Code 402 class 10 Open Office

Super+Tab Quickly switch between windows. Hold down Shift for reverse order. Super+` Switch between windows from the same application, or from the selected application after Super+Tab. This shortcut uses ` on US keyboards, where the ` key is above Tab. On all other keyboards, the shortcut is Super plus the key above Tab. Alt+Esc Switch between windows in the current workspace. Hold down Shift for reverse order. Ctrl+Alt+Tab Give keyboard focus to the top bar. In the Activities overview, switch keyboard focus between the top bar, dash, windows overview, applications list, and search field. Use the arrow keys to navigate. Super+A Show the list of applications. Super+Page Up Switch between workspaces. and Super+Page Down Shift+Super+Page Up Move the current window to a different workspace. and Shift+Super+Page Down Shift+Super+← Move the current window one monitor to the left. Shift+Super+→ Move the current window one monitor to the right. Ctrl+Alt+Delete Log Out. Super+L Lock the screen. Super+V Show the notification list. Press Super+V again or Esc to close. Files & Folders A file stores our work in the computer. Each file is given a file name, which is useful to identify it. Every file name has 1. Primary name which is the first name of a file given by the user and 2. Secondary name which is the extension of the file like ‘.docx', ‘.jpg', etc. It is given by the program (where it is created). Primary and secondary names are separated by a dot (.). Folder or directory stores files and other folders. A folder within a folder is called a sub-folder. 5 50

Managing Data Using The file manager To start the file manager, click on Files icon in the Activities overview. When the file manager opens, you can double-click any folder to view its contents. You can also right- click a folder to open it in a new tab or new window. You can quickly preview each file by pressing the space bar. The Path bar above the list of files and folders shows you the location of the folder. If you want to search for a file, in the folder, click on the search icon at the top of the window and start typing name of the file in the search bar. The files that match the search string entered will be listed. Press Escape key to come out of the search feature. Sidebar helps in quickly accessing common locations. If Sidebar is not visible, press the menu button in the top-right corner of the window and select Sidebar option. 6 5 51

Note: Shortcut Deleted file or folder move to the Trash Bin. To delete a file/folder permanently: Shift+Delete Copy or move files and folders A file or folder can be copied or moved to a new location by dragging and dropping with the mouse, using the copy and paste commands, or by using keyboard shortcuts Ctrl + C (copy) > Ctrl + V (paste), Ctrl +X (cut)> Ctrl + V (paste). Same options are available in shortcut menu when you right click on the desired file and then in the blak space of the target location. Restore a file from the Trash Deleted files are moved to the Trash. It is usually located on the Desktop. Trash can used to restore the deleted files. To restore a file from the Trash: 1. Open the file manager. 2. Click Trash in the sidebar. (You can also open Trash from the Desktop). 3. If your deleted file is there, right click on it and select Restore. It will be restored to the folder from where it was deleted. Files deleted permanently (Shift+Delete) cannot be recovered. Shortcut Cut : Ctrl + X Paste : Ctrl + V Copy : Ctrl + C Creating a File or Folder To create a new folder, go to the desired location and right click in the blank area. Select New Folder option. Then, type the desired name of the new folder and press Enter. For creating a new document, you can select New Document option. Opening a File or Folder Right click on the desired file or folder and select Open option or simply double-click on it with mouse. Renaming a File or Folder Right-click on the desired file or folder and select Rename option. Type the new name and press Enter. (You can also use F2 function key to rename files or folders). Deleting a File or Folder Right-click on the desired file or folder and select the Move to Trash option. You can also press Delete key after selecting the desired file or folder to delete it. The Delete File or Folder dialog box appears. Click on the Yes button to delete or No to cancel deleting. 5 52

LAB EXERCISE 1. Start Your computer and find out which operating system is installed on it. 2. Locate the icons of File Manager and Trash. Open them and observe how different they look. Write any 3 major observations. 3. Locate the Top menu, Sidebar and Application Menu. 4. Open notepad from Start menu, type some data. Save the file on the desktop. Now delete and restore the file using Recycle bin. Then, permanently delete the file. 5. Create a folder on drive D: by some name. Now, using notepad create and save a file in this folder. Now, create another folder on desktop. Copy the file in the desktop folder. Session-2 Apply Basic Skills for Care and Maintenance of Computer Importance and need of care and maintenance of computer Computer systems need proper care and maintenance for efficient working and durability. Regular care helps in preventing any problems with the computer system. Regular use of antiviruses and system upgrades keep the computers safe from viruses and other harmful programs. Using computer tools like defragmenter etc. keep the computer files well organised. Regular backups are useful in case of sudden data loss. In addition to the computer storage and programs, computer hardware also needs care and maintenance. Some of the important tips are: 1. Keep the computer safe from dust. Use proper cotton cloth cover or plastic covers for system when they are not used. 2. Avoid eating/ drinking while working on the computer. Any spillage may spoil the parts such as keyboard. 3. Always keep the parts clean especially keyboard and mouse for smooth functioning. 4. Handle the storage media like CDs and pend drives carefully since these are very delicate devices. Scratch on disk can corrupt the data. Cleaning the computer components Keeping the computer clean keeps it functioning well for a longer time. Some useful tips are: 1. Keep a watch on damaged cables and parts and replace them timely. 2. Check for any unusual noises a computer may make while working such as CPU fan. In such case, get it cleaned. This will prevent CPU from overheating. 3. General precautions to be takes while cleaning the computer components. 4. Always ensure that computer is shutdown properly. Use a UPS with the mains supply for enough time to shutdown during sudden power failure. 5. Be careful while cleaning. Liquids and sprays are harmful for computer machinery. Use a soft cloth damp with cleaning liquid to wipe the computer parts. 5 53

6. Use safety devices like anti-static wrist band to prevent static electricity shocks harmful for electronic device. Computer maintenance schedule 1. Regularly scan computer with antivirus to check viruses. 2. Replace damaged cables, parts and hardware immediately. 3. Keep cables untangled. 4. Never use pirated or any software from unknown source. 5. Keep the operating system and anti-virus updated regularly. 6. Upgrade computer hardware if needed for optimum performance and data storage. 7. Take regular data backup using backup utility installed with the operating system. 8. At an interval of a few months, run a disk maintenance utility such as disk defragmenter to optimise the storage for faster file access from the computer disk. To create a backup of your system 1. Start > Control Panel > System and Security > Backup and Restore. 2. At the Back up or restore your files screen, click Set up backup. 3. Select where you want to save the backup and click Next. 4. Choose Let Windows choose (recommended). 5. Click Next and Verify the backup details. 6. Click Save settings and run backup. To restore a backup 1. Start > Control Panel > System and Security > Backup and Restore. 2. At the Back up or restore your files screen, click Restore my files. 3. Browse to locate the backup file. 4. Click Next and select a location where you want to restore the backup file. 5. Click Restore. 6. When the process is complete, click Finish. 5 54

To defrag a hard disk 1. Open the Computer window and right-click the desired disk. 2. Select Properties. In the Properties dialog box, click the Tools tab. 3. Click the Defragment Now button. 4. Click the Analyze Disk button. Wait while Windows checks the defragmentation on the media. 5. Click the Defragment Disk button. To delete temporary files 1. In the search box on the taskbar, type disk cleanup, and select Disk Cleanup. 2. Select the desired drive and click OK. 3. Under Files to delete, select the desired file types and click OK. To delete system files 1. In Disk Cleanup, select Clean up system files. 2. Select the desired file types and click OK. 5 55

Supplement: Computer Maintenance in Ubuntu Backup and Restore Ubuntu provides a backup-restore utility called Déjà Dup. It may be pre- installed on Ubuntu otherwise you may install it. It is a free utility. Using Déjà Dup, backups can be taken on local drives, remote drives over a network or on cloud drives such as Google and Microsoft drives. ¤ To start backup, go to Activities and type backup in search bar. Click on Backups icon. Backup pop-up will open. 1. Go to Folders to save section and use + button to add folders to backup. You can include folders not to be backed up in Folders to ignore section. 2. In Storage location section select the drive/ 3. You can schedule automatic backups in network location/ cloud drive on which backup Scheduling section by specifying when to run should be taken. backup in Every drop-down and duration in Keep drop-down to keep the backup. Restore To restore files when needed, click on Restore button in Overview section. 4. Go to Overview section and click on Back Up Now button to start back up. Set an encryption password when asked. Backup of files will begin. 5 56

