Technology_book (demo)

In 2012, SpaceX went down in history as the first commercial companyto launch and berth a space vehicle at the space station. While astronauttransportation is currently carried out solely by Russia’s Soyuz, SpaceXwas awarded a NASA contract to develop U.S. astronaut transportationby 2018. The company also made history in 2015 when it landed thefirst stage of its Falcon rocket back at the launch pad, which was abig step in reducing the cost of access to space by allowing the reuseof rockets. In addition to reducing such cost by a factor of 10, Muskdreams of transporting humans to Mars to establish a colony by 2040.Since there is no oxygen on Mars to support combustion, he realizesthat transport vehicles there would have to be electric powered, andtherefore, he is extremely interested in electric cars. Tesla Motors. Tesla Motors was actually established by MartinEberhard and Marc Tarpenning in 2003. It was during the financial crisisin 2008 that Elon Musk assumed leadership at Tesla. In the same year,Tesla Motors built an electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster, followedby its four-door Model S sedan in June 2012 and the launch of itsModel X, a crossover sport utility vehicle, in 2015. With the intentionof spreading the use of electric cars all over the world, Tesla Motorssells its electric power train systems to Daimler and Toyota, who areboth now long-term investors in Tesla. SolarCity. Musk initiated the concept of Solar City and providedcapital, helping his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive found the companyin 2006. Specializing in solar energy services, SolarCity is the secondlargest company that produces solar power systems in the UnitedStates. Hyperloop. In 2013, Musk unveiled his concept for high-speedtransportation-utilizing reduced-pressure tubes in which pressurizedcapsules ride on a cushion of air driven by linear induction motors andair compressors. The system is designed by engineers from SpaceXand Tesla Motors. By using a partial vacuum to reduce aerodynamicdrag, high-speed travel would theoretically be possible at relativelylow power. The system is a work in progress. 49

OpenAl. In 2015, Musk announced the creation of OpenAl,a nonprofit organization that aims to develop artificial general intelligencefor the sake of humanity. The Boring Company. In December 17, 2016, while struck in traffic,Musk tweeted about building a tunnel to avoid such congestion. To thatend, he began using his tunnel boring machines at the SpaceX campus.His idea is to put cars on electric sleds that will travel at 125 mph(200 km/h) through the tunnels, connecting various destinationstogether.What Is the Future Car? Increased urbanization means more big cities heavily congestedwith vehicles powered by internal combustion engines (ICEs), whoseexhaust-gas emissions are the major sources of greenhouse gases.In addition to being significantly quieter than ICEs, vehicles propelledby electric motors which run on energy stored in rechargeable batteriesproduce no gas emissions. China, the world's biggest automotivemanufacturer - producing more than 10 million cars per year, is urgentlypromoting the investment in the production of electric vehicles due tothe severe air pollution problem from traffic congestion in its major cities.In 2015, the Chinese set the objective of producing 3 million electriccars within 10 years, and the project drew attention from Chinesebillionaires, namely Jack Ma, the founder of Alibaba and Li Ka-sing,a real estate billionaire. Alibaba and Foxconn Technology are probablythe two best qualified candidates for reaching the objective; Foxconn,for example, announced that it would spend $2 million on manufacturingalternative fuel cars. Besides electric vehicles, China needs lithium-ionbatteries, but technology in its factories requires an upgrade in order toproduce them. Currently, China is the largest market for plug-in hybridscars, electric cars and motorcycles, and fuel cell cars. Even Volkswagen,a German company who is the world’s second largest automotiveproducer and a regarded expert in diesel engine, has been forced tojoin the electric car movement as a consequence of the increasingly 50

strict emissions standards. It was discovered that Volkswagen hadintentionally programmed its turbocharged direct injection diesel engineto activate certain emission controls only during laboratory emissiontesting, and as a result, it had to spend $18.32 billion to rectify theemission issues. After having launched the e-Golf and e-Up electriccars, Volkswagen debuted its all-electric I.D. concept car at the 2016Paris Motor Show. It will be launched into the marketplace in 2020,and has set the goal of selling a million electric cars a year by 2025. While hybrid and plug-in hybrid vehicles are intermediatetechnologies, there is no question that electric vehicles will replace ICEvehicles in the near future, but electric vehicles might not be the onlyanswer. Besides electrical vehicles with Li-ion batteries, hydrogen fuelcell vehicles, which can run for 250 km per filling, are also coming outin the market. This author personally believes that hydrogen fuel cellvehicles will make up the majority of the cars in the long run. Energy sources won’t be the only changes coming for vehiclesof the future. In “The Next Revolution in the Auto Industry,” an articlecontributed to the World Economic Forum’s January 2016 meeting,Mary T. Barra, Chairman and CEO of General Motors, makes the followingobservations and predictions. : 51

c ihrctnhahoateneasngrntlcarergoeoseWllotnlieefn5emdde0eaocao,nrrtnnee.eedrd.gmvi,np.yeoheevtstilhceironoelcuegltesrrncfoureetmnohxsimcat-.fatufIailvlaeynberleeeicdnltioosedtntvuoat1esrn0ootdrtlnhyl-eyeaeedtslhoaaarntaushten,ta,odtftohmwraifnuen1idelcl0ulihest0saodthnyroyaeibncsayawbrlsilinaeyl,l One of the most exciting advances in vehicle development is connectivity, . . . Connectivity gets more exciting when vehicles are connected with other vehicles and even the highways they travel. . . . The next step in connectivity is V2I, or vehicle-to-infrastructurecommunication. . . .When vehicles are connected to smart highways and traffic lights, then linked to highly accurate, real-time traffic updates and navigation systems, we can significantly reduce congestion and urban commute times, in addition to further improving vehicle safety. As previously stated, innovations and inventions can havedramatic effects on human and business behaviors. When technologyresponds to new customer behaviors and demands, industries, includingthe automotive sector, will be revolutionized. In a January 2016McKinsey & Company Report entitled “Disruptive Trends That WillTransform the Auto Industry,” the authors, Paul Gao, Hans-WernerKaas, Detlev Mohr, and Dominik Wee, offer the following perspectiveson the “2030 automotive revolution”: • Shared mobility and connectivity services will contribute to an approximate 30% increase in automotive revenues, adding up to $ 1.5 trillion. • Despite an increase in shared mobility, vehicle unit sales will continue to grow but probably at a rate of only 2% per year. 52

• Changes in consumer mobility behavior may result in 1 in 10 cars in 2030 being a shared vehicle, giving rise to a market for fit-for-purpose mobility solutions. • Market segmentation by city type will determine mobility behavior and, thus, the speed and scope of the automotive revolution. • In 2030, up to 15% of cars will be fully autonomous. • While becoming viable and competitive, the rate of adoption of electric vehicles will vary by locality.Tires of the Futurewbis twontpccepanoiprloxoefryrltiheooottreonntsheeoavwdhdndkceonnideudeeialuudtftutcsic-iTnhnonttoticdenihtehgritneteqrrggeewbhesisdcdvuce.ae,itaisoentctnIthtaiteortosnerageiiresrnrtcnrrumitoltwtairgeashhenrntisuyonmmecevsets“schretindcoiikavttvelennteeuarielviinlstotiromeatrrevheyeoghetpcgib,idsnsciitnpenaocyo,rgrlce.uaoioncfatefmo’snresEtlislllietleaneeninaamytdwacsceccnitgncudihibtboteersngorrde.neynrlitheelc.nciT.iodtnretaccrtwweildGMgccaoioneoochaeotlgdopnnilotceirdsiycfotvsosafrhvoy”hoed,dntasi,eastuirmyrsevaoctlntteoibeeainnteordniftaamnosrtmtoghhnhrttocan.,tyhaemdaohrnp.fdegGrsoteudTriusoreconiotrrohwusnfistmsevrogieBnieoreocisoddueorso,nsauptfienybpdofptlhtdadeebologhatefvnoasgfhueeeseirwrenereeiartst’rrcshoiscintletitccariowrearceaclaeBnleenld(arreyolapaorsaHellosmrdaslsottssl0chaednelho;thayosa3d’diarrueaspnuspmeepclrvawaeppeeetpeeoaefnwoplceetywdlnrvdhiptoateaerbcyaotortianicnfhoettrtnulnnehcbieeilpetretyllddhdeeesxyyyrt,)elimination of puncture accidents and the need to carry a spare tire. 53

