Greenline17

„À⇧“√æ„π¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑âÕß∂Ë‘π∑’Ë„™â«‘∏’°“√∫“°‰¡â‰ºà„À≥âÕß»“ interested in the balance and the balancing spin, ‡À¡“–‡®“– °“√°–¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ∑Ë’„Àâ≈¡ºà“π‡æË◊Õ„À⇰‘¥°“√ particularly when the tops are spun counter-clockwise, ‡ ¬’ ¥ ’√–À«à“ß≈¡°∫— √Ÿ ∑”„À⇰¥‘ ‡ ¬’ ߢÈπ÷ ‰¥â ∂Õ◊ ‡ªìπ¢Õ߇≈àπ they will make sound. But if they are spun clockwise, æÈ◊π∫â“π∑’Ë “¡“√∂ Ë◊Õ§«“¡√Ÿâ¥â“π§≈◊Ëπ‡ ’¬ß‰¥â™—¥‡®π∑’Ë ÿ¥ the sound wonût be produced. We did a little research  “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬°“√‡°‘¥‡ ’¬ß Ÿß‡ ’¬ßµ”Ë ®“°µâ𰔇𑥇 ’¬ß at the source of manufacturer. With the result, we have ·≈–§«“¡∂’Ë∑’∑Ë ”„À⇰¥‘ ‡ ¬’ ß Ÿß·≈–·À≈¡ even been more respectful with the local intellect in the way that the cut of the groove on the bamboo at °“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ®“°ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ¢Õß‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π·À≈¡ the right angle to make an appropriate hole for the Õ.°—πµ—ß ®.µ√—ß ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥§«“¡√âŸ∑’˧‘¥¢È÷π‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâπ—°‡√’¬π‰¥â wind to pass through, the friction between the wind »÷°…“‡√¬’ π√‡Ÿâ °’ˬ«°∫— ∏√√¡™“µ¥‘ «â ¬°“√»°÷ …“ÀÕ¬π“ß√¡ ´Ëß÷ and hole, can make sound. Itûs considered as a local ¡’Õ¬àŸ‡ªìπ®”π«π¡“°„πµ”∫≈∫â“π·À≈¡ ¡“∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡ªìπ toy that can clearly explain the knowledge of sound À≈°—  µŸ √∑’‡Ë À¡“– ¡°∫— π—°‡√¬’ πµÈ—ß·µà ª.4 ∂ß÷ ª.6 „À‰â ¥√â Ÿâ∑—ßÈ wave, the high and low tone from the original source ç∑°— …–°“√‡≈¬È’ ßé ç«ß®√™«’ µ‘ é √«¡∂ß÷ ç√–∫∫π‡‘ «»¢Õß™“¬Ωßíò é of sound, and the frequency producing high and treble ·≈–¬—߇ªìπ°“√√≥√ߧå„À⇬“«™π‡ÀÁ𧫓¡ ”§—≠¢ÕßÀÕ¬ tone. π“ß√¡´÷Ë߇ªπì º≈‘µ¿—≥±ªå √–®”µ”∫≈∫“â π·À≈¡¥«â ¬ The learning of oyster at Ban Laem school, ·¡≈ßÀ°¢“∑Ë’®—ßÀ«—¥∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡ªìπÕ’°ÀπË÷ß™ÿ¥°“√ Amphur Kantang, Trang is another set of learning cre- ‡√’¬π√⟥â“π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¢Õ߇¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π‚√߇√’¬π∫â“π°√–∑àÿ¡ ated for students to learn about nature through the Õ. µ÷° ®.∫ÿ√’√—¡¬å ‡¥Á°Ê ∑Ë’π’ˉ¡à‰¥â‡√Ë‘¡‡√’¬π«‘∑¬“»“ µ√宓° study of oyster, which is plenty at Tambon Ban Laem. µ“√“ß∏“µÿ ·µ‡à √¡‘Ë ®“°°Õߢ§È’ «“¬ ‡æÕ◊Ë »°÷ …“«“à ‡Àµ„ÿ ¥·¡≈ß„π The lesson is an integral part of the curriculum for Pratom À¡Ÿ∫à “â π®ß÷ ≈¥≈ß °®‘ °√√¡∑ˇ’ ¥Á°Ê µÕâ ß∑”§Õ◊ °“√ÕÕ°‰ª‡°∫Á 4-6 to teach çSkills of Farming,é çLife Cycle,é including µ—«Õ¬“à ß·¡≈ßæ√Õâ ¡Ê °—∫»°÷ …“¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈ ∑È—ß®“°°“√ —߇°µ °“√ çCoastal Ecology,é and it also is a campaign for the  Õ∫∂“¡‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡µ¡‘ ®“°§π„π™¡ÿ ™π ∑ß—È ¬ß— µÕâ ß»°÷ …“√“¬≈–‡Õ¬’ ¥ young people to regard the importance of oysters, a ¢Õß·¡≈ß·∫∫≈ß≈÷°¥«â ¬°“√»÷°…“«ß®√™«’ ‘µ ‚¥¬·∫àß°≈àÿ¡°π— main product of Ban Laem sub-district. ‡≈¬’È ß·¡≈ß À√◊ÕÕÕ°‰ª‡°∫Á µ—«Õ¬à“ß·¡≈߇∫â“ ´ß÷Ë Õ“»¬— Õ¬„Ÿà π ¢§È’ «“¬ ‡¥°Á ‡°¥‘ §«“¡ ß ¬— «“à ‡æ√“–Õ–‰√¡π— ∂ß÷ ‡¢“â ‰ªÕ¬„Ÿà πππ—È 6-legged insect at Burirum is another scientific ®÷ß𔉪 àŸ°“√查∂÷ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’¢Õߢ’ȧ«“¬ ·≈–®“° learning set of students at Ban Gratoom school, Amphur °“√»°÷ …“∏√√¡™“µª‘ √–®”∑Õâ ß∂π‘Ë ·≈«â ‡™ÕË◊ ¡‚¬ß ∑àŸ ƒ…Ƶ’ “à ßÊ Satuek, Burirum. Students here donût start to learn ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å ∑”„À⇥Á°Ê  “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬ª√“°Ø°“√≥å science from the Element Table but from the pile of ∏√√¡™“µ‰‘ ¥âÕ¬à“ß¡‡’ Àµ¡ÿ º’ ≈ buffalo dung to study why the number of the insects at ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ « Ô 47

™ÿ¥°“√‡√’¬π√Ÿâ§ÿ≥¿“æπ”È ¢Õß™ÿ¡™π ‡ªìπÕ’°™ÿ¥ the village are decreasing. The activities these children °“√‡√’¬π√âŸ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â«¬°“√»÷°…“∏√√¡™“µ‘ ¢Õß had to do were collecting insect samples, studying the πÈ”µ°ª≈«‘ ∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ¢‘ Õß Õ.∑ßàÿ  ß ®.π§√»√∏’ √√¡√“™ information both through observation and from interviewing ´ßË÷ ∂Õ◊ ‰¥«â “à ‡ªπì ‡ ¡Õ◊ πÀÕâ ߇√¬’ π√∑Ÿâ “ß«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√ªå √–®”∑Õâ ß∂πË‘ additional information from the local community. Apart ‡≈¬∑’‡¥’¬« ‡æ√“–πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«‡ªìπ·À≈àßµâππ”È ¢Õß·¡àπ”È µ√—ß from this, they had to go deep in details of the insect ∑’ËÀ≈àÕ‡≈’Ȭߧπ„πÀ≈“¬æÈ◊π∑Ë’ „πÕ¥’µπÈ—π·¡àπ”È „  –Õ“¥ through the study of its life cycle. They were divided into  “¡“√∂„™â¥Ë◊¡°‘π‰¥â ·µàªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÀ≈“¬·Ààßµ—ÈßÕ¬àŸ„°≈â groups to perform different tasks, such as, raising the insect °—∫·À≈àßµπâ πÈ” °Õà „À⇰‘¥¡≈¿“«–∑“ßπÈ” Õ’°∑Èß— §π„π™ÿ¡™π or collecting samples of the insects living inside the ¬ß— ¢“¥§«“¡√⟧«“¡‡¢â“„®‡°’¬Ë «°∫— °“√®—¥°“√π”È ™¥ÿ °“√‡√’¬π√⟠buffalo dung. The students were wondered why they §ÿ≥¿“æπÈ”¢Õß™ÿ¡™π™ÿ¥π’È®÷ß¡’§«“¡ ”§—≠¬Ë‘ß ”À√—∫™ÿ¡™ππ’È reside in the dung, thus leading to the chemical structure  ‘Ëß∑Ë’‡¥Á°®–‰¥â√—∫πÕ°®“°°“√‡√’¬π√âŸ∑“ß«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈â« ¬—ß of buffalo dung. And from the study of natural surroundings, ‰¥√â ∫— ª√– ∫°“√≥µå √ß ∑°— …– ·≈–°√–∫«π°“√«®‘ ¬— °“√∫π— ∑°÷ it can also link to other scientific theories, enabling the °“√«‡‘ §√“–Àå ´ßË÷ ‰¡„à ™‡à ªπì °“√∑Õà ß®”®“°µ”√“·∫∫‡¥¡‘ ÊÕ°’ ·≈«â children to explain natural phenomenon reasonably. πÕ°®“°πÈ’‡¥Á°π—°‡√’¬π·≈–§π„π™ÿ¡™π®–¡’§«“¡ —¡æ—π∏å ∑¥Ë’ µ’ Õà °π— ‡æ√“–∂“â π°— ‡√¬’ π‡¢“Õ¬“°√‡âŸ √Õ◊Ë ßÕ–‰√‡¢“®–∂“¡§π The learning set of the community quality of „π™¡ÿ ™π ∫“ß∑§’ π„π™¡ÿ ™π°∂Á “¡„π ß‘Ë ∑‡’Ë ¥°Á Ê ‡¢“‰ª ”√«®¡“ water is another scientific learning through the study of ∑”„À⇰‘¥°“√·≈°‡ª≈ˬ’ π‡√¬’ π√Ÿâ´÷Ëß°π— ·≈–°π— ·≈–∑’ Ë ”§—≠§π Pliew waterfall, a natural resource of Amphur Tungsong, „π™¡ÿ ™π°‡Á √¡‘Ë ‡ÀπÁ §«“¡ ”§≠— ¢Õß “¬πÈ”·Àßà π¡È’ “°¢π÷È º≈®“° Nakorn Sithammarat, considered as a local lab. Pliew °“√‡√¬’ π√â·Ÿ ≈–»°÷ …“∏√√¡™“µ‘¢Õß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« ∑”„À‡â ¥Á°Ê waterfall is an original source of the Trang river, nourishing ‡°‘¥§«“¡§‘¥µàÕ¬Õ¥®“°°‘®°√√¡ ”√«®πÈ”µ°ª≈‘« æ«°‡¢“ the people in the area. The water of the river was once ‡ÀÁπ«à“§«√®–¡’°“√∑”·ºπ∑’Ë æ√âÕ¡°—∫√à“ß·≈–∑”·ºπ∑’Ë so pure that it could be consumed directly. However, πÈ”µ°ª≈‘«¢È÷π‡ªìπ§√È—ß·√° π—∫‡ªìπ ‘Ëß∑Ë’¬—߉¡à‡§¬¡’„§√§‘¥∑” since there are many factories located nearby, the ¡“°àÕπ„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’·Ààßπ’È ‚¥¬®–∑”√“¬≈–‡Õ’¬¥µà“ßÊ ‰«â Õ“∑‘ water pollution unavoidably occurs. Besides, the people °“√æ∫ª≈“µÀŸ π“´ß÷Ë ‡ªπì ª≈“∑‡Ë’ ®√≠‘ ‡µ∫‘ ‚µ‰¥¥â „’ π∫√‡‘ «≥πÈ”πß‘Ë still lack knowledge of water management in the À√Õ◊ ª“É æ√ÿ‡¢“°‰Á ª»°÷ …“À“¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ·≈–§πâ æ∫«“à ¡π— „°≈ â ≠Ÿ æπ— ∏ÿå community. As a result, this learning set of the community ‡µÁ¡∑’·≈â« ®π‡°‘¥‡ªìπ°√–· °“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ—π∏ÿåª≈“™π‘¥π’È¢÷Èπ quality of water poses its importance for this community. ªí®®∫ÿ —π·ºπ∑Ë ’ “¬π”È µ°ª≈«‘ ∑’ˇ¥Á°Ê ∑”¢È÷ππÈ’  ∂“∫π— ‡∑§‚π- The children not only learn science, but they will also ‚≈¬’√“™¡ß§≈‰¥â¢Õ·ºπ∑’ˉª„™â»÷°…“µàÕ ·≈–Õߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ gain direct experience, skills, and the process of research, recording, analyzing, all of which are no longer 48 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

 à«πµ”∫≈°Á “¡“√∂π”·ºπ∑Ë’π’ȉª„™â„π°“√æ—≤π“™ÿ¡™π„π the memorization of the knowledge as that of the old ‡ πâ ∑“ß “¬πÈ”µ°ª≈«‘ ‰¥¥â «â ¬ lesson. Moreover, it also builds a good relationship be- tween children and community people because the °“√„À⧫“¡√⟷°à‡¥Á°·≈–‡¬“«™π¥â«¬°√–∫«π°“√ students will ask the community people of what they ‡√’¬π√∑Ÿâ “ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„Àµâ ”√“«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√å want to know. Sometimes, on the contrary, the À√◊Õ‡πÈ◊ÕÀ“«‘™“°“√µ“à ßÊ ¡’™«’ ‘µ¢πÈ÷ ¡“ „Àæâ «°‡¢“‰¥‡â √’¬π√Ÿâ community ask the students of what they have learnt, Õ¬à“ß πÿ° π“π·≈â« ¬—ߪ≈Ÿ°Ωíß ”π÷°√—°…å∏√√¡™“µ‘ generating the sharing of knowledge among themselves. °“√ —߇°µ °“√∫—π∑÷° °“√«‘‡§√“–Àå ·≈–∑’Ë ”§—≠§◊Õ More important is that the community sees the value of °“√ √â“ß √√§å ‘Ëß„À¡àÊ ‡æË◊Õ™ÿ¡™π∑’˵π‡ÕßÕ¬Ÿà ‰¥â‡¢â“„® the river more. The result of learning and study of the »“ µ√æå ◊πÈ ∫“â π ·≈–‡°¥‘ °“√‡§“√æ√—°∂Ë‘π∞“π ∂â“À≈“¬Ê Pliew waterfall enabled the children to further create ™ÿ ¡ ™ π ‡ °‘ ¥ · π « §‘ ¥„ π ° “ √ æ— ≤ π “ ° “ √ ‡ √’ ¬ π ° “ √   Õ π„ Àâ other activities. They thought that there should be a  Õ¥§≈âÕß°—∫∏√√¡™“µ‘„π·µà≈–∑âÕß∂‘Ë𠧑¥«à“Õ𓧵 map. So, they drafted the map and made it for the first ¢Õß™“µ‘§ß¡’Õπÿ™π√ÿàπÀ≈—ß∑Ë’√—°·≈–Àà«ß„¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ time which nobody had ever thought of doing so. On µ≈Õ¥®π«—≤π∏√√¡·≈–ª√–‡æ≥∑’ Õâ ß∂Ëπ‘ Õ¬à“ß·πàπÕπ the map, they put the remarks on such things as the discovery of Tu-Naa fish, a fish that can grow very well  π„® Õ∫∂“¡¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡æË‘¡‡µ¡‘ ‰¥∑â Ë’ in the stagnant water, or Peat Swam Forest, where they ‚§√ß°“√«‘∑¬“»“ µ√∑å âÕß∂Ë‘π looked into the information and found that itûs almost  ”π—°ß“π°Õß∑ÿπ π∫—  πÿπ°“√«‘®—¬ ( °«.) extinct. Thus, it created the sense of Tu-naa fish conser- ‡≈¢∑Ë’ 979 Õ“§“√‡Õ  ‡ÕÁ¡ ∑“«‡«Õ√å ™π—È 14 vation in the community. Today, the Technology ∂ππæÀ≈‚¬∏π‘ ·¢«ß “¡‡ π„π ‡¢µæ≠“‰∑ Ratchamongkol Institute has requested for the map to °√ÿ߇∑æœ 10400 further study and the local administration is able to use ‚∑√»æ— ∑å 0-2298-0455-72 the map to develop the community along the path of Pliew waterfall, too. For more information, please contact: The Local Science Project To educate the children and youth through the Thailand Research Fund (TRF), natural learning process not only revives the scientific 14th Floor, SME Tower, 979, Paholyothin Rd., textbooks or other academic contents, but it also makes Samsennai, Payathai, Bangkok 10400 learning science a fun way, and cultivates the Tel: 0-2298-0455-72 awareness of loving nature, observation, recording, analyzing, and, more importantly, the innovation for their own community, to understand the local sciences, and the love for the community. If many communities develop the learning process through nature, the future of the country will lie in the hands of younger generation who definitely love and care for their nature, along with local cultures and traditions. Õ“â ßÕß‘ Reference 1. ™¡ÿ ™π®¥— °“√§«“¡√,⟠‚§√ß°“√»πŸ ¬°å ≈“ߧ«“¡√·âŸ Àßà ™“µ‘ 1. Community Knowledge Management, Thailand (Thailand Knowledge Center : TKC) °√–∑√«ß Knowledge Center : TKC, Ministry of Information and ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ◊ËÕ “√, Àπâ“ 102, Communication Technology, page 102, 2004 æ.». 2547 ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 49

°√’π‡«∫Á ‚¥¬ : Mr.web Green Web by : Mr.web WEBSITE ‡«Á∫‰´µå∑’Ëπ”¡“·π–π”°—π„π©∫—∫πÈ’ ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫∑’Ë Websites introduced in this volume are webs „Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√∑’Ëπà“√⟠πà“ π„®¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π¢Õß that provides informative and interesting on the ª√–‡∑» √«¡‰ª∂ß÷ ¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ¥“â πæ≈ß— ß“π¢Õß‚≈° ·∂¡ energy of Thailand as well as the World. Some ∫“߇«Á∫¬—ß¡’≈‘ߧ剪¬—߇«Á∫∑’ˇ°’ˬ«¢âÕß ∂⓵âÕß°“√ webs may have links to other related webs. If »°÷ …“À“§«“¡√â√Ÿ —∫√Õ߉¡àº¥‘ À«—ß you want to do research or educate, you wonût be disappointed for sure. www.fti.or.th ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß ¿“Õÿµ “À°√√¡·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡ ‡√Õ◊Ë ß√“«¢Õß¿“«–Õµÿ  “À°√√¡, SMEs, ¿“…Õ’ “°√, ∑√æ— ¬“°√ ¡π…ÿ ¬,å °ÆÀ¡“¬, ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬,’ æ≈ß— ß“πÕµÿ  “À°√√¡, ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ Õÿµ “À°√√¡, ¡“µ√∞“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡,  à߇ √‘¡°“√≈ß∑ÿπ, °“√ àßÕÕ° It is the web of the Federation of Thai Industries, compiling the situation of industry, SMEs, taxes, human resources, law, technology, industrial energy, environ- mental industry, international standard of industry, support of investment, and export. www.efe.or.th „À¢â Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ¢“à « “√¥“â π°“√Õπ√ÿ °— …æå ≈ß— ß“π·≈– ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ °“√„™æâ ≈—ßß“πÀ¡πÿ ‡«’¬π It provides information on energy and environment conservation and the use of renewable energy. 50 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

www.ethanol-thailand.com ‡ªπì ‡«Á∫¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π∏‘ ‘ ∂“∫—πæ≈ß— ß“π∑¥·∑π‡Õ∏“πÕ≈‰∫‚Õ¥’‡´≈·Ààߪ√–‡∑»‰∑¬ √«∫√«¡¢à“« “√ °®‘ °√√¡ ∫∑§«“¡ ‡°Ë’¬«°∫— ‡Õ∏“πÕ≈ This web belongs to the Foundation of Alternative Energy Ethanol-Bio Diesel of Thailand, compiling news, activities, and articles about ethanol. www.ecct-th.org ‡«∫Á ‰´µ¢å Õß»πŸ ¬Õå π√ÿ °— …æå ≈ß— ß“π¡‡’ √ÕË◊ ß√“«¢Õ߇∑§‚π‚≈¬’ æ≈ß— ß“π °“√ª√–¬°ÿ µ„å ™æâ ≈ß— ß“π ‡¬“«™π°∫— æ≈ß— ß“π ·≈–°“√ „™âæ≈ß— ß“π„π§√«— ‡√Õ◊ π Itûs the website of the Center of Energy Conserva- tion, offering the information of technology energy, the application of energy, youth and energy, and the use of household energy. www.thaienergy.net „À¢â âÕ¡Ÿ≈µà“ßÊ ¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π Õ“∑‘ √“§“π”È ¡—𠇫∫Á ‰´µå ¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π √«¡‡√◊ËÕß∑Ë’πà“ π„®∑Ë—«Ê ‰ª‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π ‚¥¬¡»’ Ÿπ¬å “√ π‡∑»°“√Õπ√ÿ °— …åæ≈—ßß“π‡ªìπºŸâ®¥— ∑” It provides an abundance of energy information such as the gas price, comprehensive links of energy, including other interesting things about energy. The Information Technology of the Center of Energy Conservation created the website. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 51

www.eppo.go.th ‡ªìπ‡«Á∫¢Õß ”π—°ß“ππ‚¬∫“¬·≈–·ºπæ≈—ßß“π „Àâ §«“¡√⟷≈–¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡°’ˬ«°—∫¢à“« “√¥â“π°“√Õπÿ√—°…åæ≈—ßß“π ·≈– Ëß‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡ °“√„™âæ≈ß— ß“πÀ¡πÿ ‡«’¬π It is the web of the Energy Policy and Planning Office, educating and providing information concern- ing the conservation of energy and environment, and the use of renewable energy. www.energythai.net  ”π—°∫√‘°“√ “√ π‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡æ≈—ßß“π ‡ªìπºŸâ®—¥ ∑”‡«∫Á πÈ’ ‚¥¬„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈‡√Ë◊Õß°“√„™æâ ≈ß— ß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π The Information Technology of Industrial Energy Service Office created this website and provide information on the use of renewable energy. www.eeit.or.th ‡«Á∫‰´µå¢Õß¡Ÿ≈π‘∏‘ ∂“∫—πª√–À¬—¥æ≈—ßß“π·Ààߪ√–‡∑» ‰∑¬ „Àâ¢“à « “√¥“â π°“√Õπÿ√—°…æå ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈Õâ ¡ °“√ 52 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« „™æâ ≈ß— ß“πÀ¡πÿ ‡«¬’ π The website belongs to the Energy Efficiency Institute (Thailand) Foundation, offering information concerning the conservation of energy and environment, and the use of renewable energy.