Disk Cleanup Ubuntu provides a disk clean up utility called Bleach Bit. It may be pre-installed on Ubuntu otherwise you may install it. It is a free utility. Using Bleach Bit unnecessary files can be removed to free disk space, temporary files and cache files can be removed. Temporary files are created by various applications when you work with them. Cache files and cookies are used by browsers. ¤ Go to Activities and type Bleach in search bar. It will list Bleach Bit. Click on it. If it prompts to install, then click Install button. Bleach Bit will install. ¤ Select your preferences to delete (folders, clipboard, cache, temporary files etc.). ¤ Click on Clean button. ¤ Finally, confirm delete in Delete confirmation pop-up. Session-3 Computer Security & Viruses What is a Computer Virus? A computer virus is a harmful program which attaches itself with the computer files and infects them. It is capable of making its copies. The ability to copy itself makes virus capable of spreading from one file to other and even to other computers over a network. Types of Virus Depending on the way they function, viruses are of following types: Boot Sector Virus Boot sector is that part of the hard disk which contains the boot sector program. This program loads the operating system in the computer’s memory. If boot sector program is corrupted then operating system will not load and computer will not be started. Boot sector virus replaces the boot sector program with its own program and activates as the computer is switched on. Modern operating systems are capable of stopping the boot sector virus and boot the computer properly however it is recommended to take care that virus does not infect your computer in the first place. Some boot sector viruses are Form, Parity boot, Disk killer, Cascade, Whale, Proud. File Virus File virus hides its code in a file and when user runs or opens that file it also loads in the memory. Then, it infects other files which load in the memory. Some file viruses are Jerusalem, Invader, Flip. 5 57

Stealth Virus These viruses apply some way to avoid detection. For example, reducing the actual file size so that anti-virus does not get suspicious. Some viruses change their program structure every time they make a new copy. This makes them hard to detect. Such stealth viruses are also called polymorphic viruses. Whale, Frodo, Joshi etc. work in stealth way. Macro Virus Modern word processors and spreadsheets allow us to write short programs which are the part of the file. These programs are called macro programs. Macro virus is in the form of a macro program and it hides itself in the document or spreadsheet as a macro. When the file is opened, it gets activated. For example, Melissa, Wazzu, Crown. Virus Symptoms How will you figure out if your computer is infected with a virus? Look for following symptoms while switching on and working on your computer: ¤ Your computer is starting up slowly and/or works slower than earlier. ¤ Computer suddenly hangs or crashes so that you need to restart it abnormally. ¤ Unwanted pop-ups and notifications appear which were not there earlier. ¤ Computer restarts suddenly on its own. ¤ Hard disk indicator on your computer shows disk activity even if you are not using any program or opening/saving any file. ¤ Computer shows lesser hard disk space and memory usage is too high in Task Manager. ¤ Unwanted files are created. ¤ Files are not opening or crashing after opening. ¤ Programs taking too long to load and run. ¤ Strange error messages and dialog boxes. Other Malware Programs Viruses are not the only threat today. There are other malware programs also which infect computers and user data in different ways. Let us learn about them. Worm Worms are another form of virus which copy themselves independently without the need of any file to infect. They spread across computers over a computer and make the data transfer slow. Some worms are capable of using email service to spread to other mail boxes. Examples: MSBlast, ILOVEYOU. Trojan Horse This computer virus looks like a useful program and once installed or downloaded, it harms the computer. User will install them thinking as a utility and when it runs the intended damage is done. For example, Zelu, Rootkit, Exploit. Spyware or Adware Spyware installs itself on the computer without user's knowledge and monitors keystrokes, takes screenshots, reads chat, collects device and user information and forwards it to the malicious owners of such program. Loss of confidential information and identity theft are the threats posed by spywares. Protection from Spyware or Adware ¤ Install an effective spyware detecting software. ¤ Keep your operating system and browser updated. ¤ Check if any unnecessary software is being installed. It is often during the installation steps and in the User Agreement. 5 58

¤ Carefully read and close any warning boxes that look like important messages. ¤ Be careful while installing free programs, games or shareware. Free programs may contain spyware. Preventive Measures Against Viruses Basic Internet Discipline 1. Don’t open unwanted email and their attachments if source is strange or unknown. 2. Use spam blocking or filtering tools to block unsolicited emails, instant messages and pop-ups. 3. Avoid easy and obvious passwords and change them regularly. Keep passwords safe. 4. Avoid downloading files and programs from untrustworthy web sites. Protect Your Computer 1. Take regular backup of your important data on a separate external disk. 2. Avoid keeping sensitive data like passwords, credit card details etc. on your computer. 3. Do not let everyone to use your computer. Use Anti-virus Software 1. Install and use a good anti-virus for regular scanning of your computer. 2. Keep the anti-virus updated regularly to safeguard against new viruses. Anti-virus Software An anti-virus software detects the virus threats, scans files for viral infection and removes the viruses. An anti-virus needs to be installed on the computer to prevent, detect and remove viruses. It is necessary to update anti-virus at regular intervals of weeks or months to keep it aware of new threats. How Anti-virus Works? An anti-virus detects viruses by their signature or behaviour. A virus signature is the unique structure of a virus program which anti-viruses are aware of. Anti-viruses have a list of known virus signatures with which they can identify the possible virus. That is why anti-viruses need regular updates. Anti-viruses also detect behaviour of the programs on the computer to detect any unusual action such as accessing a file which is not meant for them. In case of any suspicious activity, it scans the program for virus. Some popular anti-viruses are given here: 5 59

Using an Anti-virus Let us see how to use one of the popular and powerful anti-viruses - McAfee. Scan the Computer for Virus 1. Open McAfee Security Scan Plus from Start menu. 2. Click on Scan. button. 3. Select the type of scan you want to run. The scan options are: A. Full - Scans your entire computer for known threats. B. Quick - Scans only the most susceptible parts of your computer for known threats. C. Custom - Allows you to manually select the drives, folders, and other locations you want to scan. To see the results for any suspicious files, click View Results. If View Results is not available that means Virus Scan did not detect any threats. Click OK. Scheduling and Updating Antivirus ¤ Click on Settings. ¤ Make your choices for next scan date and daily, weekly or monthly scan schedule. ¤ Select the checkbox for auto-update. ¤ Click on Apply button. 5 60

Spyware or Adware Spyware installs itself on the computer without user's knowledge and monitors keystrokes, takes screenshots, reads chat, collects device and user information and forwards it to the malicious owners of such program. Loss of confidential information and identity theft are the threats posed by spywares. Protection ¤ Install an effective spyware detecting software. ¤ Keep your operating system and browser updated. ¤ Check if any unnecessary software is being installed. It is often during the installation steps and in the User Agreement. ¤ Carefully read and close any warning boxes that look like important messages. ¤ Be careful while installing free programs, games or shareware. Free programs may contain spyware. Spam Spam is unsolicited or undesired junk email usually a promotional material. Senders of such emails are called spammers. Spams have a link that lures the user into clicking it. This confirms user's email ID and that brings in more spam in future. Protection ¤ Use spam filtering settings in the email service. ¤ Share your personal email ID only with those you trust. ¤ Do not display your email ID online for everyone to access. ¤ Create separate email accounts for public use. ¤ Look out for spelling mistakes and bad grammar in the mail. These mistakes are done by spammers to pass through the spam filter. Phishing and Pharming Phishing Fraudulently acquiring sensitive information from the users by impersonating trusted websites like banks and e-commerce merchants etc. is called Phishing. Phishers target the details like pins, passwords and answers to security questions. Phishing occurs generally in the form of an email or through a legitimate sounding phone call. Pharming When website's traffic is redirected to another unauthorized fake URL then it is called pharming. Hackers somehow get access to the website's servers and manipulate the configuration files which identify the server as host website on Internet. 5 61

Protection ¤ Install anti-phishing software. ¤ Never give away any sensitive information related to finance and security like pins, passwords, bank balance, transaction details, identification numbers etc. in reply to undesired emails and never on phone. ¤ Always cross check the source of email and phone call with the concerned agency. ¤ Today, all authentic agencies like banks and merchants have their own secured apps for transactions. Download and use them on your mobile phones instead of unknown third- party apps. ¤ Phishers address their targets with fancy terms like “valued customer” but genuine agency will address you by your correct name, username, customer ID etc. ¤ Regularly check your financial statements and account details. ¤ Secured Socket Layer Certification is done for web sites by authorised Certification Authorities (CA). CAs do not issue SSL certificates to any agency that is not properly identified and cleared. Check the website's certificate icon of a padlock in the address bar. All secured web sites have SSL certificates. If padlock icon is of open lock then web site is not secured and must be left immediately. ¤ Never ignore operating system, anti-virus and browser upgrades. Do them as and when prompted or required. ¤ Web sites should deploy effective firewalls with suitable settings to keep away unauthorized access and intrusion. Let us understand what a firewall is and what does it do. Firewall A firewall is a security combination of hardware and software that is used to protect a server and network resources from unauthorized access and intrusion. Firewall checks the incoming data packets over the networks and filters out which do not have suitable and sufficient permission to access the network. This way an extra level of protection is created right at the gates of the network. 5 62

