Vyakaran Shilp Class- 1

1 fgan,hoOa j;pkdukj.k ladYiuk ,M~;wlksÝV Vhe mRiknu Vhe xxu vxzoky xfjek cyokuh ys[kdµ lksue lgxy laLFkkid ,oa funsZ'kd fgrs'k lSuh dykÑfrµ t; jkt fp=kkadu dykdkjµ jes'k oqQekj iqLrd fMtkbfuaxµ veunhi flag

fganh ls lEcaf/r ewyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh fiz; ikBd] fganh dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk ;g gS fd ;g ftl :i esa fy[kh tkrh gS] mlh izdkj ;g cksyh Hkh tkrh gSA ;gk¡ fganh ls lEcaf/r eqyHkwr jkspd tkudkjh nh x;h gS tks vkidks fganh o.kZekyk dks ;kn j[kus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksxhA fganh o.kZekyk esa 11 Loj rFkk 33 O;atu fxuk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq buesa M+ ]~ <+ ~ va rFkk v% tksM+us ij fganh osQ o.kksZa dh oqQy la[;k 48 gks tkrh gSA tc dHkh O;atu dk iz;ksx Loj ls jfgr fd;k tkrk gS rc mlosQ uhps ,d frjNh js[kk (#~) yxk nh tkrh gSA ;g js[kk gyar dgykrh gSA gy;qÙkQ Oa;tu gyar o.kZ dgykrk gSA tSls& fon~;kA fganh o.kZekyk ozQe dks vklkuh ls ;kn j[kus dk mik; lcls igys vkidks fganh v{kjksa osQ mPpkj.kksa dk ozQe le>uk gksxkA fganh dh fyfi dks nsoukxjh dgrs gSaA nsoukxjh laLo`Qr Hkk\"kk ls yh xbZ gSA ,d er osQ vuqlkj nsouxj (dk'kh) esa izpyu osQ dkj.k bldk uke nsoukxjh iM+kA bl fyfi esa Loj& v ls vkS rd osQ o.kksZa dh èofu;k¡ mPpkj.kksa osQ le; fcuk fdlh #dkoV osQ osQoy Üokl&ok;q (breath&air) }kjk fudyrh gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr O;atu Hkh mPpkj.k osQvk/kj ij fofHkUu oxksZa esa foHkkftr gSaA ;g bl izdkj gSaA  oaQBO; [Guttoral] (d] [k] x] ?k] M- ) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA  rkyO; [Palatal] (p] N] t] >] ×k) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk rkyw ls yxrh gSA  ew/ZU; [Cerebral] (V] B] M] M+ ] <] <+ ] .k) & budk mPpkj.k osQ le; thHk nk¡rksa ls yxrh gSA  nUrh; [Dental] (r] Fk] n] /] u) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA  vks\"BÔ [Labial] (i] iQ] c] Hk] e) & budk mPpkj.k vks\"B (gksaBksa) osQ feyus ij gh gksrk gSA  ukflD; [Nasal] (M-~ ] ×k~] .k~] u~] e~) & buosQ mPpkj.k osQ le; èofu xys ls fudyrh gSA  var%LFk [Unaspirated] (;] j] y] o)  mQ\"e [Aspirated] ('k] \"k] l] g) vki bu O;atuksa dks d] p] V] r] i oxZ osQ ozQe ls vklkuh ls ;kn j[k ldrs gSaA ok;q dh 'kfDr osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- vYiizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls de Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls i] c] r] n] p] t] d] y] j] o] ; vkfnA 2- egkizk.k & bu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls vf/d Üokl ok;q ckgj fudyrh gSA tSls [k] ?k] iQ] Hk] Fk] /] N] > vkfnA ?kks\"kRo osQ vk/kj ij èofu;k¡ 1- v?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa isQiQM+ksa ls Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ ugha fudyrh v?kks\"k dgykrh gSA tSls& d] [k] p] N] V] B] r] Fk] i] iQ] 'k] \"k] lA 2- l?kks\"k & ftu èofu;ksa osQ mPpkj.k esa Üokl ok;q Loj&raf=k;ksa ls oaQiu djrh gqbZ fudyrh gS] mUgsa l?kks\"k dgrs gSA tSls& x] ?k] M- ] ×k]>] e] M] <] .k] n] /] u] c] Hk] e rFkk ;] j] y] o] M] < èofu;k¡ l?kks\"k gSA