www.teenet.chula.ac.th „Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢à“« “√‡°’ˬ«°—∫ ∂“π°“√≥åæ≈—ßß“π ‰øøÑ“ ‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ß °“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π·≈–‡™◊ÈÕ‡æ≈‘ߪ√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ √“§“ ®”Àπà“¬µ≈“¥µà“ߪ√–‡∑»·≈–„πª√–‡∑» ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» »°— ¬¿“æ· ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬å ‡ªπì µπâ It provides information about the situation of energy, electricity, fuel, the use of energy and fuels, the gas price of domestic and overseas market, climate, the sunlight capacity, etc. www.ata.or.th ‡ªπì ‡«∫Á ∑√Ë’ «∫√«¡·≈–‡º¬·æ√¢à Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬∑’ ‡’Ë À¡“– ¡ ß“π«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’˪√–À¬—¥„™âßà“¬ ‚¥¬„™â ∑√—欓°√ ·≈–¿Ÿ¡‘ªí≠≠“∑Õâ ß∂Ëπ‘ ‚¥¬¡’  ¡“§¡‡∑§‚π‚≈¬∑’ ’Ë ‡À¡“– ¡ (Appropriate Technology Association) ‡ªìπ º¥Ÿâ ·Ÿ ≈ It is the website that compiles and provide information and appropriate technology, research and development, the saving and easy-to-use energy by using local resources and intelligence under the supervision of Appropriate Technology Association. ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 53

π‚¬∫“¬ ’‡¢¬’ « ‚¥¬ : ¥…ÿ Æ’ ¡Ë—π¿°— ¥’ : π°— «‘™“°“√ ßË‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√¡§«∫§¡ÿ ¡≈æ…‘ Green Policy by : Dusadee Maanphakdee : Environmental Officer, Pollution Control Department „π¬§ÿ ª®í ®∫ÿ π— °“√¥”‡ππ‘ ™«’ µ‘ ‡À¡Õ◊ π‡ªπì ‰ªµ“¡ “¬æ“π Nowadays way of life is like the movement of °“√º≈µ‘ ∑®Ë’ –‡√¡Ë‘ °√–∫«π°“√º≈µ‘ ∑‡Ë’ «≈“ 08.00 π. ‡√ÕË◊ ¬‰ª®π∂ß÷ conveyor belt that starts its operation from 8.00 am. 17.00 π. ª√¡‘ “≥°“√∫√‘‚¿§‡Õß°‡Á ªìπ‰ªµ“¡ ËÕ◊ µ“¡°√–·  until 5.00 pm. The consumption amount has been influenced ¢Õß —ߧ¡ ®÷ß∑”„Àâª√‘¡“≥°“√º≈‘µ¬‘Ë߇æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢÷Èπµ“¡°√–·  by the media and the current of society, resulting in the °“√∫√‘‚¿§ ´Ë÷߇ªìπ°“√‡√à߇√â“„Àâ°“√º≈‘µ¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡ increasing production output concurrent with the ‡æ¡‘Ë ª√¡‘ “≥°“√º≈µ‘ „À∑â π— µÕà §«“¡µÕâ ß°“√¢Õß¡π…ÿ ¬¡å “°¢π÷È consumption rate. It stimulates the production of the ·≈–®“°°“√∑ÕË’ µÿ  “À°√√¡¡°’ “√¢¬“¬µ«— ‡æ¡‘Ë ¡“°¢π÷È ππ—È ∑”„Àâ industrial sector to increase its production output to be ‡°‘¥º≈°√–∑∫µ“¡¡“∑’Ë ”§≠— §◊Õ°“√∑Õ’Ë ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ‘‚≈° Ÿß¢π÷È ´Ëß÷ able to catch up with the rising demand of the people. ‡ªìπº≈¡“®“°°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ‘Ë¡ Ÿß¢È÷π ´÷Ëß And since the industry has increasingly expanded, it has  à«π„À≠à¡“®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™È◊Õ‡æ≈‘ßøÕ ´‘≈ ‰¥â·°à °ä“´ consequent impacts, that is, the rising of worldûs ∏√√¡™“µ‘ π”È ¡—π ·≈–∂à“πÀ‘π ´÷Ëß∂◊Õ‡ªìπ·À≈àßæ≈—ßß“π temperature, caused by the increased greenhouse gases  ”§≠— ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»Õµÿ  “À°√√¡ ‚¥¬„πªï æ.». 2535 ≥ °√ÿß in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases are mostly √‘‚Õ‡¥Õ®“‡π‚√ ª√–‡∑»∫√“´≈‘ ∑˪’ √–™ÿ¡„À≠ à Àª√–™“™“µ‘ from the burning fossil fuels such as natural gas, oil, and «à“¥â«¬ Ëß‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡·≈–°“√æ—≤π“ (United Nations Con- coal, which are the major energy sources of the ference on Environment and Development À√Õ◊ UNCED) industrialized countries. In 1992, the United Nations ¡’¡µ‘√—∫√ÕßÕπÿ —≠≠“ Àª√–™“™“µ‘«à“¥â«¬°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß Conference on Environment and Development or UNCED  ¿“æ¿¡Ÿ ‘Õ“°“» (United Nation Framework Convertion agreed on the United Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change À√◊Õ UNFCCC) ‡æ◊ËÕ·°â‰¢ªí≠À“ on Climate Change or UNFCCC in Rio de Janeiro, °“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∑Ë’‡°‘¥®“°°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ Brazil, to solve the issue of climate change as a 54 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õß¡πÿ…¬å ·≈–°“√√—°…“√–¥—∫§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß consequence of the emissions of greenhouse gases by °“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®°„ÀÕâ ¬„Ÿà π√–¥∫— ∑‚Ë’ ≈°ª≈Õ¥¿¬— ‰¡ à ßà º≈°√–∑∫ human, and to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations µàÕ§«“¡¡—Ëπ§ß∑“ߥâ“πÕ“À“√·≈–°“√æ—≤π“∑’ˬ˗߬◊π ´Ë÷ß in the atmosphere at a level that is safe and not Õπ ÿ —≠≠“ UNFCCC ¡’º≈∫ß— §∫— „™â‡¡ÕË◊ ªï æ.». 2537 ‚¥¬ affecting the food security and sustainable development. °”Àπ¥„Àâ ç∑’˪√–™ÿ¡ ¡—™™“ª√–‡∑»¿“§’Õπÿ —≠≠“œé The UNFCCC treaty entered into force in 1994 assigning (Conference of the Parties À√◊Õ COP) ‡ªπì Õߧ°å √ Ÿß ÿ¥∑Ë’ çConference of the Parties or COPé to be the top ‡ªìπ‡«∑’°“√‡®√®“√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»¿“§’ ´Ë÷ß®–®—¥¢È÷π‡ªìπ organization of the world conferences among negotiating ª√–®”∑ÿ°ªï ‚¥¬¡’¢âÕµ°≈ß«à“ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡µâÕß≈¥ parties held annualy. The agreement was the industrialized °“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°≈ß„Àâ‡∑à“°—∫°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´œ „πªï countries must reduce emissions of greenhouse gases æ.». 2533 ´Ë÷ßÀ≈—ß®“°π—Èπ¡“°Á‰¡à¡’·π«‚πâ¡«à“ª√–‡∑» equal to the emissions level in 1990. After that no Õµÿ  “À°√√¡®–≈¥≈ߪ≈Õà ¬°“ä ´œ ‰¥µâ “¡¢âÕµ°≈ߥߗ °≈à“« ®÷ß industrialized nations seemed to reduce the greenhouse ‡ªπì ∑’¡Ë “¢Õß æ‘∏ ’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ (Kyoto Protocol :  ¡¬— ª√–™¡ÿ gases emissions as agreed. It, thus, led to the Kyoto COP ∑’Ë 3) „πªï æ.». 2540 ‡æË◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡æ—π∏°√≥’¢Õß Protocol, adopted at the third session of the Conference Õπ ÿ ≠— ≠“œ ∑’¡Ë ’°“√¥”‡ππ‘ °“√ ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–æ—π∏–º°Ÿ æ—π of Parties (COP-3), in 1997 to add more commitments ∑“ß°ÆÀ¡“¬ ´÷Ëß°≈àÿ¡ª√–‡∑»¿“§’¿“¬„µâÕπÿ —≠≠“œ ¡’Õ¬Ÿà to the treaty with the aim of operation, target, and ∑Èß— À¡¥ 186 ª√–‡∑» ·∫àßÕÕ°‡ªπì 3 °≈ÿà¡ §◊Õ legal binding. There are 186 countries under the treaty, categorized into 3 groups as follows : Ô Annex I : °≈àÿ¡ª√–‡∑»Õÿµ “À°√√¡ À√◊Õª√–‡∑» æ≤— π“·≈â« 41 ª√–‡∑» Ô Annex I : 41 industrialized countries or developed countries Ô Annex II : °≈àÿ¡ª√–‡∑»√Ë”√«¬ 24 ª√–‡∑» (´Ë÷ß ‡ªπì ª√–‡∑»„π°≈ÿà¡ Annex I) Ô Annex II : 24 rich countries (also countries in Annex I) Ô Non-Annex I : 145 developing countries (including Ô Non-Annex I : °≈¡ÿà ª√–‡∑»°”≈ß— æ≤— π“ 145 ª√–‡∑» Thailand) (√«¡ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬¥«â ¬) °“ä ´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®° ∑®’Ë –µÕâ ß≈¥ª√¡‘ “≥°“√ª≈Õà ¬≈ß¡’ Greenhouse gases needed to be reduced in 6 ™π¥‘ ‰¥·â °à °“ä ´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (CO ), °ä“´ amount of emissions are carbon dioxide (CO ), 2 2 ¡’‡∑π (CH ), °ä“´‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N O), °ä“´ methane (CH ), nitrous oxide (N O), hydrofluorocar- 42 42 ‰Œ‚¥√ø≈‚Ÿ √§“√∫å Õπ (HFCs), °“ä ´‡ªÕ√øå ≈‚Ÿ √§“√∫å Õπ bon (HFCs), perfluorocarbon (PFCs) and sulfer (PFCs) ·≈–°“ä ´´≈— ‡øÕ√‡å Œ°´“à ø≈‚Ÿ Õ‰√¥å (SF ) ´Ë÷ß hexafluoride (SF ). Of these 6 types, carbon dioxide 6 6 „π®”π«π°“ä ´∑Èß— 6 ™π¥‘ πÈ’ °“ä ´§“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å is the main target that most impacts the worldûs (CO ) ‡ªπì ‡ª“Ñ À¡“¬ ”§≠— ∑ Ë’ ßà º≈°√–∑∫µÕà ∫√√¬“°“» atmosphere. 2 ‚≈°¡“°∑Ë ’ ÿ¥ ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 55

°√“ø· ¥ß°“√ª≈¥ª≈Õà ¬°“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å ¢Õߪ√–‡∑»®“°¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 Graph shows carbon dioxide emissions of the countries from Annex 1 ‚¥¬æ‘∏’ “√π’È®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â°ÁµàÕ‡¡◊ËÕ°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»∑Ë’Õ¬àŸ This protocol came into force only when the coun- „π¿“§ºπ«°∑Ë’ 1 (Annex 1)  “¡“√∂≈¥ª√¡‘ “≥°“√ª≈¥ª≈Õà ¬ tries in Annex 1 could reduce their collective emissions °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°‰¡àπâÕ¬°«à“ 5.2% ¢Õß°“√ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´ of greenhouse gases by 5.2% compared to the year ‡√Õ◊ π°√–®°∑ßÈ— À¡¥„πªï 2533 „À‰â ¥¿â “¬„πªï æ.». 2551-2555 1990 within 2008-2012. The agreement came into force ´Ë÷ßªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’º≈∫ß— §∫— ·≈«â ‡¡Ë◊Õ«π— ∑’Ë 16 °ÿ¡¿“æπ— ∏å æ.». 2548 on 16 February 2005, initiated by countries in Annex I ‚¥¬®–‡√‘Ë¡®“°ª√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑Ë’ 1 (‚¥¬ª√“»®“°°“√ (without the signatories of the United States and Australia ≈ßπ“¡¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√—∞Õ‡¡√‘°“·≈–ÕÕ ‡µ√‡≈’¬ ´Ë÷߇ªìπ which are the major countries that emit the large amount ª√–‡∑»∑¡’Ë °’ “√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√Õ◊ π°√–®°√“¬„À≠¢à Õß‚≈°) of greenhouse gases of the world) ·≈–‡æ◊ËÕ„Àâ∫√√≈ÿ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬∑Ë’ ”§—≠§◊Õ°“√≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬ To achieve the most important target of reducing °ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°„πª√–‡∑»∑Ë’æ—≤π“·≈â«π—Èπ ®÷߉¥â°”Àπ¥ emissions of greenhouse gases in developed countries, °≈‰°‡æËÕ◊ „À⇰‘¥°“√¬¥◊ À¬πÿà 3 ·π«∑“ß §◊Õ 3 flexible mechanisms are established : 1. °“√´◊ÈÕ¢“¬‡§√¥‘µ°“√≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ 1. Emission Trading : ET is the adoption of trading °√–®° (Emission Trading : ET) ‡ªπì °“√π”√–∫∫´ÕÈ◊ ¢“¬ program as a mechanism to be the negotiating tool of ¡“‡ªìπ‡§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ„π°“√‡®√®“∑”æ—π∏°√≥’¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ß agreement between developed and developing coun- ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â«°—∫ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ß tries. It means the developed countries can use the low ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â« “¡“√∂π”√–¥—∫°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°∑Ë’¡’ level of greenhouse gases emissions of the developing √–¥—∫µË”¢Õߪ√–‡∑»∑Ë’°”≈—ßæ—≤π“¡“À—°≈∫°—∫√–¥—∫°“√ countries as a credit to the high level of greenhouse ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°¢Õߪ√–‡∑»µπ∑’Ë¡’√–¥—∫ Ÿß‰¥â  à«π gases emissions of their own. The developing countries ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“°Á®–‰¥âº≈ª√–‚¬™πåµÕ∫·∑π‡ªìπ√“¬‰¥â receive the compensation in terms of the countryûs ¢Õߪ√–‡∑» À√Õ◊ ‡√’¬°«“à ç°“√§“â ¢“¬§“√å∫Õπ‡§√¥‘µé revenue, or what is called çcarbon credit trading.é 2. °“√¥”‡ππ‘ ‚§√ß°“√√à«¡°π— (Joint Implementa- 2. Joint Implementation : JI is a joint operation among tion : JI) ‡ªπì °“√√«à ¡°π— √–À«“à ß°≈ÿ¡à ª√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«° countries in Annex I to reduce emissions of greenhouse ∑Ë’ 1 ¥â«¬°—π‡æ◊ËÕ≈¥°“√ª≈àÕ¬°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®° ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥ gases. The reduced amount of gases will be shared in °“ä ´¥—ß°≈à“«∑’≈Ë ¥≈ß®–¡’°“√·∫ßà ‡§√¥‘µ°π— credit terms. 3. °≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑Ë’ –Õ“¥ (Clean Development 3. Clean Development Mechanism : CDM is a joint Mechanism : CDM) ‡ªìπ°“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» cooperation between countries of Annex I and non- 56 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬«

„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 °—∫°≈àÿ¡ª√–‡∑»πÕ°¿“§ºπ«°∑Ë’ 1 (´÷Ëß Annex I countries (including Thailand). The characteristics ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬°ÕÁ ¬„àŸ π°≈¡àÿ π¥’È «â ¬)´ß÷Ë ≈°— …≥–¢Õß‚§√ß°“√¿“¬„µâ of the project under the Clean Development Mechanism °≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑’ Ë –Õ“¥‚¥¬∑—«Ë ‰ª¡Õ’ ¬àŸ 3 √Ÿª·∫∫ ‰¥â·°à in general have 3 types : Ô ‚§√ß°“√ª√—∫ª√ÿߪ√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π Ô Energy Efficiency Improvement Project (Energy (Energy Efficiency) ¡’‡°≥±å«à“®–µâÕß “¡“√∂∑”„Àâ Efficiency) has set the criteria of the reduction of ‡°‘¥°“√≈¥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π≈߉¥â ‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ 15 ®‘°–«—µµå energy consumption by up to the equivalent of 15 ™—Ë«‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈â“πÀπ૬‰øø“Ñ /ª)ï gigawatt/hours per year (million watt a year) Ô ‚§√ß°“√ à߇ √‘¡°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π Ô Renewable Energy Generation Project (Renew- (Renewable Energy Generation) ®–µâÕß¡’ ¡√√∂¿“æ able Energy Generation) there should be a maximum ‡∑¬’ ∫‡∑à“ 15 ®°‘ –«—µµ™å «Ë— ‚¡ß/ªï (æ—π≈“â πÀπ«à ¬‰øø“Ñ /ªï) output capacity equivalent of up to 15 megawatts (million watt a year) Ô ‚§√ß°“√√Ÿª·∫∫ÕË◊πÊ „π·π«∑“߇æË◊Õ‡°Á∫°—° §“√å∫Õπ (Carbon Sink) ‚¥¬§‘¥‡∑’¬∫‡∑à“°—∫ª√‘¡“≥ Ô Other projects in terms of carbon capture §“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥‰å ¡πà Õâ ¬°«“à 15 °‚‘ ≈µπ— §“√∫å Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å (Carbon Sink) reduces anthropogenic emissions by sources /ªï ‡™àπ °“√ª≈Ÿ°ªÉ“ and directly emits less than 15 kilotonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent annually such as forest plantation ‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬‰¥â„Àâ —µ¬“∫—πµàÕæ‘∏’ “√π’ȇ¡◊ËÕ«—π∑’Ë 28  ‘ßÀ“§¡ æ.». 2545 (‡ªìπª√–‡∑»¿“§’≈”¥—∫∑Ë’ 89) ´Ë÷ß Thailand ratified this protocol on 28 August 2002  “¡“√∂‡≈◊Õ°∑’Ë®–‡¢â“√à«¡¡◊Õ°—∫°≈ÿࡪ√–‡∑»æ—≤π“·≈â« (the 89th country), which could choose whether or not ¿“¬„µâ°≈‰°°“√æ—≤π“∑Ë’ –Õ“¥À√◊Õ‰¡à°Á‰¥â ‚¥¬‰¡à∂◊Õ‡ªìπ to enter into cooperation with the developed countries æ—π∏°√≥’„π°“√∑Ë’®–≈¥ª√‘¡“≥°ä“´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°µ“¡‰ª¥â«¬ under the clean mechanism. The protocol is non-binding ´Ëß÷ ‚§√ß°“√ CDM ∑°ÿ ‚§√ß°“√®–µâÕß¡°’ “√𔇠πÕ·°§à ≥– in the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. All of √—∞¡πµ√’‡æÕ◊Ë „À¡â °’ “√æ‘®“√≥“°≈πË— °√Õ߇ªìπ°√≥’Ê ‰ª the projects in CDM will be presented to the cabinet for careful consideration case by case. ∂÷ß·¡â«à“æ‘∏’ “√‡°’¬«‚µ®–¡’º≈∫—ߧ—∫„™â·≈â« ·µàÀ“° ª√–™“°√∫π‚≈°‰¡à√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“∑Ë’‡°‘¥®“°°“√ Though the Kyoto Protocol has been enforced, without ‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»Õ¬à“ß®√‘ß®—ß ´Ë÷ß®–À¡“¬∂÷ß the cooperation of the world population to seriously °“√√à«¡¡◊Õ°—π·°â‰¢ªí≠À“¢Õß¿“§∏ÿ√°‘®Õÿµ “À°√√¡´Ë÷ß resolve the climate change, which means the cooperation ‡ªìπµâ𰔇π‘¥À≈—° °“√≈¥°“√∫√‘‚¿§¢Õߪ√–™“°√∑Ë’ to solve the problems incurred from the industrial ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 57

π—∫«—π®–‡æË‘¡¡“°¢È÷πµ“¡°√–· ¢Õß°“√∫√‘‚¿§π‘¬¡ °“√ sectors, a major source, the reduction of the peopleûs „™â∑√—欓°√Õ¬à“ß√Ÿâ§ÿ≥§à“ °“√π” ‘ËߢÕß∑Ë’„™â·≈â«°≈—∫¡“ consumption that has been rapidly increased in „™â„À¡à‡æË◊Õ≈¥¢—ÈπµÕπ¢Õß°√–∫«π°“√º≈‘µ °“√ à߇ √‘¡ conjunction with the trend of consumerism, the effective „À¡â ’°“√„™æâ ≈—ßß“πÕ¬“à ß¡’ª√– ∑‘ ∏¿‘ “æ °“√º≈‘µæ≈ß— ß“π use of natural resources, the recycling of used materials ®“°æ≈—ßÀ¡πÿ ‡«¬’ π∑’ Ë –Õ“¥ ª≈Õ¥¿¬— µÕà  Ëß‘ ·«¥≈âÕ¡·≈â« to reduce the production process, the support of the effective use of energy, the generation of clean and ‰¡à«à“®–¡’æ‘∏’ “√Õ’°°’Ë©∫—∫ °Á‰¡à “¡“√∂·°â‰¢ªí≠À“ safe renewable energy to the environment, no matter º≈°√–∑∫∑Ë’‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß ¿“æ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»∫π how many protocols come into force, the impacts of the ‚≈°‰¥â climate change will never be resolved. À¡“¬‡Àµÿ : °≈à¡ÿ ª√–‡∑»„π¿“§ºπ«°∑’Ë 1 (Annex 1) Note : Countries in Annex 1 are Australia, Austria, ‰¥â·°à Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic European Economic Community, Finland, France, Community, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Portugal, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom of Great United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain and Northern Ireland ·≈– United States of America ·≈– United States of America Õ“â ßÕß‘ Reference 1. «“√ “√ ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬∑’ Ë’‡À¡“– ¡ ©∫—∫∑’Ë 4 ‡¥Õ◊ πµÿ≈“§¡- 1. Appropriate Technology magazine, volume 4, ∏π— «“§¡ 2548 October - December, 2005 2. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/ 2. http://web.ku.ac.th/shoolnet/snet6/envi3/pgreen/ pgreenn.htm pgreenn.htm 3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ 3. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2774.php items/2774.php 4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ 4. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2833.php items/2833.php 5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ 5. http://unfccc.int/parties_and_observers/annex_i/ items/2213.php items/2213.php 58 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

