progression, 139 internalizing, 158 141 melodic techniques, 94 keys, 45-53 “Michael, Row the Boat navigation techniques, 83-87 notating lyrics, 220-221 Ashore,” 139 Minuet in G, 139-140

310 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition song parts, 146-147 noteheads, 60 half, 59-60 tempo, 78-80 notes quarter, 60 transcribing, 156, 164 sixteenth, 61 music notation software, 252 accented, 82-83 thirty-second, 61 Music Notes Music Theory web- accidentals, 18 tied, 64 site, 264 chords. See chords triplets, 64 Music Theory Web website, 264 combinations to avoid whole, 59 musical instrument digital interface. numbers See MIDI, 253 big leaps, 198-199 degrees of the scale, 19-25 Musictheory.net website, 264 dissonant intervals, 199 augmented intervals, 22 parallel movements, 198 compound intervals, 23 N counting, 62 diminished intervals, 22 eighth, 69 half steps, 23-25 names, tones enharmonic, 18 major and minor intervals, 21 alphabet method, 8 flags, 61 perfect intervals, 21 piano keyboard, 9 half, 71-72 tones, 6-7 staff, 9-11 holding notes (fermata), 80-81 key. See key O Nashville Number System, 243 natural signs, 18 natural minor scale, 31-33 notation techniques octave clefs, 14 natural sign, 18 8va notation, 232 online resources, 263 navigation techniques (songs), 83-87 arpeggiated chords, 219 operas, 150 glissandos, 219 operettas, 150 Coda sign, 85 grace notes, 217-218 oratorios, 150 measure repeat sign, 85 phrases, 216 orchestra scores, 252 multiple-measure rest sign, 86-87 slurs, 216 orchestration, 238 note repeat, 85-86 staccato mark, 217 oscilloscopes, 5 repeating sections, 84 swings, 219-220 out chorus, 147 Segno sign, 84-85 tenuto mark, 217 outside the key notes (accidentals), neighboring tones, 96 ties, 215-216 New World Symphony trills, 218 51-52 chord progression, 140 turns, 218 melodic techniques, 92-93 noteheads, 60 P ninth chords, 119-120 outside the key notes (acciden- notation techniques tals), 51-52 Pachelbel, Johann, Canon in D arpeggiated chords, 219 pentatonic scales, 99 chord progression, 140 augmented chords, 115 piano keyboards, 9 melodic techniques, 95 diminished chords, 115 quarter, 68-69 glissandos, 219 repeat notation, 85-86 parallel movements, avoiding, 198 grace notes, 217-218 rests, 62-63 parts of a song lyrics, 220-221 scales major chords, 113 chromatic, 28 bridge, 147 major seventh chords, 117 diatonic, 31 chorus, 146 minor chords, 114 leading notes, 34 endings, 147 minor seventh chords, 118 major, 28-30 instrumental solos, 147 music notation software, 252 minor, 31-37 introductions, 146 phrases, 216 modes, 38-43 verse, 146 slurs, 216 overview, 27-28 pentatonic scales, 99 staccato mark, 217 staffs percussion swing, 219-220 clefs, 11-14 instrumental arrangements, tenuto mark, 217 naming tones, 9-11 ties, 215-216 swapping (harmony), 192 229-230 trills, 218 transposing, 177-178 ranges, 237 turns, 218 values, 58-63 percussion clefs, 14 writing music, 241-242 dotted, 63 perdendosi (dynamic marking), 83 eighth, 61 perfect intervals, 21 perfect pitch, 6, 159