Who Will Be Partners in the Automotive Industry? It can be said that the Digital Revolution has changed theway people expect to drive cars in the future, and that the internalcombustion engine will be replaced by electric power and hydrogen fuelcells. In the next 50 years, the change to electric vehicles will mean thatvarious industries will need to cooperate in order to survive and grow.Petroleum companies will be forced to change their business directionsas the consumption of petroleum-based fuels, and the price of oilwill only decrease. They will, for example, look more to natural gasinstead of crude oil. Natural gas is a clean fuel that will also be usedmore in electric power plants to replace coal. The steel industry willalso be affected by the evolution in the automotive industry becausesteel will be replaced by lighter materials, such as aluminum alloys,in car chassis and carbon composites in the bodies. With a decreasein demand for rubber hoses and seals in electric vehicles, the rubberindustry and the industry producing high-performance synthetic rubberwill similarly be affected. There will be an increased need for lithium,nickel, cobalt, aluminum, and copper metals used in producing lithiumbatteries and wiring for electric vehicles. Elon Musk’s Tesla Motors has partnered with Panasonic, whois now making battery cells for Tesla’s electric cars at the Gigafactory.The enormous factory, located just outside of Reno, Nevada, is set upby Musk to produce batteries. He wants the manufacture of batteriesto be under his control in order to save costs. Musk realizes that withthe growing need for batteries for mobile phones and other electronicdevices, as well as in electric vehicles, there will be a considerabledemand for lithium, cadmium, and nickel metals. Knowing that it willhave to compete with China, South Korea, and Japan in acquiringthese raw materials, Tesla entered into agreements with Pure EnergyMinerals and Bacanora Minerals to obtain lithium hydroxide fromClayton Valley, Nevada, and northern Mexico sites, respectively. 54

develoTpomeenntcoouf realgeectraicutcoamrso,bMileusmkaannunfaocutnucreedrs into2a0c1c4eltehraatteTetshleawould share its patented technology with other companies, and Daimlercanamd eveohnicbleoaprrdojteocctso.oApneorathteerinexbaamtteprley soyfsptaermtnse,reslheicptrisichdorwiveTesysslatesmelsls,its electric power train technology to other automotive companies,including Toyota. BMW, with its i8 electric car and the continuing development ofthe plug-in hybrid concept, is dedicated to improving urban mobilityand e-drive systems. To maintain its competitiveness in the automotivemarket, BMW is also collaborating with Toyota on developing the hydrogenfuel cell for its 2020’s cars. The company is also focusing on developingraw materials to make the car’s body lighter in weight, such as usingaluminum for the chassis and carbon composite plastics for the body. To sustain its focus on the self-driving system in its electric cars,GM acquired Cruise Automation, a software company dedicated entirelyto self-driving car technology. Volvo has partnered with Autoliv, the leaderin automotive safety systems, to create a jointly owned companyto develop the next generation of autonomous driving software.In addition, Volvo has announced its investment with Uber to developthe ride-sharing service in the United States. 55

The Automotive Industry the Southeast Asian Countries The automotive industry is one of the major industries in Thailand,with the production of 2 million cars per year. Together with themanufacture of automotive parts, the industry contributes income of300 trillion baht to the country per year, employs 400,000 people, and60% of the products are exported to other countries. Its one-ton smallpickup truck makes Thailand the world’s second largest manufacturer ofpickup trucks, exceeded only by the United States. In order to maintainits position as the largest automotive producer in Southeast Asia,Thailand’s Board of Investment has promoted the eco-car, or a smallurban car, as the next generation’s vehicles for the Thai automotiveindustry. However, it is not very successful when compared to theone-ton pickup truck. Thailand’s automotive industry is regarded as the largest amongthe 10 countries in the ASEAN, and it also exports auto parts to therest of the community. With the production of 1.2 million cars per year,Indonesian government plans to increase the volume to 2.0 million in thenext 3 years, even though its automotive industry still needs to importsome parts from Thailand. Despite the fact that Malaysia producesonly half a million cars per year, its government tried to establish theProton car as its national brand, but it faced many quality problems.Consequently, the Malaysian government invited Mitsubishi to improveits technology, and Malaysia is now producing international brands.Vietnam has had a high economic growth of 7–8% in the past 3 years.While it is now producing 5 million motorcycles per year, the continuedeconomic expansion and constant increase in middle-class income isallowing the Vietnamese to buy more cars. As a result, it is predictedthat motorcycles will experience a flat growth rate, whereas that rate willinstead be high for the automotive industry. In 2015, Vietnam’s automotiveproduction increased by 50%, to 250,000 cars, and it is projected torise to 500,000 in 3 years. Mercedes Benz, Toyota, Mazda, Honda, and 56

Hyundai all have assembly plants in Vietnam. Truong Hai Auto, a privateautomotive manufacturer, shares 50% of the automotive market inVietnam. Meanwhile, The Philippines is producing fewer than a thousandcars a year. With the trend towards electric vehicles, the Thai government,especially the Board of Investment, is seriously considering how tosustain the automotive industry in Thailand. The Energy Efficiency Plan:EEP 2015 was established, outlining goals to promote the reductionof energy usage in four sectors: transportation, industry, business,and household. One of the energy conservation measures for thetransportation sector is to promote the use of electric vehicles (EV),and a target has been set to produce 1.2 million EV cars with 690charging stations throughout the country by 2036. The Thai IndustrialStandards Institute has been assigned by the government to set upstandards for electric cars and their charging stations. The Departmentof Transport is tasked with preparing the regulation of electric carregistration. Meanwhile, the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand,Provincial Electricity Authority, and Metropolitan Electricity Authorityare determining the types of plug for charging stations. Petroleumcompanies are cooperating in building a network of charging stationsaround the country. Here is a good place to reiterate the point that technologyis changing business and industry. 57

