While the Styrofoam is still wet, mold it into the bottle cap to make the turtle. Repeat the above process if more Styrofoam is needed. Form the legs, tail, and head with the Styrofoam quickly, before it begins to harden. Leave the finished turtle in the fume hood overnight to make sure it dries completely. A finished turtle HAZARDS Acetone is highly flammable in the liquid and vapor form. It should be kept away from heat, open flames, and sparks. Acetone is also a serious eye irritant, and inhalation may cause drowsiness or dizziness. Polystyrene dust is combustible. Although a large concentration of polystyrene dust should not be generated, the material should be kept away from heat, open flames, and sparks. Safety goggles and a fume hood should be used at all times. DISPOSAL Excess acetone should be disposed of by being evaporated in a fume hood. Polystyrene can disposed of in the trashcan. DISCUSSION Styrene is a nonpolar molecule. When bonded to itself through a polymerization process, it becomes polystyrene, which is commonly marketed as Styrofoam. Styrofoam is used in a wide variety of things, from packing materials to food containers.
Polystyrene was first discovered in 1839 by German apothecary Eduard Simon. About 80 years later, organic chemist Hermann Staudinger classified polystyrene as a plastic polymer. In 1922, he published his theories, which won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1953. Polystyrene has been manufactured in bulk using freeradical polymerization. Freeradical polymerization is a type of chain polymerization, where the reaction is initiated by an ion, which causes another free radical to be formed at the end of the styrene. This causes the reaction to continue until all of the styrene has become polystyrene. Because of polystyrene’s nonpolar qualities, it takes around 500 years for it to dissolve in water. However, it can be dissolved in a substance with similar, nonpolar, qualities. Acetone works very well for this. C8 H 8 ( s) + (CH3) 2C O (l) → C8 H 8 ( dissolved) + (CH3 ) 2C O (l) As seen in the reaction above, styrene dissolves in acetone. As it dissolves, it develops qualities similar to that of clay, allowing it to be molded into shapes. When the polystyrene dries, it becomes hard and brittle, as seen in this experiment REFERENCES 1. Milk jug caps 38/special. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.uline.com/Product/Detail/S18111/ReplacementCaps/MilkJugCaps38Spe cial?pricode=WZ497&gadtype=pla&id=S18111&gclid=Cj0KEQjw4J6BRD3h_KIoqij wvkBEiQAfcPiBYsgEz2SAozWM8wrGq2zBSOmq0i6w7ycIUeDhZML7GYaAlZc8P8 HAQ&gclsrc=aw.ds 2. Polystyrene safety data sheet. (2015). 16. Retrieved May 27, 2016, from http://www.totalrefiningchemicals.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Safety%20Datasheet% 20Documents/sds_us_polystyrene.pdf 3. Safety data sheet. (2014). Encyclopedia of Lubricants and Lubrication, 17031703. doi:10.1007/9783642226472_200407 4. Synthesis. (n.d.). Retrieved June 5, 2016, from http://faculty.uscupstate.edu/llever/polymer%20resources/synthesis.htm
The music from Spectral was composed from audio recordings of Michael Pennington and Steele Tamok drum-ming along to a grand piano piece that Pennington also performed. The recording device was a TEAC VR-20 whichdigitally captured the samples as a stereo, 24-bit, 48kHz, linear PCM wav file. Equalization, reverberation, delay, reversal,and changes of speed were accomplished using FL Studio 12, a program used to mix and master audio recordings. Auto-mation envelopes controlled the volumetric dynamics of the samples. PBernICnlinSgOto4nNOan3Cd lTOa3mColOk4, (pronounced: brikle so no klo klo) is the artist name representing this collaboration be-tween and it is derived from the names of the anions of strong acids. The two pieces playing after the first song are works that were created outside of the development of Spectral,yet managed to be incorporated into the film. One was a remix of “The Near Future” (better known as “How Dry I Am”) byIrving Berlin, which utilized reversal, delay, and reverb to bring about a relatively intangible melody, originating from an oldmusical liquor bottle. Playing for the credits theme was “(((())))” by Rogue B. Let’em.
