4- lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k & ;g fon~;ky; esjk gSA ml isM+ ij fpfM+;k cSBh gSA blesa jaxhu 'kCn laKk osQ lkFk yxdj mldh fo'ks\"krk crk jgs gSa] vr% ;s lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k gSaA lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k dks laosQrokpd fo'ks\"k.k Hkh dgrs gSaA tc loZuke fdlh laKk osQ igys vkdj mldh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gaS] rks ,sls esa mu loZukeksa dks lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA fo'ks\"k.kksa osQ ç;ksx esa è;ku nsus ;ksX; oqQN ckrsa 1- oqQN fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke osQ fyax osQ vuqlkj ;k muosQ opu osQ vuqlkj viuk :i cny ysrs gSaA tSls& [kwclwjr L=kh [kwclwjr iq#\"k [kwclwjr cPps laKk 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpukA laKk fo'ks\"k.k laKk fo'ks\"k.k laKk fo'ks\"k.k vkyL; vkylh vknj vknj.kh; mnkl mnklh dk¡Vk o¡QVhyk o`Qik o`Qikyq xzke xzkeh.k xq.kh ped pedhyk pkpk ppsjk xq.k ”kgjhyk /u /uh /eZ /kfeZd ”kgj uSfrd ued uedhu I;kl I;klk uhfr cqn~f/eku jk\"Vª jk\"Vªh; jax jaxhu cqn~f/ fo\"kSyk Je Jfed 'kgj 'kgjh fo\"k 50 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
laKk 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk laKk fo'ks\"k.k laKk fo'ks\"k.k laKk fo'ks\"k.k eSa esjk tks tSlk dkSu oSQlk og oSlk ;g ,slk vki vkilh fØ;k 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk fØ;k fo'ks\"k.k ns[kuk fn[kkoVh fØ;k fo'ks\"k.k fØ;k fo'ks\"k.k i<+uk i<+kowQ Hkkxuk HkxksM+k cukuk cukoVh fVduk fVdkÅ dekuk dekÅ vO;; fo'ks\"k.k ihNs fiNyk vO;; 'kCnksa ls fo'ks\"k.kksa dh jpuk ckgj ckgjh vO;; fo'ks\"k.k vO;; fo'ks\"k.k Åij Åijh uhps fupyk Hkhrj Hkhrjh vkxs vxyk vkvks nksgjk,¡ Ÿ laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dks fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA Ÿ fo'ks\"k.k osQ pkj Hksn gSa & xq.kokpd] la[;kokpd] ifjek.kokpd vkSj lkoZukfedA Ÿ xq.kokpd fo'ks\"k.k laKk osQ xq.k&nks\"k] :i] vkdkj vkfn dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSaA Ÿ lkoZukfed fo'ks\"k.k dk vFkZ gS] tc loZuke laKk dh fo'ks\"krk crkus dk dke djsaA 51 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fo'ks\"; Nk¡Vdj fy[kksµ fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; d- vkleku esa dkys ckny Nk, gSaA [k- ew[kZ O;fDr dh fe=krk vPNh ugha gksrhA x- jksfgr ,d le>nkj yM+dk gSA ?k- og beyh [kV~Vh gSA Ä ;g rks lw[kh Mkyh gSA 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa jaxhu fo'ks\"k.kksa ds Hksn fy[kksµ d- og vius ?kj x;kA --------------------------------------------- [k- oqQN yksx ckx esa lSj dj jgs gSa\\ --------------------------------------------- x- firkth pkj fdyks phuh yk,A --------------------------------------------- ?k- gokbZ tgkt Å¡pkbZ ij gSA --------------------------------------------- 3- izR;sd fo'ks\"; osQ fy, rhu&rhu fo'ks\"k.k fy[kksA d- dgkuh --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- [k- cLrk --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- x- fe=k --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- ?k- frryh --------------------------- --------------------------- --------------------------- 52 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
10 fdz ;k (Verb) uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks nsf[k, vkSj okD;ksa dks if<+,A jk/k fdrkc i<+ jgh gSA nknkth lSj dj jgs gSaA cPps ckfj'k esa ugk jgs gSaA Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa i<+uk] lSj djuk] ugkuk vkfn fØ;k,¡gaSA bu jaxhu 'kCnksa ls vyx&vyx dk;Z djus rFkk gksus dh tkudkjh fey jgh gSA dk;Z djus rFkk dk;Z gksus dk cks/ djkus okys 'kCn fØ;k dgykrs gSaA ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh dke dk djuk ;k gksuk ik;k tk,] mUgsa fØ;k dgrs gSaA 53 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
fØ;k 'kCnksa ij fyax] opu o dkjd dk izHkko fyax ifjorZu dkjd ifjorZu gksuk opu ifjorZu gksuk d- oa'k [ksy jgk gSA ekyh us ikS/ksa dks lhapkA irax mM+ jgh gSA [k- lksfu;k [ksy jgh gSA ekyh osQ n~okjk ikS/s lhaps x,A iraxsa mM+ jgh gSaA fØ;k dk ewy :i /krq dgykrk gSA blesa izR;; tksM+dj vU; fØ;k 'kCn cuk, tkrs gSaA tSls& fy[k $ uk = fy[kuk i<+ $ uk = i<+uk ukp $ uk = ukpuk mB $ uk = mBuk bu 'kCnksa esa ^uk* izR;; tksM+dj fØ;k 'kCn cuk, x, gSaA fdz ;k ds Hksn deZ osQ vk/kj ij fozQ;k osQ nks Hksn gSa& vdeZd fozQ;k ,oa ldeZd fozQ;kA vdeZd fØ;k & vdeZd dk vFkZ gS] ftlesa dksbZ deZ u gks vFkkZr~ fØ;k dk iQy (izHkko) lh/s drkZ ij iM+sA tSls & vafdrk fy[k jgh gSA vkjrh ukpsxhA fØ;k fØ;k jksgu i<+sxkA lksgu g¡l jgk gSA fØ;k fØ;k lHkh fØ;kvkas dk iHz kko muoQs drkZ ij gh iM+ jgk gAS vr% ;s vdedZ fØ;k,¡gAaS vdeZd fØ;k ds oqQN mnkgj.k%& vdeZd fØ;k dh igpku & okD;ksa esa fØ;k osQ lkFk ^D;k* ;k ^fdls* yxkdj ç'u djsa] ;fn mRrj ugha feys] rks os vdeZd fØ;k gSaA vkuk jksuk nkSM+uk ukpuk feyuk pyuk tkuk [kqyuk lquuk Mjuk mNyuk Mwcuk g¡luk lksuk mxuk yM+uk tkxuk mM+uk 54 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
ldeZd fØ;k & ldeZd dk vFkZ gS] ftlesa deZ gks vFkkZr~ fØ;k dk iQy (izHkko) deZ ij iM+sA tSls & xfjek us Hktu xk;kA nqdkunkj lC”kh rksy jgk gSA deZ fØ;k deZ fØ;k ueu fxVkj ctkrk gSA eSa viuk :eky /ksrh g¡wA deZ fØ;k deZ fØ;k ldeZd fØ;kvksa osQ oqQN mnkgj.k ns[kuk i<+uk fy[kuk NksM+uk lh[kuk idM+uk [kkuk nsuk dkVuk thruk mBkuk cspuk fo'ks\"k ([kkuk] lksuk) oqQN okD;ksa esa nks fØ;k,¡Hkh gksrh gSa& (i<+uk] [ksyuk) 1- cPpk [kkuk [kkdj lks x;kA 2- eksgu i<+dj [ksyus tk,xkA (cPpksa] iqLrosaQ) OkqQN okD;ksa esa nks deZ Hkh gksrs gSa& (cPps] [kkuk) 1- vè;kfidk cPpksa dks iqLrosaQ i<+k jgh gSA 2- ek¡us cPps dks [kkuk f[kyk;kA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fdlh dk;Z dk cks/ djkus okyk 'kCnksa dk :i fØ;k dgykrk gSA • fØ;k djus okys dks drkZ dgrs gaSA • ftl ij fØ;k dk çHkko iM+rk gS] mls deZ dgrs gSaA • deZ osQ vk/kj ij fØ;k osQ nks Hksn gSa& vdeZd fØ;k] ldeZd fØ;kA 55 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa fØ;kvksa dks js[kkafdr djksµ d- ek¡us diM+s /ks fy,A [k- cPps eSnku esa [ksy jgs gSaA x- os viuk dk;Z dj jgs gSaA ?k- dy ge ck”kkj tk,¡xsA M-+ ?kksM+k ?kkl [kk jgk gSA 2- okD; i<+dj igpkuks fd fØ;k vdeZd gS ;k ldeZdA d- jeu ?kweus tk jgk gSA -------------------------------------------- [k- og g¡l jgh gSA -------------------------------------------- x- vfer viuh ckr dgsxkA -------------------------------------------- ?k- og ?kj ig¡qp xbZA -------------------------------------------- Ä jk[kh fp=k cukrh gSA -------------------------------------------- 3- lgh fØ;k 'kCn ls okD; iwjs djksA d- og nsj rd ------------------------------- jgh gSA (tkxrh@tkxuk) [k- jhuk ”kksj&”kksj ls ------------------------------- gSA (g¡lh@g¡lrh) x- tgk”k leqnz esa ------------------------------- yxkA (rSj@rSjus) ?k- jks”kkuk gjh lfC”k;k¡-------------------------------A ([kk;k@[kkvks) M-+ ek¡us diM+s -------------------------------A (flys@flyk) 56 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkn'kZ iz'u i=&1 (ikB & 1 ls 10) 1- ,d 'kCn esa mRrj nksA ------------------------------------------ d- iatkch Hkk\"kk dh fyfi dk D;k uke gS\\ ------------------------------------------ [k- ckrksa dks cksyuk vkSj lquuk D;k dgykrk gS\\ ------------------------------------------ x- Hkk\"kk dh lcls NksVh èofu D;k gS\\ ------------------------------------------ ?k- inksa dk lewg D;k dgykrk gS\\ 2- tksM+s feykvksA fganh mnwZ iatkch vaxzs”kh Ik+ Qkjlh jkseu nsoukxjh xq#eq[kh 3- mfpr LFkku ij vuqLokj ( a ) ;k vuqukfld ( ¡) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- pknh & ------------------------ [k- fgnh & ------------------------ x- ppy & ------------------------ ?k- xnxh & ------------------------ 4- vFkZ osQ vk/kj ij fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks igpkuks vkSj muosQ uke fy[kksA ----------------------------------------- d- 'kk;n] vkt o\"kkZ gksA [k- gekjs iM+kslh cgqr vPNs gaSAa ----------------------------------------- x- D;k rqe dy fon~;ky; tkvksxs\\ ----------------------------------------- 5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mfpr laKk 'kCnksa ls djksA d- ----------------------------- rhFkZLFky gSA [k- d{kk esa lHkh ----------------------------- mifLFkr gSaA x- etnwj ----------------------------- djosQ nks oDr dh jksVh dekrk gSA 6- jaxhu 'kCnksa osQ fyax cnydj okD;ksa dks nksckjk fy[kksA d- vafdr osQ ekek n;kyq gSaA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
[k- ekyh <sj lkjs IkwQy yk;kA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- enkjh us canj dks upk;kA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7- [kkyh LFkku HkjksA d- jksgu osQ ikl nks ------------------------ gSaA (iqLrosaQ@iqLrd) [k- lc ------------------------ [kksy nksA (njok”ks@njoktk) x- BaMh ------------------------ py jgh gSA (gok@gok,¡) 8- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa osQ dkjd crkvksµ d- isM+ ls iRrk fxjkA -------------------------------- [k- fcYyh oqQlhZ ij cSBh gqbZ gSA -------------------------------- x- euh\"kk dk HkkbZ i<+ jgk gSA -------------------------------- 9- okD;ksa esa loZukeksa dks jsa[kkfdr djks vkSj muosQ Hksn fy[kksA d- ;g jhuk dk [kjxks'k gSA -------------------------------- [k- tgk¡esjk ?kj gS] ogk¡eafnj gSA -------------------------------- x- ;g migkj fdlosQ gSa\\ -------------------------------- ?k- tSlh djuh oSlh HkjuhA -------------------------------- 10- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k vkSj fo'ks\"; Nk¡Vdj fy[kksµ fo'ks\"k.k fo'ks\"; d- vkleku esa dkys ckny Nk, gSaA [k- eksfgr ,d le>nkj yM+dk gSA x- ;g rks lw[kh Mky gSA 58 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
11 dky (Tense) dky dk vFkZ gS & le;A dky dk laca/ fØ;k ls gksrk gSA fdlh dk;Z osQ djus ;k gksus dk le; gh dky gSA w geus ikB i<+kA w ge ikB i<+ jgs gSaA w ge ikB i<+saxsA bu rhuksa okD;ksa esa Øe'k% chrs gq, le; (Hkwrdky)] py jgs le; (orZeku) vkSj vkus okys le; (Hkfo\";) esa dke dk gksuk crk;k x;k gSA dky ds Hksn fØ;k gks pqdh gS] gks jgh gS vFkok gksxhA blosQ vk/kj ij dky osQ rhu Hksn gSa& Hkwrdky orZeku dky Hkfo\";r~ dky Hkwrdky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls irk pys fd dke chrs gq, le; esa iwjk gks x;k gS] mls Hkwrdky dh fØ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- eSaus iqLrd i<+hA 2- dy cgqr xehZ FkhA Hkwrdky osQ Hksn 1- lkekU; Hkwrdky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls Kkr gks fd dke chrs gq, le; esa lkekU; :i ls iwjk gks x;k gS] mls lkekU; Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- jke us jko.k dk o/ fd;kA 2- lqxzho us ckyh dks ekjkA 59 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
2- vklUu Hkwrdky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls Kkr gks fd dke vHkh&vHkh iwjk gqvk gS] mls vklUu Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& firkth vHkh vk, gSaA os gekjs fy, iqLrd yk, gSaA 3- iw.kZ Hkwrdky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls Kkr gks fd dke cgqr igys iwjk gks pqdk Fkk] mls iw.kZ Hkwr dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- jke us fp=k cuk;k FkkA 2- jk/k us xhr xk;k FkkA 4- viw.kZ Hkwrdky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k dk Hkwrdky esa gksuk rks tkuk tk,_ fdUrq og dk;Z gqvk ;k ugha] ;g Kkr u gks] mls viw.kZ Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls 1- iz/kukpk;Z b/j gh vk jgs FksA 2- ekxZ esa os oqQN yksxksa ls ckrsa dj jgs FksA 5- lafnX/ Hkwrdky & Hkwrdky dh ftl fØ;k osQ djus ;k gksus esa lansg gks] mls lafnX/ Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- eSaus ;g txg ns[kh gksxhA 2- fiz;k pyh xbZ gksxhA 6- gsrq&gsrqen~ Hkwrdky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fØ;k dk Hkwrdky esa gksus ;k fd, tkus dh 'krZ ikbZ tk,] mls gsrq&gsrqen~ Hkwrdky dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- og tkrk] rks eSa Hkh tkrkA 2- ;fn og esgur djrk] rks lIkQy gksrkA orZeku dky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls irk pys fd dke vHkh gks jgk gS (orZeku le; esa) mls orZeku dky dh fØ;k dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- o\"kkZ gks jgh gSA 2- oklq Vh-oh- ns[k jgk gSA 60 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
orZeku dky osQ Hksn 1- lkekU; orZeku dky & fØ;k dk og :i ftlls Kkr gks fd dksbZ dke lkekU; :i ls (fo'ks\"k :i ls ugha) orZeku dky esa (vHkh) gks jgk gS] mls lkekU; orZeku dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- eSa irax mM+krk gw¡A 2- rqe jkek;.k i<+rs gksA bu okD;ksa dh fØ;kvksa ls lkekU;rk% dke osQ orZeku le; esa gksus dk cks/ gksrk gS] ,slh fØ;kvksa dks lkekU; orZeku dgrs gSaA lkekU; orZeku esa fØ;k osQ lkFk rk] rh] rs] gw¡] gks] gS vkfn yxrk gSA 2- viw.kZ orZeku dky & fØ;k dk og :i ftlls Kkr gks fd dke vkjaHk gks x;k gS vkSj vHkh Hkh tkjh gS] mls viw.kZ orZeku dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- ek¡[kkuk cuk jgh gSA 2- rqe jkek;.k i<+ jgs gksA viw.kZ orZeku esa fØ;k dk :i jgk] jgs] jgh osQ lkFk gw¡] gS] gks yxkdj curk gSA rkRdkfyd orZeku osQ vfrfjDr dHkh&dHkh vklUu (fudV) Hkfo\"; osQ fy, Hkh gksrk gSA tSls & 1- jk\"VªeaMy [ksy vDVwcj esa gksus tk jgs gSaA (gksus okys gSa) 2- iz/kukpk;Z th b/j gh vk jgs gSaA (vkus okys gSa) 3- lafnX/ orZeku dky & fØ;k dk og :i ftlls Kkr gks fd fØ;k orZeku esa gks jgh gS] fdUrq mlosQ gksus esa lansg gS] mls lafnX/ orZeku dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- og vkrh gksxhA 2- og vk jgh gksxhA lfa nX/ oreZ ku eas fØ;k oQs lkFk rk] r]s rh yxkdj gkxs k] gkxs h] gx¡w k dk i;z kxs djrs gAaS 61 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