58

5Chapter The Lithium-Ion Battery and the Hydrogen Fuel Cell Unlike gas-powered motors, electric motors do not produceany polluting emissions, are quieter, and cheaper to runin terms of the cost of gasoline and maintenance - it is mainlydue to the fact that in that it doesn’t require lubrication.As mentioned in the previous chapters, electric vehiclesare the wave of the future, but a future that, in reality,is not so far away. Obviously, electric vehicles need electricity torun on and there are presently two main ways to supply that power:lithium-ion batteries and hydrogen fuel cells.Lithium-Ion BatteryThe Element Lithium (Li) is a chemical element with an atomic number of 3.It has two isotopes, 6Li and 7Li, both of which can be found innature, with 7Li being the more abundant. Lithium is the lightestmetal in the alkali group; it is soft, silver grey in color, and hasa melting point of 180°C and a very low specific gravity at 0.534mg./cm2. Like all alkali metals, it is highly reactive and flammable.Due to the possibility of fire and explosion upon exposure to waterand moisture, lithium must be stored under an inert solvent suchas mineral oil or under a layer of petroleum jelly or paraffin wax.Astronomers believe that lithium was formed during the Big Bang 59

because it can be detected in many of the planets. This element wasalso found colliding with other heavy atoms in solar winds and cosmicrays. It exists in human, animal, and plant cells as well. Lithium does not naturally occur on Earth in elemental form, butit is rather found in the form of an ion compound, which is soluble inseawater and in clay around the sea. To obtain lithium metal, seawater isevaporated and electrolyzed to produce natural lithium-ion compounds.Lithium is a soft metal with a melting point of 180°C and has very lowspecific gravity at 0.534 gm./cm2. Lithium is highly reactive with airand moisture, which leads to flammability and explosion. Thus, it hasto be stored in petroleum jelly. 2Li + 3H2O 2  LiOH + 2H2 2Li + OH + CO2  Li2CO3 + H2 Lithium has 2 isotopes, which are 6Li and 7Li. 7Li is morecommonly found in nature. Astronomers are convinced that lithiumis one of the causes of the Big Bang because they detect lithium inseveral planets. They also found Lithium colliding with other heavy atomswhenever solar wind and cosmic rays occur. Lithium is also found inhuman, animal and plant cells. Furthermore, there is a considerableamount of lithium, more than 7.5 million tons, in the salt flats of Chile.The second largest reserve is Salar de Uyuni of Bolivia, with 5.4 milliontons of lithium. Other reserves are in China, Australia, Argentina, andthe Dry Salt Lake in Afghanistan; the latest report also indicates thatAfghanistan has discovered an untapped reserve of $1 trillion worthof lithium. In a recent exploration, salt lakes in Nevada and Wyomingin the United States are found to be substantial reserves of lithium. While mostly noted for its use in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries – whichaccounts for 40% of current lithium consumption, lithium is also usedin special types of ceramic and glass (30%). Lithium oxide has beenused as a flux in silica smelting to reduce silica’s melting point andincrease the viscosity of the glass in order to get clearer products and 60

reduce the coefficient of thermal expansion of the glass when it isused in heating appliances such as ovens. Moreover, it is used inhigh-temperature lubricating greases (8%), as a catalyst for polymerpolymerization (5%), and for other usages such as in alloys and forpharmaceuticals. Lithium has also been used in the iron and aluminumsmelting industry as a flux for quite a while. In the military, lithium andLOit(AhelHr 4)thaarne used as materials for fuel and solid fuel for rockets. that, lithium is a starting material for the preparation oftritium, which is used as neutron absorbers in nuclear fusion. Lithiumdeuteride was once developed as fuel for H-bombs. In 2012, the worldconsumption of lithium was 150,000 tons. The number is forecast torise to 300,000 tons in 2020 because of the high demand for lithium-ionbatteries. At present, the selling price of lithium is over $20,000 per ton,which is expected to increase dramatically within a few years.The Battery The modern incarnation of the Li-ion battery has its foundation inthe 1970s when M. Stanley Whittingham was working in the laboratoryof Exxon Mobil, and testing a battery using Titanium(IV) disulfide cathodesand lithium metal as the electrodes. His battery was very unstabledue to the unstable titanium disulfide, and Exxon then stopped working 61

on his research on the lithium-ion battery. Meanwhile, J.O. Besenhardpublished a research on the reaction of graphite as an anode and alithium compound as a cathode. In 1973, Adam Heller studied the useof lithium-thionyl chloride in batteries because it has a high densityof energy, a long service life, and high tolerance to a wide range oftemperatures, making it an ideal material for medical implants for thehuman body. As part of a group working at Stanford University in 1979,Ned A. Godshall conducted a research aimed at reducing the quantityof cobalt, which is expensive and toxic, in Li-ion batteries. He used themore stable lithium cobalt oxide (rLeiCchoaOrg2)eaasbale cathode and graphite asan anode, and demonstrated a lithium cell with voltagein the 4 V range. Godshall also went on to develop the battery usingother cheaper, cobalt-free compounds such as lithium manganeseoxide, lithium ferrous oxide, and lithium nickel oxide. In the meantime,Michael M. Thackeray, John B. Goodenough, and their coworkers at theUniversity of Oxford continued working with lithium manganese oxide,and using it as a low-cost cathode. In 1991, Sony and Asahi Kaseireleased the first commercial lithium-ion battery, which is still undergoingstudy and development. In 2004, Yet-Ming Chiang and his colleagues atMIT, after having added impurities to iron phosphate to achieve higherconductivities, were able to use very small - less than 100 nanometers - ironphosphate particles to increase the surface of the electrodes. The resultsof that research showed a significant surge in the capacity and efficiencyof the Li-ion batteries. Nowadays, many nanomaterials have beenapplied in the development of the Li-ion battery in order to reduce thecost and make safer batteries. A lithium-ion battery consists of three main parts: two electrodes(anode and cathode) and an electrolyte. In general, the negative electrode(anode) is graphite l(iCth6i)uamn,dsuthceh positive electrode (cathode) can be anoxide compound of as lithium cobalt oxide, a polyanion suchas lithium iron phosphate, or a spinal such as lithium manganese oxide.The electrolyte, the medium that allows the lithium ions to move betweenthe two electrodes, is usually salts of lithium such as LiPF6 or LiClO4 62

in an organic solvent such as ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate,or diethyl carbonate. These organic solvents are easily decomposed andas a result, insulation is formed, preventing lithium ions from movingeasily between the electrodes. Therefore, a more stable polyelectrolytecompound, e.g. oxyethylene, has been developed for use in Li-ionbatteries. With the electrodes (positive and negative) immersed in theelectrolyte solution, lithium ions move from anode to cathode whiledischarging and in the opposite direction while charging. The electrochemical reaction that occurred during the movementfrom positive to negative electrode The electrochemical reaction occurring at the cathode In the battery, lithium ions will move in and out between thepositive and negative electrodes. If lithium cobalt ooxcidceurr(eLniCcoeOo2f)is used for the cathode, this movement causes the 63

tooxiCdaot4i+onduinrincgobcahlat rtgheatanisdtritanwsifllobrme inregduLci1e-xdCtooOC2oi3n+ the form of Co3+ again during thedischarging. This concept of the battery was developed by Sony in 1990.However, if the battery is charged with a voltage of more than 5.2 volt,cobalt oxide will occur, and it will decrease the battery’s efficiency;this is why the battery deteriorates if charged at high voltage. Otherusages of cathode materials, such as liitorhoxiunidmepihr(oLonisNppixhhMaotnseypChboaaztOtete2()rLieirFseeqPauOnir4de)or lithium nickel manganese cobaltdifferent charging voltages. Lithiumgraphite have electric potential difference at 3.2 volts and should becharged with 3.6 volt. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide, on theother hand, has higher electric potential difference, at 3.7 volt. It shouldbe charged with current of 4.2 volts, and each charging will reduce3% of the initial current. Li-ion batteries generally take a relatively longtime to charge, but the newly developed ones require shorter chargingtimes, and improvements are being made continuously. Developments of anodes include research on the use of a thingrapheme layer, a single plane of tightly packed carbon atoms, to extendbattery life. Meanwhile, Toshiba has produced a modified Li-ion batterycfourrreenletcstraicndvfeahsitcelerschuasrignigngl,itwhihuimle-Stitoannyatueseosxaidetin/(Lcio4Tbia5lOt 1a2l)loyfo,rwhhiigchhgives higher electrical capacity in consumer electronics. Today, lithium-ion batteries have become a significant electricalsource for electronics and communication devices, including more thana billion mobile phones and nearly two million laptops worldwide. Thedevelopment of the electric car is also rapidly increasing the demandfor lithium-ion batteries. Sometimes referred to as the “white gold” orthe world’s “new gasoline,” lithium is viewed as one of the world’smost valuable materials of the near future.64