Index 311 performing music, conducting progressions (chord progressions) rehearsal routine 2/2 time, 260 blues progression, 138 play-through, 258 4/4 time, 259-260 chord leading, 131-133 setup, 258 in three, 260-261 chord substitutions, 206-209 tuneup, 258 practicing, 261-262 common progressions warmup, 258 preparations, 257-258 circle of fifths, 137 rehearsal routines, 258 I-ii-IV, 136 repeat marks, 84 setting the tempo, 261 I-ii-IV-V, 136 repetition I-IV, 134 phrase-ending chord progression I-IV-V, 135 measures, 85 (cadence) I-IV-V-IV, 135 melodies, 106 imperfect cadences, 133-134 I-V, 134-135 notes, 85-86 interrupted cadences, 134 I-V-vi-IV, 135 sections, 84 plagal cadences, 133 I-vi-ii-V, 136 resources V-I progression, 133 I-vi-ii-V7-ii, 136 books, 263 I-vi-IV-V, 136 ear training, 156 phrases, notation techniques, 216 ii-V-I, 137 melodies, 108-109 Phrygian mode, 40 IV-I-IV-V, 137 online, 263 pianissimo (dynamic marking), 81 creating, 130 rests pianississimo (dynamic marking), 81 exercises, 143 multiple-measure rest sign, piano (dynamic marking), 81 extensions, 203-204 pianos hearing, 163-164 86-87 melodies, 106-107, 138-141 resting notes, 62-63 accompaniment, 174-175 Canon in D, 140 rhythmic accompaniment, 171-173 keyboards, naming tones, 9 “Mary Had a Little Lamb,” rhythms pitch. See also tone 141 4/4 time, 57 concert, 178 “Michael, Row the Boat counting notes, 62 contour melodies, 101 Ashore,” 139 hearing, 162 defining characteristics, 4 Minuet in G, 139-140 measures, 58 fundamentals 21 New World Symphony, 140 melodies, 91-92, 103-104 harmonics, 21 phrase-ending chord progres- note values, 58-64 hearing, 158 sion (cadence) high-pitched tones, 4 imperfect cadence, 133-134 dotted, 63 home pitch, 97-98 interrupted cadence, 134 eighth, 61 intervals plagal cadence, 133 half, 59-60 V-I progression, 133 quarter, 60 degrees of the scale, 19-25 returning to the I chord, rest, 62-63 half steps, 18-19 130-131 sixteenth, 61 Mod-12 system, 24 scale-based chords, 127-130 thirty-second, 61 sharps and flats, 17-18 writing tips, 141-142 tied, 64 low-pitched tones, 4 triplets, 64 naming tones, 8-11 Q–R whole, 59 numbering tones, 6-7 rhythmic memory, 162 perfect pitch, 6, 159 quarter notes, 60, 68-69 syncopated, 103 pitch memory, 158 ritardando, 80 scales, 6 rallentando, 80 ritenuto, 80 scientific pitch notation, 9 ranges root inversions, 122 tuning forks, 6 unpitched instruments, 4 instrumental arrangements, 232, S plagal cadences, 133 236 plainsongs, 150 scales (musical scale) play-through, rehearsal routine, melodies, 102 chromatic, 28 258 vocal arrangements, 226-227 creating memorable melodies, power chords, 122 98-99 prestissimo tempo, 79 degrees of the scale, 19-25 presto tempo, 79 augmented, 22 programme music, 150 compound, 23

312 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition diminished, 22 major, 117 endings, 147 half steps, 23, 25 minor, 117-118 instrumental solos, 147 major and minor, 21 sharps introductions, 146 perfect, 21 key signatures verse, 146 exercises, 43 transposition diatonic notes, 31 circle of fifths, 50 common uses, 178-179 keys, 45-53 overview, 48 degree-wise, 180-181 changing, 52-53 pitch intervals, 17-18 exercises, 183 circle of fifths, 50 sign, 18 interval-based, 181-182 key signatures, 46 sixteenth notes, 61 overview, 177-178 major keys, 46 sixth chords, 119 software-based, 182 minor keys, 48-49 skip-wise motion (melody), 101-102 step-wise, 179-180 outside the key notes (acci- slash chords. See altered bass sopranos, vocal arrangements, 226 chords sotto voce (dynamic marking), 83 dental), 51-52 slow tempos, 79 specialty clefs major scales slurs, notation techniques, 216 alto, 13 smorzando (dynamic marking), 83 octave, 14 intervals, 29 software percussion, 14 overview, 28-30 music notation software, 252 tenor, 13 minor scales software-based transposition, 182 staccato mark, 217 harmonic minor, 34-35 Solfeggio method, tone values, 7-8 staff melodic minor, 35-37 sonatas, 150 clefs natural minor, 31-33 songs. See also music, written music bass, 12 modes classical music, 150 grand, 12-13 Aeolian, 41-42 counterpoint, 198-199 specialty, 13-14 Dorian, 39 dynamics treble, 11-12 Ionian, 38-39 accented notes, 82-83 ledger lines, 11 Locrian, 42-43 changing, 81-82 naming tones, 9-11 Lydian, 40-41 markings, 81, 83 step-wise motion (melody), 101-102 Mixolydian, 41 eight-measure phrase rule, step-wise transposition, 179-180 Phrygian, 40 147-148 strepitoso (dynamic marking), 83 overview, 27-28 forms strings pentatonic scale, 99 classical, 149-151 instrumental arrangements, pitch, 6 head arrangements, 148 227-228 scale-based chords, 127-130 harmony quartets, 150 scientific pitch notation, 9 counterpoint, 187 ranges, 233 scores. See also music, written music note combinations to avoid, strumming, accompaniment, choral music, 243, 247 174-175 concert band, 248-251 198-199 Study of Orchestration, The, 263 jazz band, 247-248 swapping notes, 192 substitution (chord substitution) navigation techniques, 83-87 voice leading, 192-193 diatonic, 206-207 Coda sign, 85 voicing and inversions, dominant seventh, 208-209 measure repeat sign, 85 functional, 209 multiple-measure rest sign, 189-191 major, 207 melodies. See melodies minor, 207-208 86-87 navigation techniques, 83-87 sudden accents, 82 note repeat, 85-86 suites, 150 repeating sections, 84 Coda sign, 85 suspended chords, 121-122 Segno sign, 84-85 measure repeat sign, 85 swapping notes (harmony), 192 notation guidelines, 241-242 multiple-measure rest sign, swing, notation techniques, 219-220 orchestra, 252 symmetry, melodies, 105-106 second inversions (chords), 122 86-87 symphonies, 150 Segno sign, 84-85 note repeat, 85-86 syncopated rhythms, 103 senza sordini (dynamic marking), 83 repeating sections, 84 setup, rehearsal routine, 258 Segno sign, 84-85 seventh chords, 204 notating lyrics, 220-221 dominant, 116-117 parts bridge, 147 chorus, 146