Hkfo\";r~ dky & fØ;k osQ ftl :i ls fdlh dke dk vkus okys le; esa fd;k tkuk ;k gksuk Kkr gks] mls Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- lqcg lw;Z fudysxkA 2- fdlku [ksrks esa gy pyk,¡xsA bu okD;ksa dh fØ;kvksa ls irk pyrk gS fd ;s lc dke vkus okys le; esa iwjs gksaxsA blfy, bUgsa Hkfo\";r~ dky dh fØ;k dgrs gSaA Hkfo\";r~ dky osQ Hksn 1- lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ dky & fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls vkus okys le; esa fozQ;k dk lkekU; :i ls gksuk ik;k tk,] mls lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gSaA 1- twu rd eg¡xkbZ de gks tk;sxhA 2- dy eSa osQd cukÅ¡xhA lkekU; Hkfo\";r~ cukus osQ fy;s ewy fØ;k osQ vUr esa ,xk] ,xh] ,axs] vksxs] m¡Qxk vkSj m¡Qxh yxkrs gSaA 2- laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ dky & Hkfo\";r~ dky dh ftl fozQ;k esa lEHkkouk ikbZ tk,] mls laHkkO; Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- 'kk;n ek¡dy ykSV vk,A 2- eSa lIkQy gksÅ¡xkA 3- gsrq&gsrqen~ Hkfo\";r~ dky & fozQ;k osQ ftl :i ls ;g tkuk tk, fd Hkfo\";r~ dky dh fozQ;k dk gksuk fdlh nwljh fozQ;k osQ gksus ij vk/kfjr gS] mls gsrq&gsrqen~ Hkfo\";r~ dky dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- ;fn 'k=kq geyk djsxk] rks eq¡g dh [kk,xkA 2- ;fn rqe vkvksxs] rks eSa pyw¡xkA 62 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkvks nksgjk,¡ • fØ;k osQ gksus osQ le; dks dky dgrs gSaA • Hkwrdky chrs gq, le; esa dk;Z osQ gksus dk cks/ djkrk gSA • orZeku dky py jgs le; esa dk;Z osQ gksus dk cks/ djkrk gSA • Hkfo\";r~ dky vkus okys le; esa dk;Z osQ gksus dk cks/ djkrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dky dks igpkudj fy[kksµ d- nknh lqfer dks dgkuh lquk jgh FkhA ----------------------------------------------- [k- cPpk ek¡dh xksn esa lks jgk gSA ----------------------------------------------- x- tYnh gh isM+ksa ij IkwQy f[kysaxsA ----------------------------------------------- ?k- 'kk;n og esjs ?kj vk,A ----------------------------------------------- M-+ lksue xhr fy[k jgh gSA ----------------------------------------------- p- Nr ij dksbZ Vgy jgk FkkA ----------------------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh iwfrZ mfpr fozQ;k :i n~okjk djksµ d- eSa vo'; ikl ---------------------------------A (gksuk) [k- jksgu] viuk x`gdk;Z ---------------------------------A (djuk) x- eSa vius nksLrksa osQ lkFk fIkQYe ns[kus ------------------------------A (tkuk) ?k- vkt lqcg ls gh o\"kkZ ---------------------------------A (gksuk) M + eSa vo'; ikl ---------------------------------A (gksuk) p- /ksch us diM+s ---------------------------------A (/ksuk) 63 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
3- okD;ksa dks dky osQ vuqlkj cnyksA d- lksfu;k us xhr xk;kA (Hkfo\";r~ dky) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- jksfgr i=k fy[ksxkA (orZeku dky) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- rqe dc vkvksxsA (Hkwrdky) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- lkSHkkX; iqLrd i<+ pqdk FkkA (orZeku dky) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- M-+ vatuk [kkuk cuk jgh FkhA (Hkfo\";r~ dky) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4- mnkgj.k ns[kks vkSj dky osQ vuqlkj fozQ;k osQ :i fy[kksA fozQ;k Hkwrdky orZeku dky Hkfo\";r~ dky tk x;k tkrk tk,xk fy[k [kk lqu 64 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
12 vfodkjh 'kCn (Indeclinable Words) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,A ikuh yxkrkj cg jgk gSA jksfgr vkSj eksfgr [ksy jgs gaSA yxkrkj ckfj'k gks jgh gSA fiz;k vkSj gsek i<+ jgh gSaA mi;qZDr mnkgj.kksa esa yxkrkj 'kCnksa dks vyx vyx fyax] opu vkfn osQ lkFk iz;ksx djus ij Hkh mudk :i ugha cnyrk gSA okD;ksa esa iz;qDr bl izdkj osQ 'kCnksa dks vO;; ;k vfodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSaA O;kdj.k esa dqN 'kCn ,sls gksrs gS]a ftldk :i dHkh ugha cnyrkA ,sls 'kCnksa dks vfodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSAa 65 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vfodkjh 'kCnksa ds Hksn laca/cks/d leqPp;cks/d (Preposition) (Conjunction) fØ(;Akdvfoer'bks\")k.k foLe;kfncks/d (Interjection) 1- fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k & tks 'kCn fozQ;k osQ LFkku] dky] ifjek.k lEcU/h fo'ks\"krk,¡crkrs gSa] mUgas fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA tSls& 1- lc tYnh&tYnh pyksA (jhfr) 2- vaoqQj vanj lks jgk gSA (LFkku) 3- dy ge fiQYe ns[ksaxsA (dky) 4- FkksM+k i<+ fy;k djksA (ifjek.k) fØ;k fo'ks\"k.k dkyokpd jhfrokpd LFkkuokpd ifjek.kokpd 1- LFkkuokpd foQz ;k fo'k\"s k.k & fØ;k oQs 2- dkyokpd foQz ;k fo'k\"s k.k & fØ;k gkus s oQs LFkku dh fo'k\"s krk crkus okys 'kCn oQs gkus s oQs le; dh fo'k\"s krk crkus okys LFkkuokpd fØ;k fo'k\"s k.k gkrs s gAaS tlS s & vna j] ckgj] Åij] uhp]s nk,]¡ ck,]¡ njw ] 'kCnkas dks dkyokpd fØ;k fo'k\"s k.k dgrs gAaS tlS s & dy] ijlk]as vkt] ikl] vkeu]s lkeus vkfnA vHkh] lnk] ge's kk] 'kke rd] jkts vkfnA 66 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
3- jhfrokpd foQz ;k fo'k\"s k.k & fØ;k 4- ifjek.kokpd foQz ;k fo'k\"s k.k & fØ;k oQs gkus s dk <xa crkus okys 'kCn dk ifjek.k crkus okys 'kCn jhfrokpd fØ;k fo'k\"s k.k gkrs s gAaS tlS s & ifjek.kokpd fØ;k fo'k\"s k.k gkrs s gAaS tlS s /hj&s /hj]s vpkud] tkjs l]s nkMS d+ j] & de] T;knk] bruk] mruk] vk/k] 'kkfa riow dZ ] yxkrkj] tYnh&tYnh vkfnA vf/d] yxHkx] FkkMs k+ vkfnA 2- laca/cks/d & tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke osQ lkFk yxdj mudk laca/ okD; osQ vU; 'kCnksa osQ lkFk crkrs gSa] os laca/cks/d vO;; dgykrs gSaA tSls & 1- firkth ?kj osQ vanj cSBs gSaA 2- jes'k osQ ?kj osQ uhps cl LVkWi gSA 3- Nr osQ Åij cUnj cSBs gSaA 4- esjs ?kj osQ ikl ikoZQ gSA oqQN eq[; laca/cks/d 'kCn & ls igys] osQ ihNs] osQ lkeku] osQ fo#n~/] dh vis{kk] dh rjg] dh vksj] osQ vanj] osQ ckgj] osQ Hkhrj vkfnA 3- leqPp;cks/d & nks 'kCnksa] okD;ka'kksa ;k okD;ksa dks tksM+us okys 'kCn leqPp;cks/d ;k ;kstd dgykrs gSaA tSls & 1- jksgu vkSj firkth lks jgs gSaA 2- eksfgr ?kj vk x;k ij fodkl ugha vk;kA 3- ?kj esa fctyh ugha Fkh] blfy, dke ugha dj ik;kA 4- eSa tYnh pyk] fdarq cl fudy xbZA oqQN vU; leqPp;cks/d 'kCn & ysfdu] foQUrq] ijUrq] ij] fd] D;ksafd] ;n~;fi] rFkkfi] ;fn rks] tksfd] exj] ,oa] rFkk] cfYd] vU;Fkk] vFkok vkfnA 67 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