Hydrogen Fuel Cell While both a lithium-ion battery and a hydrogen fuel cell generateelectricity through chemical reactions, the fuel cell will never loseits charge as long as the fuel (hydrogen) is supplied. By combininghydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell, electricity, heat, and steam isproduced. Fuel cells, invented in 1838, are a promising technologyas a source of heat and electricity for buildings as well as a sourceof power for electric cars. NASA has been using liquid hydrogen asfuel in the launching of spaceships since 1970 and it was the first touse hydrogen fuel cells commercially to generate power for satellitesand space capsules. In its spaceships, hydrogen fuel cells have beenutilized to produce electricity and drinking water, a by-product ofthe fuel cells. Furthermore, fuel cells are used to provide backuppower for commercial and industrial buildings as well as in remote orinaccessible areas. They have also been developed to supply power invehicles, including cars, buses, boats, motorcycles, and submarines. The types of fuel cell are characterized by their electrolytes andtemperature of operation, but all of them consist of an anode, a cathode,and the electrolyte that allows positively charged hydrogen ions(protons) to move between the two sides of the cell. Both the anode 65

and cathode contain platinum catalysts - special materials that facilitatethe reaction of oxygen and hydrogen - that cause the fuel to undergooxidation and generate positively charged hydrogen ions and electrons.The hydrogen ions travel through the electrolyte to the anode, and theelectrons create a separate current that can be utilized before theyare reunited with the hydrogen and oxygen to form water molecules.Two of the main types of fuel cells are the polymer exchange membranefuel cell (PEMFC) and the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). These systemsproduce about 0.7 volts of electricity per individual cell, so cells mustbe placed consecutively to obtain the desired electrical energy neededfor an application. Knowing that water could be separated into hydrogen and oxygenby sending an electric current through the compound, Sir William Grovehypothesized that by reversing the procedure, you could produceelectricity and water. In 1838, he used iron, copper, and porcelain platessoaked in a sulfuric acid solution to create a crude fuel cell which hecalled a gas voltaic battery. General Electric Company (GE) reinventedthis fuel cell in the mid to late 1950s by modifying the electrolyteto eventually using platinum on the ion-exchange membrane asa catalyst for the oxidation of hydrogen and reduction of oxygen.The redefined cell then became known as the “Grubb-Niedrach fuel cell,”which was named after the two GE chemists who was credited withthis invention. It was further developed in cooperation with NASAand McDonnell Douglas Aircraft, and was used in the Gemini project.In 1991, Roger E. Billings originated the first fuel cell automobile.The Fuel-Cell Electric Vehicle In 2015, there were two fuel cell electric cars on the market:Toyota’s Mirai and Hyundai’s ix35 FCEV. Fuel cell electric vehiclescan run up to 400 km per each hydrogen fill and it takes less than5 minutes to fully refuel. Later in 2016, several big automotive companies 66

launched fuel cell electric cars onto the market, such as the F-Cellby Mercedes-Benz, the FCX Clarity by Honda, solid oxide fuel-cell(SOFC)-powered prototype by Nissan, and Chevrolet Colorado ZH2by General Motors. However, cost is still a major problem for fuel cellelectric vehicles since many of the cellular components are expensive.Thus, alternatives to precious metals, such as platinum, need to bedeveloped in order to lower the vehicles’ price so that they are ableto compete with the ones powered by lithium-ion battery. 67

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONS 68

6Chapter Industrial Revolutions As mentioned in the previous chapters, individuals’needs and desires are motivations for new discoveries andinventions that, in turn, change their ways of life. While theterm “Industrial Revolution” brings to mind the machineryand factories that blossom from such discoveriesand inventions, the Industrial Revolution, in fact, encompasses theaggregation of changes in social, cultural, and economic conditionsof the period. If we trace the history of industrialization, we canidentify four distinct stages of Industrial Revolutions, which arereferred to as Industry 1.0 through Industry 4.0.Industry 1.0 As noted in Chapter 2, inventions of the 17th and 18th centuriesled to the beginnings of industrial development, which was deemednecessary after British merchants had expanded their trade into Britishcolonies in the Fareast. Factories were set up to accommodate theincreased demand for goods. Moreover, water powered machineswere invented to replace both human and animal labor. The inventionsof steam engines and internal combustion engines then followed,increasing the production efficiency considerably; goods originallymade by hand in individuals’ households were produced in largevolume in factories as a consequence. England was where The IndustrialRevolution started. Since the expansion of trade with the Far East, 69

British merchants were in need of more wool and cotton fabric andclothes. They started to control the production process by hiring villagersas workers in the factories. Materials, namely wool and cotton, werebought from shepherds and farmers respectively. Villagers were hired tospin wool into yarn, weave it into fleece and fabric, and then sew thatinto clothes for sale. It is obvious that, in that period, merchants werethe ones who managed the supply chain, from buying raw materialsto hiring labor in the factories. Machines were also invented to replacehand-tools. And this was the beginning of factories in 17th Century. In the early Industrial Revolution in England, French was caughtup in Napoleonic Wars. Meanwhile, the British army occupied manycountries in the Far East. Its merchants then expanded trades to thosecountries, and brought raw materials back to Europe. It was the moneyearned from trading that was used to start up factories in England.In 1705, Thomas Newcomen invented a machine that ran on water,called hydroelectric powered machine. Later on, John Kay inventedspinning and weaving machines. Lewis Paul & John Wyatt inventedmachines that separate cotton grains from cotton. Machines werewidely used in England to produce cotton cloth and fabric goods.In 1763, James Watt invented steam powered machines to replacehydroelectric powered ones, which led to higher productivity in factories. Because of the invention of steam powered engines, demandfor labor, fuel and raw materials surged. During the early period of theIndustrial Revolution, coal mining and steel industries expanded rapidlyin England, since coal was used to generate heat in steam engines.It is safe to say that British industry was more developed than that ofother countries in Europe. With trades that were booming in England, good transportationsystem was necessary both for dispatching goods within the countryand for exporting them to others. Thus, railway tracks, roads and canalswere built along with steam trains and boats. These innovationsof ground and water transportation helped connect cities together,facilitating the conveyance of raw materials and finished goods. 70