Internet Frauds and Scams Today we virtually live and shop on Internet. Scammers send the users tempting newsletters and prompts of getting rich quick through online gambling, lottery or games alluring them to click the link. Once you accept the offer they attempt to take sensitive information like credit card numbers, pins etc. Protection ¤ Ignore and do not fall for online offers that seem too exciting to be true. ¤ Ask yourself: Do I really need it? Does it really concern me? ¤ Avoid individuals asking for donations. ¤ Avoid accepting or vouching for any financial transaction with online friends whom you have never met especially those in known notorious regions of the world. ¤ Avoid charity involvement offers, placement schemes with instant visas, medical claims of quacks to cure certain disease instantly. Supplement: Antivirus in Ubuntu Clam Tk Antivirus Ubuntu provides an antivirus application called Clam Tk. It is a GUI version of ClamAV command. It may be pre-installed on Ubuntu otherwise you may install it. It is a free utility. ¤ Go to Activities and type Clam in search bar. It will list Clam Tk. Click on it. If it prompts to install, then click Install button. Clam Tk will install. After installation, launch Clam Tk. ¤ You can click on Scheduler button to schedule scanning of system by setting a time in Schedul dialog box. ¤ Here, you can also schedule time for update of details about new viruses. ¤ Click on Scan a file button to scan individual file. ¤ To scan entire folder, click on Scan a Directory button. ¤ Quarantine button shows infected files confined as a result of scan. 5 63

1. Define the term operating system. List its 3 major functions. 2. List some major operating systems of different types. 3. What do you mean by the terms Icons, Desktop and Taskbar? 4. What is the use of Computer icon and Recycle Bin. 5. How do you move or copy a computer file from one location to another? 6. How is a file different from a folder? 7. What is the difference between moving and copying a folder? 8. Why is it necessary to maintain your computer system regularly? 9. What is the use of disk defragmenter and disk clean up utilities? 10. Why are regular backups of data important? 11. What preventive measures should we take against computer viruses? 12. List any 5 symptoms of a computer virus. 13. List any 4 practices to keep your computer work smoothly for a longer time. 14. List 3 types of viruses. 15. How can you say that a computer is infected by some virus without running any anti-virus? Download MCQs and more questions from https://www.eduitspl.com/teachers-corner-2 5 64

Unit Entrepreneurial 4 Skills - II Session-1 Characteristics of an Entrepreneur Entrepreneurship means creating a business and gradually scaling it to generate a profit. An entrepreneur is one who sets up a the business this way. Entrepreneurs are some of the world's most powerful transformers. Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Steve Jobs are entrepreneurs who imagine the world differently. Qualities of An Entrepreneur Planners and Confident: Entrepreneurs know what they wish to achieve and they have a plan (anticipating risks, threats, opportunities, resources, infrastructure required) to achieve it. This brings confidence in what they do. Confidence is a trait that can be developed. So, if someone aspires to be an entrepreneur, can develop self-confidence. Creative: Right from identifying a problem and then devising a solution for it, creativity entrepreneurs works in the background. Creativity causes innovations. Innovative ideas come out of the box thinking and the base of it is creativity. Risk-takers: Introducing an innovative solution among masses and then promoting it to be accepted is a challenging task. It is difficult to predict whether it will be liked by the targeted customers or rejected. Meanwhile, competition also works on the same ideas which makes it all a risky proposition to begin something new. Professional: While dealing with team members, service providers and other stake holders, entrepreneurs follow a code of profession. Being highly professional is very much necessary to become and entrepreneur. Professionalism is the combination of major traits like self-management, discipline and keeping your commitments. Skillful in Social Interactions: Entrepreneurs must be good at interpersonal skills to develop rapport and longer, fruitful relationships with all the people involved on the business processes like hiring the team, arranging resources, developing relationship with prospective clients, developing goodwill with vendors etc. Open to knowledge, learning and failures: Entrepreneurs must be aware of advances occurring in the field and how market dynamics is changing. They also carry an attitude of facing the failures, taking responsibility to own the outcomes if any plan falls flat. They analyse their failures to take learning out of it for further improvements in strategies. Empathetic: Entrepreneurs like to work with democratic teams. There is, of course, hierarchy in the team but that serves the purpose of monitoring and controlling the deadlines. On practical grounds teams work in unison. Entrepreneurs resolve conflicts and recognise the good achievements in the team and reward them to boost the morale of the team. 5 65

Customer oriented: Customer is the source of revenue. Customer can only pass the verdict of rejection or selection of the innovative product. On a slight deviation from the commitment made to the customers, they can go to the competitor. Entire plan made by entrepreneurs is customer focused. Passionate: No matter how rosy or dark the things are, an entrepreneur’s passion never dampens. They look into the eyes of the challenge and with great passion, set on to win over it. If they meet the failures, they look for what had gone wrong and how it could be corrected. Then, they set on with even more passion to retry. Excellent communicators: Entrepreneurs connect with people using their verbal and non-verbal communication skills. Inculcating trust among customers, good relationships with the vendors and service providers and making a good team work for them needs high level of communication skills. These skills help them deal with people and situations in adequate manner. Leaders: People look at entrepreneurs as an innovative solution provider. They admire his/ her position. An entrepreneur is in the clear view of his/ her team and the customers so he must demonstrate his/ her leadership skills where ever persuasion and motivation is required. For team, an entrepreneur leads by example and for customers he demonstrates a code of ethics which are qualities of a leader. Functions of An Entrepreneur An entrepreneur is more than what meets the eye. He/ she works in following major areas: this area, an entrepreneur exhibits all the functions that map his/ her main characteristics we have seen above especially taking risks, innovation, planning and organising. Management: Predicting, planning, organising, coordinating and controlling the team, functions and interactions is also looked into by an entrepreneur. Major managerial activities are: 1. Planning at every level including initiating the processes, anticipating the risks and identifying resources. 2. Organising by providing a process to ensure that everything works as planned. Managing team functions, interactions with external entities like vendors and organising promotional activities. 3. Recruitments and team building to have right kind of talent and professionals to convert the vision into desired product or service. 4. Giving directions and guidance where ever needed by the team to keep the progress on track. 5. Controlling the proceedings to keep them going as planned and improvising in strategy wherever needed. Sales and Promotion: This is the most curious and interesting area for an entrepreneur since this influences the processes of bringing in revenues and developing business relations. Addressing the customer segment and promoting the innovative product, devising promotional strategy and activities are one of the prime concerns of an entrepreneur. Finance and Commerce: Funds are the fuel of entire entrepreneur project. Identifying sources of funding, getting prospective investors interested in the project and mobilising the funds are the activities which entrepreneurs manage. Commercial functions include looking into production and manufacturing process or the processes related to service delivery. Involving into financial transactions, analysing the financial figures and plan ahead. 5 66

Some Inspiring Entrepreneurs John Paul DeJoria: John Paul DeJoria has accomplished feats of entrepreneurship and business management such as starting as a newspaper courier, and working as a janitor and tow truck driver. He finally started working at a hair care company, where he met Paul Mitchell. With a loan of just $700, the two of them started a business that turned into the conglomerate now known as John Paul Mitchell Systems. DeJoria also co-founded Patron Spirits, and was a founding partner of the House of Blues chain. Today, he's worth more than $3.1 billion. Kevin Plank: The CEO of the fitness apparel company Under Armour, he was almost broke when he started selling signature clothing under the Under Armour brand. He saved, about $20,000, and took loan of $40,000 to fund the company. Soon after, he made a landmark sale of $17,000 to Georgia Tech University, and in a wave of momentum, made sales to two dozen NFL teams. Today, Under Armour does nearly $2 billion in retail sales, and has 5,900 employees. Jan Koum: He is the founder of WhatsApp. He was born in a small village near Kiev in Ukraine. Koum's family emigrated to California, and he started learning about computers in his spare time. By the time he was 18, he had developed impressive skills, and in 1997, he was hired by Yahoo! as an infrastructure engineer. He spent a decade in that industry and then in 2009 he set on to start WhatsApp Inc. By 2014, WhatsApp had become enormously popular. Facebook bought the app for a staggering $19 billion. Sam Walton: Sam Walton, Walmart's founder, had almost nothing to his name himself when he started his first general store back in 1945. He relied on a $25,000 loan from his father-in-law to fund that initial purchase, and was an instant success in the retail industry. The first official Walmart was opened in 1962, in Rogers, Ark.; and by 1976, Walmart was worth more than $176 million. At one point, Walton was considered the wealthiest man in the United States. George Soros: There are few better rags-to-riches stories than that of George Soros. When Soros was a teenager in Hungary in 1947, he fled Nazi persecution to live in England. Despite having little money to fund his efforts, he attended the London School of Economics, working his way through university to obtain his degree. He then moved to the United States in the 1950s, and became an investment manager for a number of major firms, eventually starting his own hedge fund and building his own company. His most famous move was shorting the British pound in the early 1990s, which made him $1 billion in a single day. Note: The above details are taken from the article at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/305990. Some other known entrepreneurs are: Mark Zukerberg (Facebook), Jeff Bezoz (Amazon), Elon Musk (SpaceX), Shiv Nader (HCL), Bhavish Aggarwal (OLA), Binny Bansal, Sachit Bansal (Flipkart). 5 67

EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. How entrepreneurs positively contribute to society? 2. List main characteristics of an entrepreneur. 3. What are the main functions of an entrepreneur? Session-2 Role and Significance of an Entrepreneur Entrepreneurs contribute in economic growth of the nation. They bring together best skills and ideas to create innovative product and services to revolutionise the lives of the people. They help in empployment generation and growth of the people. Let us see some significant roles played by entrepreneurs: Mobilisation of public wealth: By establishing the business entity, entrepreneurs invest their own resources and arrange for capital and investments. The source of funding may be investors, lenders and the public. This mobilizes public wealth and benefits people as well as all stakeholders in the form of the success of the growing business. This kind of contribution of funds from different sources makes the foundation on which the business entity is erected. Creation of employment opportunities: By their nature and motivation entrepreneurs are job creators rather than being to job seekers. When someone decides to become self employed, he/ she is no more a job seeker in the economy, he/ she provides employment to multiple other job seekers. This kind of job creation by new businesses is very rewarding for nation’s economy as it addresses problem of unemployment up to some extent. Contribution to Industrial Development: Entrepreneurs setting up new businesses and industrial units help with regional development by locating in less developed and backward areas. The growth of industries and business in these areas leads to infrastructure improvements like better roads and rail links, airports, stable electricity and water supply, schools, hospitals, shopping malls and other public and private services that would not otherwise be available. Contribution in economical growth: India's MSME sector, accounts for over 35% of the country's GDP by making use of resources like land, labor and capital that add to the national income, national product and per capita income of the country. Enhancing living standard of people: Entrepreneurs play a key role in increasing the standard of living in a community. They create jobs and also develop and adopt innovations leading to improved quality of life of their employees, customers, and other stakeholders in the community. Entrepreneurs create jobs: Entrepreneurs, create opportunities for jobs. They take risks of self employment. As their business grows, opportunities for more jobs are created. This greatly contributes to the eradication of unemployment problem in the nation. Entrepreneurs create change: Entrepreneurs always look for the ideas to transform the world around us. They look at the problems with different perspective and come up with revolutionary ideas 5 68

which triggers remarkable positive changes in the society and in the lives of people. They explore new vistas to do better and in innovative ways to create products and services which address some burning problem. Entrepreneurs give to society: Entrepreneurs often do more for the greater good than the average person. They make honest money with great struggle and pay for taxes and public services thereby contributing and returning to the economy. Many of them take green initiatives for environment and contribute to the charities for social causes. What does Society Give to an Entrepreneur? Entrepreneurs belong to the same society they serve. The view of society about entrepreneurship is crucial since it makes a conducive environment for this idea to grow. Many problems addressed by entrepreneurs can successfully be done so through society’s initiatives. Social awareness creates a positive view about entrepreneurs and youth are influenced by it. Social ecosystem has great youth power which can encourage youth to take up entrepreneurship as a career option. Social awareness can sensitise people in buying and using products and solutions provided bu local entrepreneurs thus encouraging them in their efforts. Rural areas and extreme interior regions of the country are welcoming entrepreneurship initiatives by government and social organisations. This improves local employment, makes people self-reliant and strengthens the social fabric. People involving in entrepreneurship drive improves the local economy. Prosperous people become happier and confident. Educational institutes can play a key role in encouraging and supporting entrepreneurship. Crowd funding is one such example. Groups of people can come together to encourage entrepreneurship drive. EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. How do entrepreneurs enhance living stavdard of people and create jobs? 2. How do entrepreneurs contribute to industrial development and economical growth? 3. How do entrepreneurs mobilise public wealth and contribute to society? 4. How can society contribute to entrepreneurship drive? Session-3 Myths Related to Entrepreneurship Now we know that entrepreneurship demands a great deal of skills. An entrepreneur is more than a businessmen as far as versatility is concerned. An entrepreneur is a leader, innovator, risk-taker and enerprising person. Let us have a look at certain assumptions people do while considering entrepreneurship as a career option. Myth: Entrepreneurship is easy to do Fact: Entrepreneurship involves greater risks. Conceiving an innovative service or product is challenging in itself. Then convincing people of your idea and mobilising funds also needs a lot of efforts. Making the service/ product reach the masses and get accepted is another barrier to scale. At every step there are new kind of challenges. 5 69

Myth: You have more freedom in entrepreneurship Fact: An entrepreneur walks, talks, eats and sleeps his/her dream. They do not have the time-bound schedule of an employee. They also do not have luxury to hire a big team that works for them. They are actively involved in all processes of their venture so there is no time-bound schedule for them. They have luxury of flexibility but idea of freedom is a big myth. Myth: You need to create an entirely new product or service to sell. Fact: Entrepreneurs do the things differently or innovatively. Uber, Ola are taxi services but they have revolutionised the way these services are provided. Innovative part is that they do not own the vehicles and drivers still people associated with them have flexibility of working and chances of earning handsomely. As an entrepreneur if you have a new product to offer, ut is good but most start- ups have found innovative and creative ways in offering the same products and services. This is called disruption. Paytm, Uber, Ola, Netflix, Savn, Olx etc. are disruptions. Myth: Lot of funding is required to start the business Fact: One aspect of innovation is thinking of an idea which can be launched at a smaller scale that can start with a small amount. At later stages, it can be scaled up to bigger product and using more funds as it would be easier to do so once brand is established in the market. Most of the start ups begin at small scale, home based ventures. Google had begun in a garage. So did other current giants like Apple and Disney. Myth: It is difficult to get loans for a start-up from banks Fact: It is not difficult at all, rather, it is easier now. Make in India initiative of the government and various other loan schemes for small and medium enterprises (SME) are there. All the public sector banks and most of the private banks provide SME loans at very attractive interest rates. Government is still doing amendments in making the funding process for start-ups easier and more flexible. Myth: Success is quick if we start small Fact: Size of the start-up in the beginning may make a difference in managing the business but it has nothing to do with success directly. Success depends on the acceptance of the product in the market and how it is promoted among masses. The kind of hard work put into this process will also make a big difference but many small start-ups fail too not because of their size or finance but due to the flaws in the vision of the start-up. EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. Do you think entrepreneurship is easy? Why/ Why not? 2. Entrepreneurs have a time-bound schedule. Do you think this statement is true? Why/ Why not? 3. Is it a myth that every start-up should begin with a new product or service? 4. Do start-ups need a huge amount of funds to begin? Explain. Session-4 Entrepreneurship As A Career Option Entrepreneurship is a vast field providing several opportunities and choices to make from. You can begin your own start-up with an innovative idea or your can associate with an existing start-up and contribute to its growth. 5 70

As a career it is suitable for people who work independently. They do not want to spend life as 9 hours job cycle. They are passionate and ambitious. They want to win the rewards hidden behind the challenging rocks of risks and challenges. They believe in their ability to generate wealth for self and opportunities to earn and grow for others. They want to enjoy the success carved by themselves. Learning Entrepreneurship: Today various short-term and ful time entrepreneurship courses are available which can be pursued to prepare yourself before actually starting with a start-up. Universities and private management institutes provide a range of diploma, certificate, professional, undergraduate, post graduate and management courses to choose from. These courses prepare you with necessary skills and knowledge required to become an entrepreneurship. Becoming a Franchisee: Many business follow up franchising framework to grow their business. Advantages of taking a franchisee of a business that you save a lot of time and effort in establishing the business. As a franchisee you get a ready setup with facilities like training, sales support, branding and guidance with flexible payment options. Buying a Business: Instead of thinking and deploying a new idea, an existing business can be bought which has growth potential in future and then innovations can be added to it to give it a new shape. Pros and Cons of Entrepreneurship As a Career If you are passionate enough to work on risk-reward model then entrepreneurship is your domain. Some common advantages of having entrepreneurship as career are: 1. Control: You plan, chose and design the things the way you need or like. 2. Excitement: Each day brings its own challenges, opportunities, risks and rewards. 3. Flexibility: Working hours can be planned as per the required work and commitments. 4. Freedom: In terms of location, timings and team building there is comparatively more freedom. 5. Recognition: Once business grows, people begin to recognise you and get inspired by you. 6. Growth: You can determine the pace of start-up’s growth as you require. Some common disadvantages of having entrepreneurship as career are: 1. Competition: You need to be on constant lookout to update yourself on the competition in market. 2. Lone struggling: Entrepreneurs are normally a small team. Struggle is not contributed by many stakeholders. Mostly risk taking lies on the entrepreneur him or herself. 3. No regular income: Income in business is not predictable. It directly relates to your efforts and revenues earned. 4. Greater responsibilities: As an entrepreneur you own everything so you shoulder the bigger responsibility of all the processes and functions in your business. 5. Longer working hours: There are no fixed hours and days for an entrepreneur. He/ she eats and sleeps the business. They always think what new can be added for further growth. 6. Funding and finances: If business goes down, managing new finances could be difficult. EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. Find some good entrepreneurship course on internet. Make a small write up about them and the institutes that provide these course. 2. Go to entrepreneur.com, business.com and franchise.com and spend some time there to find out what sorts of business opportunities are there for youth. 3. List a few advantages of entrepreneurship. 4. List a few disadvantages of entrepreneurship. 5 71