vkeq[k Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk euq\"; vius fopkj nwljksa rd igq¡pkrk gSA O;kdj.k osQ fu;eksa osQ fcuk Hkk\"kk dk 'kqn~/ :i ugha lh[kk tk ldrkA izLrqr O;kdj.k J`a[kyk ^fganh O;kdj.k*] Hkkx 1 ls 8 cPpksa dh #fp rFkk ;ksX;rk osQ Lrj dks ns[krs gq, dh xbZ gSA* izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk dh fo'ks\"krk,¡bl izdkj gS &  O;kdj.k osQ O;kogkfjd Kku ij fo'ks\"k cy fn;k x;k gS vkSj blosQ fy, fo'ys\"k.k dks cksf>y u cukdj bldh ewy jpuk osQ rRoksa dk laKkukRed vuqiz;ksx fl[kk;k x;k gSA  Hkk\"kk] O;kdj.k] o.kZekyk] 'kCn] mlosQ Hksn ,oa 'kCn&HkaMkj vkfn lHkh ikB cPpksa dh vko';drk] ;ksX;rk ,oa mudh xzg.k&{kerk osQ vuqlkj lqfu;ksftr rjhosQ ls izLrqr fd, x, gSaA  blesa jpukRed ,oa iz;kstuewyd] lHkh f'k{k.k&lkexzh dk mfpr lekos'k fd;k x;k gS] tSls dgkuh&ys[ku] vuqPNsn rFkk fuca/ ys[ku] vifBr& xn~;ka'k vkfnA  nSuafnu thou ls laca/ vusd mnkgj.kksa dk lfp=k izLrqrhdj.k Hkk\"kk&Kku dks ljy ,oa lqcks/ cukrk gS rFkk ^jVus* osQ LFkku ij Lor% le>us dks izksRlkgu feyrk gSA  Nk=kksa osQ Kku dks ij[kus osQ fy, vkn'kZ iz'u i=k Hkh fn, x, gSaA gesa iw.kZ fo'okl gS fd izkFkfed d{kkvksa osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, izLrqr iqLrd&J`a[kyk Hkk\"kk&Kku osQ {ks=k esa ,d ojnku fl¼ gksxhA leLr lq/h ikBdksa rFkk fon~oTtuksa osQ vewY; ijke'kZ dk ge lnSo Lokxr djrs gSaA & laiknd

fo\"k; lwph i`\"B la[;k ozQe fo\"k; 5 9 1- gekjh Hkk\"kk 14 2- o.kZ 17 3- ek=kk,¡ 20 4- 'kCn vkSj okD; 24 5- laKk 27 6- fyax 31 7- ,d&vusd 32 36 jpukRed xfrfof/ 38 8- loZuke 41 44 vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&1 47 9- fo'ks\"k.k 50 10- fozQ;k 52 11- mYkVs vFkZ okys 'kCn 54 12- fnu] eghus vkSj fxurh 55 13- dgsa dgkuh 14- vkvks fy[ksa 'kCnksa dk [ksy vkn'kZ iz'u i=k&2

1 gekjh Hkk\"kk (Our Language) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks è;ku ls if<+,A usgk us dks;y dh vkok”k lquhA usgk us viuh ek¡ dks cqyk;kA ek¡] ns[kks dks;yA usgk viuh iqLRkd ek¡ dks fn[kk usgk us dgk] ¶ek¡ ;g dgkuh jgh gSA lqukvksA¸ ek¡ us dgk] ¶vPNk i<+dj lqukrh gw¡A¸ ns[kks! esjh iqLrd esa dks;y cgqr vPNh dh dgkuh gSA dgkuh gSA usgk us dks;y dh vkok”k lqudj ek¡ dks cqyk;kA dks;y dh dgkuh iqLrd esa fy[kh FkhA ek¡ us i<+dj usgk dks dks;y dh dgkuh lqukbZA 5 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

ge lqudj] cksydj] i<+dj vkSj fy[kdj viuh eu dh ckr dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkrs gSaA Hkk\"kk og lk/u gS ftlosQ n~okjk ge vius fopkj ,d nwljs rd ig¡qpkrs gSaA Hkk\"kk osQ :i ekSf[kd fyf[kr ge viuh ckr vyx&vyx rjg ls dg ldrs gSaA esjh cgu dh 'kknh FkhA vkt rqe LowQy D;ksa ugha vkbZ\\ cksyuk lquuk Åij fn, x, fp=kksa esa jksfgr cksydj viuh ckr dg jgk gS vkSj fiz;k lqudj le> jgh gSA ;g Hkk\"kk dk ekSf[kd :i gSA uhps fn,s x, fp=kksa dks nsf[k,A fy[kuk 6 i<+uk fganh O;kdj.k & 1

eksfgr vius nknk th dks i=k fy[k jgk gS vkSj nknk th i=k i<+dj le> jgs gSaA ;g Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i gSA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ge lqudj] cksydj] i<+dj vkSj fy[kdj viuh eu dh ckr dks nwljksa rd igq¡pkrs gSaA • cksydj vkSj lqudj le>uk Hkk\"kk dk ekSf[kd :i dgykrk gSA • fy[kdj vkSj i<+dj ckr dks le>uk Hkk\"kk dk fyf[kr :i dgykrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj n(wl3js )rddik gfuq¡p'kukksudyk lxkk/vuksA---------------------- d- fopkjksa dks ,d gSA i. Hkk\"kk ii. lewg iii. o.kZ [k- Hkk\"kk ---------------------- izdkj dh gksrh gSA i. ,d ii. nks iii. rhu x- tc dksbZ fy[krk gS rks nwljk ----------------------A i. lksprk gS ii- i<+rk gS iii. ns[krk gS ?k- ge dgkuh lqukrs gSa ---------------------- A i. cksydj ii. fy[kdj iii. lqudj 7 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