With the expansion of transportation systems, the First IndustrialRevolution had officially begun. The Industrial Revolution changed not only the way goods wereproduced, but also people’s ways of life, and eventually, society as awhole. People moved from rural to urban areas to seek employmentand higher income. Factory workers migrated to cities and thathad significantly changed the way they lived. They lost the freedomand flexibility they had when they were working at home. They alsoencountered poor working conditions, laboring arduously andunceasingly for 10 hours a day. Women and children were also part ofthe labor force and were especially ill-treated. Pronounced disparitiesin income and standard of living between investors and workers thenoccurred. As a consequence, labor unions were formed to bargaincollectively with employers, followed by strikes in many areas. Many Europeans, especially the French who wished to escapefrom the civil war, immigrated to the New World, or America, andsettled on the New England coast. They brought with them knowledgeregarding technology; that is why it comes as no surprise that mills andfactories sprang up in that region. Industrialization in America startedaround 30-50 years later than in England. This continent was wherethe British sourced their raw materials, such as cotton and wheat,from. American entrepreneurs began to exploit existing technology, anddevelop new ones to advance the manufacturing processes andtransportation systems. Take the case of E. I. DuPont for example.After fleeing from the French Revolution and settling in Delaware, he usedhis knowledge in the manufacture of gunpowder to set up an explosivefactory with the same name as his last name, DuPont. Since gunpowderis widely utilized in weapons, construction, and mining, the demand forit in America at that time was considerably high; thus, DuPont becamea successful company. The company established two of the firstindustrial laboratories in the United States and eventually expandedinto one of the world’s largest chemical companies. 71

Industry 2.0 During the mid- to late-1800s through the mid-1900s, advancesin science and engineering were widely implemented in industries,leading to the period which came to be known as the Second IndustrialRevolution. In the early 1900, the automobile industry had grownrapidly in the United States. The growth of this industry led to quickexpansion of steel, and petroleum and petrochemical industry aroundLake of Michigan and the Gulf of Mexico respectively. US Steel andStandard Oil were two giant American corporations who controlledsteel and oil supplies in the United States. Moreover, electricity isconsidered an important invention as it had a significant impacton the development of industry in the Second Industrial Revolution.Knowledge in electromagnetic induction brought about the discovery ofelectricity and many related inventions. For instance, the electric lightbulb was invented by Thomas Alva Edison. Power stations and electricitydistribution systems were also developed. In 1882, Westinghouse Electricand General Electric were the biggest electrical machinery companies,supplying household appliances and electric machines for industries.In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell earned a patent for his invention ofthe telephone, and the telephone network that was formed throughoutthe United States, helping the country's businesses to expand dramatically.In the early 2000s, an American mechanical engineer, Frederick WinslowTaylor devised Scientific Management, a theory in which science is appliedto business management with the aim of improving industrial efficiency.Thus, the combination of scientific knowledge and industry began, havinglong-lasting effects on individuals and their ways of life. Henry Ford was another important figure of Industry 2.0. Gifted withskills in engineering, he eventually established the Ford Motor Companyand sponsored the development of the moving assembly line mode ofmass production, which he incorporated into the manufacturingprocess of his automobile factory. The assembly line process did notrequire many specialists. Parts are moved along the assembly line byconveyer belts, and workers at each position then picked up the parts 72

tttpJatibkpUpnohohanurorSeeoogpoatspghddriatwsmlunemioeuumsnleanabaecc’acstesrarmttiofsknislosvioiunen.bmuirmftntfdlycSae.Itttanuahchrcinnaydrsaeeetka’cctonusisrergceUrdsystssoethpnaro1mfriytiloidgnta-h9neerc2dhice5dndna.eJ0gi0tcqlt.hqla,S,e.autepuHcodDttJaiaiaaorniarltsetinl.nhwtigpetcyeWceyswaaose,pnayino.enror’snanoErossfkdniimotdndnrdpefdwuguplilorcrecucreoauqwotcstmsrdniufodttetounlrraaiensrryoucilabnasintDntpcildgysniigdsrcel;eeipibhclsmvyrimretdueseohiadh;snunipndeniigr.ntpfruiadlhnoTuelccaeghvseimatnctyisisnntsmtaae,,hcgbtrpjrsewehesoeeretdrhuob1chrhvpica9efecmatoiemc5hchvwosqaaee0eetcsimrussthkohla.beeoeaeenlTneaixlintddtthhtedyrdoeridianebeisnanosunrmuesswawfrcttileoeneheaieootldngdessyslfflw hich SweacsonfudrtIhnedruscturilatilvRateevdoldutuiorinnglaitdhethTehfoirdunIdnadtuiosntrsiafloRr gelvoobluatliizoant.ion,Industry 3.0Iopiewtamat iobTtonnnhohelxsnfnelbchdaoeepacefecldiecuortuccehseThhsieisrdohtgtrneahat-stfiaiortoTnttinowtiwhyrarinilmnhgdtmogntoaal,hiegean3onfsaeciItstclygn.hsthftoi0fcic,hrgdh3ltmreeiam.oomowpneueimesmmnboisImTh1sfintipsiitewpchsiep9lntcrulir,iedeaaieedut5oehahnrnnnretc0nyltniiaehbchottearesRielteiraaayianldtpdssotdesltsd1i,eisgsiiovnoimpa9isasdoetnofgsnhnat3.neepepgltaoeudrhd8lvmHlaIetgaemtnese,fdiccneoioismdnlreottawTwdwosnfeurtopotchoftimohdseemibrieainnscrterevmorddnliieptodvlneiciesesaraseermwsrIetrlnc,tarKoinrpislyiedpoRpleadtpeosihbhrmnuufonieelttedneooee.stadnv,ainrrlendltyioragaEnnearsrmeeymidlroiladnvniundsyp’lbyoisolcdten,olcZitRbteloocbghuolsoatutiiemnhhfelethsmmeesiatavaioieospeb.pssosnmbdnipdarlatleiitueraichgaussnhaeolftgiaosuytnitvevivfnooel.inoie1eonscenDcsdeluRn5lgbtaiduo.haisestigteestyemoirOvaiogietaodthoniapdiancpnaansnaodsrvleruergZ,ovttdssaRsetteugs.seh,llncceiepsokrotrgecoUhvasboseeomaeounsmdse1ipvmtlnlodeeectduaeomehtldif(oteokgifZroinsrpeominigifion1abtsasiodunttyadgn)eeeesyyrt,.,,l 73

In terms of industry, digital technology has transformed manualproduction into automated system operation using electronic controllingsystems that function in accordance with human specification.Systems such as SCDA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition),DCS (Distributed Control System), and PLC (Programmable LogicController) were invented to control machinery to work according tothe required standards. Automatic controlling systems are commonlyapplied in machinery and production process in factories to minimizeerrors. Data acquired can be recorded, and each step of the manufacture,monitored by sensors in the system, is displayed in real time. The alarmwill go off if an error is detected in any step of the process. As aconsequence, the increased accuracy improves quality of the products.Indeed, One of Toyota’s regulations for controlling the quality of theproduction process states that “Do not send incorrectly processed ordefective product to the next step.” In continuous-flow manufacturing, workers must be able tocontrol the overall production process, which resulted in the needfor tools capable of monitoring the process in a sequential manner.The first example is PLC; it is a system that monitors particular machinery,first invented to control and enhance the production process in theautomobile industry in the United States. With advances in digitalcomputing, each element of the manufacturing process, such as cycleof the machine, heat, pressure, vibration, and recently consumedenergy, can be monitored and displayed. Furthermore, SCADA(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is an important controllingsystem that was created to store as well as analyze data obtainedfrom a PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) in order to promoteefficiency. Computers are used to store networked data from sensorsthat are installed in all parts of the machines and to process thatset of data into graphs or numbers. Finally, controlling systems maybe supervised by a DCS (Distributed Control System) which gathersinformation from several places in the production process and store it 74

in various distributed sections over the process plant. The operatingsystems of machines are controlled and modified by each controlelement instead of from a centrally located control device. In addition,computer-aided technologies, such as CAX, CAD, and CAM, werecreated to design the analyzing system for products and productionprocesses, which minimize the time-consuming task of planning anddeveloping products, and improve accuracy as a result. Applications of digital technology in industry include the increaseduse of robots to perform various tasks, such as heavy lifting and objectconveyance. Artificial intelligence, or robots capable of thinking andmaking decisions based on the information from input units, are alsobeing developed with the help of advances in software, digital cameras,and sensor technology. In fact, the recurring breakthroughs in roboticsand automation are rapidly ushering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution.Industry 4.0 While Industry 4.0 is mainly concerned with factories andmanufacturing, it will no doubt have huge socioeconomic impacts onsocieties across the globe. Before discussing those issues, let’s firsttake a look at some industrial aspects. 75

