The Guilded Age

The Gilded Age By: Domenic Evans

Immigration (ethnic groups, impacts, push/pullfactors)In the 1920s, Congress passed laws to limit (entering into a country). The government usedquotas. The quotas limited the numbers of people that could enter a country. The total numberof people (who enter a country) dropped to 240,000 a year. The government gave eachcountry a quota. Some countries, such as England and Germany, had higher quotas. Othercountries, such as Italy and Spain, had low quotas. Few Asians or Africans were allowed toenter. The quotas of the 1920s did not affect Latin American or Canadian people (who enter acountry). Mexican workers had become very important to the U.S. (process of people making,selling, and buying things). In the late 1800s, many Mexicans moved to the western UnitedStates to work on farms, mines, and (sets of steel tracks for trains). In the 1950s, about200,000 Mexican workers came every year because there was a shortage of farm workers.

NativismNativism is the political policy of (helping increase/showing in a good way) the interests ofnative residents against those of people (who enter a country). However, this is now morecommonly described as an anti-(related to people who enter a country) position. In intelligentstudies nativism is a standard technical term. The term is usually not accepted by those whohold this political view, however. Dindar (2010) wrote \"nativists... do not think about/believethemselves as nativists. For them it is a negative term and they rather think about/believethemselves as' Patriots'

Building of skyscrapers and publictransportation (why, its impact)The early skyscrapers were a range of tall, commercial buildings built between 1884 and 1939,mostly in the American cities of New York City and Chicago. Cities in the United States wereusually/(in the past) made up of low-rise buildings, but significant money-based growth afterthe Civil War and more and more intensive use of city-based land encouraged the developmentof taller buildings beginning in the 1870s. (related to computers and science) improvementsenabled the construction of fireproofed iron-framed structures with deep foundations, preparedwith new inventions such as the elevator and electric lighting. These made it both technicallyand commercially doable/possible to build a new class of taller buildings, the first of which,Chicago's 138-foot (42 m) tall Home Insurance Building, opened in 1884. Their numbers grewquickly and by 1888 they were being labelled skyscrapers.

Tenement housingThe New York City (very poor) apartment/house House Act of 1867 defined a (very poor) apartment/house as any rentedor leased house/living that housed more than three independent families. (very poor) apartments/houses were first built tohouse the waves of people (who enter a country) that arrived in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s, and theyrepresented the first (or most important) form of city-based (related to lower-paid people who work hard for a living)housing until the New Deal.A typical (very poor) apartment/house building was from five to six stories high, with four apartments on each floor. To(make as big as possible) the number of renters, builders wasted little space. Early (very poor) apartments/houses mightoccupy as much as 90 percent of their lots, leaving little room behind the building for privies and water pumps and little(fresh air/machines that bring fresh air), light, or privacy inside the (very poor) apartment/house. With a largeextended family and regular renters to help pay the rent, which could otherwise eat up over half of a family's income, a(very poor) apartment/house apartment might house as many as from ten to twelve people at a time. These (very poor)apartment/house residents often also worked in the building in such occupations as cigar rolling and article of clothingmaking.

Problems due to urbanizationThe promise of jobs and richness, among other factors, pulls people to cities. Half of theworldwide population already lives in cities, and by 2050 two-thirds of the world's people areexpected to live in city-based areas. But in cities two of the most pressing problems facing theworld today also come together: poorness and (related to surrounding conditions or the healthof the Earth) insulting/worsening.Poor air and water quality, not enough water availability, waste-disposal problems, and highenergy use are worsened by the increasing population density and demands ofcity-based(surrounding conditions). Strong city planning will be extremely important inmanaging these and other (problems, delays, etc.) as the world's city-based areas swell.

political machines and party boss (how werethey able to gain so much power)A political machine is a political organization in which a strict/excellent boss or small group commands the support of acorps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), who receive rewards for their efforts. The machine'spower is based on the ability of the workers to get out the vote for their candidates on election day. Although theseelements are common to most political parties and organizations, they are extremely important to political machines,which depend on (system where things or people are in separate levels of importance) and rewards for political power,often enforced by a strong party whip structure. Machines sometimes have a political boss, often depend on (the money,and other help, given to a person or organization), the spoils system, \"behind-the-scenes\" control, and (existing for a longtime) political ties within the structure of a representative (system or country where leaders are chosen by votes).Machines usually are organized on a permanent basis instead of a single election or event. The term may have aninsulting sense referring to dishonest (in a way that ruins your trust) political machines. The term \"political machine\"dates back to the 20th century in the United States, where such organizations have existed in some cities and states sincethe 18th century. Almost the same machines have been described in Latin America, where the system has been calledclientelism or political clientelism (after the almost the same Clientela relationship in the Roman Republic), especially inareas away from cities, and also in some African states and other newly-visible(systems or countries where leaders arechosen by votes), like postcommunist Eastern (related to Europe) countries. Japan's Liberal Democratic Party is oftenreferred to as another political machine, maintaining power in suburban and areas away from cities through its controlof farm(government agency/chest of drawers)s and road construction (services businesses/government units). In Japan,

Tammany HallTammany Hall was the name given to the Democratic politicalmachine that ruled New York City politics from the mayoral victory ofFernando Wood in 1854 through the election of Fiorello La Guardia in1934. The eighty-year period between those two elections marks thetime in which Tammany was the city's driving political force, but itsorigins actually date to the late eighteenth century and its fall frompower was not truly complete until the early 1960s.