2- fp=kksa esa fn[kk, dke dks muosQ uke ls feykvksA lqudj fy[kdj cksydj i<+dj 8 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

2 o.kZ (Letter) nhnh] ns[kks eksj! okg! ;g rks cgqr lqanj gSA cPpkas us ,d&nwljs dks tc cqyk;k rks muosQ eq¡g ls oqQN èofu;¡k fudyhaA tSls& nhnh ¾ n~ $ bZ $ n~ $ bZ bu èofu;ksa (vkok”kksa) dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA eq[k ls fudyh èofu;k¡ gh o.kZ gSaA bUgsa vkSj NksVk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA o.kZ nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& • Loj • O;atu 9 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

Loj& tks o.kZ fcuk fdlh nwljs o.kZ dh lgk;rk ls cksys tkrs gSa] mUgsa Loj dgrs gSaA fganh esa X;kjg (11) Loj gksrs gSaA v vk b bZ mÅ Í, ,s vks vkS O;atu& tks o.kZ Loj dh lgk;rk ls cksys tkrs gSa] mUgsa O;atu dgrs gSaA fganh esa rSarhl (33) O;atu gSaA d [k x ?k Ä pN t> ×k 10 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

.kV B M < r Fk n / u i IkQ c Hk e ; jyo 'k \"k l g vU; vkxr o.kZ& M+ <+ vuqLokj fo'ks\"k vuqukfld va (vaxwj) folxZ v¡ (v¡xwBh) v% (ue%) fganh O;kdj.k & 1 ;s o.kZ u Loj gSa vkSj u gh O;atuA la;qDr O;atu la;qDr O;atu nks o.kkasZ osQ esy ls curs gSaA 11

{k ¾ o~Q $ \"k ¾ d{kk =k ¾ r~ $ j ¾ f=kdks.k K ¾ t~ $ ×k ¾ Kkuh J ¾ 'k~ $ j ¾ Jheku vkvks nksgjk,¡ • o.kkasZ dks vkSj NksVk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA • o.kZ nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa & Loj] O;atu • Loj X;kjg (11) vkSj O;atu rSarhl (33) gksrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- fganh esa Loj fdrus gSa\\ i. 11 ii. 12 iii. 13 [k- fganh esa O;atu fdrus gSa\\ iii. 34 i. 31 ii. 33 iii. m x- buesa ls dkSu&lk o.kZ Loj ugha gS\\ iii. rhu Hi.kk\"kkv--k-------------------- [k ?k- i. ,d izdkj ii. gksrh gSaA dh ii. nks 2- lgh v{kj o.kZ ij xksyk ( ) yxkvksA d [k x ?k p t y l Hk 12 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

3- fn, x, o.kksZa ls 'kCn iwjs djksA Nlde -----Nyh -----cwrj -----rjh -----jdl 4- uhps Loj vkSj O;atu vkil esa fey x, gSaA bUgsa vyx&vyx fy[kksA d vk x iQ b V , vks ---------L-o---j--------- -------O-;---at--u--------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- 13 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

3 ek=k,¡ (Signs of Vowels) cPpks] fiNys ikB esa vkius Loj vkSj O;atu osQ ckjs esa i<+kA Loj vkSj O;atu feydj gh 'kCn curs gSaA lHkh Lojksa dh ek=kk,¡ gksrh gSaA osQoy ^v* dh dksbZ ek=kk ugha gksrhA Loj ek=kkvksa osQ :i esa O;atu osQ lkFk vkrs gSaA v vk k vke xeyk vpdu vnjd bf fxVkj fgju bZ h cdjh xqykc gkFkh lwjt osQyk lSfud mq Åw iwQy iqy , µs ,s µS isM+ FkSyk vks ks eksj ykseM+h vkS kS vkSjr ikS/k fganh O;kdj.k & 1 Í` Íf\"k Írqlwpd 14