The Next Step in Industrial Evolution The fields of autonomous vehicles, nanotechnology, artificialintelligence, robotics, 3D printing, and especially the Internet of Thingsare central to the new technologies that advance the Fourth IndustrialRevolution. Breakthroughs in these fields are enabling the rapid growthof industry and business through increased efficiency. By connectingeverything together, the Internet of Things would not only allow humansto communicate with objects and machines more quickly, but alsofoster machine-to-machine communication and the emergence of theso-called smart factory. A smart factory is one in which products areproduced quickly and correctly by autonomous machines; this type ofmachines are able to adjust the production process, by themselves,to suit each customer’s order once it has been input. Such a systemutilizes sensors, data collecting measurements, and data analysis; thus,it is necessary for production engineers to learn how to analyze thesesets of data for the highest efficiency in the production process. The big technological changes occurring during Industry 4.0are playing a major role in the automotive manufacturing and itssupply chain, due to the growing demand for electric cars. Unfortunately,Thailand seems to be slow to adapt to these changes. Take the firstphase of its eco-car program as an instance. It called for vehicles thatare powered by gasoline engines of 1.3 liters or less or diesel enginesof 1.4 liters or less, and must be capable of achieving 5 liters of fuelconsumption per 100 kilometers. However, it failed to substantiallyincrease the vehicle demand, and it is also impossible to overlook thefact that combustion engines will someday be replaced by electricmotors to minimize the emission of carbon dioxide and reduceglobal warming. Producers of electric cars and batteries will becomeimportant allies. Panasonic, best known for its high-grade electricbatteries, is now a shareholder of Tesla, although Tesla has subsequentlyset up a large factory to make its own batteries. Relevant shareholdersin this automotive supply chain also include manufacturers of motorsand control panel and those of driving systems, who will need to be, 76

or already are, teamed up and collaborated on the production ofelectric cars. Let’s try to imagine which industries in Thailand would beaffected by electric vehicles (EVs). Assume that the internal combustionengine (ICE) is removed from a car, leaving only a battery, an electricmotor, a movement controlling system, and an auto-drive system.Obviously, the petroleum and electricity industries will be the firstto be affected. One expert, Ross McCracken, a managing editor ofPlatts’ analytical monthly newsletter Energy Economist, observes inan article called Electric vehicles: The impact on oil and electricity(April 21, 2016) from S&P Global Platts’ blog, The Barrel that: “If, andit is still a big if, EVs demonstrate an exponential rate of deployment,similar to solar PV panels, it could have a profound impact on both oiland electricity demand, and by extension the very basis of world primaryenergy supply.” In addition, producers of agricultural products like sugar,potato, and corn from which gasohol derived and those of palm oil forbiodiesel production could possibly suffer as well. On the other hand,demand for electricity will increase. Coal and fuel oil will be replacedby natural gas from power plants. Manufacturers of catalytic converters, turbochargers, coolingsystems, pipes and hoses, gaskets, and high-quality oil- andheat-resistant rubber will likewise be affected by the widespreaduse of EVs. While rubber for ICEs will no longer be necessary, 77

the parts of the same material used as seals for the body andsuspension will, in fact, be indispensable elements of the EV, but theywill need to be redesigned to be lighter in weight and inflammable.Nonetheless, the total amount of rubber consumed, especially of theoil- and heat-resistant synthetics such as chloroprene, acrylic rubber,NBR, and FKM, will decrease, thus affecting the production in syntheticrubber factories. Because EVs need to be lighter in weight thanvehicles powered by internal combustion engines, aluminum andpolymer composites will take the place of steel. And, of course,today’s car repair shops will be forced to adapt to accommodate EVs,otherwise they will perish. It is not easy for any party involved in theThai motor vehicle supply chain to orient themselves in, but the era ofelectric car is approaching, and we must now seek ways to preparefor and adapt to the associated alterations. Ross McCracken also predicted in the same article as the onementioned earlier that “…at a 30% annual growth rate in EV saleswould result in as much as 2 million b/d of oil demand being displacedby 2028, while at the same time adding 2,700 TWh to electricity demandglobally by 2040. An EV, which means plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) andbattery-only vehicles (BEVS), uses 0.3 kWh of electricity per mile.So the total electricity demand in a year equals the number of EVstimes the number of miles travelled annually times 0.3. The amount of oil demand displaced in barrels/day equals thenumber of EVs times the number of miles travelled in a year dividedby the average miles per gallon of internal combustion engines (ICE)divided by 365, divided by 42, the number of gallons in a barrel.” Furthermore, based on the assumption that the number of EV carwill rise to 50 million in 2040, Esso company estimate that theamount of oil consumed will decrease by 0.83 million barrel per daybecause it will be replaced by the electricity used by EVs. However,this assumption is not accurate. Esso calculate that if in 2040, 78

the GWP double, then the demand for energy used for transportationwill infinitely grow. The important source of energy in transportationsystem will be electricity and natural gas instead of fuel oil or coal. We cannot ignore what is coming; instead, we have to prepareourselves for new technology.Socioeconomic Changes Work Both Ways The history of the first three industrial revolutions has shown usthe far-reaching effects of technological development on individualsand business behaviors. Nevertheless, socioeconomic changes alsoprovide underlying motivation for technological advancements still tocome. The revolution that is Industry 4.0 will doubtlessly foster changesin the lives of people who will be pushed forward as a result of thosechanges. Because of developments in digital technology and communicationthrough the Internet, people are able to get the information about otherplaces and lifestyles from all around the world. With the desire to imitatethe culture and behaviors they’ve learned, they may demand newer,better, cheaper, more convenient and more unique goods. This sort ofglobalization creates unlimited competition in the marketplace, and tosurvive, industries need to have the technology necessary for developinginnovative and affordable products. Fulfilling that need, therefore,will speed up the developments of new technology. Economic development, demographic trends, and environmentalissues are also among the driving forces of technologicaladvancements. Additionally, they are what brought about the previousindustrial revolutions. Air pollution is one of the examples. It is undeniablytrue that it results from both intentional and unintentional human activities,such as slash-and-burn agriculture, combustion of fuel, or from naturaldisaster like wildfire. Even farming contributes to the production ofmethane gas, which worsens the greenhouse effect and globalclimate change. Furthermore, it is important to note that countries with 79