Index 313 T concert keys, 231 numbering, 6-7 degree-wise, 180-181 Solfeggio method, 7-8 tacet (dynamic marking), 83 exercises, 183 variations, memorable melodies, 100 tempo, 77 instruments, 230-232 verses, songs, 146 interval-based, 181-182 violins, 227 bpm (beats per minute), 78 overview, 177-178 vivace tempo, 79 changing, 80 software-based, 182 vocal arrangements, 225 click tracks, 78 step-wise, 179-180 characteristics conducting, 261 treble clefs, 11-12 alto, 226 fast, 79 triads (chords), 112-115 baritone, 226 fermatas, 80-81 augmented, 115 bass, 226 Italian musical terms, 78-79 diminished, 114 soprano, 226 metronome, 78 major, 113 tenor, 226 moderate, 79 minor, 114 melodies, 108 primo, 80 trills, notation techniques, 218 ranges, 226-227 slow, 79 triplet notes, 64 voice leading, 192-193 tempo primo, 80 tritones, 103 voicing chords (harmony), 189-191 tenor clefs, 13 trombones, instrumental arrange- volume, dynamics tenors, vocal arrangements, 226 ments, 229 accented notes, 82-83 tenuto mark, 217 trumpets, instrumental arrange- changing, 81-82 thirty-second notes, 61 ments, 229 markings, 81-83 tied notes, 64 tubas, instrumental arrangements, ties, notation techniques, 215-216 229 W–X–Y–Z time signatures Tunesmith: Inside the Art of changing, 72 Songwriting, 106, 263 walking bass lines, 174 eighth notes, 69 tuneup, rehearsal routine, 258 warmup, rehearsal routine, 258 exercises, 74-75 tuning forks, 6 websites grouping beats, 72-73 turnarounds half notes, 71-72 IV-I-IV-V chord progression, Molehill Group, 264 melodies, 104 Music Notes Music Theory, 264 meters, 67 137 Music Theory Web, 264 quarter notes, 68-69 common chords, 210-211 Musictheory.net, 264 tonal memory, 158 turns, notation techniques, 218 What to Listen for in Music, 263 tones. See also pitch tutta forza (dynamic marking), 83 whole notes, 59 high-pitched, 4 woodwinds intervals, 6 U–V instrumental arrangements, 228 low-pitched, 4 ranges, 234-235 melodies, 91-92 una corda (dynamic marking), 83 written music. See also composing, names unpitched instruments, 4 music, songs adding chords, 123-124 alphabet method, 8 values arrangements piano keyboard, 9 notes, 58-64 staff, 9-11 dotted, 63 instrumental arrangements, neighboring, 96 eighth, 61 227-236 overview, 4 half, 59-60 values quarter, 60 vocal arrangements, 225-227 frequency, 5 sixteenth, 61 choral music, 243, 247 numbering, 6-7 thirty-second, 61 chord progressions, 141-142 Solfeggio method, 7-8 tied, 64 chord sheets, 243 tonic, 34 triplets, 64 concert band, 248-251 tonic chords, 243 whole, 59 jazz band, 247-248 training your ear. See ear training tones lead sheets, 242 transcribing music, 156, 164 frequency, 5 music notation software, 252 transposition Nashville Number System, 243 common uses, 178-179 notation techniques, 241-242 arpeggiated chords, 219

314 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Music Theory, Second Edition glissando, 219 grace notes, 217-218 lyrics, 220-221 phrases, 216 slurs, 216 staccato mark, 217 swings, 219-220 tenuto mark, 217 ties, 215-216 trills, 218 turns, 218 orchestras, 252 transcription tips, 164