4- foLe;kfncks/d & tks 'kCn foLe;] ?k`.kk] g\"kZ] 'kksd] iz'kalk] Hk;] ozQks/] nq%[k vkfn eu osQ Hkkoksa dks izdV djrs gSa] os foLe;kfncks/d dgykrs gSaA 1- vjs! rqe dc vk,A 2- okg! fdruk lqanj n`'; gSA 3- cki js! bruk cM+k lk¡iA 4- 'kkck'k! rqeus vPNk dke fd;kA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • O;kdj.k esa oqQN 'kCn ,sls gksrs gSa] ftudk :i dHkh ugha cnyrkA ,sls 'kCnksa dks vfodkjh 'kCn dgrs gSaA • vfodkjh 'kCn pkj izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & fozQ;k fo'ks\"k.k] laca/cks/d] leqPp;cks/d] foLe;kfncks/dA vH;kl dk;Z fganh O;kdj.k & 5 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh iwfrZ mfpr vO;; n~okjk djksA d- geus dkj ---------------------- [kjhnh gSA [k- f[kykSus ---------------------- j[kksA x- ;k=kh ---------------------- fxj iM+kA ?k- jksgu us nw/ ---------------------- fi;kA Ä ckgj er [ksyks_ ---------------------- /wi rsT+k gSA p- ----------------------! fdruh cncw vk jgh gSA N- eSa vo'; tkrh ---------------------- vka/h vk xbZA t- jke ---------------------- ';ke HkkbZ gSaA 68
2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa ls vO;; Nk¡Vdj Hksn dk uke fy[kksA --------------------------------------------- d- eSa iQy [kkÅ¡;k vkblØheA --------------------------------------------- [k- eSaus xk; osQ ikl pkjk j[kkA --------------------------------------------- x- fN%! fdruh cncw vk jgh gSA --------------------------------------------- ?k- [kjxks'k rs”k nkSM+kA --------------------------------------------- M + iqQVckWy ckgj [ksysaxsA 3- cMh+ eNyh oQs iVs eas fØ;k fo'k\"s k.k] lePq p;ck/s d] lca /a ck/s d ,oa foLe;kfnck/s d fey x, gAaS mUgas muds viu&s vius uke dh NkVs h eNfy;kas eas NkV¡dj jf[k,A ds 'iokhrkNesQukfhsdcpvksgfkdjrsgv'karskfrhdqN?%;k%hz/w orrvsQj~ gklSjocaxkkggj fØ;k fo'ks\"k.k______ leqPp;cks/d ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ laca/cks/d ______ foLe_;_kf_n_c_ks/_d ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ 69 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
13 'kCn HkaMkj (Vocabulary) foykse 'kCn & ,d&nwljs dk mYVk ;k foijhr vFkZ crkus okys 'kCnksa dks foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& NksVk & cM+k ;'k & vi;'k oqQN vU; foykse 'kCn bl çdkj gSa& 'kCn foykse 'kCn 'kCn foykse 'kCn gkj thr lp >wB lqxa/ nqxZU/ cgknqj çkphu uohu lEeku Mjiksd vk'kk fujk'kk Kku vieku Hkyk cqjk vknj vKku fe=k 'k=kq fgalk vuknj ns'kh fons'kh ohj vfgalk rhoz ean dksey dk;j Lora=k ijra=k Lokeh dBksj Å¡p uhp mrkj lsod fon~oku ew[kZ f[kyuk p<+ko vuqjkx fojkx vkfLrd eqj>kuk ljy dfBu vk; ukfLrd 'kkafr v'kkafr thou O;; mÙkj nf{k.k va/dkj ej.k çdk'k 70 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
i;kZ;okph 'kCn & leku vFkZ crkus okys 'kCnksa dks i;kZ;okph 'kCn dgrs gSaA tSls& /jrh & i`Foh] Hkwfe] /jk jkr & fu'kk] jkf=k] jtuh oqQN vkSj i;kZ;okph 'kCn tkfu,& ikuh & ty] uhj] okfj vkdk'k & uHk] vacj] vkleku xaxk & HkkxhjFkh] lqjlfj] eUnkfduh pk¡n & pUnzek] 'kf'k] jkosQ'k leqnz & lkxj] fla/q] tyf/ rkykc & lj] ljksoj] rky i`Foh & Hkw] Hkwfe] /jk ckny & tyn] ?ku] es?k o\"kkZ & cj[kk] o`f\"V] esg taxy & ou] dkuu] vj.; ek¡ & ekrk] vack] tuuh i{kh & fogx] [kx] iaNh dey & tyt] uhjt] iadt lwjt & jfo] fnudj] HkkLdj euq\"; & uj] ekuo] euqt csVk & iq=k] ru;] lqr gok & iou] ok;q] lehj iqLrd & fdrkc] xzaFk] iksFkh bPNk & pkg] dkeuk] vfHkyk\"kk vk¡[k & us=k] u;u] ykspu 71 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
txr~ & lalkj] fo'o] nqfu;k unh & lfjrk] rfVuh] lfyyk flag & 'ksj] osQljh] oujkt gkFkh & xt] gLrh] oqaQtj lqcg & çkr%] Hkksj] losjk ioZr & ux] fxjh] Hkw/j ckx & cxhpk] okfVdk] miou vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn & tc ge viuh ckr vusd 'kCnksa esa u fy[kdj ,d 'kCn esa fy[krs gSa] rks og okD;ka'k osQ fy, ,d 'kCn ;k vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn dgykrk gSA tSls& Je djus okyk fpfdRlk djus okyk Jfed fpfdRld oqQN vkSj okD;k'kksa ds fy, ,d 'kCn & 1- tks fdlh ls u Mjs & fuMj 2- ftlosQ eu eas n;k gks & n;kyq 3- tks ljyrk ls feys & lqyHk 4- tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus gks & çR;{k 5- o\"kZ esa ,d ckj gksus okyk & okf\"kZd 6- ftls fxuk uk tk losQ & vufxur 72 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
7- bZ'oj dks ekuus okyk & vkfLrd 8- ns[kus ;ksX; & n'kZuh; 9- tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus u gks & vçR;{k 10- tks ifjJe djrk gks & ifjJeh 11- bZ'oj dks u ekuus okyk & ukfLrd 12- ns[kus ;ksX; & n'kZuh; 13- nwj dh lkspus okyk & nwjn'khZ 14- vPNs vkpj.k okyk & lnkpkjh 15- vius ns'k esa jgus okyk & Lons'kh 16- eghus esa ,d ckj gksus okyk & ekfld 17- cksyus okyk & oDrk 18- tks yksxksa esa fç; gks & yksdfç; 19- lkFk dke djus okyk & lgdehZ 20- lquus okyk & Jksrk 21- tks lnk lR; cksyrk gks & lR;oknh 22- ns[kus okyk & n'kZd 23- Nk;k nsus okyk & Nk;knkj 24- tks cksy u losQ & ewd 25- tks lksus osQ xgus cukrk gS & lqukj 26- 'kkd&lCT+kh [kkus okyk & 'kkdkgkjh 73 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vusdkFkhZ 'kCn & ftu 'kCnksa osQ ,d ls vf/d vFkZ gksrs gSa] os vusdkFkhZ 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tx iQy lalkj ,d crZu o`{k dk iQy ykHk oqQN vU; vusdkFkhZ 'kCn& fganh O;kdj.k & 5 1- gkj & vkHkw\"k.k (ekyk)] ijkt; 2- exj & ijUrq] exjePN 3- o.kZ & v{kj] tkfr 4- ij & ia[k] ijUrq 5- mÙkj & ,d fn'kk] tokc 6- ty & ikuh] vkx esa tyuk 7- Hkkx & fgLlk] xf.kr dk Hkkx 8- v#.k & yky] lw;Z 9- vad & xksn] la[;k 10- vacj & vkdk'k] oL=k 11- i=k & iRrk] fpV~Bh] iqLrd dk iUuk 12- in & iSj] inoh] dfork 13- dj & gkFk] VSDl] fdj.k 14- i{k & ianzg fnu dk le;] ia[k 15- er & ugha] fopkj 16- okj & fnu] vkØe.k 17- dky & le;] e`R;q 18- xq# & f'k{kd] cM+k] Hkkjh 19- oxZ & d{kk] {ks=k 20- oqQy & lewg] tksM+ 74