‡∑§‚π‚≈¬ ’ ‡’ ¢’¬« ‡√’¬∫‡√¬’ ß‚¥¬ : §√√™µ‘ ªµî –°“ ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“°™ÿ¡™π®¥— °“√§«“¡√Ÿâ ‚§√ß°“√»πŸ ¬°å ≈“ߧ«“¡√Ÿâ·Àßà ™“µ‘ °√–∑√«ß‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ “√ π‡∑»·≈–°“√ ËÕ◊  “√ Green Tech Edited by : Kanchit Pitaka π∫— µß—È ·µæà √–∫“∑ ¡‡¥®Á æ√–æ∑ÿ ∏¬Õ¥ø“Ñ ®Ãÿ “‚≈° ‰¥ â ∂“ªπ“°√ßÿ ‡∑æ- Since its founding days in 1782, the city ¡À“π§√‡ªπì √“™∏“π¢’ Õ߉∑¬ ‡¡ÕË◊ ªï æ.». 2325 ‡¡Õ◊ ßÀ≈«ß·Àßà π’‰È ¥‡â µ‘∫‚µ of Bangkok has been growing into a ¢÷πÈ „π∑°ÿ Ê ¥â“π ∑È—ß®”π«πª√–™“°√ °“√»°÷ …“ ‡»√…∞°®‘ °“√§¡π“§¡ metropolis of ten million. But Bangkokians fuly ¢π ßà ®π°≈“¬‡ªπì ç¡À“π§√é ∑¡’Ë ª’ √–™“°√¡“°°«“à 10 ≈“â π§π „πª®í ®∫ÿ π— benefited from the city living. No definite preventive measures dealing with the rapid ·µà°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ∑’Ë¢“¥°“√«“ß·ºπ√Õß√—∫°“√¢¬“¬µ—«¢Õ߇¡◊Õß∑’Ë™—¥‡®π city growth and the lack of clear city planning ‰¡¡à ¡’ “µ√°“√ªÕÑ ß°π— ·≈–√∫— ¡Õ◊ °∫— ª≠í À“∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ ¢π÷È ®“°§«“¡‡ªπì ‡¡Õ◊ ß ∑”„Àâ have turned the city into a basket full of ª√–™“™π∑’Ë¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µÕ¬àŸ„π¡À“π§√·ÀàßπÈ’‰¥â√—∫º≈°√–∑∫®“° ¿“æ overdue problem. Apart from the actions ª≠í À“µ“à ßÊ from the agencies such as Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Interior, the city °“√·°âªí≠À“¥—ß°≈à“«πÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√ªÑÕß°—π·≈–∫√√‡∑“ªí≠À“∑’Ë still badly needs the long term planning to ‡°‘¥¢È÷π®“°Àπà«¬ß“π¿“§√—∞ ∑È—ß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ √«¡∂÷ßÀπà«¬ß“π¿“§ deal with its looming threat of future energy √—∞ÕË◊πÊ ‡™àπ °√–∑√«ß∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡ °√–∑√«ß Õµÿ  “À°√√¡ °√–∑√«ß¡À“¥‰∑¬ œ≈œ ·≈«â °“√«“ß·ºπ√–¬–¬“« §Õ◊ §”µÕ∫ ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 59

∑’Ë ”§≠— „π°“√√—∫¡Õ◊ °—∫ªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢È÷π„πÕ𓧵 and environmental problems. ¥«â ¬‡Àµπÿ È’ ç ”π°— ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«®‘ ¬— ·Àßà ™“µé‘ ®ß÷ ‰¥¡â Õ∫À¡“¬„Àâ The National Research Council assigned ç∫—≥±‘µ«‘∑¬“≈—¬√à«¡¥â“πæ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡é (Joint Graduate the Joint Graduation School of Engineering School of Energy and Environment-JGSEE) ·≈–§≥–æ≈ß— ß“π·≈–« — ¥ÿ and Environmental or JGSEE to study ¡À“«∑‘ ¬“≈¬— ‡∑§‚π‚≈¬æ’ √–®Õ¡‡°≈“â ∏π∫√ÿ ’ (¡®∏.) ∑”°“√»°÷ …“ 炧√ß°“√ Bangkokûs energy and environment situation ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æË◊Õ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ˗߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– and draw up the roadmap. The study tries  ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡é ‡æ◊ËÕ®—¥∑”·ºπ∑Ë’π”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«®‘ ¬— ¥â“πæ≈ß— ß“π to seek possibilities in resources and ·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑Ë’®”‡ªìπµàÕ°“√æ—≤π“¡À“π§√∑Ë’¬Ë—߬◊π∑—Èߥâ“π‡»√…∞°‘® management in recycling to make the city  ß— §¡·≈– ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ ¿“¬„µ«â  ‘ ¬— ∑»— π‡å æÕ◊Ë °“√æ≤— π“∑¬’Ë ß—Ë ¬π◊ ¢Õß°√ßÿ ‡∑æ- economical, social and environmental ¡À“π§√ ¥ß— π’È sustainable. Its citizens should be able to benefit from the efficient infrastructure, Quality 燪ìπ¡À“π§√∑’Ë´Ë÷ß “¡“√∂æ÷Ëßµπ‡Õ߉¥â„π√–¬–¬“« „π¥â“π of urban life, from clean environment. They ‡»√…∞°‘®  —ߧ¡·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‚¥¬ª√–™“™π∑’ËÕ“»—¬µâÕ߉¥â√—∫ § « “ ¡   – ¥ « °   ∫ “ ¬ ∑È— ß ® “ °   “ ∏ “ √ ≥Ÿ ª ‚ ¿ § should be able to enjoy hat the city can  “∏“√≥Ÿª‚¿§¢È—πæÈ◊π∞“𠇙πà πÈ” ‰øøÑ“ √–∫∫ offers to its people in terms of culture, ¢π àß √–∫∫°“√®—¥°“√¢¬– Àπ૬∫√‘°“√ architecture and freedom of choice. ™ÿ¡™π “∏“√≥ ÿ¢‡æ◊ËÕ§«“¡ª≈Õ¥¿—¬„π™’«‘µ ·≈–∑√æ— ¬ å π‘ √«¡∂ß÷ §≥ÿ ¿“æ∑¥’Ë ¢’ Õß ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ The study is divided into five major areas. ‡™πà Õ“°“»∫√ ‘ ∑ÿ ∏Ï‘ ·À≈ßà π”È  –Õ“¥ æπÈ◊ ∑ Ë’ ‡’ ¢¬’ « They are City Planning and Productive ∑’Ë¡’§ÿ≥¿“æ ´Ë÷߇ªìπªí®®—¬æ◊Èπ∞“π„π°“√¥”‡π‘π Environment, Polluted Water, Trash, Air Pollu- ™«’ µ‘ ·≈–°“√æ°— ºÕà π∑“ß®µ‘ „® ‚¥¬§ß‡Õ°≈°— …≥å tion and Transportation. ¢Õ߇¡◊Õߥâ“π ∂“ªíµ¬°√√¡ »‘≈ª«—≤π∏√√¡ §«“¡¡‡’  √’¿“æ„π°“√‡≈◊Õ° ·≈–∑“ß°“√∫√À‘ “√ Extensive interviews with the Bangkokians ®¥— °“√∑√æ— ¬“°√∑¡’Ë Õ’ ¬®àŸ ”°¥— „À¡â ª’ √– ∑‘ ∏¿‘ “æ through many public forums along with other ·≈–ª√–À¬—¥ ‚¥¬Õ“»—¬Õߧ姫“¡√âŸ∑“ß«‘™“°“√ sources gives the team an access in field ·≈–§«“¡√«à ¡¡Õ◊ „π∑“ߪØ∫‘ µ— ∑‘ ßÈ— ®“°¿“§√∞— ·≈– information that will give clearer pictures of ‡Õ°™π ·≈–‡µ√’¬¡À“«‘∏’°“√∑Ë’®–π”∑√—欓°√ what kind of energy and environmental issues ‡À≈“à ππÈ— À¡πÿ ‡«¬’ π°≈∫— ¡“„™„â À¡à‰¥â„πÕ𓧵é Bangkok is and will be confronting. ¿“¬„µâ‚§√ß°“√»÷°…“¥—ß°≈à“« ∑’¡«‘®—¬‰¥â·∫àß°“√»÷°…“ÕÕ°‡ªìπ Now the Bangkokians have 1.24 kilo of 5 ª√–‡¥ÁπÀ≈°— §Õ◊ 纗߇¡Õ◊ ß·≈– ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ √√§å √“â ßé çπ”È ‡ ’¬é 碬– trash per person a day. The cityûs trash from ¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬é ç¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»é ·≈– ç°“√§¡π“§¡¢π àßé ´Ë÷ß≈â«π‡ªìπ domestic is rising. The average cityûs trash has ªí≠À“‡°’ˬ«°—∫æ≈—ßß“π·≈– Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑Ë’§π°√ÿߪ√– ∫Õ¬Ÿà ´Ë÷ß®“°°“√ reached the rate of 1.24 kg.a day per person §âπæ∫ °“√«‡‘ §√“–Àå  —߇§√“–Àå ·≈–°“√·≈°‡ª≈ˬ’ π‡√¬’ π√°âŸ ∫— ºâŸ‡°¬’Ë «¢Õâ ß ºà“π‡«∑’µà“ßÊ  “¡“√∂„Àâ¿“æ¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æœ „π·µà≈–¥â“π∑—Èß„π¿“æ ªí®®ÿ∫—π·≈–¿“æ∑’°Ë ”≈—ß®–¡“∂ß÷ ‰¥â‡ªìπÕ¬à“ߥ’ ªí®®ÿ∫—π§π°√ÿß √â“ߢ¬– 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/«—π ª√‘¡“≥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬∑Ë’ ‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ®“°·À≈àßµà“ßÊ ¡’·π«‚πâ¡ Ÿß¢È÷π∑ÿ°ªï *1·≈–¡’Õ—µ√“°“√‡°‘¥¢¬– ¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„π‡¡◊Õß„À≠à‡©≈’ˬ Ÿß∂÷ß 1.24 °‘‚≈°√—¡/§π/«—π À“°‰¡à√«¡ ª√–™“°√∑Ë’‡¥π‘ ∑“߇¢“â ¡“∑”ß“π Õµ— √“°“√‡°‘¥¡≈Ÿ ΩÕ¬‡©≈Ë’¬®– ßŸ ¢È÷π 1.61 °‚‘ ≈°√¡— /§π/«—π ‡≈¬∑’‡¥¬’ « √». ¥√. ‘√‘π∑√‡∑æ ‡µâ“ª√–¬Ÿ√ ª√–∏“𠓬 Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ÀπË÷ß„π §≥–«‘®—¬®“°∫—≥±‘µ«∑‘ ¬“≈—¬√«à ¡¥“â πæ≈ß— ß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈Õâ ¡ (JGSEE) º»Ÿâ °÷ …“‡√Õ◊Ë ß·ºπ∑π’Ë ”∑“ߥ“â π°“√®¥— °“√¢¬–°≈“à ««“à ª√¡‘ “≥¢¬–∑§’Ë π°√ßÿ  √â“ߢ÷Èπ¡’®”π«π‡æË‘¡¢÷Èπµ≈Õ¥‡«≈“ ¥—ßπ—ÈππÕ°‡Àπ◊Õ®“°°“√À“∑Ë’Ωíß°≈∫ 60 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æË◊Õ¡À“π§√∑’ˬ˗߬◊π : æ≈—ßß“π·≈– ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡„π à«π¢Õß expected to be finished in the near future. çπÈ”‡ ’¬é √–∫ÿ«à“ ·π«‚π¡â ¢Õߪí≠À“πÈ”‡ ’¬¡’≈—°…≥–∑«’§«“¡√πÿ ·√ß¡“° It can serve only 22.82 per cent. In another ¬ß‘Ë ¢πÈ÷ word, three out of four of Bangkokûs waste water will be left untreated. º». ¥√. √Õâ ¬¥“« «‘π®‘ ππ— ∑√µ— πå ®“°§≥–æ≈ß— ß“π·≈–«— ¥ÿ ¡®∏. º∑Ÿâ ”°“√«‘®¬— „π à«π¢Õß çπÈ”‡ ¬’ é °≈“à ««“à °∑¡. ¡’æ◊Èπ∑’Ë 1,568 µ“√“ß- The research team suggests all involved °‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√ ·µ‚à √ß∫”∫¥— π”È ‡ ¬’ ∑ß—È 6 ·Àßà ∑¡Ë’ Õ’ ¬Ÿà √Õß√∫— π”È ‡ ¬’ ‰¥„â πæπ◊È ∑Ë’ 191 agencies to make all efforts to lower the µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ À√◊Õ§‘¥‡ªìπ 12.22 ‡ªÕ√凴Áπµå‡∑à“π—Èπ À√◊ÕÀ“°®–√«¡ mount of organic substance in the cityûs ‚§√ß°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢È÷π„πÕ𓧵∑Ë’∑”„Àâ√–∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬ water sources. The treated water may be √Õß√—∫πÈ”‰¥â„πæ◊Èπ∑’Ë√«¡°—π 358 µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ (22.82%) °Á¬—ß¡’æÈ◊π∑Ë’ suitable for consumption and industry use °√ßÿ ‡∑æœ Õ°’ °«à“ 3 „π 4 ∑ˬ’ —߉¡à¡√’ –∫∫∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ¬’ √«¡ according to surface water resource standard type four.  ß‘Ë ∑∑’Ë ¡’ «®‘ ¬— ‡ πÕ·π–º“à π√“¬ß“π©∫∫— π°’È §Á Õ◊ „Àµâ ß—È ‡ª“Ñ À¡“¬√«à ¡°π— ¢Õß∑ÿ°Àπ૬ߓπ∑’‡Ë °Ë¬’ «¢âÕß°—∫°“√®—¥°“√§≥ÿ ¿“æπÈ”„π°√ßÿ ‡∑æœ «“à ®– In case of transportation, Dr.Jamnong µÕâ ß ç≈¥ª√¡‘ “≥ “√Õπ‘ ∑√¬’ „å π·À≈ßà πÈ”¢Õß °∑¡. „À â “¡“√∂𔉪„™‡â æÕ◊Ë Sorapipat of JGSEE transportation study team °“√Õªÿ ‚¿§-∫√‚‘ ¿§ ·≈–Õµÿ  “À°√√¡‰¥éâ (‡°≥±¡å “µ√∞“π§≥ÿ ¿“æ·À≈ßà reports that Bangkokûs ratio of personal πÈ”º‘«¥‘πª√–‡¿∑ 4) ‚¥¬°”Àπ¥¥—™π’™’È«—¥ §◊Õ æÈ◊π∑Ë’∑Ë’‰¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥ vehicles: public transportation vehicles is tipping πÈ”‡ ’¬ √âÕ¬≈–¢Õß®”π«πª√–™“°√∑Ë’‰¥â√—∫°“√∫”∫—¥πÈ”‡ ’¬„πæÈ◊π∑Ë’·≈– heavily towards the personal vehicle side ª√‘¡“≥ “√Õ‘π∑√’¬∑å Ë’‡°¥‘ ¢÷πÈ ®“°°‘®°√√¡°“√„™âπ”È (55.45). Itûs expected that the ratio will reach the rate of 62:38 in 2021  à«π¥â“π°“√§¡π“§¡ º». ¥√.®”πß  √æ‘æ—≤πå ª√–∏“𠓬«‘™“ æ≈—ßß“π JGSEE ÀπË÷ß„π§≥–«‘®—¬  “¢“°“√¢π àß ‡ªî¥‡º¬«à“ ®“°°“√ Most of the countryûs energy is consumed »°÷ …“ª≠í À“√–∫∫¢π ßà „π‡¢µ°√ßÿ ‡∑æœ æ∫«“à  ¥—  «à π√–À«“à ß√∂ «à π∫§ÿ §≈ in transportation section (38 per cent). Thirty-two µÕà √∂ “∏“√≥–‡¡ÕË◊ ‡∑¬’ ∫°∫— ‡¡Õ◊ ß„À≠Õà πË◊ Ê „πª√–‡∑»·∂∫‡Õ‡™¬’ ª√“°Ø per cent is for the industry section. Twenty- «“à °√ßÿ ‡∑朡 ’ ¥—  «à π°“√„™√â ∂ «à π∫§ÿ §≈ ßŸ °«“à √∂ “∏“√≥– §¥‘ ‡ªπì  ¥—  «à π three per cent is for homes. Four per cent is 55% µàÕ 45% ‡∑’¬∫°—∫°√ÿß¡–π‘≈“ ª√–‡∑»øî≈‘ªªîπ å 22% µàÕ 78% for trades. And three per cent is for agriculture. ·≈–¡’·π«‚πâ¡°“√„™â√∂ à«π∫ÿ§§≈ Ÿß¢È÷𠧓¥«à“„πªï æ.». 2546 ®–¡’√∂ Itûs the economy planning that is coming out  “∏“√≥–‡À≈◊Õ‡æ’¬ß 34% ªí®®ÿ∫—π√–¬–‡«≈“„π°“√‡¥‘π∑“ߢÕß√∂ of proportion.  «à π∫§ÿ §≈‚¥¬‡©≈¬Ë’ ª√–¡“≥ 50 π“∑’ ¢≥–∑√Ë’ ∂ “∏“√≥–„™‡â «≈“∂ß÷ 70 π“∑’ Transportation is reported to be the º≈°√–∑∫Õ’°ª√–°“√ÀπË÷ß∑’‡Ë °‘¥®“°ª≠í À“°“√®√“®√ §◊Õ ª≠í À“°“√ major source of air pollution. Exhaust fume „™âæ≈—ßß“π ‡π◊ËÕß®“°¢≥–πÈ’„π∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å æ∫«à“ ¿“§°“√¢π àß¡’ contains hydrocarbon, oxide of nitrogen, ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π‡™È◊Õ‡æ≈‘ß¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥√âÕ¬≈– 38 (¿“§Õÿµ “À°√√¡ carbon monoxide, and micro particles. All √âÕ¬≈– 32 ∑’ËÕ¬àÕŸ “»¬— √âÕ¬≈– 23 °“√§“â √âÕ¬≈– 4 ·≈–°“√‡°…µ√√Õâ ¬≈– are highly hazardous to health and the 3) ‚¥¬ª√‘¡“≥°“√„™âπ”È ¡—π·µà≈–™π‘¥®–„™â°—∫ √∂¬πµå‡ªìπÀ≈—° ‚¥¬„™âπ”È ¡—π‡∫π´‘π√âÕ¬≈– 98 ·≈–πÈ”¡—π¥’‡´≈√âÕ¬≈– 77 ´Ë÷ß∂◊Õ«à“º‘¥À≈—°„π °“√«“ß·ºπ∑“߇»√…∞»“ µ√å πÕ°®“°π’È¡≈æ‘…®“°√–∫∫¢π à߇ªìπ·À≈àß °”‡π¥‘  ”§≠— ¢Õß “√æ…‘ ∑“ßÕ“°“» °≈“à «§Õ◊ °Õà „À⇰‘¥ “√‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ (HC) ÕÕ°‰´¥å¢Õß ‰π‚µ√‡®π (NO) °“ä ´§“√∫å Õπ¡ÕπÕ°‰´¥å (CO) ·≈–ª≠í À“ΩπÉÿ ¢π“¥‡≈°Á (PM) ‡ªπì  ¥—  «à π 100% 80% 75% 54% µ“¡≈”¥—∫ ´Ë÷ß¡’º≈µÕà ªÕ¥¢Õß §π °àÕ„À⇰‘¥‚√§¿Ÿ¡‘·æâ·≈–‚√§¡–‡√Áß ªí≠À“πÈ’ ¡·’ π«‚π¡â √ÿπ·√ß¡“°¢÷πÈ ‚¥¬ “‡ÀµÿÀ≈—°‡°‘¥®“° „™â¬“πæ“Àπ–‡À≈à“πÈ’ 62 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