Soap Making Ryan Brewer and Grace BowmanLye or sodium hydroxide is combined with a fatty molecule in this case olive oil to create soap that can be used for every-day needs.Materials Olive oil (Different quantities depending on how much soap is desired) 10M NaOH (Different quantities depending on how much soap is desired) Saran wrap Soap trays Kitchen mixer Fume hood Knife Essential oils Cooler Towels Glass stir rod Hot water bath Small Medium Large127.5 g NaOH 255 g NaOH 510 g NaOH295 mL Water 590 mL Water 1180 mL Water1183 mL Olive Oil 2366 mL Olive Oil 4732 mL Olive OilMakes 12 Bars Makes 24 Bars Makes 48 Bars
Procedure Place olive oil, NaOH and the essential oils in a hot water bath and allow time to heat up to 120°F. Put the olive oilin a kitchen mixer and begin stirring at a medium-low speed. Then slowly pour in the NaOH as close to the center of thebowl as possible. Make sure to use the correct ratio of NaOH to olive oil. Continue mixing until a “raised worm” sits ontop. This is found when you dip the stir rod in the solution and pull it out moving it above the surface, it will leave behinda trail above the surface, otherwise known as a “worm.” Now add the essential oils and allow to mix for another couple ofminutes. After allowing the oils to mix in, stop the mixing and pour the solution into the soap trays which have been linedwith saran wrap. Take the trays with the solution in them and place them in a cooler wrapped with blankets and allow to sitfor about three days undisturbed. After the soap has cooled cut it into bars with the desired dimensions, and allow it to sitwith as much airflow as possible for four weeks.Safety Precautions 10M NaOH is very concentrated and can be quite the irritant. It can cause burns or serious itching and agitation. Ifswallowed can cause severe nausea and vomiting. Use caution when handling and make sure to wear safety goggles. The water bath is hot, make sure not to have prolonged exposure, and don’t touch it at all if possible.Discussion Soap is made by the combination of a strong base with a fatty molecule. In our case we used NaOH and Olive oil.The Na bonds to one side of the triglyceride chain, which creates one end of the molecule which is hydrophilic, and theother end which is hydrophobic. This is what allows things such as grease to break down in water when it usually wouldnot.A model of our reaction is shown below:References 1. The Chemistry of Clean: Make Your Own Soap to Study Soap Synthesis. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www. sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/Chem_p096.shtml#background 2. Clean Living. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.cleaninginstitute.org/clean_living/soaps__detergents_chem- istry.aspx 3. The History of Soap - Soap Inventors and Origins. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.soaphistory.net/ soap-history/ 4. Soap - how does it get things clean? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.planet-science.com/categories/un- der-11s/chemistry-chaos/2011/06/soap---how-does-it-get-things-clean.aspx
Building a Model of a Virus Sarah KolkRecycled materials are used to build a large model of a virus of choice. This model demonstrates the geometry of viralstructures. This procedure explains how to assemble a complex virus.MATERIALS empty wrapping paper tube corrugated cardboard colored paper magazine/newspaper pages 11 sheets of copy paper pipe cleaners scissors clear tape Mod Podge small plastic cup paintbrush hot glue gun hot glue sticks
PROCEDURE Preparation Assemble the following pieces of the virus separately and completely: head, body, and base.Cut the cardboard into twenty equal triangles. Exact sizing of these pieces varies depending on the final size of the virusmodel. Connect all edges of cardboard triangles using hot glue. First build the center “ring” of triangles by connecting ten ofthe triangles at their edges, alternating the direction of the base. Then, build the topand bottom pieces by connecting five triangles along their sides with bases all facing Figure 1.one direction and all tops meeting at one points. This should look like a five-sidedpyramid without a base. Finally, connect the bases of these pyramids with the bases ofthe alternating triangles in the ring, forming an icosahedron. See figure 1. Next, cut the magazine and newspaper pages into smaller pieces that vary insize. Using Mod Podge, glue the pieces onto the empty wrapping paper tube so thatthey overlap and cover the entire tube on the outside. The small plastic cup is used tohold the Mod Podge and the paintbrush is used to apply it to the tube. Then, roll fivepieces of copy paper into tight tubes and tape them closed. Use hot glue to attachthese to the top of the now-covered tube. The paper rolls are at angled toward the Figure-2.ground and stick out from the tube. See figure 2. a Finally, build the base using cardboard, copy paper, and pipe cleaners. Cuthexagon out of cardboard and six rectangles with bases the length of the sides of the hexagon. Cut a circular hole in the center of the hexagon the Figure 3. size of the wrapping paper tube. The tube should fit in their hole tightly. The height of these rectangles should be much shorter than the length. Again, all measurements vary depending on the overall size of the model. Using hot glue connect the rectangles to the sides of the hexagon at a right angle, and then connect all sides of the rectangles that line up. See figure 3. Figure 4. Then, roll six pieces of copy paper tightly and tape to keep rolled. Connect these using hot glue to the inside, top of thehexagon face and angle them outward and up. Then fold the pipe cleaners in half. The sidethat has the two ends is then folded at about a forty-five degree angle and insert this bent partinto the center of the rolled paper and glue down so that the pipe cleaners are angles down.See figure 4. Presentation To assemble the complete virus model, combine the head, body and base. First attach the base to the body bysliding the tube into the hole cut into the cardboard of the base. Although this should already be snug, hot glue can beused to reinforce this connection. To attach the head to the body, chose one end where the points of the five trianglesmeet and call it the bottom. Place this end into the top of the tube and hold still. Hot glue all the areas of the cardboardfrom the two parts that touch and let dry. The continue to reinforce the glue by doing this gluing and drying process in thesame area at least five times or until the head is stable on its own.