;g Hkh tkusa& j~ esa m] dh ek=k,¡ mlosQ chp esa yxrh gSa] tSls& j~ $ m ¾ # j~ $ Å ¾ : blosQ vykok ge oqQN vkSj fpg~uksa dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA tSls& µa ;g vuqLokj dgykrk gSA vuqLokj okys 'kCn ukd ls cksys tkrs gSaA tSls& va & vaxwj µ¡ ;g panzfcanq dgykrk gSA bldk mPpkj.k eq[k vkSj ukd nksuksa ls gksrk gSA bls vuqukfld Hkh dgrs gaSA tSls& v¡ & xk¡o % ;g folxZ dgykrk gSA v% & izkr% uhps fn,s x, 'kCnksa dks è;kuiwoZd i<+ksA vuqLokj panzfcanq folxZ ia[k ik¡p N% vaMk vk¡[k iqu% taxy ck¡l vr% ?kaVk?kj v¡xwj iQyr% vkvks nksgjk,¡ fganh O;kdj.k & 1 • Lojksa osQ èofu fpg~u ek=kk,¡ dgykrh gSaA • izR;sd O;atu Loj osQ lkFk feydj iw.kZ gksrk gSA 15

vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- ^b* dh ek=kk fpg~u gS& i- f ii- h iii- ks iii- µs [k- ^,* dk ek=kk fpg~u gS& iii- kS i- ks ii- kS x- ^vkS* dk ek=kk fpg~u gS& i- vks ii- q 2- fp=k ns[kdj lgh ek=kk yxkvksA gkFk---- dkt---- u----dj jku---- 3- ftl 'kgj esa vki jgrs gSa] ml 'kgj dk uke fy[kus esa dkSu&dkSu lh -e--k-=-k--k-,--¡-ç---;--k-sx----g--k-sr---h--g--Sa\\----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

4 'kCn vkSj okD; (Word and Sentence) 'kCn o.kksZa osQ esy ls 'kCn curs gSaA gj 'kCn dk dksbZ u dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gSA tSls& y $ M+ $ dk ¾ yM+dk d $ e $ y ¾ dey ;fn ge dk $ M+ $ y ¾ dkM+y] y $ e $ d ¾ yed] dgsa rks mldk dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksxkA blfy, 'kCn cukrs le; o.kksZa dk lgh txg iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A vkb,] 'kCn cuk,¡A FkS $ yk ¾ FkSyk e $ dk $ u ¾ edku 17 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

i $ u $ ?k $ V ¾ iu?kV xq $ fM+ $ ;k ¾ xqfM+;k ftl izdkj o.kkasZ dks feykdj 'kCn cursa gSa] mlh izdkj 'kCnksa dks feykdj okD; cuk, tkrs gSaA tSls% eksgu i<+ jgk gSA irax mM+ jgh gSA vc] oqQN vkSj okD; if<+,A [kjxks'k xktj [kk jgk gSA eSa ,d yM+dk gw¡A iwtk [kkuk [kk jgh gSA canj isM+ ij cSBk gSA 18 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • o.kkasZ dks tksM+dj 'kCn curs gSaA • 'kCnksa dks feykdj okD; curs gSaA • izR;sd 'kCn dk dksbZ u dksbZ vFkZ gksrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fodYi pqudj (3) dk fu'kku yxkvksA d- o.kkasZ dks tksM+dj -------------------- curs gSaA i- okD; ii- 'kCn iii- Loj [k- 'kCnksa dks feykdj -------------------- curs gSaA iii- O;atu i- Loj ii- okD; 2- uhps fn, o.kksZa dks lgh ozQe esa yxkdj lkFkZd 'kCn cukvksA d- ;k fp fM+ ¾ ------------------------ [k- ok j nh ¾ ------------------------ x- jk rS d ¾ ------------------------ ?k- y ck n ¾ ------------------------ 19 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

5 laKk (Noun) bl lla kj eas gj ph”k dk dkbs Z u dkbs Z uke gkrs k gAS ge mls mloQs uke ls cyq krs gAaS uhps fn, x, fp=k dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A bl d{kk esa cgqr&lh ph”ks gSaA tSls & ';keiV~V] pkVZ] owQM+snku] est] Fkjel] iqLrosaQ] vè;kfidk] Nk=k vkfnA ;s lHkh uke 'kCn gSaA uke okys 'kCn dks gh laKk dgrs gSaA 20 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

uke dbZ rjg osQ gksrs gSaA tSls& O;fDr;ksa ds uke vè;kid MkWDVj ekyh txgksa ds uke [ksy dk eSnku fon~;ky; eafnj OkLrqvksa ds uke dye oqQlhZ ckYVh 21 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

i'kq&if{k;ksa ds uke 'ksj rksrk [kjxks'k iwQyksa ds uke xqykc dey xsank 'kqØokj lkseokj fnuksa ds uke 'kfuokj eaxyokj cq/okj xq:okj jfookj eghuksa ds uke tuojh iQjojh ekpZ vizSy ebZ twu tqykbZ vxLr flracj vDVwcj uoacj fnlacj oqQN uke ,sls Hkh gksrs gSa ftUgsa ge osQoy eglwl dj ldrs gSa] tSls& feBkl] çlUurk] lPpkbZ vkfnA 22 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • lHkh yksxksa] ph”kksa vkSj txgksa osQ uke gksrs gSaA • uke gh lcdh igpku djkrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- lgh fofodn~;Yikyp;]quedafnjj(--3----)---d----k--f-u---'--k-k-u-- yxkvksA d- osQ uke gSaA i- O;fDr;ksa ii- txgksa iii- oLrqvksa [k- ------------------------- gh lcdh igpku djkrk gSA iii- oLrq i- uke ii- LFkku 2- >kasiM+h esa fy[ks ukeksa dks lgh txg ij fy[kksA phrkphzk es”k iquhr 'kfeZyk iatkc [kjxks'k vkxjk oqQlhZ O;fDr -------------------- -------------------- LFkku -------------------- -------------------- oLrq -------------------- -------------------- i'kq -------------------- -------------------- 23 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