»πŸ ¬°å ≈“߇¡Õ◊ ßÀ≈°— ·µ°à ‡Á ªπì °“√°”Àπ¥¢πÈ÷ ‡æÕ◊Ë ≈¥ª√¡‘ “≥°“√‡¥π‘ ∑“ߢÕß population study team criticizes that the cityûs §π®“°√Õ∫πÕ°‡¢â“¡“‡∑“à π—Èπ ‰¡¡à °’ “√ ç √â“ßß“π‰«√â Õß√—∫é sub-centers in the suburbs are in fact organized to ease the in and out bound traffic flows çπÕ°®“°¢“¥·π«∑“ß°“√ √“â ßß“π·≈â« °“√ √â“ß™’«‘µ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߬àÕ¬ from the further outskirts. Jobs and city life are ∑”„Àâ§π¡’«‘∂’°“√¥”‡π‘π™’«‘µ∑’Ë ¡∫Ÿ√≥å¢÷Èπ ¡‘„™à„™â™’«‘µÕ¬Ÿà°—∫°“√‡¥‘π∑“ß not available for those living in the sub-center areas. ·≈–°“√∑”ß“π‡∑à“π—πÈ ‰¡à«“à ®–‡ªìπæπ◊È ∑ ’Ë ’‡¢’¬« ≈“π°Ã’ “ ÀÕâ ß ¡ÿ¥ À√Õ◊ ·¡â°√–∑Ëß— ≈“π·≈–‡«∑°’ “√· ¥ßµà“ßÊ ´Ëß÷ À“°»Ÿπ¬å°≈“߇¡Õ◊ ߬àÕ¬∑®Ë’ –‡°¥‘ çCity living doesnût mean just commuting ¢π÷È ‰¡¡à À’ √Õ◊ „À§â «“¡ ”§≠— °∫— æπÈ◊ ∑∑’Ë ®Ë’ –‡µ¡‘ ‡µ¡Á §«“¡‡ªπì ¡π…ÿ ¬πå Õâ ¬‡°π‘ ‰ª and works. Without and sport facilities, parks, √«¡∂ß÷ ‰¡¡à ß’ “π¡“√Õß√∫— §π√Õ∫πÕ°Õ¬“à ߇欒 ßæÕ °“√‡¥π‘ ∑“߇¢“â  °àŸ ≈“ß and other recreation, Bangkokians will not ‡¡Õ◊ ß®–‰¡¡à ’«π— ≈¥≈ßé stop commuting to seek the city life quality in the inner city area,é Dr.Ganjanee comments. ¢Õâ ‡ πÕ ”§≠— ®“°°“√»°÷ …“π§’È Õ◊ ∑”Õ¬“à ߉√„À§â π°√ßÿ ‡∑æœ ‡°¥‘ §«“¡ µâÕß°“√∑Ë’®–‡ÀÁπ‡¡◊ÕߢÕßµπ‡ªìπ‡¡◊Õß∑’ˬ—Ë߬◊π ·≈– “¡“√∂Õ¬àŸ‰¥âÕ¬à“ß¡’ The team suggests that the topic of §«“¡ ¢ÿ ‡æ√“–À“° “¡“√∂∑”„À‡â °¥‘ ª√–™“¡µ√‘ «à ¡°π— ‰¥‡â ¡Õ◊Ë ‰√ °“√º≈°— ¥π— the future city must be focused to raise the ‡™‘ßπ‚¬∫“¬°®Á –¡§’ «“¡‡ªπì ‰ª‰¥¡â “°¬‘ßË ¢÷Èπ public concern and further discussions. Õπ÷Ëß ·ºπ∑Ë’π”∑“ß©∫—∫πÈ’·¡â®–‡ªìπ‡æ’¬ß·ºπ∑Ë’π”∑“ߢÕß°√ÿ߇∑æ- The energy and environment roadmap ¡À“π§√‡©æ“–¥â“π°“√«®‘ —¬„πª√–‡¥Áπæ≈ß— ß“π·≈– ‘ßË ·«¥≈âÕ¡ ·µàµ≈Õ¥ for the future of Bangkok (will be completed °√–∫«π°“√¢Õß°“√»÷°…“§√È—ßπ’È ‰¥â‡πâπ°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߺ⟇°’ˬ«¢âÕß∑È—ß in February 2005) would like to thanks the ¿“§√“™°“√·≈–‡Õ°™π ‡æÕ◊Ë „À≥¢â âÕ¡Ÿ≈ §«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ ª√– ∫°“√≥å ·≈– collaborations and kind assistance of involved ·π«∑“ß°“√®¥— °“√∑¡Ë’ “°∑ ’Ë ¥ÿ ‚¥¬¢Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ∑√’Ë «∫√«¡‰¥®â “°Àπ«à ¬ß“π‡À≈“à πÈ’ government and private agencies. Discussion ®–ºà“π°“√«‘‡§√“–Àå  —߇§√“–Àå ‡æ◊ËÕ°”Àπ¥°√Õ∫¢Õß°“√«‘®—¬„π·µà≈– and feedback on the study will be a ª√–‡¥πÁ ·≈–𔇠πÕ°≈∫— ‰ª¬ß— º‡âŸ °Ë¬’ «¢Õâ ß‚¥¬„™°â “√ª√–™¡ÿ ‡™‘ߪؑ∫µ— ‘°“√ constructive tool for the solutions. ‡ªπì ‡«∑·’ ≈°‡ª≈’¬Ë π‡√¬’ π√Ÿâ Dr.Bandit Foongdhammarsarn, the JGSEE √». ¥√.∫≥— ±‘µ øÑÿß∏√√¡ “√ ºÕŸâ ”𫬰“√ JGSEE „π∞“π–À—«Àπâ“ director and the chief of the project, says ‚§√ß°“√ °≈“à ««“à ®“°°“√ª√–™¡ÿ ‡™ß‘ ªØ∫‘ µ— °‘ “√∑πË’ ”‡ πÕª√–‡¥πÁ »°÷ …“∑ß—È the information acquired from many meetings 5 ª√–‡¥πÁ ®”π«π 2 §√ß—È √«¡∂ß÷ °“√ª√–™¡ÿ °≈¡àÿ ¬Õà ¬Õ°’ À≈“¬§√ßÈ— πÕ°®“° in all involved agencies and communities is ®– “¡“√∂ √â“ߧ«“¡‡¢â“„®·≈–√–¥¡§«“¡§‘¥‡ÀÁπ®“°ºâŸ¡’ à«π‰¥â à«π‡ ’¬ valuable information needed before the ‡æË◊Õ√«¡°—π°”Àπ¥¿“æ©“¬Õ𓧵∑’Ëæ÷ߪ√– ß§å¢Õß°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√„π process of technology and technological √Ÿª¢Õß«‘ —¬∑—»πå ‡ªÑ“À¡“¬ ·≈–µ—«™’È«—¥·≈â« ¬—߉¥â¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈Õ—π‡ªìπæ◊Èπ∞“π management. The ten year plan roadmap  ”À√—∫°“√°”Àπ¥‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’·≈–°“√®—¥°“√‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’∑’Ë®”‡ªìπ‡æË◊Õ𔉪 for the future of Bangkok will be reported to  Ÿà°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑Ë’π”∑“ß (Roadmap) °“√«‘®—¬·≈–æ—≤π“ ∑Ë’‡ªìπ·ºπ the government and BMA. √–¬–¬“« 10 ªï (2550-2560) ∑∑’Ë “ß ”π°— ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«®‘ ¬— ·Àßà ™“µ‘  “¡“√∂®–𔉪‡ πÕµàÕ√—∞∫“≈·≈–°√ßÿ ‡∑æ¡À“π§√µÕà ‰ª ™Ë◊Õ‚§√ß°“√ : ·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«‘®—¬·∫∫∫Ÿ√≥“°“√‡æ◊ËÕ The Energy and Environment Roadmap Research for ¡À“π§√∑¬’Ë ß—Ë ¬π◊ : æ≈ß— ß“π·≈– Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡ the Future of Bangkok π°— «®‘ ¬— : ∫≥— ±µ‘ «∑‘ ¬“≈¬— √«à ¡¥“â πæ≈ß— ß“π·≈– ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ The Joint Graduate School of Energy and (JGSEE) §≥–æ≈ß— ß“π·≈–« — ¥ÿ ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ Environment (JGSEE) æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈“â ∏π∫ÿ√’ Department of Energy and Materials, King Mongkutûs ∑’ËÕ¬àŸ : ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’æ√–®Õ¡‡°≈â“∏π∫ÿ√’ 91 Iniversity of Technology, Thonburi ∂.ª√–™“Õÿ∑‘» ·¢«ß∫“ß¡¥ ‡¢µ∑àÿߧ√ÿ °∑¡. 10400 Address : King Mongkutûs Iniversity of Technology, Àπ૬ߓπ π—∫ πÿπ :  ”π—°ß“π§≥–°√√¡°“√«‘®—¬ Thonburi 91 Pracha-utis road, Bangmod, Tungkru, ·Àßà ™“µ‘ («™.) Bangkok 10400 64 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

„Àâ∑—πªí≠À“·≈â«  ‘Ëß∑Ë’µâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√‰ªæ√âÕ¡°—π°Á§◊Õ °“√π”¢¬–∑Ë’‡°‘¥ Dr.Sirintaratep Taoprayoon, one of JGSEE ¢È÷πÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à À√◊Õ°”®—¥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬„À≥âª√–‚¬™πå Ÿß ÿ¥ head researchers, says recycling and ‚¥¬«“ß·ºπß“π®“°°“√»÷°…“√Ÿª·∫∫°“√§—¥·¬°¢¬–ª√–‡¿∑µà“ßÊ ‡™àπ recycling management are the answers to ¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬™ÿ¡™π ¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬Õ—πµ√“¬ À√◊Õ¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬µ‘¥‡™È◊Õ »÷°…“ the cityûs overflowing trash problem. The ∂ß÷ √ªŸ ·∫∫¢Õß√–∫∫°“√‡°∫Á √«∫√«¡¢¬–¡≈Ÿ ΩÕ¬∑ Ë’ Õ¥§≈Õâ ß°∫— √ªŸ ·∫∫°“√ capacity of the cityûs trash recycling can §—¥·¬°¢¬–·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß ∂“π∑’Ë∫”∫—¥¢¬– ‡æË◊Õ‡æË‘¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ be improved with the study of the types of §—¥·¬°¢¬–·≈–ª√—∫ª√ÿß ∂“π∑Ë’∫”∫—¥¢¬– ‡æË◊Õ‡æ‘Ë¡ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ„π°“√ trash (commercial, hazardous, and infectious). À¡ÿπ°≈—∫¡“„™â„À¡à Suitable trash collection system that correspond to the routine of recycling must πÕ°®“°πÈ’¬—߉¥â𔇠πÕ°≈¬ÿ∑∏å¥â“π°“√¡’ à«π√à«¡¢Õߪ√–™“™π be identified. Moreover public involvement  à߇ √‘¡„Àâª√–™“™π√à«¡°—π§—¥·¬°¢¬–°àÕπ∑‘Èß √«¡∂÷ß°“√ √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„® and full participation will be a great help in „Àâª√–™“™π√à«¡°—π„™â ‘π§â“∑Ë’¡’∫√√®ÿ¿—≥±å ’‡¢’¬«∑’Ë àߺ≈¥’µàÕ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ the war against the cityûs trash À√◊Õ°”Àπ¥¢Õâ ¬°‡«πâ „π°“√‡°∫Á ¿“…’µÕà  ‘π§â“∑‡Ë’ ªìπ¡µ‘ √µàÕ ‘ßË ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ In situation of air pollution in Bangkok √». ¥√. ‘√π‘ ∑√‡∑æ °≈à“««à“ ç°“√·°ªâ í≠À“‡√◊ËÕߢ¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬µÕâ ß„™â hasnût yet reach the alarming state, the city °≈¬∑ÿ ∏Àå ≈“¬¥“â π√«à ¡°π— ·≈–«∏‘ °’ “√°”®¥— ¢¬–∑¥Ë’ ∑’  Ë’ ¥ÿ  ”À√∫— §π∑«Ë— ‰ª §Õ◊ apparently has an air pollution situation. There °“√§—¥·¬°¢¬–°àÕπ∑‘Èß ‡™àπ §—¥·¬°¢¬–Õ—πµ√“¬ÕÕ°¡“°àÕπ ∑Ë’‡À≈◊Õ°Á were reports of the locations where poor air ®–‡ªπì ¢¬–‰¡Õà π— µ√“¬·≈«â ·≈–∫“ß «à π “¡“√∂π”¡“À¡πÿ ‡«¬’ π„™„â À¡‰à ¥â quality were monitored. Most are in the highly ‡™πà æ≈“ µ‘°À√◊Õ‡À≈Á° °≈“¬‡ªìπ¢¬–∑¡’Ë §’ “à ¥—ßππÈ— À“°¡°’ “√®—¥°“√·¬° populated areas and the areas with heavy ¢¬–„À™â —¥‡®π®– “¡“√∂°”®—¥¢¬–¡Ÿ≈ΩÕ¬‰¥Õâ ¬“à ß¡’ª√– ∑‘ ∏¿‘ “æ∑ ’Ë ¥ÿ é traffic. The considerable amount of micro particles were found at Rama 6 road in  à«π ∂“π°“√≥å¥â“π¡≈æ‘…∑“ßÕ“°“»„π°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√¬—߉¡à∂÷ß front of Ministry of Science and Technology, ¢È—π«‘°ƒµ ·µà°Á‡ªìπªí≠À“ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡∑’ˇÀÁπ‰¥â™—¥‡®π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–„π‡¢µ Onnuch intersection, Mansri intersection, ™ÿ¡™π¢π“¥„À≠à ·≈–∫√‡‘ «≥∑’Ë¡°’ “√®√“®√§—∫§—Ëß ‚¥¬®“°¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈¢Õß°√¡ Yommaraj intersection and Pratunam area. §«∫§¡ÿ ¡≈æ…‘ ª≠í À“ “√¡≈æ…‘ ∑“ßÕ“°“»∑µË’ √«®æ∫«“à ¡§’ “à ‡°π‘ ¡“µ√∞“π Heavy traffic and increasing construction are „π°√ÿ߇∑æœ „πÀ≈“¬æ◊Èπ∑’Ë ‡™àπ ΩÉÿπ¢π“¥‡≈Á°´Ë÷߇ªì𠓇Àµÿ ”§—≠¢Õß thought to be cause of the pollution. Õ“°“√ªÉ«¬‡°’ˬ«°—∫√–∫∫∑“߇¥‘πÀ“¬„® ®–æ∫æ◊Èπ∑Ë’‡ ’ˬßÀ≈“¬®ÿ¥ ‰¥â·°à √¡‘ ∂ππæ√–√“¡∑’Ë 6 ∫√‡‘ «≥°√–∑√«ß«∑‘ ¬“»“ µ√·å ≈–‡∑§‚π‚≈¬’ πÕ°®“° In case of hydrocarbon gas hasnût π’Ȭ—ßæ∫∑’Ë∂ππ ÿ¢ÿ¡«‘∑ ∫√‘‡«≥ª“°´Õ¬ÕàÕππÿ™ ∂ππ∫”√ÿ߇¡◊Õß ∫√‘‡«≥ reached the hazardous level. But during the ·¬°·¡âπ»√’ ∂ππ‡æ™√∫ÿ√’ ∫√‘‡«≥·¬°¬¡√“™ ∂ππÀ≈“πÀ≈«ß ∂ππ certain hours in some areas, the amount of √“™ª√“√¿ ¬à“πª√–µπŸ ”È Õπ— ‡ªπì º≈¡“®“° ¿“æ°“√®√“®√∑’µË ‘¥¢¥— §∫— §ß—Ë the gas was considerable high. The exception √«¡∂ß÷ °“√°àÕ √â“ß∑’‡Ë æË¡‘ ¢Èπ÷ of the research strategy on air quality and air pollution monitoring is need. Government „π à«π¢Õß°ä“´‰Œ‚¥√§“√å∫Õπ ∑Ë’π”‰ª àŸªí≠À“°“√‡°‘¥°ä“´‚Õ‚´π agencies must plan and learn to respond  àߺ≈°√–∑∫°—∫§π·≈– ¿“æ·«¥≈âÕ¡ Õ“∑‘ ®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√‡®√‘≠¢Õßæ◊™ to the air pollution emergency calls. ·≈–∑”„Àâº≈º≈‘µ¢Õßæ◊™≈¥πÕâ ¬≈ß ·≈– ßà º≈µÕà √–∫∫∑“߇¥π‘ À“¬„®¢Õß ¡πÿ…¬å ·¡â®–¡’§“à ‡©≈¬’Ë ‰¡à‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π ·µ„à π∫“ß™à«ß‡«≈“°æÁ ∫§à“ ßŸ  ÿ¥∑Ë’ In case of water pollution in Bangkok. ‡°‘π¡“µ√∞“π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∫√‘‡«≥¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬√“¡§”·Àß √Õß≈ß¡“§◊Õ Each day the city releases 2.19 million cubic ‚√߇√’¬π ß‘ À√“™æ∑‘ ¬“§¡ ‡§À–™ÿ¡™π§≈Õß®Ëπ— ·≈–‚√߇√’¬πππ∑√«’ ‘∑¬“ meters of waste water into its sewage. The µ“¡≈”¥—∫ JGSEE study indicates that the incoming tendency of increasing water polution is almost πÕ°‡ÀπÕ◊ ®“°¬∑ÿ ∏»“ µ√å°“√«‘®¬— ¥â“π§ÿ≥¿“æÕ“°“»·≈«â ®–µÕâ ß¡’ inevitable. Dr.Soidao Vinichnantaratana of √ªŸ ·∫∫°“√‡Ω“Ñ √–«ß— §≥ÿ ¿“æÕ“°“»·∫∫·¡πà ¬”·≈–©∫— ‰« æ√Õâ ¡∑®’Ë –·°‰â ¢ JGSEE water pollution study team reports °√≥’©ÿ°‡©‘π‰¥â∑—π∑à«ß∑’ √«¡∑È—ß°≈¬ÿ∑∏å À√◊Õ¡“µ√°“√„π°“√≈¥¡≈æ‘… that the cityûs six water treatment plants ∑“ßÕ“°“»∑Ë’§√Õ∫§≈ÿ¡∂÷ß·À≈àߪ≈àÕ¬¡≈æ‘…µà“ßÊ ‰¥â·°à ¥â“π¢π àß can serve only the 12 per cent of the city ¥â“πÕµÿ  “À°√√¡ ¥â“π°“√°àÕ √“â ß·≈–Õ“§“√ area. Even with the full operation with plant  «à π°“√®¥— °“√πÈ”„π‡¢µ°√ßÿ ‡∑æœ §π°√ßÿ ‡∑æœ  √“â ßπ”È ‡ ¬’ °«“à «π— ≈– 2.19 ≈“â π≈°Ÿ ∫“»°å‡¡µ√ ®“°√“¬ß“π°“√®—¥∑”·ºπ∑’Ëπ”∑“ß°“√«®‘ —¬·∫∫ ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 61

¢âÕ‡ πÕ‡∫◊ÈÕßµâπ®“°°“√»÷°…“§√—ÈßπÈ’ §◊Õ °“√„À⧫“¡ ”§—≠°—∫°“√ situation is getting worse. ç¢π§πé ¡“°°«à“ ç¢π√∂é ‚¥¬®–µâÕß°”À𥇪ìππ‚¬∫“¬„Àâ™—¥‡®π«à“ The teamûs suggestion is that the government çµÕâ ß°“√„À§â π°√ßÿ ‡∑æœ ‡¥π‘ ∑“ߥ«â ¬√–∫∫¢π ßà  “∏“√≥–é ‚¥¬¡¡’ “µ√°“√ µ“à ßÊ ‡æ◊ËÕ®Ÿß„® ‡™àπ ®—¥„À¡â √’ –∫∫¢π ßà ¡«≈™π‡æË‘¡¡“°¢È÷π∑’ˇªìπ‰ª‰¥„â π should come out with the more defined ∑“ߪØ∫‘ µ— ‡‘ æÕË◊ √Õß√∫— ‡ ¬’ °Õà π ®ß÷ §Õà ¬¡¡’ “µ√°“√®”°¥— °“√„™√â ∂ «à π∫§ÿ §≈ policy on the cityûs mode of transportation. µ“¡¡“ ¢≥–‡¥¬’ «°—πµâÕß √“â ß√–∫∫°“√ª√– “πß“π√–À«“à ßÀπ૬ߓπ∑’Ë Unless it demands Bangkokians to use only √∫— º¥‘ ™Õ∫ ‡æË◊Õ √â“߇հ¿“æ·≈–≈¥§«“¡´È”´Õâ π¥â«¬ public transportation, the environmental and energy problem wil remain unsolved. Moreover  à«π¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈– Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡ √√§å √â“ß ·¡â«à“°√ÿ߇∑æ¡À“π§√ big improvement on public transportation is ®–¡°’ “√°”Àπ¥ºß— ‡¡Õ◊ ß¡“°«“à 20 ªï ·µ¢à Õâ ¡≈Ÿ ®“° ”π°— ºß— ‡¡Õ◊ ß °∑¡. °≈∫— needed. æ∫«“à ‰¡à “¡“√∂§«∫§¡ÿ °“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡Õ◊ ߉¥â ‚¥¬ª√–™“°√°√ßÿ ‡∑æœ ∑’Ë ¡’¡“°°«“à 10 ≈â“π§ππÈπ— °≈∫— ¡°’ “√°√–®ÿ°µ—«°π— „π∫“߇¢µ∑”„À¡â §’ «“¡ In case of crowded city, Bangkok has Àπ“·ππà ¢Õߪ√–™“°√ ßŸ ∂ß÷ 4 À¡π◊Ë §π/µ“√“ß°‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√ ¢≥–∑‡’Ë ¢µ™“π‡¡Õ◊ ß its city plan for over twenty years. But the À≈“¬·Ààß¡‰’ ¡∂à ÷ßÀ¡πË◊ §π/µ“√“ß°‘‚≈‡¡µ√ statistic form the Bangkok Office of City Planning itself shows that itûs lost control on the growth ¥√.°≠— ®π¬’ å æ∑ÿ ∏‡‘ ¡∏’ ®“°§≥– ∂“ªµí ¬°√√¡·≈–°“√ÕÕ°·∫∫ ¡®∏. of the city. Its population is densely populated Àπ÷Ëß„π∑’¡»÷°…“«‘®—¬°≈à“««à“ ∑’˺à“π¡“·¡â«à“®–¡’°ÆÀ¡“¬À√◊Õ¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫∑Ë’ in some areas (40,000 per one square km. §«∫§ÿ¡°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õ߇¡◊ÕßÕÕ°¡“§àÕπ¢â“ߥ’ ‡ÀÁπ‰¥â®“°¬ÿ∑∏»“ µ√å°“√ In some suburbs, the population is less that æ—≤π“¥â“πº—߇¡◊Õß·≈–°“√„™â∑Ë’¥‘π ∑Ë’·¡â®–°”Àπ¥„Àâ¡’ 统π¬å°≈“߇¡◊Õß 10,000 per one square km. ¬àÕ¬é (Sub-Center) °√–®“¬Õ¬à„Ÿ π‡¢µ™“π‡¡Õ◊ ß ‡æÕË◊ ·∫ßà ‡∫“¿“√–¢Õß Dr.Ganjanee Buddhimetee of the ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 63