1. Describe any 4 characteristics of an entrepreneur. 2. How can you say that ‘innovation’ sets the entrepreneurs apart from businessmen? 3. List the functions of an entrepreneur. 4. Discuss in brief any 3 major functions of entrepreneur. 5. How does entrepreneurship influence society and nation’s growth? 6. List any 4 major myths about entrepreneurship. 7. Discuss about any 3 myths related to entrepreneurship. 8. Write a brief note on how entrepreneurship can be a good career option. Download MCQs and more questions from https://www.eduitspl.com/teachers-corner-2 5 72

Unit Green Skills - II 5 Session-1 Understanding Sustainable Development In simple terms, sustainable development means the economic development that is achieved without harming and depleting natural resources. Looking more closely into the term “sustainable”, it is defined as something that is “able to be upheld or defended” (New Oxford American Dictionary, 2005). Sustainability is development that takes care of the needs of the present while being concerned about future generations, balancing between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being. Today, sustainable development is not an option but necessity. It is necessary due to the concerns for preserving and enhancing the environment and its biodiversity to ensure a healthy and productive world. Growth and environmental maintenance are simultaneously possible and we are capable of achieving it. Thus, sustainable development demands growth that is environmentally sound to reduce poverty and promote shared prosperity for all and meet the needs of future generations. The three fundamental components to sustainable development are Economic development, Social development and Environmental protection. Economic development is about providing incentives for businesses and other organizations to adhere to sustainability guidelines. Social development is about awareness and protection of the health of people from pollution and other harmful activities of business. Environmental protection is the need to protect the environment, whether the concept of 4 Rs (reduce, recycle, recover, and reuse) are being achieved or not. Sustainable development encompasses 4 Ps: People who represent the socio-cultural issues. Planet which represents the environmental issues. Profit that represents the economic issues. Policy which refers to visionary political leadership and implementation of policies needed to make sustainable development a reality. Today, countries are agreeing to the importance of conserving natural resources. Process is slow but has begun. People are adopting to greener ways that will improve their health, farmers are practicing smart agriculture and industries are realizing as to how much they can save through energy efficiency. Sustainable Development and The World On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development — adopted by world leaders in September 2015 at an historic UN Summit — officially came into force. Eradicating poverty in all its forms and dimensions is an indispensable requirement for sustainable development. There must be promotion of sustainable, inclusive and 5 73

equitable economic growth, creating greater opportunities for all, reducing inequalities, raising basic standards of living, fostering equitable social development and inclusion, and promoting integrated and sustainable management of natural resources and ecosystems. The 17 SDGs are: 1. Complete poverty eradication 9. Industry, innovation and infrastructure 2. Zero hunger 10. Reduces inequalities 3. Good health and well-being 11. Sustainable cities and communities 4. Quality education 12. Responsible consumption and production 5. Gender equality 13. Climate action 6. C lean water and sanitation 14. Life below water 7. Affordable and clean energy 15. Life ion land 8. Decent work and economic growth 16. Peace, justice and strong institutions 17. Partnerships for the goals EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. Define the term sustainable development. 2. What are the 3 fundamental components or pillars of sustainable development? 3. What are the 4 Ps of sustainable development? Explain them briefly. 4. What is UN’s sustainability development program 2030? 5. Go to https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/sustainable-development- goals/ and read more about UN’s SDGs. Session-2 Importance of Sustainable Development The concept of sustainable development, although had appeared in the 1970s, was widely disseminated in the early 1980s by the ‘World Conservation Strategy’ (IUCN, UNE’P and WWF, 1980), which called for the maintenance of essential ecological processes; the preservation of biodiversity; and sustainable use of species and ecosystems. 5 74

The Brundtland Report titled: Our Common Future (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987), brought the sustainability issues to the world political platform to raise global interest in the environment. The importance of sustainable development can be summarised as below. Sustainable development is necessary because it will: Provide for essential human needs: The growing population compels people to struggle for the limited life essentials like food, shelter, and water. Sustainable development only promises to reduce this struggle by providing essential infrastructure. If governments insist on utilizing fossil fuel based sources of energy instead of renewable and sustainable options, the cost and environmental effects of supplying these basic needs would be very huge. Address agricultural requirement: Growing population means agriculture must be as much productive to meet the demand for natural food. Sustainable development focuses on sustainable agricultural methods such as effective seeding techniques and crop rotation to promote high yields while maintaining the integrity of the soil, which produces food for a large population. Help in managing climate change: Climate change can be mitigated by sustainable development practices. Sustainable development practices discourage the use of fossil-based sources of fuel like oil, natural gas, and coal. Renewable energy sources like solar energy and nuclear energy are the better options and developments are occurring rapidly in that direction. Help nation in being economically stable: Sustainable development practices have the ability to create more financially sustainable economies. Developing countries that cannot access fossil fuels can opt for renewable forms of energy to power their economies. Help in sustaining biodiversity: Life ecosystem is designed in such a way that species depend on one another for survival. Unsustainable development practices like emission of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere and pollution of air, water and land kill many plant species resulting in reduction of atmospheric oxygen. Sustainable development practices encourage the use of renewable energy resources, and organic farming practices that are environment friendly. EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. Why sustainable development is necessary? 2. Discuss some examples of sustainable development. Session-3 Sustainable Development: Challenges and Solutions Challenges in Sustainable Development We are facing challenges in all three dimensions of sustainable development—economic, social and environmental. In entire world, more than 1 billion people are still living in extreme poverty, and income inequality. Achieving sustainable development requires global as well as local actions. The common challenges in the way of sustainable development are: 5 75

Climate change: Global warming, floods, droughts in several countries are a big concern today. Extreme winters and summers have been experienced in many parts of the world recently. A drastically changing climate poses social problem and creates a barrier in achieving goals associated with sustainable development. Hunger and malnutrition: Many developing countries have managed the problem of food inequality and malnutrition but still many countries are struggling to overcome this challenge. For them, the priority id not sustainable development. War and border conflicts: A country which is not at peace with neighbours cannot focus on the need of sustainable development. The focus will obviously shift to the sudden crisis arisen due to the war and conflicts. Common crisis due to war is inflation and social unrest. Rapid urbanisation: To accommodate the growing population due to decreased death rates, more and more agricultural lands and forests are converted into urban areas and cities challenging the main aim of sustainable development. Energy usage: Use of fossil fuel and coal needs to be minimised. People who are already used to these need to be persuaded to switch to adopt greener ways like solar energy and electricity. Lack of financial resources: Many countries struggling with their economical crises find it difficult to mobilise funds for sustainable development. For them, priority is to provide money for basic needs of their people. Conflict between the priority of policies: In certain countries, governments give priority to other important development programs for the development of their people due to financial, investement and overall profit reasons and find sustainable development too difficult to merge in their ongoing programs. In the conflict of necessary development programs, sustainable development approach takes a backseat. Corruption: This is the biggest impediment in the way to achieve sustainable development. Businesses and industries, for their vested interests, resort to every unfair mean to carry on with their profit programs which are hazard to environment. Impact of development programs fails to reach the end beneficiary. Lack of will power by authorities: Many times municipal authorities and the government bodies responsible to execute and manage sustainable development programs do not carry out their duties with full conviction. The programs either born and die in papers only or are implemented in a very poor manner defeating the entire purpose of the program. Lack of strategic vision: Certain small, underdeveloped countries do not know how to approach towards gaining sustainable development. They look forward to other developing and developed countries for all kind of help. This gap in the vision delays the development process and more damage is done meanwhile. Overcoming the Challenges in Sustainable Development Integration of economical, social and ecological dimensions brings in sustainable development. Let us look at the ways to overcome the challenges in sustainable development. Building strong institutions of governance: A stable, dedicated and fair government is a must for paving the ground for sustainable development programs. Strong government institutions will have suitable authority to implement the such development programs effectively. People will also be encouraged and motivated to cooperate with and participate in such programs. With good governance behind, such programs would impact positively and hugely in lesser time. Industrial and social innovations: Entrepreneurs working for the betterment of society and coming up with innovative ideas which are socially and financially viable should be promoted and supported. Government should financially support innovation research programs. 5 76