6 fyax (Gender) 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls irk pys fd og iq#\"k tkfr dk gS ;k L=kh tkfr dk mls fyax dgrs gSaA uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks nsf[k, vkSj buosQ uke if<+,A yM+dk jktk firk nknk /ksch iafMr 'ksj eksj bu 'kCnksa ls iq#\"k tkfr dk irk pyrk gSaA bUgsa iqfYyax dgrs gSaA 24 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks nsf[k, vkSj buosQ uke if<+,A yM+dh jkuh ekrkth nknh /ksfcu iafMrkbu 'ksjuh eksjuh bu 'kCnksa ls L=kh tkfr dk irk pyrk gSaA bUgsa L=khfyax dgrs gSaA oqQN vU; iqfYyax o L=khfyax 'kCn iqfYyax L=khfyax iqfYyax L=khfyax iqfYyax L=khfyax firk ekrk ukuk ukuh HkkbZ cgu csVk csVh pkpk pkph yM+dk yM+dh iq=k iq=kh ekek ekeh eksj eksjuh cPpk cPph gkFkh gfFkuh ?kksM+k ?kksM+h ifr iRuh ukSdj cdjk cdjh ekyh ekfyu pwgk ukSdjkuh ekSlk ekSlh lsB lsBkuh canj pqfg;k cSy xk; canfj;k 25 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • iqfYyax 'kCn ls iq#\"k tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gSA • L=khfyax 'kCn ls L=kh tkfr dk cks/ gksrk gSA vH;kl dk;Z 1- js[kk [khapdj lgh feyku djksA iqfYyax L=khfyax i- eqjxh d- HkkbZ ii- canfj;k [k- csVk iii- cgu x- eqjxk iv- csVh M?k--+ lsB v- lsBkuh canj 2- fyax cnydj f-y----[--k-k-sA-------------- [k- ekrk & ----------------------- d- jktk & ?k- pkpk & ----------------------- x- 'ksj & ----------------------- p- iafMr & ----------------------- M-+ nknh & ----------------------- 3- fuEu okD;ksa d---k--s -i--qf-Y--y---ax----'--kCdnkkssa ls iwjk djksA d- cgu us jk[kh ck¡/hA [k- ekrk vkSj -------------------- vkxjk x,A x- o\"kkZ gksrs gh eksjuh vkSj -------------------- ukpus yxsA 26 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

7 ,d&vusd (Singular–Plural) 'kCn oQs ftl :i ls mloQs ,d ;k ,d ls vf/d gkus s dk ck/s gk]s mls opu dgrs gAaS opu nks idz kj oQs gkrs s g&Sa • ,dopu • cgoq puA 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls oLrq ;k izk.kh osQ ,d gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls ,dopu dgrs gSaA tSls& yM+dk vk¡[k ?kM+h 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls oLrq ;k izk.kh osQ ,d ls vf/d gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mls cgqopu dgrs gSaA tSls& yM+osQ vk¡[ksa ?kfM+;k¡ 27 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vkb,] oqQN vkSj 'kCn tkusaA ,dopu cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu osQyk osQys eNyh eNfy;k¡ iRrk iRrs fdrkc fdrkcsa lM+d lM+osaQ cPpk larjk larjs uko cPps >aMk >aMs dVksjh ukosa fcYyh dgkuh dVksfj;k¡ frryh fcfYy;k¡ iihrk dgkfu;k¡ pknj frrfy;k¡ pwgk iihrs pwgs pknjsa vkvks nksgjk,¡ • 'kCn osQ ftl :i ls mlosQ ,d ;k vusd gksus dk cks/ gks] mls opu dgrs gSaA • opu nks izdkj osQ gksrs gSa& ,dopu vkSj cgqopuA 28 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vH;kl dk;Z 1- crkvks ;s 'kCn ,dopu gSa ;k cgqopu gSaA d- xkM+h & ------------------------- [k- ekrk,¡ & ------------------------- x- cPps & ------------------------- ?k- iRrh & ------------------------- Ä- yM+dk & ------------------------- p- oLrq,¡ & ------------------------- N- xeys & ------------------------- t- f'k[kk & ------------------------- >- pEep & ------------------------- ×k- osQyk & ------------------------- 2- fp=k ns[kdj lgh 'kCn ij (3) yxkvksA frrfy;k¡ d- frryh [k- iqLrd iqLrosaQ x- eNyh EkNfy;k¡ ?k- osQyk osQys M-+ ?kksM+k ?kksM+s 29 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