 “√–π“à √⟠Green Tips çª“É ¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡à Dong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yai New World Heritage «π— ∑’Ë 14 °√°Æ“§¡ 2548 ∑ºË’ “à π¡“ §≥–°√√¡°“√殑 “√≥“ On the 14th of July, 2005, the Committee of World ¡√¥°‚≈°¢ÕßÕߧ尓√»÷°…“«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å·≈–«—≤π∏√√¡·Ààß Heritage, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and  Àª√–™“™“µ‘ (UNESCO) ‰¥âª√–°“»¢È÷π∫—≠™’ çªÉ“ Cultural Organization (UNESCO) announced çDong ¥ßæ≠“‡¬πÁ -‡¢“„À≠éà ‡ªπì ¡√¥°‚≈°∑“ß∏√√¡™“µ‘ æ√Õâ ¡°∫— Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié to be a natural world heritage ·À≈ßà ∏√√¡™“µ ‘ ”§—≠¢Õߪ√–‡∑»ÕπË◊ Ê Õ’° 7 ·Ààß ‡πÕË◊ ß®“° together with 7 other major natural resources because ‡ªπì ºπ◊ ª“É Ωπ‡¢µ√Õâ π∑Ë’Õ¥ÿ ¡ ¡∫Ÿ√≥å ¡’§«“¡À≈“°À≈“¬∑“ß of the fertile tropical rainforest, producing a biodiversity, ™’«¿“æ¡“° ‚¥¬‡ªìπ·À≈àß√«¡æ—π∏ÿåæ◊™°«à“ 800 ™π‘¥ ·≈– a major collection of more than 800 species of plants  µ— «‡å ≈¬È’ ß≈°Ÿ ¥«â ¬π¡Õ°’ 112™π¥‘ ∑ßÈ— ¬ß— ¡π’ °·≈– µ— «‡å ≈ÕÈ◊ ¬§≈“π and 112 species of mammals, including birds and reptiles ∑Ë„’ °≈â Ÿ≠æπ— ∏åÿÀ≈“¬™π¥‘ Õ“∑‘ ™–π’¡ß°Æÿ π°‡ßÕ◊ ° ’π”È µ“≈ that are scarce such as Pileated Gibbon, brown hornbill, ®√–‡¢âπÈ”®¥◊ ‡ªìπµπâ freshwater crocodiles, etc. ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß„À¡à‡ªìπº◊πªÉ“∑’Ë„À≠à∑Ë’ ÿ¥„πª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ The new world heritage is the biggest forest area ª√–°Õ∫¥«â ¬ºπ◊ ª“É „À≠à 5 ·Àßà §Õ◊ Õ∑ÿ ¬“π·Àßà ™“µ‡‘ ¢“„À≠-à of Thailand, consisting of 5 vast forest areas, that is, ∑—∫≈“π-ª“ß ’¥“-µ“æ√–¬“-·≈–‡¢µ√—°…“æ—π∏åÿ —µ«åªÉ“ Khao Yai National Park, Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida ¥ß„À≠à ¡æ’ πÈ◊ ∑√Ë’ «¡∑ßÈ— À¡¥ 4 ≈“â π‰√à °πÈ— °≈“ß√–À«“à ß∑√Ë’ “∫ ßŸ National Park, Ta Phraya National Park and Dong Yai Õ’ “π·≈–∑’√Ë “∫≈¡ÿà ¿“§°≈“ß Wildlife Preservation, a total area of 4 million rai, a central barrier between the Northeast plateau and the „πÕ¥µ’ ºπ◊ ª“É ·Àßà π‡’È §¬∂°Ÿ ‡√¬’ °¢“π«“à ç¥ßæ≠“‰øé ¥«â ¬ Central plateau. ‡ªìπªÉ“¥ß¥‘∫°«â“ß„À≠à∑Ë’‡µÁ¡‰ª¥â«¬¿¬—πµ√“¬∑—Èß®“° —µ«åªÉ“ π“π“™π‘¥ ‰¢âªÉ“ ·≈–§«“¡≈’È≈—∫¡“°¡“¬ ‡ªìπ∑’ËÀ«“¥À«—Ëπ In the past, this forest was called çDong Phayaphai,é ¢Õߧπ∑Ë—«‰ª ®π‡¡Ë◊Õ¡’°“√ √â“ß∑“ß√∂‰ø‡™Ë◊Õ¡¿“§°≈“ß°—∫ as it is a vast rainforest, full of dangers from numerous ¿“§Õ’ “π„π ¡—¬æ√–∫“∑ ¡‡¥Á®æ√–®ÿ≈®Õ¡‡°≈Ⓡ®â“Õ¬àŸÀ—« wild animals, malaria fever, and mysteries, being fright- æ√–Õߧ¡å √’ ∫—  ßË— „À‡â ª≈¬Ë’ π™Õ◊Ë ‡ ¬’ „À¡«à “à çª“É ¥ßæ≠“‡¬πÁ é ‡æÕ◊Ë ened by everyone until the construction of railway con- §«“¡√¡à ‡¬πÁ ‡ªπì  ÿ¢¢Õߺ§âŸ π∫√‡‘ «≥π’È nection between the central and the northeast. During the era of His Majesty the King Chulajormklao, had a À≈ß— ®“°¡°’ “√ √“â ß∂ππ¡µ‘ √¿“æµ¥— º“à π‡¡Õ◊Ë ‡°Õ◊ ∫ 50 ªï decree to change the name to çDong Phayayen Foresté °àÕπ ªÉ“¥ß¥‘∫º◊ππÈ’°Á∂Ÿ°§«“¡‡®√‘≠√ÿ°§◊∫‡¢â“‰ª √—∞∫“≈ for peace and happiness of the people in that area. ®Õ¡æ≈ ƒ…¥‘Ï ∏π–√—™µå ‡ªìπÀà«ß«à“º◊πªÉ“®– Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª®÷߉¥â ®—¥µÈ—߇ªìπÕÿ∑¬“π ®π°√–∑Ë—ß¡’°“√ª√–°“»„Àâº◊πªÉ“ à«πÀπ÷Ëß After Mittraphab road had been constructed for ¢Õߪ“É ¥ßæ≠“‡¬πÁ „π‡∑Õ◊ °‡¢“æπ¡¥ß√°— æπÈ◊ ∑ª’Ë √–¡“≥ 2,168 almost 50 years ago, this rainforest was invaded by the ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 65

µ“√“ß°‚‘ ≈‡¡µ√ ‡ªìπ çÕ∑ÿ ¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘‡¢“„À≠àé „πªï æ.». 2505 π—∫‡ªìπÕ∑ÿ ¬“π ·Ààß™“µ‘·Àßà ·√°„π‡¡Õ◊ ߉∑¬ °«à“∑’Ë çªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ-‡¢“„À≠àé ®–‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°„π§√Èß— π’È ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬µâÕß„™â‡«≈“π“π°«à“ 10 ªï ‚¥¬°àÕπÀπâ“πÈ’‰∑¬‡ πÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ‡¢“„À≠à„À‡â ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°‡æ¬’ ß·Àà߇¥¬’ « ·µà‰¡à‰¥â√∫— °“√殑 “√≥“ ®π≈à“ ÿ¥‰¥âºπ«° º◊πªÉ“Õ’° 4 ·Ààß„πªÉ“¥ßæ≠“‡¬Áπ §◊ÕÕÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘∑—∫≈“π Õÿ∑¬“π·Ààß™“µ‘ ª“ß ¥’ “Õ∑ÿ ¬“π·Àßà ™“µµ‘ “æ√–¬“·≈–‡¢µ√°— …“æπ— ∏ åÿ µ— «ªå “É ¥ß„À≠à‡¢“â ‰ª„π¢Õâ ‡ πÕ ∑”„À⇢“„À≠à‰¥â√—∫°“√ª√–°“»‡ªìπ¡√¥°‚≈°·Ààß∑’Ë 5 ¢Õ߇¡◊Õ߉∑¬ ®“°‡¥‘¡¡’ ¡√¥°‚≈° 4 ·Àßà §Õ◊ Õ∑ÿ ¬“πª√–«µ— »‘ “ µ√ å ‚ÿ ¢∑¬— -»√ ’ ™— π“≈¬— -°”·æ߇æ™√ Õ∑ÿ ¬“π ª√–«—µ‘»“ µ√åæ√–π§√»√’Õ¬ÿ∏¬“ ·À≈àß‚∫√“≥§¥’∫â“π‡™’¬ß ®.Õÿ¥√∏“π’ ·≈–‡¢µ √—°…“æπ— ∏å ÿ µ— «ªå “É ∑ßàÿ „À≠πà ‡√»«√-À«â ¬¢“·¢ßâ „π°“√ª√–°“»§√—ÈßπÈ’ ¬Ÿ‡π ‚°¬—ߢ÷Èπ∫—≠™’¡√¥°‚≈°„À¡àÕ’° 7 ·Ààß ‰¥â·°à §“∫ ¡∑ÿ √™‡‘ √‚∑‚°–∫π‡°“–ŒÕ°‰°‚¥¢Õß≠ªË’ πÉÿ , À∫ÿ ‡¢“ª≈“«“à „π∑–‡≈∑√“¬ ∑“ßµ–«π— µ°¢ÕßÕ¬’ ª‘ µ,å ø¬Õ√¥å 2 ·Àßà ∑“ßµ–«π— µ°¢ÕßπÕ√‡«¬,å À≈¡ÿ Õ°ÿ °“∫“µ «‡√‡¥øÕ√å∑ ‚¥¡ ∑“ßµ–«π— µ°‡©¬’ ß„µ¢â Õßπ§√‚¬Œπ— ‡π ‡∫‘√å° ·Õø√°‘ “„µâ ´ßË÷ °”≈ß— ‰¥√â ∫— °“√殑 “√≥“„À‡â ªπì Àπß÷Ë „π ß‘Ë ¡À»— ®√√¬¢å Õß‚≈°‡™πà ‡¥¬’ «°∫— ¬Õ¥‡¢“ À‘¡“≈—¬·≈–°”·æ߇¡Õ◊ ß®’π¥â«¬ progress. However, the Marshall Sarit Thanaratch was concerned about the devastation of the forest, so he had the forest been called the park until a new announcement was released that some parts of the Dong Phayayen Forest in the Phanom Dongrak mountains, an approximate area of 2,168 square kilometer, to be Khao Yai National Park in 1962, considered the first national park of Thailand. Before çDong Phayayen Forest-Khao Yaié was named to be a world heritage, Thailand had taken more than 10 years. Earlier Thailand had proposed only Kao Yai National Park to be a world heritage but hadnût been taken into consideration until 4 more forest areas of the Dong Phayayen forest; Tab Lan National Park, Pangsida National Park, Ta Phraya National Park and Dong Yai Wildlife Preservation, were added to the propose. As a result, Kha Yai was named the 5th national world heritage of Thailand. The prior world heritage places are Sukothai-Srisatchanalai-Kamphaengphet Historical Park, Ayudthaya Historical Park, Ban Chiang Archaeological Site, Udornthani Province, and Thung Yai Naresuan-Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Preservation. In this announcement, UNESCO listed 7 other new world heritages, that is, Shiretoko Peninsula on Hokkaido island of Japan, Whale valley in the desert, east of Egypt, 2 fjords of Norway, Vredefort Dome, southeastern part of Johanesberg, South Africa, currently being under consideration to be the worldû national wonder like the Himalaya and the Great Wall of China. Õâ“ßÕ‘ß/Reference : www.nextstep.co.th 66 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«

 “¬¥«à π ’‡¢¬’ « ‚¥¬ : °Õß∫√√≥“∏°‘ “√ Green Expressway by : Editorial Board 1. §«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß„π∏√√¡™“µ‘ ‡™àπ · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å·≈– 1. Does the change of nature such as sunlight and ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? the eruption of the volcano have the impact on the change of ozone? ç·¡â«à“∏√√¡™“µ‘®–¡’ à«π°”Àπ¥ª√‘¡“≥‚Õ‚´π ·µà‰¡à ‡¥à𙥗 «“à ¡º’ ≈µÕà ‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“«é çThough the nature has played the part of deter- mining the amount of ozone, it has not been clearly °“√øÕ√¡å µ«— ¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»‡°¥‘ ®“°· ßÕ≈— µ√“- seen if it has impacts on the ozone in the long-term.é ‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å ¥—ßπÈ—π°“√·ºà√—ß ’®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å®÷ß ¡º’ ≈µàÕÕµ— √“°“√‡°¥‘ ‚Õ‚´π‡™πà °—π æ≈ß— ß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å Ozone formation in the atmosphere occurs from ∂Ÿ°ª≈¥ª≈àÕ¬∑È—ß· ßÕ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ ·≈–Õπÿ¿“§ª√–®ÿ ‡™àπ ultraviolet light of the sun, so the radiation of the sun Õ‡‘ ≈°Á µ√Õπ·≈–‚øµ√Õπ®–·ª√ºπ— µ“¡°“√‡°¥‘ ®¥ÿ „π¥«ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬å has affected the rate of ozone creation as well. The „π√Õ∫ 11 ªï (11-years sunspot cycle) °“√µ√«®«Ø— ®—°√ sunûs energy will release both the ultraviolet light and · ßÕ“∑‘µ¬Àå ≈“¬Ê √Õ∫∑ºË’ “à π¡“µ—Èß·µàªï §.». 1960 · ¥ß such molecules as electron and proton, directly varied „Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“√–¥∫— ‚Õ‚´π‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈߉ª 1-2% ®“°§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥∂ß÷ with 11 years sunspot cycle. The sunlight cycle of the §à“µ”Ë  ÿ¥¢Õß«—Ø®—°√ª°µ‘ Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡§«“¡‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß past cycle since 1960 has been monitored and shown ®“°¥«ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬°å ‰Á ¡ à ßà º≈µÕà °“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π„π√–¬–¬“« that 1-2% of the ozone level has changed from its ‡æ√“–«“à ·π«‚πâ¡≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡¡’ “°°«à“ 1-2% highest to the lowest value during the regular cycle. However, the change of the sun has had no impact to √ªŸ ¿“æÀπ“â ∂¥— ‰ª· ¥ßæ≈ß— ß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬µå ßÈ— ·µªà ï §.». the ozoneûs change in long run as the declining trend 1978 ¡’§à“ Ÿß ÿ¥„πªï §.». 1980 ·≈– 1991 ·≈–µ”Ë  ¥ÿ „πªï of ozone has been 1-2% more prevalent. The figure 1985 ·≈– 1996 ·≈–®– Ÿß ÿ¥Õ’°§√È—ß„πªï §.». 2002 ·µà below shows the energy from the sun since 1978 with ‚Õ‚´π¬ß— §ß≈¥≈ß„π™«à ßππÈ— °“√ª√–‡¡π‘ ‚Õ‚´π„π√“¬ß“𠉥â the highest value in 1978 and 1991 and the lowest in ®“°°“√æ‘®“√≥“Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈®“°¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å¥â«¬ ·≈–®“°°“√ 1985 and 1996, and will reach its peak again in 2002 µ√«®«¥— ·≈–·∫∫®”≈Õ߉¥·â  ¥ß„À‡â ÀπÁ «“à Õπ¿ÿ “§®“°¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰ø However, the ozone has still been on its declining trend ‰¡à “¡“√∂‰ª∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‰¥â‚¥¬µ√ß ¡’‡æ’¬ßªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®“° during that time. The ozone estimated in the report has §≈Õ√’π®“°°“√ —߇§√“–Àå¢È÷π°—∫Õπÿ¿“§º‘«æ◊Èπ∑Ë’‡æË‘¡°“√ Ÿ≠ been derived from the assessment of the sunûs influ- ‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»„πªí®®ÿ∫—π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–®“°ªØ∫‘ µ— °‘ “√ ence as well. The eruption of volcano can directly inject ·≈–°“√µ√«®∫√√¬“°“»‰¥â· ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“ ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’∑’Ë substances into ozone but the measurement and simu- º‘«æ◊Èπ¢ÕßÕπÿ¿“§¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø∑Ë’æÿàß°√–®“¬ Ÿà µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ lation have show that the volcanoesû particles cannot ≈à“ß𔉪 àŸ°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π ‚¥¬°“√‰ª‡æË‘¡§«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ directly damage ozone. Only the reaction from chlorine ¢Õߧ≈Õ√’π„π√Ÿª¢Õß°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß‚§√ß √â“ß∑“߇§¡’®“° produced from the synthesis with neutron surface can  “√ —߇§√“–Àå‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å Õ¬à“߇™àπ CFCs °“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß increase the ozone depletion in the atmosphere now- ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø ‡™àπ Agung (1963) Fuego (1974) El Chichon adays. Especially the survey of operation and atmo- (1982) ·≈– Pinatubo (1991) ‡ªìπµâπ º≈®“°¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø sphere has indicated that the chemical reactions at ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ « Ô 67

Pinatubo ‰¥â‡æË‘¡Õπÿ¿“§∑’Ë®–‰ª‡æ‘Ë¡ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“‡§¡’‡ªìπ∫√‘‡«≥ the surface of the volcanoûs aerosols, injected to the °«“â ß º≈°√–∑∫®“°∏√√¡™“µ®‘ ß÷ ¢π÷È Õ¬°Ÿà ∫—  “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√π’ lower stratosphere, leading to the increased concentra- „π∫√√¬“°“»∑”πÕ߇¥’¬«°—∫‡¡¶„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑’ˢȗ«‚≈° tions of chlorine in the form of active chemical by the ‡æ√“–«à“Õπÿ¿“§®–À“¬‰ª®“° µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å 2-5 ªï synthetic substances produced by human such as CFCs, ®÷ß°√–∑∫µàÕ‚Õ‚´π™à«ß‡«≈“ —ÈπÊ ®÷߉¡à¡’º≈µàÕ§«“¡ the eruption of the volcanoes like Mt. Agung (1963), Mt. ‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß√–¬–¬“« °“√µ√«®«—¥·≈–°“√§”π«≥‰¥â™È’«à“ Furego (1974), Mt. El Chichon (1982) and Mt. Pinatubo √–¥—∫‚Õ‚´πµ”Ë °«à“ª°µ‘„πªï §.». 1992-1993 ´÷Ë߇ªìπº≈ (1991), etc. The result from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo ®“°¿‡Ÿ ¢“‰ø Pinatubo √–‡∫¥‘ æ√âÕ¡°∫— ª√¡‘ “≥§≈Õ√π’ ∑Ë ’ ߟ enhanced the aerosol to increase the extended chemical ¢π÷È „π∑»«√√… 1990 ‡∑’¬∫°—π°àÕπ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ reaction. The impact from the nature depends on the chlorine compounds in the atmosphere similar to the ·π«‚πâ¡‚Õ‚´π∑«—Ë ‚≈° ¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø√–‡∫‘¥ ·≈–«Ø— ®—°√¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å clouds in the stratosphere at the polar. Because aerosol will be depleted from stratosphere for 2-5 years, it will Trend of global ozone, eruption of volcanoes, and solar cycle affect ozone only for a short time and thus have no impact in a long-term change. The measurement and 4 calculation have indicated the lower level of ozone than usual during 1992-1993, a result of the eruption of ®”π«π ÿ®¥ sunspot ‡ªÕ√å‡ Á´π åµ°“√‡ª Ë’≈¬π·ª≈ß Percentage change 2 ‚Õ‚´π∑Ë—«‚≈° ∑≈’Ë –µ‘®¥Ÿ 00 Õß»“„µ∂â ÷ß 00 Õß»“‡ÀπÕ◊ Mt. Pinatubo, and the increased amount of chlorine Global ozone at the north to south latitude during the 1990s, compared to that before the eruption. 0 -2 -4 -6 El Crichon Mt. Pinctuto the number of sunspots -8 °“√√–‡∫‘¥¢Õß¿Ÿ‡¢“‰ø/Eruption of volcanoes 200 100 0 «—Ø®°— √¥«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬/å Solar cycle 1978 1982 1996 ª/ï y1e9a9r0 1994 1998 2. √Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ§√È—ß·√°‡¡Ë◊Õ„¥? 2. When did the first ozone hole occur? √Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘ ‡ªìπ çOzone hole over the Antarctica continent in spring ª√“°Ø°“√≥∑å ‡Ë’ °‘¥¢π÷È µâπ∑»«√√…∑’Ë 1980s ‡∑’¬∫°—∫¢âÕ¡≈Ÿ „π was a phenomenon of the early 1980s compared to Õ¥µ’ π∫— ®“° §.». 1957 the past information since 1957.é π∫— ®“°ªï §.». 1980 ‡ªπì µπâ ¡“ ‰¥‡â °¥‘ ª√“°Ø°“√≥√å Ÿ√«Ë— From 1980 on, the phenomenon of ozone hole ‚Õ‚´π ‡°¥‘ ¢÷Èπ„π™«à ߪ√–¡“≥ 3 ‡¥◊Õπ ‡Àπ◊Õ¢«È— ‚≈°„µâ „πƒ¥Ÿ occurred during the 3-month period over Antarctica in „∫‰¡âº≈‘ (‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π-惻®‘°“¬π) ‚¥¬§à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß spring (September-November) with a reduction of ozone  Ÿß ÿ¥∂÷ß 60%  à«πª≈“¬ƒ¥Ÿ√âÕπ‡¥◊Õπ¡°√“§¡-¡’π“§¡ value of up to 60%. The amount of ozone was not ª√¡‘ “≥‚Õ‚´π‰¡≈à ¥≈ß¡“°π°— ®“°°“√µ√«®«¥— ®“° ∂“πµ’ “à ßÊ declined much at the end of summer January-March. ·≈–¥“«‡∑’¬¡∫√‘‡«≥¢È—«‚≈°„µâ‰¥âº≈§≈⓬°—π °“√µ√«®«—¥ The measurement of many stations and the satellite ‚¥¬∫Õ≈≈Ÿπ · ¥ß§«“¡‡ª≈ˬ’ π·ª≈ßµ“¡§«“¡ Ÿß„Àâº≈¥ß— √Ÿª near the Antarctica produced similar result. The mea- ∑Ë’ ∂“π’ Syowa (‚¥¬ª√–‡∑»≠’˪ÿÉπ„π∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°) surement of balloon representing the change in relative æ∫«à“‚Õ‚´π≈¥≈ß∑Ë’§«“¡ Ÿß∫“ß™à«ß∑’ˇ°‘¥√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π„π·µà≈– with height showed the result as seen. Syowa station ª¢ï Õ߃¥„Ÿ ∫‰¡ºâ ≈‡‘ ∑¬’ ∫°∫— ‚Õ‚´πª°µ°‘ Õà πªï §.». 1980 ¡ ’ “‡Àµÿ (by Japan in the Antarctic continents) detected the §Õ◊ §≈Õ√π’ °Õà π∑ Ë’ µ√“‚µ ‡ø¬ï √®å –‰¥√â ∫— º≈°√–∑∫®“°§≈Õ√π’ loss of ozone at some height where ozone depletion ·≈–‚∫√¡π’ ®“°¡π…ÿ ¬πå π—È √–¥∫— ‚Õ‚´πµ“¡∏√√¡™“µ¢‘ Õß∑«ª’ exists during the spring of each year compared to the ·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°„πƒ¥Ÿ„∫‰¡âº≈‘µ”Ë °«à“ƒ¥Ÿ‡¥’¬«°—π„π∑«’ªÕ“√å°µ‘° normal ozone before 1980. Itûs cause is chlorine. Before 30-40% §«“¡·µ°µ“à ߢÕß∑ßÈ—  Õß∫√‡‘ «≥‚¥¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ (µ√«® the stratosphere had been affected by chlorine and æ∫‚¥¬ Dobson) ‡πÕ◊Ë ß®“°§«“¡‡¬πÁ ®¥— ‡ªπì 懑 »…·≈–√ªŸ ·∫∫ bromine by man-made, the natural ozone level of the ¢Õß≈¡„πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«¢Õß µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢Õß∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° Antarctica continent in spring was lower than that of ‡¡ÕË◊ ‡∑¬’ ∫°∫— Õ“√°å µ°‘ §«“¡‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß∑“ßÕµÿ πÿ ¬‘ ¡«∑‘ ¬“„π the Arctic by 30-40%. The difference of the two areas  µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√‰å ¡à “¡“√∂Õ∏‘∫“¬√√Ÿ —Ë«‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ‡æ√“–®“°°“√ by nature (found by Dobson) was from the excessive µ√«®«¥— æ∫«“à Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ¢‘ Õß µ√“‚µ ‡ø¬ï √¢å Õß·Õπµ“√°å µ°‘ „π cold it produced and the pattern of wind during winter by the stratosphere of the Antarctica continent compared 68 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