Jqfrle fHkUukFkZd 'kCn & ,sls 'kCn ftudk mPpkj.k yxHkx lkeku gks fdUrq vFkZ vyx&vyx gks] le:ih fHkUukFkZd 'kCn dgykrs gSaA tSls& oqQy & oa'k owQy & fdukjk oqQN vU; le:ih fHkUukFkZd 'kCn& val & da/k lqr & csVk va'k & fgLlk lwr & lkjfFk (èkkxk) vUu & vukt leku & cjkcj vU; & nwljk lkeku & oLrq,¡ 'kksd & nq[k vkfn & vkjaHk 'kkSd & :fp vknh & vknr nh;k & nhid fn'kk & rji+ Q fn;k & nsuk n'kk & gkyr uhj & ikuh dks\"k & [ktkuk uhM+ & ?kksalyk dks'k & 'kCn laxzg ifjek.k & ek=kk fu;r & fuf'pr ifj.kke & urhtk uh;r & bPNk] bjknk vkleku & vkdk'k dM+kbZ & l[rh vleku & tks ,d lkeku u gks d<+kbZ & lqbZ&/kxs ls cuk iwQy izek.k & lcwr nhu & xjhc iz.kke & vfHkoknu fnu & fnol 75 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vH;kl dk;Z 1- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fy[kksµ d- uohu ------------------------------- [k- 'kkafr ------------------------------- x- ve`r ------------------------------- ?k- mÙkj ------------------------------- M-+ va/dkj ------------------------------- p- dksey ------------------------------- N- thr ------------------------------- t- p<+ko ------------------------------- 2- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kksµ d- lqcg & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- [k- lwjt & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- x- csVk & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- ?k- bPNk & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- 3- vusd 'kCnksa osQ fy, ,d 'kCn fy[kksA d- bZ'oj dks ekuus okyk & --------------------------------------- [k- tks vk¡[kksa osQ lkeus u gks & --------------------------------------- & --------------------------------------- x- Nk;k nsus okyk ?k- tks yksxksa esa fiz; gks & --------------------------------------- 4- uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa osQ vusdkFkZd 'kCn fy[kkµ d- o.kZ & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- [k- i{k & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- x- oqQy & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- ?k- Hkkx & ------------------------------- ------------------------------- 5- fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ mfpr 'kCn n~okjk djksA d- nhuksa dh ---------------------- ns[kdj fujkykth dks n;k vk tkrh FkhA (fn'kk@n'kk) [k- eSa Bhd le; ij --------------------- ysdj cl vM~Ms igq¡phA (lkeku@leku) x- rqe fon~;ky; dh ---------------------- tkvksA (vksj@vkSj) ?k- ---------------------- esa rkjs fVefVek jgs gSaA (vkleku@vleku) Ä xka/hth pj[ks ls ---------------------- dkrk djrs FksA (lqr@lwr) 76 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
14 fojke fpg~u (Punctuation Mark) ge FkksM+k pyus osQ ckn FkksM+k #drs gSa] vFkkZr~ fojke ysrs gSaA Hkk\"kk esa Hkh ge fojke ysrs gSa vkSj bl fojke dks n'kkZrs gSa & fojke fpg~uksa n~okjkA okD;ksa ds chp esa FkksM+h nsj ds fy, #dus dk laosQr djus okys fpg~uksa dks fojke fpg~u dgrs gSaA fganh Hkk\"kk esa fuEufyf[kr fojke fpgu ç;ksx fd, tkrs gSa& fojke fpg~u fojke fpg~u iw.kZ fojke (A) vYi fojke (]) ç'uokpd fpg~u (\\) v/Z fojke (_) foLe;lwpd (!) ;kstd fpg~u (&) mn~/j.k fpg~u (^*)] (¶¸) yk?ko fpg~u (ñ) 1- iw.kZ fojke (A) & okD; iwjk gksus ij vFkkZr~ okD; osQ var esa iw.kZ fojke yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls& 1- esjk uke lqjs'k gSA 2- Hkkx tkvksA 2 ç'uokpd fpgu (\\) & ftl okD; esa ç'u iwNk x;k gks] mlosQ var esa ç'okpd fpg~u yxk;k tkrk gSA tSls& 1- D;k rqe dy fon~;ky; vkvksxs\\ 2- rqeus iqLrd fdlls yh gS\\ 77 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
3- vYi fojke (]) & vYi fojke dk vFkZ gS FkksM+k #dukA okD; cksyrs le; tc ge FkksM+k #drs gaS rc vYi fojke dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& 1- isafUly ckWDl esa jcj] isafly o isu j[kksA 2- jke] lhrk o y{e.k ou dks x,A 4- v/Z fojke (_) & ,d cM+s okD; esa ,d ls vf/d NksVs okD;ksa dks tksM+us osQ fy, v/Z fojke dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& rkjk VwVrs ns[k yM+osQ nkSM+s_ yM+fd;k¡ nkSM+h_ nwljs yksx Hkh nkSM+sA 5- foLe;lpw d (!) & eu\"q ; oQs eu oQs Hkkok_as n[q k] [k'q kh] ?k.` kk] Hk;] vk'p;Z vkfn dks çdV djus oQs fy, foLe;lpw d fpgu~ dk ç;kxs fd;k tkrk gAS tlS &s 1- okg! ge ;g eSp thr x,A 2- fN%! ;gk¡fdruh xUnxh gSA 6- ;kstd fpgu (&) & rqyuk djus okys 'kCnksa ;k 'kCn ;qXeksa osQ lkFk ;kstd fpg~u dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& 1- iqLrd /hjs&/hjs i<+ksA 2- vPNs vad izkIr djus ds fy, fnu&jkr esgur djuh iM+rh gSA 7- mn/~ j.k fpgu (^*) (¶¸) & bl fpgu~ dk ç;kxs fdlh oQs no~ kjk dgh xbZ ckr dks T;kas dk R;kas fy[kus oQs fy, fd;k tkrk gAS tlS &s 1- xk¡/h th us dgk Fkk] ¶djks ;k ejksA¸ 2- usrkth us dgk] ¶rqe eq>s [kwu nks] eSa rqEgsa vkt+ knh nw¡xkA¸ 8- yk?ko fpgu (ñ) & bl fpg~u dk ç;ksx 'kCnksa dks laf{kIr :i esa fy[kus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls& 1- MkWDVj ds fy, Mkñ 2- ç'u ds 78 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkvks nksgjk,¡ • Hkk\"kk esa fojke nsus okys fpg~uksa dks fojke fpg~u dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fn, okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke fpg~uksa dk ç;ksx djksµ d- jeu dj.k vkSj 'kkyw dgk¡x, gSa --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- ckiw us dgk Fkk vfgalk ije /eZ gS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- 'kkck'k blh rjg dksf'k'k djrs jgks --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- vkt osQ le; esa yM+dk yM+dh ,d leku gS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ä ekU;k ck”kkj ls vke lsc vkSj yhph ys vkvks --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2- mfpr fojke fpg~uksa dk ç;ksx dj vuqPNsn iqu% fyf[k,A vki egkuxjksa osQ ckjs esa D;k tkurs gaS fnYyh eqacbZ dksydkrk psUubZ Hkkjr osQ çeq[k egkuxj gSa egkuxjksa dk thou pqLr vkSj O;Lr gksrk gS LkkFk gh cukoVh fn[kkoVh rFkk çnwf\"kr Hkh gksrk gS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 79 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
15 eqgkojs (Idioms) eqgkojs ,sls okD;ka'k gksrs gSa] ftudk lkekU; vFkZ u gksdj fo'ks\"k vFkZ gksrk gSA oqQN izpfyr eqgkojs o muosQ vFkZ & 1- vk¡[kksa dk rkjk & cgqr I;kjk og vPNk gS] blfy, lcdh vk¡[kksa dk rkjk gSA 2- vaxwBk fn[kkuk & lkIk+ Q bUdkj djuk jke us lksgu ls mldh iqLrd ekaxh rks mlus vaxwBk fn[kk fn;kA 3- vk¡[ksa fn[kkuk & xqLlk djuk xyrh djus ij cPpksa dks vk¡[ksa fn[kkus dh ctk; le>kuk pkfg,A 4- dku ij t¡w rd u jsaxuk & dksbZ vlj u gksuk mls fdruk gh le>kvks] mlosQ dku ij t¡w rd ugha jsaxrhA 5- dkuksadku [kcj u gksuk & fdlh dks irk u pyuk Hkkjr us ijek.kq ijh{k.k djus ls igys fdlh dks dkuksadku [kcj u gksus nhA 6- dku [kM+s gks tkuk & lko/ku gks tkuk vktdy cLrh esa dksbZ vutku vk tk,] rks lcosQ dku [kM+s gks tkrs gSaA 7- dku Hkjuk & f'kdk;r djuk eksfguh d{kk esa jek osQ f[kyki+ Q lcosQ dku Hkjrh jgrh gSA 8- ukd dVuk & csbT”kr gksuk O;kikjh dkykck”kkjh esa idM+s x,_ blls mudh ukd gh dV xbZA 9- ukd esa ne djuk & rax djuk ePNjnkuh osQ vanj ,d ePNj us esjh ukd esa ne dj j[kk gSA 80 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