3- cgq opu 'kCn fy[kksA [k- osQyk µ d- Nkrk µ ?k- ugj µ x- pwgk µ p- yM+dk µ M-+ dye µ t- ?kM+h µ N- iqLrd µ ×k- #i;k µ B- isafly µ >- eD[kh µ V- twrk µ 4- fp=k ns[kdj ,d ;k vusd ls feykvksA ,d vusd 30 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

jpukRed xfrfof/k (Creative Activity) uhps fn, fp=kksa esa fp=kdkj ls ik¡p xyfr;k¡gks xbZ gSaA vki mUgsa <w¡<sa vkSj mu ij xksyk yxkvksA 31 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

8 loZuke (Pronoun) uhps fn, x, okD;ksa dks è;kuiwoZd if<+, vkSj lef>,A • lkfgy fon~;ky; ls ?kj vk;kA • og fon~;ky; ls ?kj vk;kA • lkfgy us [kkuk [kk;kA • mlus [kkuk [kk;kA • lkfgy us i<+kbZ dhA • mlus i<+kbZ dhA • lkfgy [ksyus pyk x;kA • og [ksyus pyk x;kA Åij fn, x, okD;ksa esa lkfgy osQ LFkku ij og] mlus vkfn 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS] mUgsa loZuke dgrs gSaA laKk osQ LFkku ij ftu 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] mls loZuke dgrs gSaA tSls eSa] rqe] og] mls] mlus] mUgsa] dkSu vkfnA oqQN loZuke 'kCn bl izdkj gSaA Lo;a osQ fy, eSa ge esjk 32 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

nwljksa osQ fy, ;g ;s og bldk mldk os vius ls NksVksa osQ fy, rqe rqEgkjk rqEgsa vius ls cM+ksa osQ fy, fganh O;kdj.k & 1 vki 33

loZuke 'kCnksa osQ ,dopu vkSj cgqopu ,dopu cgqopu eSa ge ;g ;s mls mUgsa rqe rqe] vki og os esjk gekjk vius fy, ^eSa* vkSj ^ge* dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vius ls cM+ksa osQ fy, ^vki* dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk osQ LFkku ij iz;ksx fd, tkus okys 'kCnksa dks loZuke dgrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- mdf-pr--l---o--Zu--k--e---l---s-o---k-D--;----i--wj- s djksA lqcg fon~;ky; [k- ------------------------------- i<+us tkrh gSA tkrk gSA (og @ rqe) (tks @ og) 34 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

x- ------------------------------- vPNs cPps gksA (rqe @ oks) M-+ ------------------------------- isafly esjh gSA (oks @ ;g) p- ------------------------------- Hkk\"k.k ns jgk gSA (rqe @ og) N- ------------------------------- lks jgk gSA (os @ og) t- ------------------------------- ifjJe ls dke djrs gSaA (og @ rqe) 2- loZuke 'kCnksa osQ vkxs (3) yxkvksA os mldk eSa ge fiz;k jke usgk LowQy viuk rqe rqEgkjk f[kykSuk 3- uhps fn, x, okD;ksa esa ls loZuke 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA -------------------------- d- rqe ifjJe fd;k djksA -------------------------- [k- eSa [ksyus tk jgk gw¡A -------------------------- x- og esgurh gSA -------------------------- ?k- os lc i<+ jgs gSaA 4- fuEu 'kCnksa dk okD;ksa esa ç;ksx djksA ---------------------------------------------------- d- eSa & ---------------------------------------------------- [k- vki & ---------------------------------------------------- x- rqe & ---------------------------------------------------- ?k- ge & 35 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vkn'kZ iz'u i=&1 (ikB & 1 ls 8) 1- lgh mRrj p---uq --d---j---(---3-- )izdykxj kdvhkAs gksrh d- Hkk\"kk gSA i. nks ---------------- ii. rhu o.kkasZ osQ [k- lgh esy ls curs gSaA x- i. 'kCn ---------------- gksrs gSaA ii. okD; fganh esa Loj i. 11 ii. 12 2- fp=k ns[kdj lgh o.kZ tksM+ks vkSj uke iwjk djksA -----ey -----uq\"k -----dku -----iM+k 3- mfpr ek=kk yxkdj 'kCn iwjs djksA Nrj----- g-----Fk----- -----xykl i-----/k et d-----vk y-----eM+h ij 36 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