√– —¥∫§«“¡ Ÿß (°‘‚≈‡¡µ√)ƒ¥ÀŸ 𓫉¡¡à °’ “√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß °Õà π∑®Ë’ –‡°¥‘ √√Ÿ «—Ë ‚Õ‚´π„π·µ≈à – with those of the Arctic. The meteorological change in Height Level (kilometer)ª„ï π‡¥Õ◊ π°π— ¬“¬π „π∑“ß°≈∫— °π—  ß‘Ë ∑‡Ë’ ¥πà ™¥— §Õ◊  “√ª√–°Õ∫ stratosphere could not explain ozone hole since from §≈Õ√π’ ·≈–‚∫√¡π’ ∑Ë’ ß— ‡§√“–À¢å π÷È ‡ªπì  “‡Àµ¢ÿ Õß°“√ ≠Ÿ À“¬ the measurement it was found that the temperature of ‰ª¢Õß‚Õ‚´π„πÀ≈“¬ª∑ï º’Ë “à π¡“ stratosphere in winter was unchanged before ozone hole occurred annually in September. In contrast, what °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π„πƒ¥„Ÿ ∫‰¡ºâ ≈‘ ≥  ∂“π’ Syowa - ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ°‘ prominent was chlorine chemicals and bromine The decrease of ozone level in spring at Syowa station - the Antarctica continent synthesized, causing ozone depletion during the past years. °àÕπ‡°‘¥√√Ÿ «—Ë ‚Õ‚´π 3. Why does ozone hole occur at the Antarctica 30 §.». 1966-1980 continent while CFCs and Halon are mostly released in the northern hemisphere? Before the ozone hole (1966-1980) çThe Earthûs atmosphere circulates around the world. Gases destroying ozone are mixed with the air circulating 20 in the atmosphere, including Antarctica, which does not depend on where the release of source is but on 10 ™«à ß∑ˇ’ °‘¥√√Ÿ —«Ë ‚Õ‚´π those gases which have more destroying impact at the §.». 1991-1997 Antarctic than any other places.é During the ozone hole The release of CFCs and Halon (bromine com- (1991-1997) pounds) occurs mostly over the northern hemisphere. Approximate release of 90% is from Europe, Russia, Ja- 0 0 5 10 15 20 pan, and the North America. Those of CFCs and Halon ª√¡‘ “≥‚Õ‚´π (§«“¡°¥, ¡≈‘ ≈-‘ ª“ §“≈) arenût dissolved in water and wonût cause any reaction, but they will remain in the lower atmosphere within 1-2 The amount of ozone (pression, milli-Pascal) years and build up to stratosphere in the tropical regions where the lighter air is floating and 3. ∑”‰¡√√Ÿ —«Ë ‚Õ‚´π‡°‘¥¢Èπ÷ ‡ÀπÕ◊ ∑«ª’ ·Õπµ“√°å µ°‘ ‡¡ÕË◊ CFCs wind blows them to both north and south ·≈– Halon  à«π„À≠à∂Ÿ°ª≈àÕ¬„π´’°‚≈°‡Àπ◊Õ? polar. The air of the entire stratosphere around the world, therefore, has chlorine and bromine as compo- ∫√√¬“°“»¢Õß‚≈°¡°’ “√À¡πÿ ‡«¬’ π‚¥¬≈¡√Õ∫‚≈° °“ä ´∑’Ë nents. For the south polar, it contains a massive area of ∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π®–º ¡°—∫Õ“°“»∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π‰ª‚¥¬∑—Ë« the Antarctica continent, surrounded by oceans and ∫√√¬“°“» √«¡∑ßÈ— ·Õπµ“√°å µ‘°¥â«¬ ‰¡¢à È÷π°∫— «“à ·À≈àߪ≈Õà ¬ being symmetric, thus, causing a very cold air during Õ¬Ÿà∑’Ë„¥ ¢÷Èπ°—∫‡ßË◊Õπ‰¢«à“°ä“´‡À≈à“πÈ—π®–¡’º≈µàÕ°“√∑”≈“¬ winter of the stratosphere over the continent. As the air ‚Õ‚´π∑·’Ë Õπµ“√°å µ°‘ ¡“°°«à“‡¡ËÕ◊ ‡∑¬’ ∫°—∫∑’ËÕπË◊ divided by the circulatory winds around the edge of the continent, the temperature is very low, leading to °“√ª≈àÕ¬´’‡Õø´’·≈–Œ“≈Õπ ( “√ª√–°Õ∫‚∫√¡’π) the formation of polar stratospheric clouds, inducing the  à«π¡“°‡°¥‘ ∫√‘‡«≥´°’ ‚≈°‡ÀπÕ◊ ª√–¡“≥ 90% ¡“®“°¬ÿ‚√ª chemical change, enhancing the activation of chlorine √— ‡´¬’ ≠˪’ Éÿπ ·≈–Õ‡¡√‘°“‡Àπ◊Õ °ä“´æ«°´‡’ Õø´·’ ≈–Œ“≈Õπ and bromine and the rapid destruction of ozone layer. ‰¡à≈–≈“¬„ππ”È ·≈–‰¡à∑”ªØ‘°‘√‘¬“®–§≈ÿ°‡§≈â“„π∫√√¬“°“» Each year when the sun returns in September-October, ™π—È ≈“à ß¿“¬„π 1-2 ªï ·≈–®–¢πÈ÷ ‰ª°∫— Õ“°“»∂ß÷  µ√“‚µ ‡ø¬ï √å the result is the production of Antarctic Ozone Hole. ∫√‘‡«≥‡¢µ√âÕπ´Ë÷ßÕ“°“»‡∫“µ—«®÷ß≈Õ¬µ—«¢÷Èπ ·≈–≈¡æ—¥ Õ“°“»‡À≈à“π’ȉª¬—ß∫√‘‡«≥¢—È«‚≈°∑ȗ߇Àπ◊Õ·≈–„µâ ¥—ßπ—Èπ The illustration presents the expanded ozone hole Õ“°“»µ≈Õ¥™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å∑Ë—«‚≈°®÷ß¡’ à«πª√–°Õ∫¢Õß through the 1980s. It was the result of the increase of §≈Õ√π’ ·≈–‚∫√¡π’ ∫√‡‘ «≥´°’ ‚≈°„µâ ¢«È— ‚≈°¡ ’ «à π¢ÕßæπÈ◊ ∑«ª’ substances destroying ozone in the atmosphere. Unlike the Antarctica, the temperature of the Arctic is not very ™Èπ— ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer æ√âÕ¡· ¥ß√–¥—∫Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘ Atmosphere and Ozone Layer with the level of temperature ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢’¬« Ô 69

·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°∑Ë’°«â“ß„À≠à≈âÕ¡√Õ∫¥â«¬¡À“ ¡ÿ∑√ ·≈–°“√¡’ low in consecutive weeks like that of Antarctica, so ozone ≈°— …≥– ¡¡“µ√π∑È’ ”„Àƒâ ¥ÀŸ π“«¡Õ’ “°“»‡¬πÁ ®¥— „π™πÈ—  µ√“‚µ ‡ø¬ï √å is depleted less and then it canût be called ozone hole. ‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª ‡æ√“–Õ“°“»∂Ÿ°·¬° à«π‚¥¬≈¡∑’ËÀ¡ÿπ‡«’¬π√Õ∫ (The criterion is <220 Dobson Unit in the polar region. ¢Õ∫∑«ª’ ®ß÷ ¡Õ’ ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ∑‘ µ’Ë Ë”¡“° ∑”„À‡â °¥‘ ‡¡¶„π™π—È  µ√“‚µ ‡ø¬ï √å ¢«È— ‚≈°(Polarstratosphericclouds)´ßË÷ π”¡“´ß÷Ë °“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß 4. Does loss of ozone cause the increase of ∑“߇§¡’  à߇ √‘¡„Àâ§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π¡’°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß ultraviolet light at the surface? ‚§√ß √“â ß·≈–∑”„À‡â °¥‘ °“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ¬“à ß√«¥‡√«Á ‡¡Õ◊Ë ∑«ª’ ‰¥√â ∫— · ß·¥¥„π‡¥Õ◊ π°π— ¬“¬π-µ≈ÿ “§¡„π·µ≈à –ªï º≈§Õ◊ ‡°¥‘ çOzone depletion is expected to increase surface √√Ÿ —Ë«‚Õ‚´π‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘° (Antarctic Ozone Hole) UV levels because ozone absorbs UV light.é √Ÿª· ¥ß¢π“¥¢Õß√Ÿ√—Ë«‚Õ‚´π∑Ë’°«â“ߢÈ÷πµ≈Õ¥∑»«√√…∑’Ë The sun releases radiation or energy, including those 1980s ´Ë÷߇ªìπº≈®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫∑Ë’∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿß¢÷Èπ„π released in the form of high ultraviolet radiation, around ∫√√¬“°“»  ¿“«–¢Õß∑«ª’ Õ“√°å µ°‘ ‰¡‡à À¡Õ◊ π°π— ‡æ√“–Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ‘ 2%, horizontally. Some of these are UV-B* that are detri- „πƒ¥ŸÀπ“«™—Èπ µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å¢ÕßÕ“√å°µ‘°‰¡àµ”Ë ¡“°µ‘¥µàÕ mental to human and living creatures, such as, skin °π— À≈“¬ ª— ¥“À‡å ™πà „π¢«È— ‚≈°„µâ ‚Õ‚´π®ß÷ ≈¥≈ßπÕâ ¬°«“à ·≈– burnt, skin cancer, and eye diseases. The amount of UV ¬ß— ‰¡∂à ß÷ ‡°≥±∑å ‡’Ë √¬’ °√√Ÿ «—Ë ‚Õ‚´π (‡°≥±§å Õ◊ <220 Dobson Unit reception lies on the location of the Earthûs surface, the „π‡¢µ¢È—«‚≈°) amount of ozone in the atmosphere, clouds, and polution. Sciencetists believe that the disappearance of clouds ≈°— …≥–°“√‡µ‘∫‚µ¢Õß√√Ÿ «—Ë ‚Õ‚´π or pollution during ozone depletion will lead to increases The pattern of ozone holeûs expansion in surface UV. The higest depletion of ozone for the past 15 years, observed in the Antarctica continent 1979 1986 during September-October when ozone hole occurred, as well as the measurement of UV radiation and ozone 1991 1996 level in many stations, found that there was much more UV light than the regular level in Sandiego, California, 4. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑’ËæÈ◊π‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ where the sun is at its height with the horizontal column. À√◊Õ‰¡à? Where only small amount of ozone depletion occurs, it is difficult to detect whether or not the UV-B increases, °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ∑Ë’æÈ◊π‡æË‘¡¢÷Èπ particularly through the measurement of the trend of ‡æ√“–«à“‚Õ‚´π‡ªπì µ—«¥¥Ÿ °≈◊π√—ß ’Õ≈— µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ UV-B radiation, which associated with the decline of ozone. Itûs because of the complexity when clouds ¥«ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬åª≈àÕ¬√—ß À’ √Õ◊ æ≈ß— ß“π„π™à«ß°«â“ß √«¡∑ß—È ∑’Ë around, the pollution, and the condition of equipment Õ¬Ÿà„π√Ÿª√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µæ≈—ßß“π Ÿß¥â«¬ ª√–¡“≥ 2% used for many years, etc. Approximately at the end of ∫“ß à«π§◊Õ UV-B* ∑¡Ë’ ‡’ ªìπÕπ— µ√“¬µàÕ¡π…ÿ ¬å·≈– ‘ßË ¡’™’«µ‘ 1980s the equipment available were not accurate enough ‡™πà º«‘ Àπ—߉À¡‡â °√’¬¡ ¡–‡√Áߺ«‘ Àπß— ·≈–‚√§µ“ ª√‘¡“≥√ß—  ’ for measuring UV-B, so the information from old stations UV ∑ˉ’ ¥â√—∫¢È÷πլట —∫µ”·Àπßà ∑µ’Ë —ßÈ ∫πæ◊πÈ ‚≈° ª√¡‘ “≥‚Õ‚´π with no specific use might be rarely trustworthy. Itûs „π∫√√¬“°“» ‡¡¶ ·≈–¡≈¿“«– π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√凙◊ËÕ«à“°“√ particularly true for the measurement of paralleling cloudûs ‰¡¡à ‡’ ¡¶À√Õ◊ ¡≈¿“«–„π¢≥–∑‚’Ë Õ‚´π ≠Ÿ ‡ ¬’ ‰ª ∑”„À√â ß—  ’ UV conditions or the absence of pollution. While the ‡æ‘Ë¡¢È÷π∑Ë’æ◊Èπ‚≈° °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π¡“° ÿ¥„π√Õ∫ 15 ªï measurement of stations away from the community without pollution produces a high quality measure, the reduction of ozone is then correlated with the rise of UV-B. The illustration presents the measurement during clear sky from 6 stations, showing that the reduced ozone leads to the increase of UV-B. 70 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

∑Ë’ºà“π¡“∑’Ëæ∫‡Àπ◊Õ∑«’ª·Õπµ“√å°µ‘°™à«ß‡¥◊Õπ°—𬓬π- 5. Does ozone depletion cause climate change? µÿ≈“§¡ ∑Ë’‡°‘¥√Ÿ√Ë—«‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—∫°“√µ√«®«—¥√—ß ’ UV °—∫ ‚Õ‚´πæ√âÕ¡°—π„πÀ≈“¬ ∂“π’æ∫«à“√—ß ’ UV ¡’¡“°‡°‘π çOzone depletion causes climate change but it is √–¥—∫ª°µ‘„π‡¡◊Õß San Diego, California ´÷Ëߥ«ßÕ“∑‘µ¬å not a major factor.é ∑” ¡ÿ ¡  Ÿ ß °— ∫ · π « √ “ ∫ „ π ∫ √‘ ‡ « ≥ ∑Ë’ ¡’ ° “ √  Ÿ ≠ ‡  ’ ¬ ‚ Õ ‚ ´ π πâÕ¬ ‡ªìπ°“√¬“°∑’Ë®–µ√«® Õ∫«à“ UV-B ‡æ‘Ë¡¢È÷πÀ√◊Õ‰¡à Ozone in the atmosphere has effects on the 2 ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®·π«‚πâ¡¢Õß√—ß ’ UV-B ∑’Ë —¡æ—π∏å°—∫ sides of temperatureûs balance, that is, the absorption ‚Õ‚´π∑Ë’≈¥≈ß ‡æ√“–§«“¡´—∫´âÕπ„π°√≥’‡¡¶ ¡≈¿“«–·≈– of ultraviolet radiation, which will make the stratosphere  ¿“«–¢Õ߇§√◊ËÕß¡◊Õ∑’Ë„™â‡ªìπ‡«≈“À≈“¬ªï ‡ªìπµâπ √“«ª≈“¬ warmer, and the absorption of infrared radiation, emitted ∑»«√√… 1980 ¬—߉¡à§àÕ¬¡’‡§√Ë◊Õß¡◊Õ∑’Ë∂Ÿ°µâÕ߇∑’ˬߵ√ß from the Earthûs surface, which is a good confinement  ”À√—∫µ√«®«—¥ UV-B ¡“°π—° ¥—ßπÈ—π¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈®“° ∂“π’„π of the heat from Troposphere. Therefore, the impact of ‡¡◊Õß∑Ë’‡°à“·°à ·≈–‰¡à„™à ”À√—∫„™â‡©æ“–¥â“πÕ“®∑”„Àâ¢âÕ¡Ÿ≈ the variation of ozone depends on how high the ozone ‡™Ë◊Õ∂◊Õ‰¥â¬“° ‚¥¬‡©æ“–°“√µ√«®§«∫§àŸÀ“§«“¡µà“ߢÕß is. The loss of ozone, as a result of chlorine and bromine-  ¿“«–‡¡¶ À√◊Õ¡≈¿“«–¬ß— ‰¡§à Õà ¬¡’ ¢≥–∑°Ë’ “√µ√«®„π ∂“π’ containing gases caused by human at the lower strato- ∑Ë’Àà“߉°≈·À≈àß™ÿ¡™πª√“»®“°¡≈¿“«– ®–‡ªìπ°“√µ√«® sphere, leads to the cooler of the Earthûs surface. It is §≥ÿ ¿“æ ßŸ °“√≈¥≈ߢÕß‚Õ‚´π®ß÷ ®– Õ¥§≈Õâ ß°∫— °“√‡æ¡‘Ë ¢π÷È expected, in contrast, that ozone will increase around ¢Õß UV-B the surface or troposphere because the pollution in the air warms the globe or greenhouse effect. To compare ¿“æ· ¥ß°“√µ√«®«¥— ∑¢’Ë ≥–∑Õâ ßø“Ñ ·®¡à „ ®“° 6  ∂“π’ the impacts of ozone change with other types of gases · ¥ß„Àâ‡ÀÁπ«à“‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë≈¥≈ß∑”„Àâ√ß—  ’ UV-B ‡æ¡Ë‘ ¢Èπ÷ in the atmosphere, doing the accurate calculation is considered difficult. From the picture, the opaque graph 5. °“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π∑”„Àâ¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ßÀ√◊Õ‰¡à? represents the temperature change while the transparent one represents ozone change; it has found that the °“√ ≠Ÿ ‡ ¬’ ‚Õ‚´π∑”„À¿â ¡Ÿ Õ‘ “°“»‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈߉¥Àâ ≈“¬∑“ß increased CO2, generated by fuel burning such as coal, ·µ‰à ¡à„™à “‡ÀµÀÿ ≈—° fuel, and natural gas, causes the most changes to climate. Currently, CO2 in the atmosphere increases ‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»¡’º≈°√–∑∫µàÕ ¡¥ÿ≈Õÿ≥À¿Ÿ¡‘¢Õß 50% compared with 50 years ago. For other green- ‚≈° 2 ¥â“π §◊Õ°“√¥Ÿ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’Õ—≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ®–∑”„Àâ house gases such as methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åÕ∫Õàÿπ¢÷Èπ ·≈–¬—ߥŸ¥°≈◊π√—ß ’ chlorofluorocarbon compounds, surface ozone (Tropo- Õ‘πø√“‡√¥∑’˪≈¥ª≈àÕ¬®“°º‘«‚≈° ‡ªìπ∑Ë’‡°Á∫§«“¡√âÕπ®“° spheric ozone), atmospheric ozone (Stratospheric Ozone), ™È—π‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å∑’Ë¥’ ¥—ßπÈ—πº≈°√–∑∫®“°§«“¡º—π·ª√‰ª the graph represents the outcome. The climate change ¢Õß‚Õ‚´π ®÷ߢ÷ÈπÕ¬àŸ°—∫§«“¡ Ÿß∑Ë’¡—πÕ¬Ÿà ‚Õ‚´π∑’Ë Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‰ª in return has impacts to ozone layer as well because ‡πË◊Õß®“°°ä“´∑Ë’ª√–°Õ∫¥â«¬§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‚¥¬¡πÿ…¬å ozone is influenced by meteorological conditions and the change of components of atmosphere, caused by the climate change. The more essence is the coldest stratosphere, and it will remain still for a long time. It stimulates the ozone depletion, particularly at the polar region. The size and boundary of cooler air will cause ozone to return to its balance state even more slowly. 6. Will ozone layer return to its normal state? If it does, when will that be? çThe loss of ozone produced by chlorine compounds and bromine synthesized by man made is expected to gradually phase out by mid 21st century when such ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ « Ô 71

„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√åµÕπ≈à“ß∑”„À⺑«‚≈°‡¬Áπ≈ß „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π compounds slowly disappear from the atmosphere by §“¥«à“‚Õ‚´π®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ∑Ë’∫√‘‡«≥º‘«æÈ◊πÀ√◊Õ‚∑√‚æ ‡øï¬√å natural process.é ‡æ√“–«“à ¡≈¿“«–„πÕ“°“»∑”„À‚â ≈°Õπÿà ¢πÈ÷ À√Õ◊ ª√“°Ø°“√≥å ‡√◊Õπ°√–®° (Greenhouse Effect) °“√‡ª√’¬∫‡∑’¬∫ The success came from the agreement among º≈°√–∑∫¢Õß°“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π°∫— °“ä ´„π∫√√¬“°“»™π¥‘ international nations on the discontinued production ÕπË◊ ∂Õ◊ ‡ªπì °“√¬“°∑®Ë’ –§”π«≥‰¥∂â °Ÿ µÕâ ß ®“°√ªŸ °√“ø·∑ßà ∑∫÷ and use of ozone-destroying substances. The full ·∑πÕ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ∑‘ ‡Ë’ ª≈¬’Ë π ·∑ßà  ¢’ “«·∑𧫓¡‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß‚Õ‚´π compliance to the agreement will contribute to the æ∫«“à CO2 ∑’‡Ë æ‘Ë¡¢π÷È ∑”„Àâ¿¡Ÿ ‘Õ“°“»‡ª≈ˬ’ π·ª≈ß¡“° ¥ÿ ´ßË÷ success of recovery of ozone layer through various ‡°‘¥®“°°“√‡º“‰À¡â‡™È◊Õ‡æ≈ß‘ µà“ßÊ ‡™πà ∂“à πÀ‘π πÈ”¡—π ·≈– implementations. The main actions are summarized as °“ä ´∏√√¡™“µ‘ ª®í ®∫ÿ π— CO2 „π∫√√¬“°“»‡æ¡Ë‘ ¢πÈ÷ 30% ‡∑¬’ ∫ follows: °∫— 50 ª°ï Õà π °“ä ´‡√◊Õπ°√–®°Õ◊πË Ê ¡’º≈¥ß— °√“ø ‡™àπ ¡‡’ ∑π (CH4) ‰πµ√ — ÕÕ°‰´¥å (N2O)  “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ‚√ø≈ÕŸ Õ‚√- 1981 Deep understanding of the capacity of chlorine §“√å∫Õπ (CFCs) ‚Õ‚´πº‘«æ◊Èπ (Tropospheric Ozone) and bromine in relative to ozone depletion ‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“» µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å (Stratospheric Ozone) „π∑“ß°≈—∫°—π°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ߢÕß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈°°Á¡’º≈ 1985 The adoption of the Vienna Convention for °√–∑∫µàՙȗπ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π‡™àπ°—π ‡æ√“–‚Õ‚´π‰¥â√—∫ the protection of the ozone layer Õ∑‘ ∏æ‘ ≈®“°¿“«–∑“ßÕµÿ πÿ ¬‘ ¡«∑‘ ¬“ ·≈–‚¥¬§«“¡‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß Õߧåª√–°Õ∫„π∫√√¬“°“»∑’ˇ°‘¥®“°°“√‡ª≈’ˬπ·ª≈ß 1987 The existing of Montreal Protocol on phase ¿Ÿ¡Õ‘ “°“»  Ëß‘  ”§≠— §◊Õ µ√“‚µ ‡ø¬ï √å∑ˇ’ ¬πÁ ¡“°∑’Ë ÿ¥ ·≈–¬—ß out of substances that deplete the ozone layer §ß‡ªìπ‡™àππÈ’‡ªìπ‡«≈“π“𠇪ìπ Ë‘ß°√–µÿâπ°“√ Ÿ≠‡ ’¬‚Õ‚´π ‚¥¬‡©æ“–‡¢µ¢—È«‚≈° „πªí®®ÿ∫—π¢π“¥·≈–¢Õ∫‡¢µ¢Õß°“√ 1990 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting ‡¬πÁ ≈ß ®–∑”„À™â —Èπ‚Õ‚´π°≈—∫§π◊  ¿“懥‘¡™â“ÕÕ°‰ªÕ’° substances were amended in London (London Amend- ment) to discontinue producing and use of ozone-de- °“√‡ª≈¬’Ë π·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡π◊ËÕß®“°°“ä ´µ“à ßÊ „π∫√√¬“°“» stroying substances (CFCs, Halons) by year 2000 among the developed nation and 2010 among the developing The climate change due to different gases in the atmosphere countries and added controlling measures on other sub- stances, that is, CCl by year 2000 and Methyl Chloro- °“√‡¬πÁ ≈ß Relative Importance °“√√Õâ π¢÷πÈ 4 Cooler Hotter form by year 2005 in the developed countries. Nowadays §“√å∫Õπ‰¥ÕÕ°‰´¥å 136 members, including Thailand, ratified the amendment. Carbon dioxide 1992 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet- ¡’‡∑π ing substances were amended in Copenhagen Methane (Copenhagen amendment) by changing the time of discontinuing production and use of ozone-depleting ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å substances to be enforced earlier from year 2000 to be Nitrous oxide 1995 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet- §≈Õ‚√ø≈ÕŸ Õ‚√§“√∫å Õπ ing substances were amended at Vienna (Vienna Amend- Chlorofluorocarbon ment) concerning other additional articles such as the 10-years permission extended to the developed nations ‚Õ‚´π„π‚∑√‚æ ‡ø¬ï √å in adoption under the commitment of controlled sub- Tropospheric Ozone stances of CFCs, Halons, CCl , and Methyl Chloroform, ‚Õ‚´π„π µ√“‚µ ‡øï¬√å/Stratospheric Ozone 4 6. ™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π®–°≈—∫§◊π ¿“æÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ∂â“°≈—∫§◊π®–‡ªìπ including the use of Methyl Bromide amount on the ‡¡◊ËÕ„¥? basis of the figure of 1994. °“√ ≠Ÿ ‡ ¬’ ‚Õ‚´π‡°¥‘ ®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√π’ ·≈–‚∫√¡π’ 1997 The provisions on the control of ozone-deplet- ∑¡’Ë π…ÿ ¬ å ß— ‡§√“–À¢å πÈ÷ §“¥«“à ®–§Õà ¬Ê À“¬‰ªª√–¡“≥°≈“ß ing substances were amended in Montreal (Montreal »µ«√√…∑Ë’ 21 ‡¡Ë◊Õ “√ª√–°Õ∫‡À≈à“πÈ’§àÕ¬Ê À“¬‰ª®“° Amendment) concerning other additional articles such ∫√√¬“°“»‚¥¬°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘ as the control of Methyl Bromide to reduce by 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% within 1999, 2001, 2003, and 2005 §«“¡ ”‡√Á®Õ—ππÈ’‡°‘¥®“°¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑»„π respectively for developed nations. For developing °“√À¬ÿ¥º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π °“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕ µ°≈ßÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑Ë’®–™à«¬„Àâª√– ∫§«“¡ ”‡√Á®„π°“√øóôπøŸ™—Èπ ‚Õ‚´π‰¥â ¥«â ¬°“√¥”‡ππ‘ °“√µ“à ßÊ ∑ Ë’ ”§—≠Ê ‚¥¬¬àÕ ¥ß— π’È 72 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢¬’ «