HAZARDS While there are no chemical hazards while building this model it is vital to be aware of the materials being usedand the surrounding work area. Scissors are sharp and need to be used in a controlled manner. Similarly, hot glue can bedangerous if not handled correctly. Be sure to glue on a surface that is safe when hot. Hold the hot glue gun on the han-dle and keep in mind that the main part is very hot when turned on. The glue that comes out of the gun is too hot to touchand should be let dry completely before touched. Completely clean up work area, including all small paper and cardboardscraps.DISPOSAL Recycle as many unused materials as possible. Store hot glue gun and scissors in safe place. Wash Mod Podgeout of small plastic cup and paintbrush and store safely.DISCUSSION A virus is a microscopic organism that can replicate only inside the cells of a host organism. Most viruses are sotiny they are only observable with at least a conventional optical microscope. Viruses infect all types of organisms, in-cluding animals and plants, as well as bacteria and archaea. Approximately 5,000 different viruses have been describedin detail at the current time, although it is known that there are millions of distinct types. The common concept of virusesfocuses on their role as pathogen. Actually, there are vast numbers of viral entities that are beneficial to individual speciesas well as providing ecosystem services. Virus geometry is usually classified into four different shapes: polyhedral, spherical, helical, and complex. Thegeometry of the virus determines how it connects to cells and infects them. Each shape varies in the way it attaches andnumber of attachment sites, some more likely to attach to certain types of cells in comparison to others. Viral replication involves six steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release. Duringattachment and penetration, the virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects its genetic material into it. During uncoating,replication, and assembly, the viral DNA or RNA incorporates itself into the host cell’s genetic material and induces it toreplicate the viral genome. During release, the newly-created viruses are released from the host cell, either by causing thecell to break apart, waiting for the cell to die, or by budding off through the cell membrane. The genome of a virus may consist of DNA or RNA, which may be single stranded or double stranded. The entiregenome may occupy either one nucleic acid molecule or several nucleic acid segments. The different types of genomenecessitate different replication strategies. REFERENCES 1. Gelderblom, H. R. (n.d.). Structure and Classification of Viruses. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from http://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8174/ 2. Hogan, C. M. (n.d.). Viruses. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from http://eol.org/info/458 3. Neild, D. (2016, May 19). IBM says it’s designed a molecule that could fight off any human virus. Retrieved May 23, 2016, from http://www.sciencealert.com/researchers-have-designed-a-molecule-that-could-fight-off-any-virus 4. Scientists genetically engineered world’s first Zika virus infectious cDNA clone. (2016, May 16). Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/05/160516125347.htm 5. Steps of Virus Infections - Boundless Open Textbook. (n.d.). Retrieved May 23, 2016, from https://www.boundless. com/biology/textbooks/boundless-biology-textbook/viruses-21/virus-infections-and-hosts-137/steps-of-virus-infec- tions-552-11762/
Visualizing Fingerprints with Iodine By Kaylin KrslovicINTRODUCTIONA fingerprint is an individual characteristic, and it will remain unchanged during an individual’s lifetime no matterwhat. In forensics, a fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger; it helps identify anindividual. When our fingertips touch an object, the natural secretions of sweat from the pores in our skin aretransferred to the surface of the object. This transfer can produce a latent fingerprint (a fingerprint that is noteasily seen).Human fingerprints are very detailed, difficult to alter, and durable over the life of an individual. The chance oftwo people having the same fingerprints is 1 out of 64 million. There are three general types (patterns) of fin-gerprints: loops, whorls, and arches. Minutiae are the precise details of a fingerprint pattern.In 1879, Alphonse Bertillon, a French criminologist, developed an anthropometric system of physical mea-surements of body parts to produce a detailed description of an individual. He believed each individual had aunique combination of measurements of different body parts. This classification system became known as theBertillon System and it was used in the late 19th century into the early 20th century as the most reliable systemfor identification until 1903.In 1903, a fellow named Will West was committed to the penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas. He was photo-graphed and measured using the Bertillon System, but his measurements were found to be almost identical toanother criminal in the same penitentiary. This other criminal was committed for murder in 1901 and his namewas William West. Their fingerprints were completely different, and since then, Fingerprint Identification be-came the most reliable system to use.