Social DarwinismThe term Social (believing in Charles Darwin's ideas of evolution) is used to refer to different ways of thinking andexplanations (of why things work or happen the way they do) that came out/became visible in the second half of the 19thcentury and tried to apply the (related to things slowly changing for the better over time) idea of natural selection tohuman (community of people/all good people in the world). The term itself came out/became visible in the 1880s, and itgained (existing all over a large area) currency when used after 1944 by fighters (against someone or something) ofthese ways of thinking. Most those who have been separated and labeled as social Darwinists did not identify themselvesby such a label. Educated people debate the extent to which the different Social Darwinist beliefs reflect Charles Darwin'sown views on human social and money-based issues. His writings have passages that can be understood/explained asopposite (or fighting against) aggressive (desire to do things for yourself and not be like others), while other passagesappear to (help increase/show in a good way) it. Some educated people argue that Darwin's view slowly changed andcame to incorporate views from other people (who try to come up with explanations for things) such as Herbert Spencer.Spencer published his Lamarckian (related to things slowly changing for the better over time) ideas about (community ofpeople/all good people in the world) before Darwin first published his explanation (of why something works or happensthe way it does) in 1859, and both Spencer and Darwin (helped increase/showed in a good way) their own ideas of ideasof how to act right. Spencer supported (don't interfere; leave things alone) (a system where people own money andvaluable things) on the basis of his Lamarckian belief that struggle for survival helped/encouraged self-improvementwhich could be born-in. An important supporter in Germany was Ernst Haeckel, who (made well-known) Darwin'sthought (and personal(understanding/ explanation) of it) and used it as well to add/give to a new religious belief, the

Gospel of wealth Wealth\", more commonly known as \"The Gospel of Wealth\", is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June of 1889 that describes the responsibility of money-giving (to charities) by the new upper class of self-made rich. Carnegie said that the best way of dealing with the new important thing/big event of wealth (state where two things are not the same) was for the wealthy to redistribute their (more than needed) means in a responsible and thoughtful manner. This approach was contrasted with traditional gift (in a will) (inheritance (from your father)), where wealth is handed down to heirs, and other forms of gift (in a will) e.g. where wealth is willed to the state for public purposes. Carnegie argued that (more than needed) wealth is put to best use (i.e. produces the greatest net benefit to (community of people/all good people in the world)) when it is given carefully by the rich. Carnegie also argues against wasteful use of capital in the form of fanciness, irresponsible spending, or (doing a lot of selfish things just to make yourself happy), instead (helping increase/showing in a good way) the management of said capital over the course of one's lifetime toward the cause of reducing the separation (into clear layers) between the rich and poor. As a result, the wealthy should (control or manage/give medicine or something else) their riches responsibly and not in a way that encourages \"the lazy, the drunken, the unworthy\".

Reforms (why were the implemented, whatreforms were implemented)During the Progressive Time in history (1900-1920), the country wrestled with theproblemscaused by (when a country builds factories and manufactures lots of things) and(growth of cities with more people). Progressivism, a city-based, middle a class reformmovement, supported the government taking a greater role in dealing with such issues as thecontrol of big business and the welfare of the public. Many of its (things that were completed)were based on efforts ofearlier reform movements. The federal income tax and the directelection of senators, for example, were a part of the (related to what regular, ordinary peoplelike and want) program, and Prohibition grew from a prea Civil War antia alcohol reformtradition. Although theProgressives formed their own political party in 1912, the movementhad broad support amongboth Democrats and Republicans. Presidents Theodore Rooseveltand William Howard Taft(Republicans) and Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) all claimed theProgressive mantle.

Realism in artThough never a coherent group, Realism is recognized as the first modern movement in art,which rejected traditional forms of art, literature, and social organization as outmoded in thewake of the Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution. Beginning in France in the 1840s,Realism revolutionized painting, expanding conceptions of what constituted art. Working in achaotic era marked by revolution and widespread social change, Realist painters replaced theidealistic images and literary conceits of traditional art with real-life events, giving themargins of society similar weight to grand history paintings and allegories. Their choice tobring everyday life into their canvases was an early manifestation of the avant-garde desire tomerge art and life, and their rejection of painterly techniques, like perspective, prefigured themany twentieth-century definitions and redefinitions of modernism

Populists and the populist partyDuring the Panic of 1873 farming-based prices in the United States began to (lower innumber/get worse). The money-based welfare of farmers suffered badly; many believed thatthe management of currency was at fault and that the government's currency policy wasfigured out by/decided by Eastern bankers and industrialists. After attempts at independentpolitical actionfailed (see Greenback party), loosely knit confederations called Farmers'Friendly partnerships were formed during the 1880s. Separate organizations were founded inthe North and South, and Southern blacks organized their own friendly partnerships.