10- ukdksa pus pcokuk & cqjh rjg gjkuk Hkkjr us ifdLrku dks ukdksa pus pcok fn,A 11- ukS&nks X;kjg gksuk & Hkkx tkuk uoqQy eksfgr dk FkSyk ysdj ukS&nks X;kjg gks x;kA 12- NDosQ NqM+kuk & cqjh rjg gjkuk Hkkjr dh ;qok fØosQV Vhe fdlh Hkh nwljh Vhe osQ NDosQ NqM+k ldrh gSA 13- ,d vkSj ,d X;kjg & ,drk esa cy gesa fey&tqydj jguk pkfg,] D;ksafd ,d vkSj ,d X;kjg gksrs gSaA 14- ck,¡gkFk dk [ksy & vklku dke igkM+ksa ij pyuk esjs fy, ck,¡gkFk dk [ksy gSA 15- viuk mYyw lh/k djuk & viuk eryc fudkyuk jk?ko viuk mYyw lh/k djosQ ;gk¡ls pyk x;kA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • eqgkojksa osQ iz;ksx ls Hkk\"kk lqanj vkSj izHkko'kkyh yxrh gSA • lkekU; vFkZ ls vyx fo'ks\"k vFkZ esa iz;ksx gksus okys okD;ka'k eqgkojs dgykrs gaSA vH;kl dk;Z mfpr eqgkojkas n~okjk okD; iwjs djksA d- ifjJe ls --------------------------------------------------------------- okys dks fon~;k dHkh ugha vkrhA [k- 'ksj dks lkeus ns[kdj fueZyk osQ ----------------------------------------------------- A x- iquhr vkSj jkgqy osQ LoHkko esa ----------------------------------------------------- gSA iquhr Mjiksd gS vkSj jkgqy fuMjA ?k- egd oQs lkbfdy ij cBS us dh njs Fkh] fd mldh lkbfdy ----------------------------------------- A 81 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
16 vifBr xn~;ka'k (Unseen Passage) ,slk xn~;ka'k ftls igys u i<+k x;k gks& vifBr xn~;ka'k dgykrk gSA xn~;ka'k esa oqQN iz'u iwNs tkrs gSa ftuosQ mRrj xn~;ka'k esa ls <¡w<dj nsus gksrs gSaA xn~;ka'k dks nks&rhu ckj i<+uk pkfg,_ mlosQ vFkZ dks le>dj viuh Hkk\"kk esa mRrj nsuk pkfg,A mRrj fy[krs le; Hkk\"kk ljy vkSj lgt gksuh pkfg,A ftlls Kkr ckr vklkuh ls le> esa vk losQA xn~;ka'k dks if<+, vkSj lef>,A enj Vsjslk osQ eu esa vlgk; vkSj ihfM+rksa osQ fy, rM+i lnSo cuh jghA ,d 'kke os dksydkrk osQ ^cM+k ckT+kkj* ls xqT+kj jgh FkhaA ,d LFkku ij yksxksa dk te?kV yxk gqvk FkkA os Hkh vkxs c<+haA mUgksaus ns[kk fd ,d owQM+snku esa owQM+s osQ <sj ij ,d uUgk f'k'kq iM+k FkkA HkhM+ esa lHkh yksx bl n`'; dks ns[k jgs Fks vkSj rjg&rjg dh ckrsa dj jgs Fks ij fdlh us ml cPps dks mBkus dk lkgl ugha fd;kA enj Vsjslk us ,d iy x¡ok, fcuk yiddj mls mBk fy;k vkSj vius lkFk ys xb±A 1- enj Vsjslk osQ eu esa fduosQ fy, rM+i Fkh\\ mÙkj & enj Vsjslk osQ eu esa vlgk; vkSj ihfM+rksa ds fy, rM+i FkhA 2- mUgksaus dgk¡ij yksxksa dk te?kV yxk ns[kk\\ mÙkj & mUgksaus dksydkrk osQ ^cM+k ckT+kkj* esa yksxksa dk te?kV yxk ns[kkA 3- uUgk f'k'kq dgk¡iM+k Fkk\\ mÙkj & uUgk f'k'kq owQM+snku esa owQM+s osQ <sj ij iM+k FkkA 4- cPPks dks ns[kdj enj Vsjslk us D;k fd;k\\ mÙkj & cPps dks ns[kdj enj Vsjslk us mls mBk fy;k vkSj vius lkFk ys xb±A 5- xn~;ka'k dk mfpr 'kh\"kZd crkb,A mÙkj & enj Vsjslk 82 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr xn~;ka'kkas dks i<+ks vkSj iz'uksa osQ mÙkj fy[kksA 1- ,d fnu rsukyhjkeu us ns[kk fd mlosQ ?kj osQ vkl&ikl dqN pksj ?kwe jgs gSaA og mudk bjknk Hkk¡i x;kA mlus pksjksa dks lqukdj viuh iRuh ls dgk] ^^ns[kks] vktdy pksjksa dk cM+k Tkksj gSA vius ikl tks #i;k&iSlk vkSj dherh lkeku gS] mls ,d cM+s lanwd esa Hkj nksA eSa mls ckx osQ oqQ,¡esa fNik nw¡xkA** pksjksa us ;g lquk rks os cM+s izlUu gq,A rsukyhjkeu us ,d lanwd ysdj mlesa b±V&iRFkj HkjsA fiQj mlus ?kj osQ cxhps esa cus oqQ,¡ esa og lanwd Mky fn;kA jkr gksus ij pksj oqQ,¡ij vk,A ysfdu fdlh dh Hkh oqQ,¡esa ?kqlus dh fgEer ugha gqbZA mUgksaus ,d mik; lkspkA os rhu&pkj ckfYV;k¡ys vk, vkSj oqQ,¡ls ikuh fudkyus yxsA jkr Hkj os ikuh fudkyrs jgsA losjk gksus ij idM+s tkus osQ Hk; ls pksj ogk¡ls Hkkxus yxsA rHkh rsukyhjkeu ogk¡vk igq¡pk vkSj pksjksa ls cksyk] ^^Hkkb;ks] esjk /U;okn rks ysrs tkvksA rqe yksxksa us jkr Hkj esjs cxhps esa ikuh fn;k gSA** d- rsukyhjkeu osQ ?kj osQ vkl&ikl dkSu ?kwe jgs Fks\\ [k- rsukyhjkeu us lanwd esa D;k Hkjk\\ x- rsukyhjkeu us #i;s&iSls vkSj dherh lkeku dgk¡j[kk\\ ?k- lanwd fudkyus osQ fy, pksjksa us D;k fd;k\\ Ä rsukyhjkeu us pksjksa dks ^/U;okn* D;ksa dgk\\ 2- ,d ckj Lokeh foosdkuan tkiku esa jsy ls ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku dh ;k=kk dj jgs FksA jkLrs esa mudh iQy [kkus dh bPNk gqbZA b/j&m/j iQy [kkstus osQ ckn tc mUgsa dksbZ iQy ugha feyk rks os cksys] ¶;g tkiku oSQlk ns'k gS] tgk¡iQy gh ugha feyrsA¸ 83 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
muosQ ikl cSBs ,d tkikuh ;qod dks ;g ckr lqudj cqjk yxkA og mrjk vkSj FkksM+h gh nsj esa tc ykSVk] rks mlosQ gkFk esa iQyksa dk FkSyk FkkA cM+s isze ls mlus iQy Lokehth osQ lkeus j[k fn,A Lokehth us eqLoqQjkdj mls /U;okn fn;k_ fiQj iwNk] ¶bu iQyksa dk nke fdruk gS\\¸ ukStoku us dgk ¶cl bruk gh fd vki Hkkjr ykSVdj ;g u cksysa] fd esjs ns'k tkiku esa iQy ugha feyrsA¸ d- Lokehth ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku dh ;k=kk fdl izdkj dj jgs Fks\\ [k- Lokehth fujk'k D;ksa gks x,\\ x- Lokehth osQ lEeq[k vius ns'k tkiku osQ ckjs esa ml ukStoku dks lqudj oSQlk yxk\\ ?k- ;qod us iQyksa dh D;k dher crkbZ\\ 3- ns[kks dks;y dkyh gS] ij ehBh gS bldh cksyh] blus gh rks owQd&owQd dj vkeksa esa feljh ?kksyhA dks;y! dks;y! lp crykvks D;k lans'kk ykbZ gks\\ cgqr fnuksa osQ ckn vkt fIkQj bl Mkyh ij vkbZ gksA D;k xkrh gks\\ fdls cqykrh\\ cryk nks dks;y jkuh] I;klh /jrh ns[k ek¡xrh gks D;k es?kksa ls ikuh\\ dks;y ;g feBkl D;k rqeus viuh ek¡ls ikbZ gS\\ ek¡us gh D;k rqedks ehBh cksyh ;g fl[kykbZ gS\\ d- dks;y fdl jax dh gksrh gS\\ uhyh lIk+ sQn dkyh [k- dks;y fdl izdkj cksyrh gS\\ owQd&owQd dj oSaQ&oSaQ djosQ pgpgk dj 84 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
17 i=&ys[ku (Letter Writing) i=k&ys[ku] ys[ku dyk dh ,d fof/ gSA oqQN 'kCnksa esa vius eu osQ fopkjksa dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkus dk ;g loksZRre lk/u gSA ikSjkf.kd dky ls bl dyk dk iz;ksx jktk&egkjktk dcwrj osQ ekè;e ls djrs vk, gSaA vkt vR;k/qfud lapkj osQ lk/uksa esa i=k us viuh txg cukbZ gqbZ gSA bldk dkj.k gS] fd i=k fopkjksa dks ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku igq¡pkus dk lLrk lk/u gSA i=k nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& 1- O;fDrxr i=k 2- O;kolkf;d i=k 1- O;fDrxr i=k & tks i=k ge vius fe=kksa ,oa fiz;tuksa dks fy[krs gSa] mUgsa O;fDrxr i=k dgk tkrk gSA 2- O;kolkf;d i=k & ljdkjh dk;kZy;ksa] laLFkk ;k fdlh vutku O;fDr fo'ks\"k dks fy[ks x, i=k O;kolkf;d i=k dgykrs gSaA i= ds vax 1- i=k&ys[kd dk irk & i=k osQ Åij ckbaZ vksj dksus ij i=k fy[kus okys dk irk jgrk gSA 2- frfFk & irs osQ uhps i=k fy[kus dh frfFk fy[kh tkrh gSA 3- lacks/u & ftl O;fDr dks i=k fy[kuk gS] mlosQ fy, mi;qDr lacks/u fy[kuk pkfg,A tSls&cM+ksa ds izfr vknj] NksVksa ds izfr Lusg iznf'kZr djus okys lacks/uA 4- vfHkoknu & vfHkoknu esa Hkh lacks/u osQ vuq:i gh 'kCn fy[kuk pkfg,A tSlsµxq#tuksa dks ^lknj iz.kke* vkSj NksVksa dks ^I;kj*] ^'kqHkk'kh\"k*A 85 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