MATERIALSIndex CardsScissorsPen or PencilIodine (I2) crystalsErlenmeyer Flask, 250 or 125 mLWatch GlassHot PlateTongsCamera (could be a cell phone camera)Starch Solution (optional)PROCEDURETurn on the hot plate at its lowest temperature in the fume hood. Cut narrow strips of paper (index cards). Thewidth should be small enough to fit into the neck of the Erlenmeyer flask. Write the name of the person beingfingerprinted on the bottom of the strip of paper. Have the person rub their thumb against their forehead (thisgathers body oil), and then have them slowly roll their thumb across the strip of paper. Place a small amount ofiodine crystals (several small crystals) into the Erlenmeyer flask, and heat the flask on the hot plate in the fumehood until the iodine begins to sublimate, generating a purple gas. Using tongs, dip the strip of paper into theflask and keep it there until the patterns of the fingerprint become visible (an orange/brown color). Pull the stripof paper from the flask once this happens and place the watch glass over the Erlenmeyer flask to prevent anyfumes from escaping while it’s not being used. Immediately photograph the fingerprint or the fingerprint can bemade permanent by misting it with a starch solution. Repeat all of the steps with the other fingerprints.
HAZARDSGoggles must be worn at all times. Since iodine can stain, gloves are recommended. The iodine vapors aretoxic if inhaled, so try not to inhale the fumes.DISPOSALKeep the Erlenmeyer flask containing the iodine crystals in the fume hood to make sure all of the vapors leavethe flask. Any remaining iodine crystals can be collected and reused.DISCUSSIONForensic labs across the world use many types of techniques to reveal latent fingerprints, and iodine fumingis one of them. When the iodine crystals are heated, they transform into a vapor without passing through theliquid phase (sublimation). The fumes of the iodine crystals react with the fats and oils of the latent print to pro-duce an orange/brown stain, which allows the outline of the ridge patterns to be visualized. The color will fadeover time though since the fats and oils of the latent print only temporarily absorb the iodine vapors.Also known as “friction ridge analysis,” this forensic method involves examiners comparing details of an un-known print with a set of fingerprints they collected from suspects or a database of known prints. If an examinerhas a whole, perfect print, identifications can be made with complete reliability, but that is rarely the case. Amajority of the fingerprints that are collected are only partials. Partials cannot point to one person. Many casesin the late 19th and early 20th century convicted many people based on partial fingerprints, and because of this,innocent people have spent their days in prison.Today, the testing and analysis of DNA is the most reliable of all of the forensic tools. The FBI estimates thatthe odds of someone’s DNA matching another individual’s DNA is 1 in 108 trillion. Although, this estimate mayvary since more information is being discovered about DNA as we speak.REFERENCESWikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 05 June 2016.“97. Making Fingerprints Visible.” Borgford, Christie L., and Lee R. Summerlin. Chemical Activities, Teacher Edition. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1988; p 280-282.“Are One’s Fingerprints Similar to Those of His or Her Parents in Any Discernable Way?” Scientific American. Web. 05 June 2016.“Bertillon System of Criminal Identification.” Bertillon System of Criminal Identification. Web. 05 June 2016.“FRONTLINE.” PBS. PBS. Web. 05 June 2016.“Forensic Evidence: The Reliability of DNA Testing.” Find a Lawyer. Web. 05 June 2016.
The Scientists Christina Newell
Thank You To Ms. Milne Mr. Zrzavy Ms. Bastoni Mr. Bills The Library StaffAnd Everyone who Came to the Show!
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