growing economies such as China, India, Latin America, and Indonesiaare the home to more than two-thirds of the world’s population.Since a large number of citizens of these countries migrate to urbanareas to seek jobs and higher income, it can be said that more thanhalf of the world’s population moves into cities. The United Nationspredicts that in another 30 years, the world’s population will rise toover 9 billion, and more than 64% of those in developing countriesand 84% in developed countries will reside in large cities. Besideshousing, quality infrastructure such as water and transportationsystems is also necessary for urban residents. If it is not well managed,densely populated areas could suffer from increased air and waterpollution, mainly due to the rise in the number of vehicles. In an attemptto protect the environment and tackle environmental issues, manycountries are imposing strict regulations to control the emission ofcarbon dioxide. Said regulations are stimulating the automotive industry todevelop technology that minimizes pollutant emissions from cars.To that end, automotive engineers have invented the catalytic converter,the turbocharger, electronic injection, and more efficient engineswith higher power and lower fuel consumption, while also reducingthe size and weight of cars to make them for suitable urban lives.At the same time, the wheels and tires are redesigned to reducefriction on the road. Hybrid cars, which are powered by both electricityfrom batteries and an internal combustion engine, have been developedcontinuously over the last 15 years. However, car producers are beginningto agree that developing the combustion engine technology to meetenvironmental control regulations is very costly, while clean drivingtechnology is becoming cheaper. When considering the number ofpeople and vehicles in large cities, it is safe to say that urbanization isone of the major causes of the greenhouse effect. That’s why people areturning to alternative energy, which causes less pollution, for poweringvehicles. Electric cars and hydrogen fuel cell cars will eventually replacecity transportation that uses fossil fuel. In fact, transportation efficiencywill be further upgraded by the auto-driving technology pursued by 80

Silicon Valley companies and others. This autonomous technology willallow vehicles to communicate with each other as well as with theenvironment around them. Thus, Industry 4.0, including the Internetof Things, will apparently play an important role in the automotiveindustry.Seawater is the clean drinking water source of the future From the assumption that world’s population will increase to1,100 million in the next 10 years, water will be another problem thatneeds to be solved apart from other social issues such as food,residence, and pollution. The amount of water from natural waterresources will decline due to global warming and higher temperaturewhich shifts rainy season and affects the intensity of rainfall.As a consequence, droughts will occur in many areas, and there arealready water conflicts along the rivers that run from Tibet to Chinaand Southeast Asia (South China, Burma, Laos, Thailand, andCambodia). The construction of the dams in China is a big concern forthe Southeast Asian countries since these dams result in fluctuatingriver flows, storing water during dry season and releasing it downthe river during high-flow season. Meanwhile, the demand for cleandrinking water from people in big cities is enormous. Many countrieslike Singapore and Hong Kong have to import fresh water from theirneighboring countries. Israel is another country who is seriously inneed of water for irrigation and drinking water. Thus, DIE Technologiesin Israel initiated a technology called “Membrane Reverse Osmosis”,the solution for providing clean water that is valuable and low-cost.This water treatment turns sea water into clean water and theproduced water costs only 0.5 US cent per gallon. IDE Company islocated in the South of Tel Aviv and generates 165 million gallons ofwater a day. Desalination factories are also being built in over 40 countriesincluding in Mexico, China and California, which lack regular accessto drinking water and water used in agriculture. 81

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7ChapterREVTOHLAUILTAIONNDS;INTDHUASITLARNIADL 4.0oPO tiWb1no.nyrr0ha2dfe,ay0iternh2tu1rshe.teT6t(0aNxhdC,awnaCeeahsccoPsneaitarncOcdlnlydgrpo-)i3b,OinlsaTea.io-0nnchnTCm.goanhthioinotaclahaouio,liennanmvHdnciceti’eeicdorsaacdut4sdoicnvt.tmh0oteaore?mgyekf’eenpsttT.nohheheaweeItainicstncrNtilvmco2iaaeehu0sertnan1inoeTep5ttcnhrst,yooaaes’PfinlrsliatroaCnhminmmneodtisudieapcw4ndrl.gameMcl0eneriloiws-,tniedoanaitdsehfcsktlaoPeseiitnnm,ryetqdTareeGuouhcleesedsaetmtnsuialrtaaecietiennoreunasdddnst.lThailand 1.0dmeca tmrocneaiagodupdrrnnekeaotbenstrTtmduiywnshy’e.ygsaiintnihwttlegaooaTxnTsnphadhaogbt1airrrlatia.aic0lsdanuvedndialtdtdailuobutornwyeeanas.hsllaeibDlpfgelaalurricrnoitrmchkigdnueiutgcnlotcEhgutnted.rshegmeRilsctaiiisoccashsead9tsleasaa0esngc%alldecan,ogidtonuhotfnhnetowoethDetnhehd-uCeeeptnhfrcdooihtinpribhneubl7eteslee0aecprg%toniraosoauntontdnaiftoturwhrttncyeehata’diesssrlThailand 2.0sf oucbussteiStdutatiorotnned.ligPahrfittmeirnedthMuesintrpiysotlaeitnricdFaliberuledilvtoMtlhuaetrisiorhnpaloinlPic1.ie9Ps3i2ba,urTolshuoannidlgaknimrdapm2o’.r0st 83

government, who was seen as a proponent of economic nationalism,established small- and medium-size state enterprises (SMEs). In 1957, Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat overthrew Pibulsongkram’sgovernment and became known for his effective economic developmentpolicies. He redesigned the nation’s economic structure with supportfrom the World Bank. Non-utility state enterprises were sold to theprivate sector and a number of new bureaus related to the economysuch as the Bureau of the Budget, Office of the National Economicand Social Development Board, and The Board of Investment ofThailand were created. The government also reduced corporate andlabor taxes to attract international investors, and the policy wassuccessful, bringing investments from many foreign countries, especiallyEuropean. Working within Thanarat’s government, Dr. Puey Ungphakornwas appointed as the Deputy Governor of the Bank of Thailand in1953 and became the Governor in 1959. His national financial policieswere highly influential, and led to the growth of Thailand’s economyand global financial position.Thailand 3.0 Currently operating under its third model, Thailand 3.0, Thailand’seconomy is based on heavy industry which requires more innovativeand complex technologies than those employed during Thailand 2.0,but these technologies must be imported. In the early stage of Thailand3.0, the more labor-intensive industries, such as textiles, shoes, andautomotive assembly, were prevalent. The petroleum and petrochemicalindustries, automotive industries, agricultural product processingindustries, and tourist industries have been improving since GeneralPrem Tinsulanonda’s Prime Minister Term of office. He built up therelationship between government and private industries and placedmacroeconomic policy under the control of the Bank of Thailand,the Ministry of Finance, the National Economic and Social DevelopmentBoard, and the Bureau of the Budget, who played a significant role inguiding the country’s economic development. In seeking to strengthen 84