Equal opportunities for employment: People who seek employment expect equality in income, wages and facilities. Equal employment opportunities for all segments of society makes fertile ground for rapid sustainable development programs. Renewable energy consumption: Promotion of renewable and alternative sources of energy like solar and electricity is gaining popularity. Such means of power are given subsidy by governments and in long run they are almost free due to higher margins of savings. This helps infighting with climate change too. Control of environmental abuse: Pollution due to industrial actions and emissions, e-waste and abuse of natural resources needs heavy penalty provisions. Strict and stringent laws and their strict implementation against poaching, illegal mining, exploitation of forests and rivers, oil spillage in oceans and harvest stubble burning etc. Community drive: Community mobilisation through awareness programs using mass communication, involvement of people at grassroot level and participation of social bodies needs to be planned, focused and more organised to make people aware and interested in the government initiatives. Such mobilisation can bring bigger change in very small time. Reforms in education sector: Education is the greatest tool to influence the psyche of the people and make them aware of their welfare. Reforms on educational initiatives and programs for masses and remote areas will greatly help in implementing sustainable development programs in all parts of the country. Eradicating and controlling diseases and malnutrition: These are the major problems that shift focus from sustainable development. These problems need to be addressed with a stable solution so that funds and attentions could be utilised for sustainable development. Learning from other countries: Countries like Singapore, Sweden, Netherlands and South Korea have done remarkable innovations in these areas and they are way ahead of many countries in sustainable development. Their achievements can be studied and adopted suitably to achieve the same success. Gender equality and poor women upliftment: Gender equality is not only a fundamental human right, but a necessary foundation for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. There has been progress over the last decades: More girls are going to school, fewer girls are forced into early marriage, more women are serving in parliament and positions of leadership, and laws are being reformed to advance gender equality. Despite these gains, many challenges remain: discriminatory laws and social norms remain pervasive, women continue to be under represented at all levels of political leadership, and 1 in 5 women and girls between the ages of 15 and 49 report experiencing physical or sexual violence by an intimate partner within a 12-month period. Everyone benefits from gender equality. It helps prevent violence against women, is good for the economy, and makes our communities safer and healthier. UN Women has developed a rapid and targeted response to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 crisis on women and girls and to ensure that the long-term recovery benefits them, focused on five priorities: 1. Gender-based violence, including domestic violence, is mitigated and reduced. 2. Social protection and economic stimulus packages serve women and girls. 3. People support and practise equal sharing of care work. 4. Women and girls lead and participate in COVID-19 response planning and decision-making. 5. Data and coordination mechanisms include gender perspectives. 5 77

Women make a major percentage of entire population and women from the weaker sections of society need specialised upliftment programs so that they come in the mainstream as economical participants. Equality of women and welfare of poor women is a must in making sustainable development a reality. Individual’s Role in Sustainable Development Society is a big hope in saving environment, economy and itself. There are many ways in which we can contribute to sustainable development drives and initiatives. Some small initiatives we can take is judicial use of essential resources like power, water and land. Following energy saving practices helps greatly in nation’s economy such as use of electricity, appliances, taking lesser printouts, recycling, using environment friendly products and going green, saving water, not littering and avoid dumping hazardous garbage etc. We can bring discipline in life like avoiding drunk driving, not defacing or abusing public facilities and property, save fuel, keeping personal hygiene and contributing in public green initiatives. Avoiding drug abuse and living a healthier life. Encourage others to do so can save a lots of lives. Other ways of helping are, keeping a check on spending habits, avoid overbuying, responsible consumption of consumables. Taking active part in our society’s green initiatives such as plantation, awareness programs, cleanliness drives etc. As entrepreneurs or businessmen, we can encourage youth work, social service contribution and creating job and career opportunities for others. We can contribute to child education, women empowerment programs and poor upliftment intitiatives going around us or we can begin one. India and Sustainable Development The world’s governments, including India, have agreed on an ambitious agenda to transform our world by 2030, on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopting the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that aim to ensure no one is left behind, and everyone benefits from development efforts. India as a responsible country has never backed on environmental friendly initiatives. Kyoto and Paris agreement: India earlier followed Kyoto protocol to fight climate changes and recently it has signed Paris agreement focusing on bringing down global temperatures. The Clean Development Mechanism projects: India is second highest in the world , after China, in running 1593 projects in energy efficiency, fuel switching and solid waste management. State Action Plans for climate change: Climate change programs focusing on water, agriculture, tourism, transport and forestry etc. are run in 32 states and union territories. Coal cess and National Clean Energy fund: India levies carbon tax on industrial coal usage in the form of coal cess. Clean energy initiatives and research is funded under National Clean Energy fund that is created by this tax. National Adaptation Fund for climate change: A more than 1000 crores fund has been provisioned for this initiative to take care of the areas which are vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate and environmental changes. Other initiatives are: NITI Aayog has developed a composite index of states to track progress towards each SDG. Kerala, Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh and Puducherry are leading in this progress. Sewerage infrastructure, sewage project management and urban sanitisation under Namami Gange project. Identification of Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs), water quality monitoring stations, ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns under SDGs - 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 14 and 15. 5 78

EXERCISE Answer the following questions: 1. List some common challenges in sustainable development. 2. Discuss briefly why sustainable development is a challenge for developing countries? 3. What are the ways to overcome the challenges in the way of sustainable development? 4. What are some initiatives by India towards sustainable development in the country? 1. What do you mean by environment? 2. Which compnents is our envirnoment made of? 3. What is Ecosystem? 4. Give an example of an ecosystem and briefly explain it. 5. List any 5 disastrous effects on environment caused by human activities. 6. What is the importancd of green economy in the modern world? 7. What is sustainable development? How is it different from traditional way of development? 8. Describe the 3 fundamental components or pillars on which sustainable development is based. 9. What do the 4 Ps represent in sustainable development? 10. Write a note on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of UN Summit discussing briefly about its 17 sustainable development goals. 11. How is sustainable development beneficial for the economy, society and environment of a nation? Discuss briefly. 12. How the problems of climate change, hunger and degrading biodiversity addressed by sustainable development approach? 13. What re the common modern problems which stand as a challenge in the way of sustainable development? 14. Suggest a few ways to meet the common challenges of sustainable development. Download MCQs and more questions from https://www.eduitspl.com/teachers-corner-2 Watch & Learn www.eduitspl.com www.youtube.com/edusoftknowledgeverse 5 79

Unit PART B: Subject Specific Skills Digital Documentation 1 (Advanced) Session-1 Document Styles Styles are a pre-designed set of font, font-size, colour and other formatting which can be applied on the document at once without having to format various parts of the content individually. A standard word processor provides a library of pre-defined styles to apply on the document in order to give it a professional look with least efforts. Benefits of Styles Styles bring uniformity and consistency in the design of the document. They save time and effort as we can create and save our own defined styles. This makes the document formatting more efficient. Document gets a formal look as all the headings, sub-headings and other parts of the text get a well-defined, balanced look. Changing the style applies to all the parts of the document which have that style applied. This saves time which is wasted otherwise in reformatting and making corrections. It becomes easier for the word processor application to read the style-based document structure and documents load faster in computer memory. How styles are different from templates? Styles keep the look and design of the text within a document. If you need to use exact styles you created in a document into another document then you need to save the document as a template and create the document based on that template. This way, templates are used to apply consistent styles and formatting across different document. Every new document can be based on a template. With templates, we can reuse the settings of a document. Different types of style LibreOffice Writer has 6 types of styles: ¤ Paragraph styles affect an entire paragraph. ¤ Character styles affect a block of text inside a paragraph. ¤ Page styles affect page formatting (page size, margin, and the like). ¤ Frame styles affect frames and graphics. ¤ List styles affect numbered lists and bulleted lists. ¤ Table styles affect the look and formatting of tables. 5 80 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

These styles can be seen in Styles and Formatting window which can be displayed by clicking Style and Formatting icon on the Sidebar. Shortcut To display Styles pane in Sidebar: F11 In this pane, the buttons for each of the style types are displayed. Click on anyone to list the available styles. They appear in the same sequence as their names are listed earlier. Applying Styles To apply any style, select the part of the text (heading or paragraph or any text) and double click on the desired style in the list under corresponding style type. For example, if you have to apply Example style on some text, then select that text, click on Character style button and double click on Example style. Apply styles using Fill Format Mode Next to the Style types button is found Fill Format button. If you want to apply a selected style on multiple parts of text quickly, one-by-one then click on Fill Format Mode button and then click on the desired text parts to apply the style one by one. Finally, press Escape to come out of Fill Format Mode. Creating a New Style You can format some text as you like or need and then save that formatting as a new style for later use. To do so, do any of the following: ¤ Click on New Style from Selection button on the Formatting toolbar. ¤ Styles menu > New Style from Selection option. ¤ Click on Styles actions drop-down in the Styles pane of Sidebar and select New Style from Selection option. Create Style popup appears. Mention a relevant name of your style and click OK. Digital Documentation (Advanced) Shortcut New Style from Selection: Shift + F11 5 81

Create a New Style Using Drag and Drop Formatting of a text can be save as a new style using simple drag-drop method. Click on the desired Style type button on the Style pane in Sidebar. Select the pre-formatted text and drag- drop it into the pane. Create Style popup appears. Mention a relevant name of your style and click OK. Updating Existing Styles Once you select the text and apply a style to it. you can add some more changes in the style and update the selected style. To do so, follow any of these: ¤ Click on Update Selected Style button on the Formatting toolbar. ¤ Style menu > Update Selected Style option. ¤ Click on Style Action drop-down in the Styles pane of Sidebar and select Update Selected Style option. Shortcut Updated Selected Style: Ctrl + Shift + F11 Loading Styles from a Template To load an external style from a document template do any of the following; ¤ In Styles menu, select Load Styles options. The selected style will be listed in the Style sidebar. ¤ Click on Styles actions drop-down in the Styles pane of Sidebar and select Load Styles option. In Load Styles popup, select the desired style under various Categories and click OK. Session-2 Working with Shapes and Images Mostly documents such as various reports, flyers, newsletters, books, etc. contain images and shapes, etc. along with the text. Many operations are common on images and shapes such as special effects, text wrapping and grouping/ungrouping, etc. ¤ Shapes can be insereted using Insert menu > Shape submenu. ¤ To insert an image in the document, go to the Insert menu > Image option. In the Insert Image dialog box, locate the desired image and click on Open button. 5 82 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