ªï §.». 1981 ¡’§«“¡‡¢â“„®Õ¬à“ß≈÷°´÷Èß∂÷ß»—°¬¿“æ¢Õß ™—Èπ∫√√¬“°“»·≈– Ozone Layer/ §≈Õ√π’ ·≈–‚∫√¡’π„π°“√∑”≈“¬™È—π‚Õ‚´π Atmosphere and Ozone Layer ªï §.». 1985¡Õ’ π ÿ ≠— ≠“‡«¬’ ππ“ ”À√∫— æ∑‘ °— …™å π—È ‚Õ‚´π nations, the reduction of 20% and 100% were applied (Vienna Convention) by 2005 and 2015 respectively. ªï §.». 1987 ¡æ’ ‘∏’ “√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈«“à ¥«â ¬°“√‡≈°‘ „™ â “√ 1999 The provisions on the control of ozone-depleting ∑”≈“¬™πÈ— ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π (Montreal Protocol) substances were amended in Beijing (Beijing Amend- ment) concerning other additional articles such as the ªï §.». 1990 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ control of bromochloromethane and hydrochlorofluoro- ∑”≈“¬™Èπ— ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ßÿ ≈Õπ¥Õπ (London Amendment) carbon. „Àâ¡’°“√‡≈‘°º≈‘µ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π (CFCs, Halons) ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 „πª√–‡∑»æ≤— π“ ·≈–ªï §.». 2010 „π Chlorine and bromine declined in 1995 as it took ª√–‡∑»°”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ·≈–‡æ‘Ë¡¡“µ√°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√µ—«ÕË◊π§◊Õ 3-6 years to have mixed them with the surface air and CCl4 ¿“¬„πªï §.». 2000 ·≈– ‡¡∏‘≈ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ ¿“¬„πªï drifted into the atmosphere. Then, chlorine remained §.». 2005 „πª√–‡∑»æ≤— π“ ª®í ®∫ÿ π— ¡ ’ ¡“™°‘ „À â µ— ¬“∫π— ·≈«â stable and gradually reduced. With full compliance ®”π«π 136 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑Èß— ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ with the agreement, it will revive the ozone layer to its normal state by mid 21st century. Compared with the ªï §.». 1992 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ rapid depletion of CFCs, the recovery slowly takes place ∑”≈“¬™πÈ— ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ßÿ ‚§‡ªπ‡Œ‡°π (Copenhagen Amend- as it takes the natural process to decompose chlorine ment) ‚¥¬‡ª≈Ë’¬π‡«≈“‡≈‘°º≈‘µ ·≈–„™â “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π„Àâ and bromine from the atmosphere. The approximate ‡√«Á ¢π÷È ®“°ªï §.». 2000 ‡ªπì §.». 1996  ”À√∫— ª√–‡∑»æ≤— π“ duration time of CFCs ranges 50 years to many hundred ‡æ¡‘Ë  “√§«∫§¡ÿ ‰Œ‚¥√‚∫√‚¡ø≈ÕŸ Õ‚√§“√∫å Õπ (HBFCs) ·≈– years. However, the future of ozone layer lies on many ‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈ŸÕÕ‚√§“√å∫Õπ (HCFCs)  “√∑¥·∑π factors apart from chlorine and bromine compounds, ™Ë—«§√“«´÷Ëß¡’»—°¬¿“æ„π°“√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πµË” √«¡∑—Èß ‡¡∏‘≈ such as methane, nitrous oxide, atomic sulfate in ‚∫√‰¡µå ‡¢â“‰ª¥â«¬ ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’ ¡“™‘°„Àâ —µ¬“∫—π·≈â«®”π«π conjunction with the climate change. Ozone, conse- 101 ª√–‡∑» √«¡∑—ßÈ ª√–‡∑»‰∑¬ quently, will not be the same as pre-1980s. However, the finding of ozone loss and agreements will help ªï §.». 1995 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ preserve and prevent the problems that may occur. ∑”≈“¬™È—π‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ÿ߇«’¬ππ“ (Vienna Amendment) The picture shows previous amount of chlorine and ‡°¬’Ë «°∫— ¢Õâ ‡æ¡‘Ë ‡µ¡‘ Õπ◊Ë Ê ‡™πà °”Àπ¥√–¬–‡«≈“ºÕà πºπ— 10 ªï bromine and projected outcome. If the Montreal „Àªâ √–‡∑»°”≈ß— æ≤— π“¥”‡ππ‘ °“√µ“¡æπ— ∏°√≥¢’ Õß “√§«∫§¡ÿ Protocol and other resolutions hadnût been established, °≈àÿ¡ “√ CFCs Halons CCl4 ·≈– ‡¡∏≈‘ §≈Õ‚√øÕ√å¡ √«¡ CFCs and other ozone-depleting substances would have ∂÷ß„Àâ„™ªâ √‘¡“≥ Methyl Bromide µ“¡µ«— ‡≈¢ªï §.». 1994 been increased in the atmosphere. The amount of ‡ªìπ‡°≥±å ªï §.». 1997¡°’ “√·°‰â ¢¢Õâ °”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§¡ÿ  “√∑”≈“¬ ™È—π‚Õ‚´π ≥ π§√¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕ≈ (Montreal Amendment) ‡°¬’Ë «°—∫¢Õâ ‡æ‘¡Ë ‡µ¡‘ ÕË◊πÊ ‡™πà °“√§«∫§¡ÿ ‡¡∏‘≈ ‚∫√‰¡µå „Àâ ≈¥≈ß 25% 50% 75% 100% ¿“¬„πªï 1999, 2001, 2003 ·≈– 2005 µ“¡≈”¥∫—  ”À√∫— ª√–‡∑»æ—≤π“ „Àâ≈¥≈ß 20% ·≈– 100% „πªï §.». 2005 ·≈– 2015 µ“¡≈”¥—∫ „πª√–‡∑» °”≈—ßæ—≤π“ ªï §.». 1999 ¡’°“√·°â‰¢¢âÕ°”Àπ¥„π°“√§«∫§ÿ¡ “√ ∑”≈“¬™πÈ— ‚Õ‚´π ≥ °√ßÿ ª°í °ß‘Ë (Beijing Amendment) ‡°¬’Ë «°∫— ¢âÕ‡æ‘Ë¡‡µ‘¡ÕË◊πÊ ‡™à𠧫∫§ÿ¡ “√‚∫√‚¡§≈Õ‚√¡’‡∑π ·≈– ‰Œ‚¥√§≈Õ‚√ø≈ÕŸ Õ‚√§“√å∫Õπ §≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π‡√¡Ë‘ ≈¥≈ß„πªï §.». 1995 ‡æ√“–«“à µâÕß „™‡â «≈“ 3-6 ªï „π°“√§≈°ÿ ‡§≈â“°∫— Õ“°“»∑ºË’ «‘ æπ◊È ·≈–¢πÈ÷ ‰ª ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ « Ô 73

„π∫√√¬“°“» ®“°πÈ—πª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π®–‡√Ë‘¡§ß∑’Ë·≈– chlorine and bromine in 2050 would have been 10 ≈¥≈ßÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ¥â«¬°“√ªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡¢âÕµ°≈ßÕ¬à“߇µÁ¡∑Ë’ times of those in 1980. The agreements will direct the ®–∑”„Àâ™È—π‚Õ‚´π„π∫√√¬“°“»°≈—∫§◊π¡“„π ¿“æª°µ‘ release of ozone-depleting substances as the dashed ª√–¡“≥°≈“ß»µ«√√…∑’Ë 21 °“√°≈—∫§◊πÕ¬à“ß™â“Ê ‡∑’¬∫ line of the picture. °—∫°“√∂Ÿ°∑”≈“¬Õ¬à“ß√«¥‡√Á«‚¥¬ CFCs ‡æ√“–µâÕßÕ“»—¬ ‡«≈“„π°√–∫«π°“√µ“¡∏√√¡™“µ‘∑’Ë®– ≈“¬§≈Õ√’π·≈– º≈®“°¢âÕµ°≈ß√–À«à“ߪ√–‡∑» ‚∫√¡π’ ®“°∫√√¬“°“» Õ“¬¢ÿ Õß CFCs  «à π¡“°Õ¬„Ÿà π™«à ß 50 ∂÷ßÀ≈“¬√âÕ¬ªï Õ¬à“߉√°Áµ“¡Õ𓧵¢Õß™—Èπ‚Õ‚´π¬—ߢÈ÷π°—∫ µàÕ°“√≈¥·≈–‡≈°‘ „™ â “√∑”≈“¬™—πÈ ‚Õ‚´π Õߧªå √–°Õ∫ÕπË◊ πÕ°®“° “√ª√–°Õ∫§≈Õ√π’ ·≈–‚∫√¡π’ ¥«â ¬ ‡™àπ ¡’‡∑π ‰πµ√— ÕÕ°‰´¥å Õπÿ¿“§´—≈‡øµ µ≈Õ¥®π°“√ The outcome of the international agreement on the reduction ‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‚≈° ‡ÀµÿπÈ’™È—π‚Õ‚´π¥Ÿ‡À¡◊Õπ®–‰¡à ‡À¡◊Õπ°∫— ™«à ß°àÕπ∑»«√√… 1980 π°— ‰¡à«“à ®–Õ¬à“߉√°µÁ “¡ and discontinuation the use of ozone-destroying substances °“√§πâ æ∫≈°— …≥–°“√ ≠Ÿ ‡ ¬’ ‰ª‚Õ‚´π·≈–¢Õâ µ°≈ßµ“à ßÊ ®– ™à«¬„Àâ°“√√—°…“·≈–ªÑÕß°—πªí≠À“∑’Ë®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ‰¥â √Ÿª· ¥ß 20 ª√‘¡“≥§≈Õ√’π·≈–‚∫√¡’π„πÕ¥’µ·≈–°“√ª√–‡¡‘π·π«‚πâ¡ ∑”π“¬º≈À“°‰¡¡à æ’ ∏‘  ’ “√¡Õπ∑√Õ’ Õ≈·≈–°“√·°‰â ¢µ“à ßÊ·≈«â ª ‘√¡“≥ ’Ë∑ ’¡Õ¬àŸ ( à «πµàÕæ—π≈â“π à «π) À“°‰¡¡à æ’ ∏‘  ’ “√ ¡Õπ∑√’ÕÕπ CFCs ·≈– “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´πÕ◊ËπÊ ®–‡æ‘Ë¡¢÷Èπ„π∫√√¬“°“» ª√¡‘ “≥ §≈Õ√π’ ·≈–‚∫√¡π’ ‡∑¬’ ∫°∫— ªï §.». 1980 ®–‡ªπì 10 ‡∑“à Existent amount (1:1,000 million ratio) If the Protocol Montreal ª√–¡“≥„πªï §.». 2050 µ√ß°π— ¢“â ¡°“√¡¢’ Õâ µ°≈ßµ“à ßÊ ®–„Àâ 15 non-existed º≈°“√ª≈Õà ¬ “√∑”≈“¬‚Õ‚´π‡ªìπ‰ªµ“¡‡ πâ ª√– ¥—ß√ªŸ 1987 ≈Õπ¥Õπ 10 London 1990 ‡«¬’ ππ“ Vienna 5 Co‚p§en‡ªhaπg‡eŒn‡°19π92 1995 ¡Õπ∑√Õ’ Õ≈ Montreal 1997 0 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 ª/ï Year Õ“â ßÕß‘ Reference 1. ¢Õâ ¡Ÿ≈®“°°√¡Õµÿ πÿ ¬‘ ¡«‘∑¬“ www.tmd.go.th 1. Information from the Meteorology Department www.tmd.go.th *æ≈—ßß“π®“°¥«ßÕ“∑µ‘ ¬åπ—πÈ ‡¥π‘ ∑“ß¡“¬ß— ‚≈°„π√Ÿª¢Õß√—ß Õ’ ≈— µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ À√◊Õ √—ß ¬’ Ÿ«’ (UV) ∑Ë’¡Õ’ ¬à¥Ÿ ⫬°—π “¡™π¥‘ §Õ◊ ™π‘¥‡Õ (UVA) ™π¥‘ ∫’ (UVB) ·≈– ™π¥‘ ´’ (UVC) §«“¡‡¢â¡¢âπ¢Õß√ß—  ’¬Ÿ«π’ ¡È’ ’¡“°∑’ Ë ¥ÿ „π™à«ß‡«≈“ 10.00-16.00 π. √ß—  ’Õÿ≈µ√“‰«‚Õ‡≈µ‡ªìπæ≈—ßß“π∑Ë„’ π√Ÿª§≈Ë◊π·¡à‡À≈°Á ‰øøÑ“ ‰¡à “¡“√∂¡Õߥ⫬µ“ √ß—  ’ ¬«Ÿ ’-‡Õ (UV-A) ‡ªπì √ß—  ’∑Ë¡’ ’æ≈ß— ß“πµË” ‰¡à∑”„À⇰‘¥º«‘ ‰À¡„â π√–¬– π—È ·µ¡à º’ ≈‡ ¬’ µÕà º‘«„π√–¬–¬“« ‡æ√“– “¡“√∂∑–≈ºÿ à“π‡¢“â ∂ß÷ º«‘ ™È—πÀπß— ·∑â (Dermis) °àÕ„À‡â °¥‘ Õπÿ¡Ÿ≈Õ‘ √–∑”≈“¬º‘« πÕ°®“°π’Ȭ—߇¢â“‰ª∑”≈“¬‡ âπ„¬§Õ≈≈“‡®π·≈–Õ’≈“ µ‘π ´÷Ëß∑”Àπâ“∑Ë’§ß§«“¡°√–™—∫ ·≈–¬◊¥À¬àÿπº‘«„Àâ≈¥ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ≈ß ·≈–¬—ßÕ“® àߺ≈ µÕà °“√‡°‘¥¡–‡√Áß∑’˺‘«Àπ—߉¥â √—ß ¬’ Ÿ«’-∫’ (UV-B) ‡ªπì √—ß ’∑¡’Ë æ’ ≈ß— ß“π ßŸ ¡’§«“¡‡¢¡â ¢Õß· ß ßŸ  ÿ¥„πµÕπ‡∑’¬Ë ß«π— ·≈–™«à ߇«≈“„πƒ¥√Ÿ Õâ π∑¡Ë’ Õ’ “°“»√âÕ𮥗 √ß—  ¬’ Ÿ«-’ ∫’  “¡“√∂ Õà ßµ√ß∑”≈“¬º‘«™π—È Àπ—ß°”æ√“â (Epidermis) ´ßË÷ ‡ªìπº‘«™—Èπ∫π ÿ¥ ∑”„À⺫‘ ‡ª≈’ˬπ‡ªπì  ‡’ ¢¡â ¢πÈ÷ ‡°¥‘ §«“¡À¡Õߧ≈È” ®ÿ¥¥à“ߥ”·≈–ΩÑ“‰¥â ´Ë÷ß°“√‡ª≈¬Ë’ π·ª≈ß ‡À≈à“π‡È’ °‘¥®“°‡´≈≈∑å Ë™’ ◊ËÕ ‡¡≈“‚π‰´¥å (Melanocyte) ∑ÕË’ ¬∫Ÿà √‡‘ «≥™—Èπ≈“à ß ÿ¥¢Õß™—πÈ Àπ—ß°”æ√“â ∑”Àπâ“∑Ë ’ √“â ߇¡¥Á  ∑’ ’‡Ë √’¬°«“à ‡¡≈“π‘π (Melanin) ´ßË÷ ‡ªπì µ«— °”Àπ¥  ’º‘«¢Õß·µà≈–§π„Àâ·µ°µà“ß°—π ‡¡◊ËÕº‘«‰¥â√—∫√—ß ’π’ÈÕ¬àŸ‡ªìπª√–®”°Á®–‡°‘¥°“√°√–µâÿπ„Àâ √â“߇¡≈“π‘π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢÷Èπ ®÷ß àߺ≈„Àâ ’º‘«§≈È”¡“°¢È÷π πÕ°®“°π’È√—ß ’¬Ÿ«’-∫’¬—ß Õ“®‡ªπì  “‡Àµÿ„À‡â °¥‘ ¡–‡√ßÁ º«‘ Àπ—߉¥â‡™àπ°π— √ß—  ¬’ Ÿ«’-´’ (UV-C) ‡ªìπ√—ß ∑’ ËÕ’ π— µ√“¬µàÕº‘«¡“°∑Ë ’ ¥ÿ ·µ¬à ß— ‰¡ à “¡“√∂∑–≈ÿºà“π™π—È ∫√√¬“°“»‚Õ‚´π≈ß¡“∂÷ߺ«‘ ‚≈°‰¥â *Energy of the Sun reaches the Earth in the form of ultra violet radiation or what is called UV, which is composed of 3 types, that is, UVA, UVB, and UVC. The most concentration of UV is during 10.00-6.00. Ultra violet is electric wave, invisible to human eyes. UV-A is a low energy radiation. It has no impact on the human skin in a short term, but it causes sunburn on human skin in a long period of time because it can penetrate the skin at the Dermis level, producing free radicals which can damage skin. Besides, it also damages collagen and elastin, mechanism for fitness and elasticity of the skin to be less effective, and causes skin cancer as well. UV-B is a high energetic radiation, with its most intensity at midday and during the hot summer. With direct exposure to UV-B, it can directly damage the epidermis, an outer layer of skin, causing darker color of skin, spots, and scum. Such changes are the result of the cell, called Melanocyte, a cell at the lowest level of the epidermis, producing pigment called melanin, the primary determinant of different human skin color. When the skin is constantly exposed to this radiation, it stimulates creation of more melanin, leading to the darker skin. UV-B, in addition, is also another cause of skin cancer. UV-C is the most harmful radiation to the skin, but still it is unable to pass through the ozone to the Earthûs surface. 74 Ô ‡ âπ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