4- fp=k oQs 'k:q gkus s okys v{kj xkys k yxkvkAs cyp ipV Nye 5- O;fDr] oLrq vkSj LFkku osQ uke dks js[kkafdr djksA d- jke esjk HkkbZ gSA [k- js'kek dy fnYyh tk,xhA x- est ij fdrkc j[kh gqbZ gSA ?k- xaxk ,d unh dk uke gSA 6- mdf-pr---l--o---Zu--k--e---'- kiCn<+ HkjksA jgk gSA [k- ---------------- jkuh gSA x- ---------------- lks jgs gSaA ?k- ---------------- dgk¡ tk jgs gks\\ 7- uhps fn, x,&'k-C-n---k-sa -o---sQ--f-y---ax----c- nyksA --------------------- d- firk [k- HkkbZ & x- ?kksM+k & --------------------- ?k- cw<+k & --------------------- 8- fdu-Eufpykfc[hkr&'kC-n--k-sa--o--sQ--o---p---u----c- nyksA [k- fpfM+;k & --------------------- x- vk¡[k & --------------------- ?k- twrk & --------------------- 37 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

9 fo'ks\"k.k (Adjective) gj ph”k esa oqQN u oqQN fo'ks\"krk ;k Xkq.k gksrk gSA uhps fn, x, fp=kksa dks nsf[k,] if<+, vkSj lef>,A yky xqykc ehBh tysch lkglh gkFkh lqanj yM+dh ihyk iihrk NksVk cPpk jax&fcjaxs xqCckjs 'kjkjrh canj Åij fn, fp=kksa esa lHkh ph”kks osQ ckjs esa oqQN [kkl crk;k x;k gSA tSls& xqykc oSQlk gS\\ & yky iihrk oSQlk gS\\ & ihyk tysch oSQlh gS\\ & ehBh cPpk oSQlk gS\\ & NksVk gkFkh oSQlk gS\\ & lkglh xqCckjs oSQls gSa\\ & jax&fcjaxs yM+dh oSQlh gS\\ & lqanj canj oSQlk gS\\ & 'kjkjrh 38 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

lHkh jxa hu 'kCn vius lkFk vk, 'kCn dh fo'k\"s krk ;k x.q k crk jgs gAaS tks 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke 'kCnksa dh fo'ks\"krk crkrs gSa] mUgsa fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA oqQN vU; fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn jax & dkyk] uhyk] ihyk] lIk+ sQn] vklekuh vkfnA Lokn & ehBk] rh[kk] dM+ok] [kV~Vk] [kkjk vkfnA dn & Å¡pk] yEck] NksVk] cM+k] ukVk vkfnA LoHkko & 'kkar] >xM+kyw] n;kyq] gksf'k;kjh vkfnA vkvks nksgjk,¡ • laKk ;k loZuke dh fo'ks\"krk crkus okys 'kCnksa dks fo'ks\"k.k dgrs gSaA • fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn laKk ;k loZuke osQ xq.k] nks\"k crkrs gSaA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa fo'ks\"k.k 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA -------------------------- d- ;g ?kj lqUnj gSA -------------------------- [k- lqanj iwQyksa dh ekyk cukvksA -------------------------- x- uhacw [kV~Vk gSA -------------------------- ?k- nw/ BaMk gSA M-+ ek¡ vkB osQys ykbaZA -------------------------- nw/ 39 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

2- mfpr 'kCn dk p;u dj [kkyh LFkku HkjksA Å¡ph ehBh pedrs [kV~Vs yky dkyh d- ---------------- rkjs [k- ---------------- dks;y x- ---------------- bekjr ?k- ---------------- xqykc M-+ ---------------- vaxwj p- ---------------- yhph 3- fp=kksa dks ns[kks vkSj lgh fo'ks\"k.k 'kCnksa ij (3) dk fpg~u yxkvksA d- yky [k- dM+ok ihyk ehBk x- FkksM+k ?k- cSaxuh ”;knk xqykch Ä- BaMk p- eksVk xje iryk 40 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

10 fdz ;k (Verb) fuEu fp=kksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k,A buesa lHkh oqQN u oqQN dke dj jgs gSaA vafdr i<+ jgk gSA jksgu [ksy jgk gSA fiz;k xkuk xk eksj ukp jgk gSA jgh gSA ftu 'kCnksa osQ n~okjk dke osQ djus ;k gksus dk cks/ gks] mUgsa fozQ;k dgrs gSaA oqQN dke crkus okys 'kCn [kkuk [ksyuk ukpuk ihuk jksuk lksuk p<+uk nkSM+uk 41 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ftu 'kCnksa ls fdlh dke osQ djus ;k gksus dk irk pyrk gS] mUgsa fozQ;k dgrs gSaA • fozQ;k osQ fcuk okD; ugha cuk, tk ldrsA vH;kl dk;Z 1- uko esa fn, x, 'kCnksa esa ls ^fØ;k 'kCn* Nk¡Vdj fy[kksA pyuk g¡luk /ksuk ikik lksuk jksuk eksgu lkS nkSM+uk isafly ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- ---------------------- 2- uhps nh xbZ fozQ;kvksa ls [kkyh LFkku HkjksA pedrs gSa] pjrh gS] flyrk gS] i<+rk gS ------------------------------- d- n”khZ diM+s ------------------------------- [k- eksfgr iqLrd ------------------------------- x- vkdk'k esa rkjs ------------------------------- ?k- cdjh ?kkl 42 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