Inserting Shapes Inserting Images Drawing Toolbar Shapes can be drawn and managed using Drawing toolbar in Toolbars under View menu. Drawing toolbar provides a rich library of a variety of shapes arranged in various categories. Shapes range from simple forms like Lines, Arrows, Rectangle, Circle to Curves and Polygons, Basic Shapes (Diamond, Ring, Hexagon, etc.), Symbol shapes (Smiley, Cloud, Flower, etc.), Block Arrows, Stars and Banners, Callouts, Flowchart, Text Box and FontWork Text. Curves and Polygons Basic Shapes Symbol Shapes Callouts Stars and Banners Block Arrows Flowchart Fontwork Gallery Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 83

Various Ways of Inserting Images In Writer, images can be inserted in following ways: 1. Import graphics files using Insert menu > Picture > From File option. (7.1.2.2 & higher versions: Insert > Image) 2. Link image by Insert menu > Picture > Link option or embed image by breaking the link as Edit menu > Links option and clicking Break Link button in the Edit Links dialog box. 3. Scan the image by Insert menu > Picture > Scan option > Select Source > OK. Then insert the scanned image using Insert menu > Picture > Scan > Request option. (7.1.2.2 & higher versions: Insert > Media > Scan > Request) 4. Insert any copied image from the clipboard by using Edit menu > Paste Special option. 5. Drag-dropping images in the document with Ctrl key ( images are embedded in the document as its part.) or, Ctrl+Shift key (a link to the image is inserted in the document. Actual image is not inserted.) Object Properties Panel Digital Documentation (Advanced) While working with any shape and image, the properties of the selected object can be viewed and changed in the Properties panel in the Sidebar (Ctrl+F5). Some common properties of the shapes are: ¤ Area, Shadow and Transparency ¤ Glow and Soft Edge ¤ Line, Line Styles, Arrow Styles ¤ Wrap and Spacing ¤ Position and Size 5 84

Drawing Object Properties Toolbar When a shape or image is selected, the Drawing Object Properties Toolbar can be used to manage the drawing object in following ways: ¤ Text wrapping: These options determine how the text around the inserted shape or object should be arranged. There are following ways a text is wrapped around an object: i. None: The text remains as it is above and below the object. ii. Parallel: The text flows around the object. iii. Optimal: Optimal Page Wrap prevents text from being placed to the side of the image if the spacing between the image and the margin is less than 2 cm. iv. Before: The object is placed to the right side of the text. v. After: The object is place to the left side of the text. vi. Through: The object floats over the text and hides the text. ¤ Align Object: Object can be aligned Left, Right, Center (horizontal), Center (vertical), Top and Bottom. ¤ Arrange Object: Object can be arranged above all other objects, behind all the other objects below it, behind the object just below it or over the object just above it. ¤ Object can also be placed above the text and behind the text. ¤ Arrow style: These can be selected for arrow heads and tails. Changing line colour, line style, fill colour and fill style of a shape ¤ Line style: This can be selected for lines and outline of a shape. ¤ Area style/Filling: This is a list of various styles in which a colour or pattern can be filled in the shape. ¤ Line width and line colour can be set using Line width and Line Color buttons. ¤ Colour can be filled in the object using Fill Color colour box. Line Width and Line Color Area Fill Color Style/Filling Note: Arrow Style Line Style When we use the term object, we refer to an image or shape inserted in the document. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 85

¤ Resizing object: To resize an object, select it. 8 handles will appear around it. Grab any handle with the left mouse click and drag to resize the object. ¤ Rotating object: The Rotate button on the Drawing Object Toolbar helps in rotarting and skewing the object. Rotation means turning around the object on its central axis by holding it with corner handles. Skewing means changing the shape of the object by stretching it across horizontally or vertically by holding the handles on its margins. Rotation Horizontal Skew ¤ Grouping objects: Multiple shapes and images can be grouped together and ungrouped. To do so, first select the first object, then pressing and holding down Shift key, select other objects. This way all the desired objects will be selected. Then click on Group button on the Drawing Object Properties toolbar. To ungroup the objects, select the grouped objects and click on Ungroup button on the Drawing Object Properties toolbar. Note: To edit any object which is a part of an object group, use Enter group button and to exit, use Exit Group button on the Drawing Object Properties tooolbar. Some more operations specific to images using Image Toolbar Operations such as rotating and resizing the shapes are applied on the images also in the same manner. Following are some more operations and setting that can be applied on images using View menu > Toolbars > Image: 5 86 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

¤ Cropping Image: Cropping is the way to remove unwanted part of the image starting from its outer edges. To crop the image, select it and click Crop button on the Image toolbar. 8 handles will appear around it. Grab any handle with the left mouse click and drag to inwards to crop the image. ¤ Image Color Settings: Image colour settings such as brightness, contrast, colour channels can be changed using Color button in the Image toolbar. In the Color pop-up, apply the changes as required. ¤ Image Transparency: Image transparency can be set by changing transparency value in the Transparency counter in the Image toolbar. ¤ Image Mode: Image can be displayed in modes such as Grayscale, Black and White and Watermark. Click on Image Mode drop-down on the Drawing toolbar and select the desired mode. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 87

¤ Image Filters: Filters are certain special effects that can be applied on an image to give it a completely different look. Filter button on the Drawing toolbar provides various filters Image filters are summarised here: Invert: Inverts the image color values, or the brightness values of a grayscale image. Smooth: Reduces pixel contrast. Sharpen: Increases pixel contrast. Remove noise: Compares and adjusts extreme intensities of pixels. Solarisation: Adjusts pixel brightness up to only a set threshold. Aging: Gives image an old, vintage look. Posterize: Reduces number of colours in the image. Pop Art: Makes the image look like images in advertisements. Charcoal Sketch: Gives look of a charcoal drawn image. Relief: Detects edges in the image and makes it look like exposed to extreme light. Mosaic: Makes image look like composed of small rectangular tiles. EXERCISE 1. You own a multimedia design company. Write a small introduction of the company then do the following: a) Insert a picture depicting about your company. b) Rotate and Resize the picture. c) Click on the picture and try Cropping some of its part. d) Save the file. 2. Create visiting cards of various post holders in your IT Club or school activity club. 3. Open the document saved in the previous question and do the following: a) Insert a picture of your school's building in the document. b) Set its Layout Option to Parallel. c) Set/move the picture to the right side of the document. d) Save the file. 4. Make a poster to spread awareness about personal hygiene or environmental care. 5. Collect some images of any occasion or your friends and make a collage. Finally, group all the images. 6. Create an invitation letter for teachers to a Stage Play students going to present on teachers' day. Use various shapes in decorating the card. 5 88 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

Session-3 Document Template A template is a pre-designed and pre-formatted document which can be used to fill in the content as you need. Template saves time and effort that otherwise goes in designing and formatting the document manually. A template saves you time and effort as it contains all the formatting and design already applied in it. You just need to enter your content and arrange it as you require. Writer provides a rich library of templates like resume, CV, Modrn, MediaWiki, Simple, etc. Some of the templates are installed when you install LibreOffice and many more templates can be accessed online. Open LibreOffice and select Writer Templates in the Templates drop-down in the left Options Pane. A variety of document templates will be listed which can picked up depending on the requirement. Creating a Template You can create your own pre-formatted templates which you can pick and use later to save time and hard work. First, create a well formatted document which you need frequently. For example, a colourful newsletter. Then, click on File tab> Save As option. In the dialog box, enter the name by which you wish to save the template. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 89

Click on Save as type: drop down list and select ODF Text Document template. Finally, click on Save button. The Writer template document will be saved as .ott file. You can save your template anywhere or in application template folder. You can find the path to the templates by going to Tools menu > Options option > LibreOffice > Paths category. Setting Default Template To replace default settings for the document, you need to replace the default template with a new one. You can set any template displayed in the Templates dialog box to be the default for that document type: 1. Go to File menu > Templates > Manage Templates option. 2. In the Templates dialog box, open the category containing the template that you want to set as the default, then select the template. 3. R i g h t - c l i c k o n t h e selected template and click the Set as default option. Next time the document will be created from this template. Shortcut To Manage Template : Ctrl + Shift + N Note: To reset back to the default template, click on the Wheel icon at the left bottom of the Templates dialog box and select Reset Default Template > Text Document. 5 90 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