5- dF; fo\"k; & ;g i=k dk eq[; vax gksrk gSA blesa viuh ckr foLrkj ls fy[kuh pkfg,A lekpkj ;k ftl mn~ns'; ls i=k fy[kk tkrk gS] mldk o.kZu ;gha gksrk gSA 6- lEcU/ funsZ'k & blosQ fy, lacks/u ds vuq:i 'kCn fy[kuk pkfg,A tSlsµxq#tuksa ds izfr ^vkidk vkKkdkjh* vkSj NksVksa ds izfr ^rqEgkjk fgrS\"kh* vkfnA 7- gLrk{kj & lEcU/ funsZ'k osQ Bhd uhps lki+ Q v{kjksa esa gLrk{kj djus pkfg,A vkb, oqQN i=kksa osQ uewus ns[ksa& ik¡p fnu osQ vodk'k osQ fy, iz/kukpk;Z dks izkFkZuk&i=k fyf[k,A lsok esa] Jheku iz/kukpk;Z] fnYyh ifCyd LowQy] ubZ fnYyhA fo\"k;% vodk'k osQ fy, izkFkZuk&i=k vknj.kh; egksn;] lfou; fuosnu ;g gS] fd eq>s esjh cM+h cgu osQ fookg osQ fy, vius ifjokj osQ lkFk esjB tkuk gSA vr% eq>s 4 uoacj] 20xx ls 8 uoacj] 20xx rd ik¡p fnu dk vodk'k iznku djus dh o`Qik djsaA /U;oknA vkidh vkKkdkjh Nk=kk iwtk d{kk& fnaukd 86 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vius {ks=k dh liQkbZ osQ fy, LokLF; vf/dkjh dks i=k fyf[k,A lsok esa] LokLF; vf/dkjh egksn;] fnYyh uxj fuxe] ubZ fnYyhA fo\"k;% vius {ks=k dh liQkbZ gsrq i=kA ekU;oj] vius bl i=k osQ n~okjk eSa vkidk è;ku liQkbZ osQ vHkko esa vius {ks=k dh nqnZ'kk dh vksj fnykuk pkgrk gw¡A fiNys dbZ lIrkgksa ls uxj fuxe dk dksbZ Hkh liQkbZ deZpkjh ;gk¡liQkbZ djus osQ fy, ugha vk;k] blfy, txg&txg owQMs+ osQ <sj yxs gq, gSaA lhojksa dh liQkbZ Hkh dkiQh le; ls ugha gqbZ gSA muls fudyk xank ikuh owQMs+ osQ <sjkas ls feydj nqx±/ iSQyk jgk gSA pkjksa vksj efD[k;ksa&ePNjksa dk jkt gks jgk gSA cjlkr 'kq# gksus okyh gSA ;fn bl {ks=k dh 'kh?kz liQkbZ u gqbZ rks ;gk¡dh D;k nqnZ'kk gksxh] vki vklkuh ls vuqeku yxk ldrs gSaA gesa vk'kk gS] fd vki gekjk vuqjks/ Lohdkj dj rqjar dk;Zokgh djsaxsA /U;oknA Hkonh; eukst flag 87 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
iqLrd fozosQrk dks iqLrosaQ fHktokus osQ fy, i=kA lsok O;oLFkkid d [k x ifCyf'kax dEiuh] 'kkL=kh uxj] ubZ fnYyhA fnukad 6-8-20---- egksn;] eq>s vkiosQ n~okjk izdkf'kr oqQN iqLrdksa dh vko';drk gS ftudh lwph uhps nh xbZ gSA vkils vuqjks/ gS fd vki ;s iqLrosaQ esjs irs ij oh-ih-ih- ls fHktokus dk d\"V djsaA eSa ik¡p lkS #i;s dh jkf'k bl i=k osQ lkFk vfxze Hkst jgk gw¡A iqLrosaQ Hkstrs le; mfpr deh'ku dkVuk u HkwysaA èkU;oknA lehj d- la[;k iqLrdksa dh lwph bdkbZ;k¡ 1- lej lfp=k fganh ekud O;kdj.k Hkkx&5 2 izfr;k¡ 2- 3 izfr;k¡ 3- lej lfp=k laLo`Qr O;kdj.k Hkkx&0 2 izfr;k¡ 4- dey fganh O;kdj.k ,oa jpuk 2 izfr;k¡ dey laLo`Qr O;kid ,oa jpuk 88 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij i=k fy[kksA d- 'kqYd (Ik+ Qhl) ekIk+ Q djkus osQ fy, izkFkZuk&i=k fyf[k,A [k- lM+d ij pyus osQ fu;e crkrs gq, fe=k ;k l[kh dks i=k fyf[k,A x- rqEgsa fdlh vko';d dk;Z ls vius ifjokj osQ lkFk ckgj tkuk gSA nks fnu osQ vodk'k gsrq iz/kukpk;kZ dks i=k fyf[k,A ?k- fuca/ izfr;ksfxrk thrus ij viuh l[kh dks c/kbZ nsrs gq, i=k fyf[k,A Ä- vius u, fon~;ky; osQ vuqHko crkrs gq, cM+h cgu dks i=k fyf[k,A p- izFke vkus ij NksVh cgu dks c/kbZ i=k fyf[k,A N- fu/Zu Nk=k lgk;rk dks\"k ls lgk;rk osQ fy, vkosnu i=k fyf[k,A 89 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
18 fuca/k&ys[ku (Essay Writing) fuca/&ys[ku ,d dyk gS] ftlosQ n~okjk ge vius fopkjksa dks foLrkj ls vkSj ozQecn~/ :i ls fy[kuk lh[k tkrs gaSA fuca/ ys[ku ls ge cgqr oqQN lh[k ldrs gaSA vkb,] tkurs gaS & • fuca/ gesa T;+ knk [kqydj lkspus&le>us vkSj fy[kus dh vk”kknh nsrk gSA • fuca/ esa ge yksdksfDr&eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx dj ldrs gSaA • fuca/&ys[ku ls eu vkSj efLr\"d [kqyrs gSaA fuca/ fy[krs le; oqQN ckrksa dk è;ku j[kuk pkfg, & • ml fo\"k; ij tkudkjh ,d=k djuh pkfg,] ftl ij fuca/ fy[kuk gSA • fopkjksa dks ozQe ls fy[kuk pkfg,A • fuca/ dh Hkk\"kk ljy rFkk okD; NksVs&NksV gksus pkfg,A le; dk lnqi;ksx ^^dky djs lks vkt dj] vkt djs lks vcA iy eas ijy; gksbxh] cgqfj djxs k dcAA** lar dchj us vius mi;qZDr nksgs esa le; osQ egÙo osQ ckjs esa crk;k gSA bl lalkj esa vusd oLrqvksa dks ?kVk;k&c<+k;k tk ldrk gS] ijarq le; dk ,d iy Hkh c<+k ikuk vlaHko gSA ,d ckj tks le; chr tkrk gS] og nksckjk ykSVdj ugha vkrkA le; dk pØ viuh xfr ls pyrk jgrk gS vkSj fdlh dh izrh{kk ugha djrkA thou dk ,d&,d iy egÙoiw.kZ gksrk gSA ,sls yksx tks jkr lksdj vkSj fnu [kkus&ihus esa xq”kkj nsrs gSa] os vius ghjs tSls vewY; thou dks dkSfM+;ksa osQ Hkko csp nsrs gSa rFkk thou ij iNrkrs jgrs gSaA tc thou dk egÙoiw.kZ le; muosQ gkFkksa ls fudy tkrk gS] rks ,sls yksx 90 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
flj /qu&/qu dj jksrs&iNrkrs gSa] ijarq ;g lc csdkj gksrk gSA gekjk dÙkZO; gS] fd gesa le; osQ egÙo dks le>uk pkfg, rFkk mlosQ ,d&,d iy dk lnqi;ksx djuk pkfg,A bfrgkl lk{kh gS] fd ftlus Hkh le; osQ egÙo dks ugha le>k] bldk vknj rFkk lnqi;ksx ugha fd;k] og thou esa oqQN ugha dj ik;k vkSj mls vliQyrk gh gkFk yxhA vuds oKS kfud fofHkUu] vk'p;tZ ud rFkk egÙoi.w kZ vkfo\"dkj djus eas blfy, liQy jgs D;kfas d mUgkuas s le; oQs egÙo dks le>k rFkk le; oQs ,d&,d {k.k dk mi;kxs fd;kA fon~;kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, rks le;&ikyu dk vkSj Hkh vf/d egÙo gS D;ksafd tks fon~;kFkhZ thou esa vkyL; dks R;kxdj viuk izR;sd dk;Z fuf'pr le; ij djrs gSa rFkk le;&ikyu dh vknr Mky ysrs gSa] os thou esa lnSo mUufr djrs gSaA liQyrk ,slh gh O;fDr;ksa dk oj.k djrh gS tks le; dk lnqi;ksx djrs gksaA vr% gesa pkfg, fd ge viuh fnup;kZ dh le;&lkfj.kh cuk ysa vkSj fdlh Hkh lqugjs volj dks gkFk ls u tkus nsaA gesa è;ku j[kuk pkfg, fd tks le; dks u\"V djrk gS] le; Hkh mls ugha NksM+rk vkSj u\"V dj nsrk gSA le; dk lnqi;ksx gh thou dh liQyrk dh oqQath gS rFkk mUufr dk lksiku gSA esjk Hkkjr egku Hkkjr lalkj dk lcls lqanj ns'k gSA ;g izo`Qfr dh ozQhM+k&LFkyh gSA izo`Qfr iy&iy os'k cnyrh jgrh gS] vkSj N% ½rq,¡fujarj IksQjk yxkrh jgrh gSaA mRrj esa fgeky; fge dk rkt igu dj lhuk rkus [kM+k gSA nf{k.k esa fgUn egklkxj blosQ pj.kksa dks i[kkj jgk gSA iwjc esa caxky dh [kkM+h vkSj if'pe esa vjc lkxj ygjk jgs gSaA xaxk] ;equk] czg~eiq=k] lryqt] O;kl] o`Q\".kk] dkosjh vkfn ufn;k¡blesa izk.kksa dk lapkj dj 91 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