3- fp=k dks lgh fØ;k 'kCn ls feykvksA xkuk mBuk lksuk lkspuk ugkuk [ksyuk i<+uk g¡luk 4- uhps fy[ks okD;ksa esa fØ;k 'kCn dks js[kkafdr djksA d- vaoqQj [ksy jgk gSA [k- yrk i<+ jgh gSA x- phrk cgqr rst+ nkSM+rk gSA ?k- jkeyhyk esa rkM+dk&o/ fn[kk;k FkkA 5- fozQ;k 'kCnksa l---s -[--k-k-y----h--L--F-k-k-u--- HkjksA d- eSa osQyk gw¡A [k- eksfgr LowQy ---------------------- gSA x- eSa iqQVckWy ---------------------- gw¡A ?k- cPps nw/ ---------------------- gSaA 43 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

11 myVs vFkZ okys 'kCn (Antonyms) nsf[k,] if<+, o lef>,A lwjt & ek¡] esjs twrs iqjkus gks x, gSaA eq>s u, fnyk nksA ek¡ & vkt ugha] csVkA dy ck”kkj pysaxs vkSj u, twrs ysaxsA u, vkSj iqjkus & ,d nwljs osQ myVs vFkZ okys 'kCn gSaA vkt vkSj dy & ,d&nwljs osQ mYkVs vFkZ okys 'kCn gSaA mYVs ;k foijhr vFkZ okys 'kCn foykse 'kCn dgykrs gSaA fganh O;kdj.k & 1 44

oqQN vkSj myVs vFkZokys 'kCn if<+,A Åij & uhps fnu & jkr mBuk & cSBuk fe=k & 'k=kq vkuk & tkuk iwjc & if'pe vPNk & cqjk g¡luk & jksuk fnu & jkr vlyh & udyh iz'u & mRrj eg¡xk & lLrk vanj & ckgj nwj & ikl vk/k & iwjk vkxs & ihNs lki+ Q & xank lw[kk & xhyk u;k & iqjkuk lq[k & nq%[k lp & >wB vkuk & tkuk FkksM+k & cgqr xjhc & vehj vkvks nksgjk,¡ • ,d&nwljs dk foijhr vFkZ crkus okys 'kCnksa dks foykse 'kCn dgrs gSaA 45 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vH;kl dk;Z 1- mfpr foykse 'kCn osQ lkFk feyku djksA d- dkyk i. ckgj [k- fnu ii. lw[kk x- vanj iii. nwj ?k- nk,¡ iv. lIk+ sQn M-+ xhyk v. jkr p- ikl vi. dy N- vkt vii. ck,¡ 2- fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa js[kkafdr 'kCnksa osQ foykse 'kCn fy[kksA d- lksgu dk ?kj LowQy osQ ikl gS] jksgu dk ?kj ------------------------- gSA [k- xhrk osQ ikl dkys jax dh dkj gS] lhrk osQ ikl ------------------------- jax dh dkj gSA x- cUnj isM+ osQ Åij cSBk gS] xhnM+ isM+ osQ ------------------------- [kM+k gSA ?k- eSaus ubZ ?kM+h yh gS] mlosQ ikl ------------------------- ?kM+h gSA M-+ lwjt iwjc ls fudyrk gS] vkSj ------------------------- esa vLr gksrk gSA 46 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

12 fnu] eghus vkSj fxurh (Days, Months and Counting) lIrkg esa lkr fnu gksrs gSaA 1- lkseokj 5- 'kqozQokj 2- eaxyokj 6- 'kfuokj 3- cq/okj 7- jfookj 4- xq#okj ,d o\"kZ esa ckjg eghus gksrs gSaA 7- tqykbZ (31 fnu) 8- vxLr (31 fnu) 1- tuojh (31 fnu) 9- flrEcj (30 fnu) 2- IkQjojh (28@29 fnu) 10- vDVwcj (31 fnu) 3- ekpZ (31 fnu) 11- uoEcj (30 fnu) 4- viySz (30 fnu) 12- fnlacj (31 fnu) 5- ebZ (31 fnu) 6- tuw (30 fnu) fganh O;kdj.k & 1 47

nsf[k,] if<+, vkSj lef>, fganh vad fganh 'kCn fp=k vaxzs”kh vad û ,d 1 ü nks 2 ý rhu 3 þ pkj 4 ÿ ik¡p 5 ö Ng 6 ÷ lkr 7 ø vkB 8 ù ukS 9 ûú nl 10 48 fganh O;kdj.k & 1

vH;kl dk;Z fp=k ns[kdj mlosQ lkeus fganh vad es fxurh fy[kksA d- [k- x- ?k- M-+ p- 49 fganh O;kdj.k & 1