ÀâÕߢ“à « ‚¥¬ :  “¬¢“à « Environment News by : News Line Team ‡ŒÕ√‡‘ §π·§∑√π’ “ ∫∑‡√¬’ π∑§Ë’ π‰∑¬§«√„ „à ® (Àπß—  Õ◊ æ‘¡æå¢à“« ¥ «—π∑’Ë 12 µ≈ÿ “§¡ 2548)  ∂“∫π— World Watch ´ßË÷ ‡ªπì Àπ«à ¬ß“π∑¡Ë’ ™’ Õ◊Ë ‡ ¬’ ß∑“ߥ“â π ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡¢ÕßÕ‡¡√°‘ “ √“¬ß“π«“à π∫— µßÈ— ·µªà ï §.». 1980 ¡’¿—¬æ‘∫—µ‘∑Ë’‡°’ˬ«°—∫¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»‡°‘¥¢È÷π∑—Ë«‚≈°√«¡∑È—ß È‘π 12,000 §√È—ß  √â“ߧ«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„Àâ·°à‡»√…∞°‘®‚≈°√«¡∑—Èß È‘π 1.3 ≈“â π≈â“π‡À√¬’ ≠ À√∞— œ ‚¥¬„π∑»«√√… 1980 §«“¡‡ ¬’ À“¬¡§’ “à ‡©≈¬’Ë ª√–¡“≥ 26,000 ≈â“π‡À√¬’ ≠ À√∞— œ/ªï „πªï §.». 2004 §«“¡‡ ¬’ À“¬ °≈∫— ¡¡’ Ÿ≈§à“‡æË¡‘ ¢π÷È ‡ªπì 104,000 ≈â“π‡À√’¬≠ À√—∞œ ·≈–‡©æ“–§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬∑‡Ë’ °‘¥®“°‡ŒÕ√‡‘ §π·§∑√π’ “Õ¬à“߇¥’¬« ßŸ ∂ß÷ 200,000 ≈“â π‡À√¬’ ≠ À√—∞œ  ∂“∫π— World Watch ¬ß— ‡µÕ◊ π«“à À“°‚≈°‡√“¬ß— §ß¡’°“√„™âæ≈—ßß“π®“°·À≈ßà øÕ ´‘≈„πÕ—µ√“∑’ˇæË¡‘ ¢Èπ÷ ·∫∫π’È ·≈– ∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√—欓°√∏√√¡™“µ‘·≈– Ë‘ß·«¥≈âÕ¡Õ¬à“ßµàÕ‡π◊ËÕß °“√º®≠°—∫§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢÕß擬ÿ·≈–‰¥â√—∫§«“¡‡ ’¬À“¬„π √–¥∫— ‡¥’¬«°∫— ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π·§∑√π’ “ ‡ªπì ‡√ÕË◊ ß∑’ÀË ≈°’ ‡≈’¬Ë ߉¡à‰¥â „π¢≥–∑Ë’π—°«‘∑¬“»“ µ√å¥â“π¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“» °Á¡’§«“¡‡ÀÁπµ√ß°—π«à“ °“√‡ª≈Ë’¬π·ª≈ß¿Ÿ¡‘Õ“°“»®“°¿“«–‚≈°√âÕ𠇪ìπ ªí®®—¬ ”§—≠∑’Ë∑”„Àâ擬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑Ë’‡°‘¥„𻵫√√…π’È¡’§«“¡√ÿπ·√ߢ÷Èπ («—¥∑Ë’§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß™à«ß‡«≈“∑Ë’ ‡°‘¥) ‡πË◊Õß®“°æ“¬¥ÿ —ß°≈“à «¡’°“√ – ¡æ≈—ßß“π‡æ‘Ë¡¡“°¢πÈ÷ ‚¥¬„π√Õ∫ 30 ªï∑Ë’ºà“π¡“æ∫«à“ æ≈—ßß“π∑’˪≈àÕ¬®“°æ“¬ÿ‡ŒÕ√‘‡§π∑—Ë«‚≈° ¡’§à“‡©≈Ë’¬‡æË‘¡¢È÷πª√–¡“≥ 70% À√◊Õ ‡∑¬’ ∫‡∑“à °—∫§«“¡‡√Á«≈¡∑‡Ë’ æË‘¡¢È÷π 15% ·≈–§«“¡¬“«π“π¢Õß°“√‡°¥‘ 擬ÿ‡æ¡‘Ë ¢÷Èπª√–¡“≥ 60% πÕ°®“°π’È §«“¡µÕâ ß°“√°“√‡µ∫‘ ‚µ∑“ߥ“â π‡»√…∞°®‘ πÕ°®“°®–∑”„À¡â °’ “√¢¬“¬°®‘ °√√¡∑“ߥ“â π°“√º≈µ‘ ·≈–∫√‚‘ ¿§ ÕÕ°‰ª·≈«â ¬ß— ¡°’ “√∑”≈“¬∞“π∑√æ— ¬“°√∏√√¡™“µ·‘ ≈– ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡‡ªπì ®”π«π¡“° ·≈–Õ¬“à ßµÕà ‡πÕË◊ ß„π∑°ÿ ¿¡Ÿ ¿‘ “§¢Õß‚≈° ∑ßÈ— π’È ‡æ◊ÕË ¢¬“¬¢’¥®”°—¥„π°“√æ≤— π“∑“ߥâ“π‡»√…∞°®‘ ÕÕ°‰ª ‡™πà °“√∑”≈“¬ªÉ“‰¡â™“¬Ωíßò ª“É ™“¬‡≈π  π— ∑√“¬ ∑·Ë’ µà‡¥¡‘ ‡§¬∑”Àπ“â ∑’ˇªìπ·π«°—π™π擬ÿµ“à ßÊ „À‡â ªπì æÈπ◊ ∑Ë’∑àÕ߇∑¬Ë’ « Hurricane Katerina, The Lesson Thai People should Concern (Khao Sod Newspaper, 12 October 2005) World Watch Institute, a well-known agency for the environment of the United States, reported that since 1980 12,000 weather-related disasters occurred around the world, causing a total of 1.3 trillion USD in the worldûs economic losses. Average annual economic losses from such events have been $ 26,000 million in the 1980s, but the total cost of such disasters has risen to $ 104,000 million and only the disaster-specific-Hurricane Katerina-cost have been up to $ 200,000 million. World Watch Institute still warned that if the world consumes the fossil fuel at this increasing rate and continuously destroys the natural resources and environment fundamental, the confrontation with the severity of storms and the same catastrophe currently experienced is unavoidable. While the weather-related scientists all have the consensus that the climate change from global warming is a major factor to have caused the increased intensity of the Hurricane Katrina (measured by the wind speed and the duration of its occurrence) since such storm has accumulated more power. During the last 30 years, the power released by the hurricane around the world was on average increasing approximately 70% or an equivalent of 15% increase of the speed and approximate 60% increase of the long- time occurrence of the storm. In addition, the need of economic growth not only leads to the expansion of production and consumption activity, it also devastates the number of fundamental of natural resources constantly in every part of the world aiming at the extent of the economic development capacity. For example, the deforestation of the coastal forest, mangrove forest, and sand dune used to be storm barrier have been carried out for tourist areas. ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 75

 Ëß‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡‡≈«√⓬∑”§π 50 ≈“â π¬â“¬∂Ë‘π (Àπß—  ◊Õæ‘¡æ¡å µ™‘ π «π— ∑Ë’ 12 µÿ≈“§¡ 2548)  ∂“∫—π Ëß‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡·≈–§«“¡¡πË— §ß¢Õß¡π…ÿ ¬å ¡À“«‘∑¬“≈—¬ Àª√–™“™“µ‘ ‡º¬√“¬ß“π‡¡◊ËÕ«π— ∑’Ë 11 µ≈ÿ “§¡ √–∫«ÿ “à  ¿“æ ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡∑‡Ë’ ≈«√“â ¬≈߇√Õ◊Ë ¬Ê Õ“®®–∑”„Àªâ √–™“°√‚≈°√“« 50 ≈“â π§π µÕâ ßÕæ¬æ®“°∂π‘Ë ∞“π∑ÕË’ ¬¢Ÿà Õßµ«— ‡Õß¿“¬„π ªï æ.». 2553 Õπ— ‡πÕ◊Ë ß¡“®“°§«“¡·Àßâ ·≈ßâ °“√‡æ¡‘Ë ¢πÈ÷ ¢Õß√–¥∫— π”È ∑–‡≈ °“√‡°¥‘ π”È ∑«à ¡·≈–擬ÿ ´ßË÷ ‡°¬’Ë «‚¬ß°∫— Õ≥ÿ À¿¡Ÿ ‘ ‚≈°∑’ Ë ߟ ¢πÈ÷ ®π∑”„Àâª√–™“°√‚≈°π∫— √âÕ¬≈â“π§π‰¥√â —∫º≈°√–∑∫ 𓬮“πÕ  ‚∫°“√奒 À—«Àπâ“ ∂“∫—π„π‡¡◊Õß∫Õππå ª√–‡∑»‡¬Õ√¡π’ ‰¥âÕÕ°¡“‡µ◊Õπ„Àâ∑ÿ°ΩÉ“¬‡µ√’¬¡√—∫¡◊Õ°—∫ ‡Àµ°ÿ “√≥å∑’ˇ°¥‘ ¢πÈ÷ ‡æ√“–§“¥«à“Õ“®®–¡’º≈⟠¿È’ ¬—  ‘Ëß·«¥≈Õâ ¡‡°‘¥¢π÷È √“« 50 ≈“â π§π ´ß÷Ë Õ“®®–‡ªìπ‰¥â∑ßÈ— ª√–™“°√„π¬‡Ÿ §√π À√◊ÕÕ‘µ“≈’ ·≈–À“°‡≈«√⓬∑ ’Ë ÿ¥°®Á –¡’º≈Ÿâ ’¿È ¬—  ß‘Ë ·«¥≈âÕ¡¡“°∂÷ßæπ— ≈“â π§π∑‡’ ¥¬’ « °√–ππ—È °µÁ “¡ ‚∫°“√¥å §’ “¥«“à ¡ª’ √–™“°√√“« 20 ≈“â π§π ∑°Ë’ ”≈ß— ∂°Ÿ ¿¬— ∏√√¡™“µ√‘ °ÿ √“πÕ¬ÕŸà π— ‡πÕ◊Ë ß¡“®“°ª≠í À“∑‡Ë’ °¥‘ ¢÷Èπ®“°°“√∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ π∫— µÈ—ß·µàª≠í À“‡√◊ÕË ß°“√∑”°“√‡°…µ√‰ª®π∂ß÷ ª≠í À“¿“«–π”È ‡ªπì æ‘… ´ß÷Ë ª≠í À“¥—ß°≈“à «‰¥â  àߺ≈°√–∑∫µÕà ª√–™“°√π—∫≈â“π§π„π´—∫´“Œ“√“ ·Õø√°‘ “ Õ‘π‡¥’¬ ·≈–‡Õ‡™’¬·≈«â πÕ°®“°π’È ∑“ß ∂“∫—π¬—߇√’¬°√âÕß„Àâ¡’°“√¬Õ¡√—∫§«“¡§‘¥‡√◊ËÕß ∂“π–¢ÕߺŸâ≈È’¿—¬∏√√¡™“µ‘ ´÷ËßÀ¡“¬∂÷ߪ√–™“™π∑’Ë µÕâ ßÕæ¬æÕÕ°®“°∂π‘Ë ∞“πÕπ— ‡πÕË◊ ß¡“®“° ¿“æ·«¥≈Õâ ¡∑‡’Ë ≈«√“â ¬≈ß Õπ— ‡ªπì ∫§ÿ §≈∑§’Ë «√‰¥√â ∫— §«“¡™«à ¬‡À≈Õ◊ ¥“â πÕ“À“√ ‡§√◊ÕË ß¡◊Õ ∑Ë’æ°— Õ“»—¬ °“√√°— …“欓∫“≈ ·≈–‰¥√â —∫°“√¬Õ¡√—∫‡™πà ‡¥’¬«°—∫ºâŸ≈¿È’ —¬∑“ß°“√‡¡◊Õß Àπ¿’ —¬ ß§√“¡À√Õ◊ ∂Ÿ°°¥¢Ë’ ¢à¡‡Àß (√Õ¬‡µÕ√)å Worsening Environment, 50 million people Immigrating (Matichon Newspaper, 12 October 2005) The Environment and Human Security Institute, the United Nations University, revealed the report on October 11th that the worsening environment may have caused the approximate 50 million of world population to mitigate their own settlement by 2010 due to droughts, the increase of sea level, flood and storms, which are linked to the rise of global temperature affecting hundred millions of the world population. Mr. Janos Bogardi, the head of the Institution in Bonn, Germany, warned those involved preparing to handle the existing situation as it was estimated the environment based immigrants of about 50 million, who could be people in Ukraine or Italy, and the worst was the expected number of up to 1,000 million immigrants. However, Mr.Bogardi expected that 20 million people are threatening by the natural disasters caused by the destruction of the environment, ranging from the agricultural problem to contaminated toxic water problem. Such problems have already affected millions of people in the Sub-Sahara Africa, India and Asia. The Institute is demanding for the acceptance of the status of the environment-related immigrants, meaning that, people who immigrate from their settlement due to worsening environment should be supported in terms of food, equipment, home, health care, and being accepted as the same refugees who immigrated for the reason of politics, war or abuse. (Reuter) 76 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ‡’ ¢¬’ «

‡æ¡‘Ë ‚∑… √.ß. Õµÿ œ ∑”≈“¬ ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ µß—È √“ß«≈— π”®∫— ¥ß÷ ™¡ÿ ™π Õ¥ Õà ß (Àπ—ß ◊Õæ‘¡æ¡å µ™‘ π «π— ∑Ë’ 2 惻®°‘ “¬π 2548) π“¬Õ ‘  √– ‚™µ∫‘ √ÿ °“√ Õ∏∫‘ ¥°’ √¡‚√ßß“πÕµÿ  “À°√√¡ ‡ª¥î ‡º¬«“à „π‡√«Á Ê π°’È √–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡‡µ√¬’ ¡®–ª√–°“» ‡æ‘Ë¡∫∑≈ß‚∑…‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑’ˉ¡àªØ‘∫—µ‘µ“¡√–‡∫’¬∫¢âÕ∫—ߧ—∫¢Õß°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ‚¥¬‡©æ“–∑’Ë¡’ à«π‡°Ë’¬«¢âÕß°—∫  ßË‘ ·«¥≈Õâ ¡∑ßÈ— „π‡√Õ◊Ë ß°“√°”®¥— °“°Õµÿ  “À°√√¡ °“√ª≈Õà ¬πÈ”‡ ¬’ ·≈–¡≈æ…‘ ∑“ßÕ“°“» ®“°‡¥¡‘ ∑®’Ë –¡‚’ ∑…ª√∫—  ßŸ  ¥ÿ ‡æ¬’ ß 10,000-20,000 ∫“∑ ‡æ¡Ë‘ ‡ªπì 200,000 ∫“∑ ·∑π æ√Õâ ¡°∫— ¬ß— ®–µßÈ— √“ß«≈— „À°â ∫— º∑Ÿâ ·Ë’ ®ßâ ‡∫“–· ¢Õß‚√ßß“π∑∑’Ë ”º¥‘ °ÆÀ¡“¬ 25% ¢Õß®”π«π‡ßπ‘ ∑˪’ √∫— ‡æ◊ËÕ √â“ß°“√¡’ à«π√«à ¡„Àâ·°™à ¡ÿ ™π√Õ∫‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡·µ≈à –·Ààß„π°“√µ√«® Õ∫‚√ßß“π ç°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡°’ “√°”À𥙥— ‡®π«“à À“°∑”º¥‘ √–‡∫¬’ ∫Õ–‰√ ®–µÕâ ߪ√∫— ®”π«π‡∑“à „¥ ´ßË÷ ‚∑… ßŸ  ¥ÿ §Õ◊ °“√≈°— ≈Õ∫ °”®—¥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡ ª√—∫∑—π∑’ 200,000 ∫“∑ ·≈–‚√ßß“ππÈ—πÊ ®–µâÕߥ”‡π‘π°“√·°â‰¢∑—π∑’ ¡‘‡™àππÈ—π°Á®–¡’°“√„™â °ÆÀ¡“¬«—µ∂ÿÕ—πµ√“¬¡“∫ß— §—∫„™â ∑’Ë®–¡’‚∑…®”§°ÿ Õ¬“à ßπÕâ ¬ 2 ªï ¡“‡Õ“º¥‘ ¥«â ¬ ´÷Ëߪ®í ®∫ÿ —π‚√ßß“π∑¬Ë’ —ß∑”º¥‘ √–‡∫¬’ ∫Õ¬Ÿà ª√–¡“≥ 25% °§Á “¥«“à À≈ß— ®“°∑‡’Ë æ¡Ë‘ ∫∑≈ß‚∑…·≈«â ®–∑”„À¡â ‚’ √ßß“π∑ªË’ Ø∫‘ µ— µ‘ “¡√–‡∫¬’ ∫¡“°¢πÈ÷ À√Õ◊ ‡æ¡‘Ë ‡ªπì °«“à 99%é π“¬Õ ‘  √–°≈à“««à“ °Õà π∑Ë’®–¡’°“√ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑—«Ë ª√–‡∑»ππ—È °√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–¡’°“√ ßà Àπß—  Õ◊ ‡«¬’ π·®âß„À·â °à ‚√ßß“π∑«—Ë ª√–‡∑»∑√“∫°Õà π ‡æÕË◊ „À‡â «≈“„π°“√ª√∫— ·°„â π «à π∑¬’Ë ß— ‰¡∂à °Ÿ √–‡∫¬’ ∫ À≈ß— ®“°ππÈ— ª√–¡“≥ 1-2 ‡¥Õ◊ πÀ≈ß— ®“°πÈ’ °Á “¡“√∂ÕÕ°µ√«®‚√ßß“π∑Ë—«ª√–‡∑»‰¥â‡≈¬ ‚¥¬°√¡‚√ßß“πœ ®–‡πâπ„π°“√µ√«®‚√ßß“π¢π“¥„À≠à·≈–„π‡¢µ°√ÿ߇∑æœ ·≈–ª√¡‘ ≥±≈  à«π‚√ßß“π„πµà“ß®—ßÀ«¥— ππÈ— ∑“ߺ⟫“à √“™°“√®—ßÀ«—¥·µ≈à –®ß— À«¥— ®–‡ªìπºâ√Ÿ ∫— º‘¥™Õ∫ πÕ°®“°π’È °√–∑√«ßÕµÿ  “À°√√¡¬ß— ¡π’ ‚¬∫“¬„À‡â æ¡Ë‘ §“à ∏√√¡‡π¬’ ¡„π°“√°”®¥— °“°Õµÿ  “À°√√¡´ß÷Ë ¢≥–π°È’ √¡‚√ßß“πœ Õ¬√àŸ –À«“à ß°“√»°÷ …“«“à ®–µÕâ ߪ√∫— ‡æ¡Ë‘ ¢π÷È ‡ªπì Õµ— √“‡∑“à „¥ °∫— °“°Õµÿ  “À°√√¡ª√–‡¿∑„¥ √«¡‰ª∂ß÷ °“√∑”≈“¬«“à µÕâ ß„™«â ∏‘ ’ ∑”≈“¬¥«â ¬°“√‰¡„à À â ßà º≈°√–∑∫µÕà  ß‘Ë ·«¥≈Õâ ¡ ‚¥¬Õµ— √“§“à ∫√°‘ “√®–‰¡‡à ∑“à °π— ¥ß— ππ—È °√¡‚√ßß“πœ µÕâ ß°”Àπ¥√“§“°≈“ß ÕÕ°¡“ ‚¥¬√“§“°“√„Àâ∫√°‘ “√°”®¥— °“°œ ªí®®ÿ∫—π‡©≈Ë’¬∑Ë’ 1,000-4,000 ∫“∑/µπ— çª≠í À“¢Õß°“√°”®¥— °“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡„π¢≥–π’È §Õ◊ ¬—ß¡’‚√ßß“π∑Ë√’ ‡Ÿâ ∑à“‰¡à∂ß÷ °“√≥åπ”¢¬–‡À≈“à π’‰È ª∑Èß‘ „πæ◊πÈ ∑√’Ë °√“â ß ·≈–À≈¡ÿ Ωòíß°≈∫¢ÕßÕߧ尓√∫√‘À“√ «à πµ”∫≈ (Õ∫µ.) ´÷ßË ‰¡à‰¥¡â “µ√∞“πµ“¡∑°’Ë √¡‚√ßß“πœ °”Àπ¥ ¥—ßπÈπ— µâÕ߇√ßà  √â“ß §«“¡√Ÿâ§«“¡‡¢â“„® √«¡∂÷ß √â“ß·√ß®Ÿß„®„Àâ°”®—¥°“°Õ¬à“ß∂Ÿ°µâÕß ¡’ª√– ‘∑∏‘¿“æ ·≈–‰¡à∑”≈“¬ ‘Ëß·«¥≈âÕ¡ ‡æ√“–‡√Ë◊Õß ‡À≈à“πÈ’®– àߺ≈µàÕÕ𓧵 ªí®®ÿ∫—π¡’‚√ßß“πÕÿµ “À°√√¡∑—Ë«ª√–‡∑» 130,000 ‚√ßß“π ¡’ª√‘¡“≥°“°Õÿµ “À°√√¡∑’˵âÕß °”®¥— ª√–¡“≥ 6.4 ≈“â πµπ— ·≈–®“°®”π«π‚√ßß“π°«“à 1 · π·Àßà πÈ’ ·∫ßà ‡ªπì ®”π«π 20,000 ‚√ßß“π ∑¡Ë’ °’ “°Õµÿ  “À°√√¡ ∑’Ë°”®¥— ∑”≈“¬‰¥â¬“°é ‡ âπ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬« Ô 77

Penalty Increased for Industrial Factories Damaging Environment Incentive Reward for Community Watch Out (Matichon Newspaper, 2 November 2005) Mr.Issara Chottiburgarn, Director General of the Department of Industrial Works, revealed that the Ministry of Industry would soon increase more penalties to the industrial plants that do not conform to the rules and regulations of the Department of Industrial Works, particularly those who are involved with the environment in terms of industrial residues disposal, polluted water release, and air pollution, from the highest penalty of 10,000 -20,000 Baht to 200,000 Baht. We also have the rewards for those who offer us the inside information of the illegal plants, 25% of the fine to build engagement of each factories-neighboring community to help monitor the factories. çThe Department clearly defines which category of your illegal action falls into and how much penalty you will be fined. The highest penalty is the smuggling of industrial residues disposal with the immediate fine of 200,000 Baht and that factory is required to resolve the problem immediately, otherwise the provision of hazardous materials will be imposed, which penalizes at least 2-year imprisonment. Currently, 25% of the factories involving illegal actions are expected to comply with the new law, thus, leading to more than 99% increase of the factories complying to the regulations,é Mr.Issara said, however, that before the audit of all factories around the country, the Department would send circulating letter informing the factories over the country in advance for them to have time to correct what doesnût apply to the rules. Around 1-2 months later we could then audit the factories nationwide. The Department is aiming the audit of large factories both in Bangkok and its vicinity. For the factories outside Bangkok, the Governor of each province will be responsible. Mr.Issara said that in addition the Ministry of Industry is setting the policy of imposing more fee in industrial residue disposal, which the Department is doing more study of how much fee will be increased for which type of industrial residues in conjunction with the disposal method, which must not affect the environment. The service fee charge for this is not the same, so the Department needs to set the average fee. The current service fee for industrial residues disposal is 1,000-4,000 Baht per ton on average. çThe problem of the current industrial residues disposal is some factories are benighted dumping such waste in the depilated areas and the landfill facilities of the local administration are not up to the standard. Therefore, the education and knowledge must be rapidly promoted as well as create more incentives for correct, effective and environmental friendly method of industrial residues disposal because such issue will certainly impact the future, Mr.Issara saidé çAnd that currently there are 130,000 factories over the country and approximate 6.4 million tons of industrial residues needed to be eliminated. Of these, 20,000 factories produce industrial residues that are difficult to be disposed of. 78 Ô ‡ πâ ∑“ß ’‡¢’¬«