jgh gSa vkSj /jrh dh I;kl cq>kdj bls /u&/kU;iw.kZ cuk jgh gSaA blls nsoksa dk uanuou Hkh ekuk tkrk gSA Hkkjr dh iqQYkokjh gesa izk.kksa ls Hkh I;kjh gSA Hkkjr dh len` f~ / dh dgkfu;k¡dHkh fon's kkas eas ?kj&?kj cMs+ pko ls luq h&luq kbZ tkrh FkhAA bldh len` f~ / gh iy&nyu] 'kk\"s k.k vkjS ijr=a krk dk dkj.k cuhA fldUnj] ckcj vkfn us bls in&nfyr fd;kA dgrs g]aS ckcj us viuh lus k dks mRlkfgr djrs g,q dgk Fkk] ¶/jrh dk LoxZ Hkkjr gh gS vkjS lpepq ogha LoxZ g&S LoxZ vkjS dgha ugha gAS vj!s ;gha gS clA¸ Hkkjr lH;rk vkSj laLo`Qfr dk ikyd jgk gSA ;g jke] o`Q\".k] cqn~/] egkohj] ukud] xk¡/h vkSj tokgj dh yhyk&LFkyh jgk gSA fu% lUnsg] foKku osQ {ks=k esa fo'o osQ oqQN ns'k gels vkxs gSa] ij lcdk Kkuxq# rks Hkkjr gh gSA Hkkjr ½f\"k;ksa dh Hkwfe gS vkSj Hkwyksd dk xkSjo gSA lfn;ksa ls Hkwe.My esa Hkkjr dk ;'k xw¡t jgk gSA gk¡] ,d yach xqykeh geus ”k#j >syh gS] fdUrq Lora=krk&izkfIr osQ ckn Hkkjr us iqu% vaxM+kbZ yh vkSj bldk gj dne fo'okl dh vksj rs”kh ls c<+ jgk gSA vkt Hkkjr rhljh nqfu;k dk izoDrk gSA Hkkjr osQ prqfnZd fodkl osQ fy, ge o`QrladYi gSA gekjk vkn'kZ gS] fd ge fey&tqydj jgsa vkSj HkkbZpkjk vkSj fo'oca/qRo dh Hkkouk ls laiw.kZ fo'o dks vksr&izksr dj nsaA Hkkjr dks LoxZ cukus dh izsj.kk bl /jrh dk d.k&d.k ns jgk gSA fgeky; fgeky; dks Hkkjr ek¡dk eoq qQV vkjS Hkkjrh;& lhekvksa dk igjsnkj dgk x;k gSA ;g Hkkjr osQ mRrj esa gSA nqfu;k dh lcls Å¡ph pksVh ^,ojsLV* bl ioZr dh gSA ,ojsLV dk uke xkSjh 'kadj Hkh gSA fgeky; Hkkjr dk izgjh gSA ;g frCcr dh vksj ls vkus okyh BaMh gokvksa dks bl vksj ugha vkus nsrkA fgeky; osQ dkj.k gh gekjs ns'k esa bruh o\"kkZ gksrh gS] D;ksafd ;gh ekulwu dk jkLrk jksddj mls 92 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
Hkkjr esa gh cjlus ij etcwj djrk gSA fgeky; osQ ml ikj osQoy 12 bap o\"kkZ gksrh gS tcfd Hkkjr esa yxHkx 250 bapA fgeky; ij vusd >jus] >hysa] ufn;k¡] ?kkfV;k¡] pksfV;k¡rFkk ou gSaA Hkkjr dh vusd ufn;k¡ tSls& xaxk] ;equk] czg~eiq=k] fla/q vkfn fgeky; ls gh fudyrh gSaA bUgha ufn;ksa osQ ty ls [ksrksa dh flapkbZ gksrh gS rFkk [ksrksa esa vUu mxrk gSA fgeky; ioZr ij vusd tM+h&cwfV;k¡] ouLifr vkSj [kfut&inkFkZ ik, tkrs gSaA fgeky; osQ taxyksa ls dherh bekjrh ydM+h Hkh feyrh gSA fgeky; ij vusd rhFkZ LFkku gSaA oSQyk'k] vejukFk] ekuljksoj] cnzhukFk] ½f\"kosQ'k] mRrj dk'kh tSls vusd ifo=k /kfeZd LFkku fgekpy ij gh fLFkr gSaA fgekpy ij vusd ckSn~/ vkSj tSu eafnj Hkh gSaA lp dgk tk, rks fgeky; Hkkjr osQ fy, ojnku gSA nhikoyh fgna vq ksa oQs R;kgs kjkas eas nhikoyh dk fo'k\"s k egÙo gAS nhikoyh dks ^jk's kuh dk R;kgs kj* Hkh dgk tkrk gAS nhikoyh dk vFkZ g&S nhikas dh voyh ;k ifa DrA bl fnu pkjkas vkjS nhidkas dk idz k'k fn[kkbZ nrs k gAS nhikoyh dk R;kgs kj dkfrdZ ekl dh vekoL;k dks euk;k tkrk gAS vekoL;k oQs fnu v/¡js k jgrk g]S ijra q bl nhidkas dk idz k'k bl v/a dkj dks ifw .keZ k oQs idz k'k eas cny nrs k gAS bl fnu v;ksè;k ujs'k n'kjFk osQ iq=k Jh jkepanz] jko.k dk o/ djosQ vius HkkbZ y{e.k 93 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
vkSj iRuh lhrk osQ lkFk pkSng o\"kZ dk ouokl dkVdj v;ksè;k ykSVs FksA muosQ vkus ij v;ksè;kokfl;ksa us vius&vius ?kjksa ij nhid tykdj viuh izlUurk izdV dh Fkh rFkk Jhjke dk Lokxr fd;k FkkA blh fnu tSu /eZ osQ laLFkkid egkohj Lokeh dks fuokZ.k izkIr gqvk FkkA mlh fnu flD[kksa osQ NBs xq# xq# gjxksfoan th dkjkxkj ls NwVs FksA nhikoyh ls nks fnu igys /ursjl (/ui;ksn'kh) dk R;ksgkj euk;k tkrk gSA bl fnu u;s cjru [kjhns tkrs gSaA mlosQ vxys fnu NksVh nhikoyh eukbZ tkrh gS rFkk mlosQ vxys fnu nhikoyhA yksx vius ?kjksa] nqdkuksa vkfn dks ltkrs gSaA ck”kkjksa esa [kwc pgy&igy gksrh gSA yksx feBkb;k¡[kjhnrs gSa] rks cPps iVk[ksA nhikoyh dh jkr dks y{eh&iwtu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ?kjksa ij nhid tyk, tkrs gSaA vktdy nhidksa dk LFkku eksecfRr;ksa vkSj cYcksa us ys fy;k gSA cPps iVk[ks tykrs gSa vkSj [kwc vkuan ysrs gSaA yksx fe=kksa] lacaf/;ksa osQ ;gk¡'kqHkdkeuk vkSj feBkb;k¡Hkstrs gSaA ve`rlj esa Lo.kZ eafnj dh 'kksHkk ns[krs gh curh gSA nhikoyh osQ vxys fnu xkso/Zu iwtk dh tkrh gS rFkk mlosQ vxys fnu HkS;k&nwt eukbZ tkrh gSA cgusa] Hkkb;ksa dks fryd yxkrh gSaA bl izdkj nhikoyh mYykl vkSj [kq'kh dk R;ksgkj gSA gesa ;g R;ksgkj vPNs <ax ls ekuuk pkfg, rFkk iVk[kksa vkfn ij vf/d /u ugha [kpZuk pkfg,A vH;kl dk;Z fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;ksa ij fuca/ fy[kksµ [k- x.kra=k fnol d- foKku% ojnku gS ;k vfHk'kki ?k- gekjk jk\"Vªh; èot&frjaxk x- esjs thou dk y{; p- Lora=krk fnol M-+ vuq'kklu dk egÙo fganh O;kdj.k & 5 94
vkn'kZ iz'u i=&2 (ikB & 11 ls 18) 1- fuEufyf[kr okD;kas eas foQz ;k oQs dky NkV¡dj fy[kkµs d- dksey [ksyus tk,xhA ------------------------------------------ [k- Nr ij dksbZ Vgy jgk FkkA ------------------------------------------ x- nknh cPph dks lqyk jgh gSA ------------------------------------------ 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dh iwfrZ mfpr vO;; n~okjk djksµ d- geus dkj ------------------------- [kjhnh gSA [k- ;k=kk ------------------------- fxj iM+kA x- jksgu ------------------------- firkth lks jgs gSaA ?k- lc ------------------------- pyksA 3- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fy[kksµ d- ve`r & ------------------------ [k- dksey & ------------------------ x- thr & ------------------------ ?k- p<+ko & ------------------------ 4- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dky dks igpkudj fy[kksµ d- nknh lqfer dks dgkuh lquk jgh FkhA ----------------------------------------------- [k- cPpk ek¡dh xksn esa lks jgk gSA ----------------------------------------------- x- tYnh gh isM+ksa ij IkwQy f[kysaxsA ----------------------------------------------- 5- fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ;okph 'kCn fy[kksµ d- lwjt ----------------------------- ----------------------------- [k- csVk ----------------------------- ----------------------------- x- bPNk ----------------------------- ----------------------------- 95 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
6- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa mfpr fojke fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djksµ d- jeu dj.k vkSj 'kkyw dgk¡x, gSa -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- okg ge ;g eSp thr x, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- D;k dy rqe fon~;ky; vkvksxs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7- fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa ls okD; cukvksµ d- bZn dk pk¡n gksuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [k- vDy dk nq'eu ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- x- vk¡[kksa dk rkjk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ?k- ukS&nks X;kjg gksuk ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8- ^foKku% ojnku gS ;k vfHk'kki* & bl fo\"k; ij fuca/ fy[kksA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 96 fganh O;kdj.k & 5
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