Importing a Template One way is to select a template while creating a new document which we have learnt earlier. The other way is to import a template of our choice. This can be done by clicking on Import button at the bottom of the Templates dialog box. User created template must be saved in one of the folders listed in Tools menu> Options option > LibreOffice > Paths. 1. In the Templates dialog, click the Import button. The Select Category dialog appears. 2. Select the category where you want to import the template and click OK. 3. In Open dialog box, locate and select the template that you want to import and click Open. The template appears in the selected category. Editing template In the Templates dialog, right-click on the desired template and select Edit. The template opens in Writer. Edit the template as you need and save it as .ott file. Updating a document from a changed template If you have changed a template and if you open a document that was based on that template earlier then a confirmation message is displayed. You can select Update Styles to apply the changed styles in the template to the document or Keep Old Styles if you do not want to apply the changed styles in the template to the document. As shown here, earlier Sample_Template1.ott file had blue text and Sample_Doc1.odt was based on it. Then Sample_Template1.ott was changed to Red and Green text. Later when Sample_Doc1.odt was opened, the confirmation to update template styles is displayed. Instaliing Online Templates using Extensions You can install online templates by clicking Extensions button at the bottom of Templates dialog box. In the popup, click on the link website bedise the desired template. It will take you to the download page of that template. Download and save the template to use it. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 91

Changing Template Using Template-Changer Extension Go to https://extensions.libreoffice.org/en/extensions/show/tem plate-changer and download the Template Changer extension. It is a .oxt file. Open it by File > Open in Writer. The Extension Manager dialog box will appear to install it. After installation close the dialog box and restart LibreOffice application. After that, you can open the document and use File > Templates > Change template (current document). Remember that changes made to the templates using Template Changer are permanent and cannot be undone once saved. Using Template Changer, you can: Ÿ Set a template to replace the earlier template on which your document is based. Ÿ Deactivate link to template so that template remains linked with the document but any changes in it will not affect the document. Ÿ Reactivate link to template to revert deactivation. Ÿ Cut link to template completely so that your document is not based on any template. 5 92 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

Manually Changing a Template 1. In the Templates dialog, double-click the template you want to use. 2. Delete any unwanted content from it and save the document but keep it opened. 3. Open the document you want to change, select everything (Ctrl+A or Edit > Select All) in this document and copy (Edit > Copy or Ctrl+C) the contents. 4. Go to the new document created in step 2. Paste (Edit > Paste or Ctrl+V) the contents into this new document. 5. Save the new document (File > Save). Now you can discard the old document. Deleting a Template Right click on the desired template in Templates dialog box and select Delete. LAB EXERCISE 1. Using Writer create the document containing following text: <<Your Name Here>> INVITE YOU TO <<name of the event>> On <<date>> At <<time>> Venue: <<venue address>> Looking forward to welcome you at the event. Thank you. Now, save the document as template by the name my_invite_template.ott. 2. Using Templates dialog box, import your template in My Templates category. 3. Open this template, create an invitation letter and save it as .odt document. 4. Open your template my_invite_template.ott to edit and make changes in the text formatting and save it as a different name such as my_invite_template2.ott. Close LibreOffice then open it again. 5. Now, open your document and confirm if you want to apply new styles or keep the old. 6. Try deactivating and activating the link between your document and the template using Template Changer extension. 7. Try permanently unlinking the template from your document. (Now, if you make changes in the template, document will not ask for applying any new styles.) Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 93

Session-4 Creating Table of Contents A table of contents (ToC) contains the numbered list of topics in a document and the page number on which they are located. In the soft copy of the document, each entry in the ToC functions as an internal hyperlink to the topic content. User can use Ctrl+Mouse click to jump to the linked topic. A ToC can be created automatically in any word processor. However, it is always advisable to update ToC after major changes in the document. ToC and Character Styles An efficient way of creating a ToC is to apply styles on the headings in the documents which are needed to include in the ToC. For example, the document has a chapter title, topic headings and sub-headings then Chapter title can be given the style Heading 1, topic headings can be applied with the style Heading 2 and sub-headings can be of style Heading 3. Then, it is easier to create a ToC automatically. Creating a ToC The table of content depends on the headings in the document. It is necessary that document contains adequately defined standard headings such as Heading 1, Heading 2, Heading 3, etc. To create a quick ToC in the document, first place the cursor where you need the ToC to appear. Then do the following: l Go to Insert menu > Table of Contents and Index > Table of Contents, Index or Bibliography option. l In the dialog box of similar name, in Title tab, specify the title of the table, specify the number of levels of headings as required. l Protect against manual changes checkbox keeps the table from being modifed like common text. l Click OK. The ToC will be inserted. 5 94 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

Customising a ToC To customise a ToC, right click on it and select Edit Index option. Ÿ In the dialog box, go to Styles tab. Ÿ Select level in Levels list and a style in Paragraph Styles list. Ÿ To change the style, click on Edit button below the Paragraph Styles list. Ÿ In Paragraph Styles dialog box, change style such as font colour and click OK. Ÿ Click on Assign button. Ÿ Click OK. Character Style using Entries Tab This tab helps formatting each part of the ToC. Select the desired level in the Level column as per the structure of your ToC. The Structure section contains the elements of the table for the selected level. The active buttons below the Structure section are those elements which can be added to the ToC. The LS icon represents the start of a hyperlink. The E# icon represents the “chapter number”. The E icon represents the chapter (or sub-chapter) text. The T icon represents a tab stop. The # icon represents the page number. The LE icon represents the end of a hyperlink. Each white field on the Structure line represents a blank space where you can add custom text or another element. Applying character styles: In the Structure section, click the button representing the element needed to be modified. Then, select the desired character style in the Character Style drop- down You can click on Edit button to change the selected character style. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 95

Updating a ToC Table of Content is not updated automatically by Writer if any changes are done in the document. The ToC needs to be updated manually. To do so, right-click anywhere in the TOC and select Update Index. Deleting a ToC To delete the TOC from a document, right-click anywhere in the TOC and choose Delete Index Remember that Writer will not confirm the deletion. EXERCISE Create a multipage document describing about your school. Keep main title as My School and some sub headings such as About My School, Academics, Sports, Staff etc. Apply some styles to all the headings and create a well formatted table of contents for the document. Session-5 Mail Merge and Labels Mail merge is a very powerful and useful feature of a word processor. It allows to generate mulitple mail document with same content and variable values such as names, address, cities, department, class, section, country, etc. For instance, if you need to create 50 copies of a letter for each of the 50 recipients then using the mail merge feature, you can create as many copies as the number of recipients. In each copy the letter content would be same but the name and address of the recipient would be different. Mail Merge feature involves 3 documents: 5 96 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

Main document: It is the document that contains the content which is common across all the copies. This is the document whose multiple copies are generated. Data source: This document contains the variable data such as names of the recipients, address, city, state, pincode, country, designation, department, etc. These values are arranged as rows or records in a tabular format and the first row contains the headings of each column. During the mail merge process, these values are merged with the main document and as many copies as the number of records merged, are created. Merged document: This is generated as the output of the mail merge. The values in the Data source are merged with the Main document to create merged document. User just has to specify where the merged values should appear in the merged document. The location of merged values are specified by the help of merged fields. Merged fields are the placeholders which indicate where the merged values must appear. Data source Main document Final merged documents Merged fields inserted in the main document Creating a Data Source A data source contains the values to be used for merging with the main document. It is a tabular document that contains records (rows) of data values. First row is considered to be the header row that contains column headings called fields. Data source can be simple document or a spreadsheet or the values may come from a database through a data connection. Here, we shall learn how to use a document-based data source. For example, to create a notice for the apartment owners of a building to pay their maintenance dues. The data source contains following details. There are seven fields namely Salutation, First Name, Surname, Apartment Number, Service Start Date, Amount Pending and Pending Since. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 97

The Main Document Main document is the main letter that can be drafted and saved beforehand or it can be created new during the process of mail merge. Main document of notice reminder looks like this. Notice, the missing values after the words To, since, Rs. and the second since. Here, the values will be inserted (merged) from the data source. Setting up Data Source After creating and saving the data source, we need to access the data source in the main document. Open the main document and follow the steps given here: 1. Go to File menu > Wizards submenu > Address Data Source option. 2. In the Address Book Data Source Wizard dialog box, select Other external data source radio button. Click Next. 5 98 Digital Documentation (Advanced)

3. Click on Settings button. 4. Select Database type as Writer Document. Click Next. 5. Click Browse and select the data source document. Click Next. 6. Go to the section Data Source Title and give a relevant name to the data source. Click Finish. Notice that the name given here is ApartmentOwners. 7. Go to View menu > Toolbars > Mail Merge. 8. Go to View menu > Data Sources. Shortcut View Data Sources: Ctrl+Shift+F4 9. In the Explorer, open the table under the name of your data source. The records of the data source will be displayed. Click on the fields in the data source and drag-drop them in the main document where ever required as shown here. Digital Documentation (Advanced) 5 99