the country’s competitiveness, he also initiated the EasternSeaboard Development Plan (ESDP), which included the developmentof Map Ta Phut as a world-class petro, petrochemical and heavyindustrial zone. Many industries that Thailand champions, such asautomotive, food, and petrochemical, are among the results of ESDP.The significant development in automotive industry also contributed tothe rapid growth of steel, petrochemical, rubber, and tire industries.Aside from the increased interest in agricultural product-processingindustries from the private sector, Thailand’s industrial developmentmIibTgbgcisntaooruhviaospftevaeonueastsirytlrgrbathunoahtglneeeomrctodsatooecha’tdfshnodiabnepetuto’mtupnsTeuTrnrthictshcrmiavahyuataainapiiinolistiiaunncgerntnrdiiasalptdblulehlsousuheestftdniaeorcneggiidcervstrehoeso,inmtntrrwnhotsofeaoaoitltlhranodtirrneecygptatsglekeyyatrociiscotnohfhahownnTnnnrttanehdohholsaealfldoooietrinrlggeraaaTpveisynmcrehriecgodasaaaahnd,ltintrmuiobicdnctacnuhedeatnrentcluielosydcthmssn.etndedrondoyuausptlerreorntricinvorngeohsgecgeyfleddTottshhatsehphsnae.vamietdesTirlsalheeoa.pnfesnprodeeerWtmre,rae3ihonreai.gciiodn0trlhnesett.,scPCTNb rmpbaotteheuinvhraaohtiroeacmmiednmhelza.ncerkLtAevmm,e.t,irintgaivsnctDu.aehsTaliiCoccieanptunrerhav,osontgyteaoeeeumla.whfafrrstesDirnotnn1natpivaiohnubrmdad9eeest.megrlhnm9tynneaiTeecter7ipnhunisnhtiwnbahbrtsuedgtaped,leehutfuksuefaacfraMepsrsaodrnt,ritcriinouinrnteiiesunyesgirttdlnnideehrrsihSspritP,ddaeotmetchoehreutdffniaviloemerninttfcceloootrlnaeetiyyenormgowtt.edTtfhsrsMouiIceheagin.a“vctFaosatinTaineradiltiilwAnlagoclhlyirladasanfnmkeabntpectwnmel.tseuedbrtshcraiiYrsems’etWeeGss,wuiint,nsMeThhmetieteoIdshtehnenrswhlfweeaend.eoGsuiclecnhrulfaymasoaCtrriMscseseniloesPtrhbdCdsrrninisf.iurgespsaoghiiwmaloastaalir,aCies,”lbcnvanrlveRvhkefesdy’warteiseiurdonhnlaMnihdvpatmueglmoirnaoYcisthenlotdlPhouiewiaiooindtsLmtnnridfghcbiitidefongmteyiibie,eceagnncrteegrekh,nvhhiMessapas3eaastMGstncrlah.inurt.eyw0oieraeicdeuinninrnhTctrtdtiTrwiisoaeotiosutntahhithohrrvasinpelo’siaalneeeekssyr,tt.il 85

oaTitsdatnhhodnfhetere-dtvaoTecreiulnrhmaari2gosaalnla0eehrtidliar0adlooky’tn6snuienTd,aattgeh,lftfcatisehinlhnoekicenevasnt2ceiedonye0scdimoent0otoacghy1burrre.ssanywtrctoeHtrtapyoyhwes.rh.eieotirghiArnregeehssgretotaaoTirtunarhudtppGatie-ecuiedodaormncnfnbehdpaspyraroeaepksqllosireiconuoptPi.-geemlgersnNaoepcywevtoeuhvaeh,wteasronrtebCtmbrhuwihneeesaaaiclnniennnnrtgesd-etdseaOsl,edsast-mehcdCetekusoohllirunaqirnwsms’eustgtteieraduarrit2rientteniy0aotra0mnnaoiid1nnss,ftsaT 3wbaitnehhrn.hedoree0oyedmru’oulsdtdscrlndedtaodordpAvrpfyemalreleplvortwwlehpaioeebnserealdploneoatsfmpheomluilnf,onmacrersocicrlunttseiemhzyastionsoenoatoninot.dtrfshfo.onTcealtteEaahhoptotediehmneopwnuesdrfllfithecyctsouet,olahaeatrasohtlttetetcoiiernoozt,hirmeogonsnpebsponsroauaosiiehnislctrnift.ieogspiionciIninssaintbndwhsTallenytuauphthhtoisteswaraielovtsfeitrieahbeifauaeeatedlueienlnwsoytmditwnvheetwuesoohscidtcrfierhhltbus’lahsnticatftbhtauoiiachenoeettltkesoumgprioieagrrtiwnnesobytsgithl.aoaretotaiaehsncnfvttie,tderuotsehpscudipsnabrlfaoftqrtTnriuiscifouhonaedsioraevgrsrieetainoslynaaarttooeinntvtmrsiaiddoness.ldsngpfaMtMatty tihohanepsserrokiiaeooaannewltiettpwphnrtiinhsseincoce,cdciattocnoaseeioiItalfNongpnenilrrtnlngoPaitlasvasmooipMo.fndtrtetcfifoaamiuoiaK.taenCysbuFTentyrgiHutiocitiduthaelniiiitnonotvnal2r’atytgssevnwoCigo0nl,realTfy1eocotwtornhTahe.h4veswurdehharere,nmrte.aiittrlllhiecyoeaGhn,ai,Wdi,netltBterareuMthdoaoitnaaltnccoesft,hd.kenetooRruTPieurek.ohurat.hectihennslTrcaawaePeymthaPincdrlireifannyridioeresdren.agpeccwidatyytoiHuoohnhtaunas’losnseifedesttctdeiohileieccledCrtcomOtccoriasahcorahoomrtineefucndeatinngrhnbssnesooDsrsaotf-aertumemrletOtnotya(hrbvNolw’irywt-yccassaeC;nCeotdidkddfiahrrioPneuonteyrafahratdluwfOcachaeglspeuohn)beicrexostwmisaeicehantofth.arncievehmetnyeisdaigiEmarznxpamaihetxtngateellhneepnleepysh.adssrs,etspantuttIarttnohdoahihw-cbeacwo0lieehnlntueiiau.hfsaatc5eartlcgePhelrsheexc%eadherodpatafistdnsomironrdaeitooorstirdineasssyyltttffl 86

cb plnaMpaAtIghonhconeaouuraiaocncldtndbopnitAduoiesdlgsseiibuurcsinntes.ddrescgoaevDtFedarstoelrunusrtuuensoisetsrnw(rrbdtttGctaiaagihnttnoonlth,scNeg2hgrTpndeecrwtPe0hmoheroitvnh)f1ioamhiuneoin1ic5ipcnewvxpria.eic,hlei3tpnuetnase,f6dodbsctsirpdhrhaeruyelesitahenceassfstiDyuotdttcclihertimngrfhyioPriteam.tadehefhgprylfonrSaidt.eormcetlcsorynohoTldrpc3uveeemidhosuoe7sleiboesrerftkdr%dMreiwtllieoaaildf,Prsniieiodsrtannamarsir,notJndaninthsdaaanyddcsebttulstn.ulehohuaee4danstHriamshn’rnt6asvtrreigtgmdrokipt.ipc3ieifovaatDoduime%otetinlrhnasrlesrernaaeeg.okg.bdstuoldeaSttdrdifcitimduenmbooteeatom,iyhmpbzcmeubeeoltoctlkiteeaenhdrho(fiGntfftdeeoeeinuaintNnerrotnpidginehgrnPpcmipciedwrggerttohriherhcniielswstatveCoehosserligwaoogopeserptsaueu-o’chnexlnisa(nnwocepasSsonttecntot)eiMyoifvhtooirtlaertntethmneiEnanhbelooasyasrdgesyytt.ff.)ld shsp2eoexa0eocpmsm1wto5boeearrrenta,HaeednogdonpdfrwfritocCo2aherudhge0vluits1renusict6craetr,taau.ieoogallOltn,nnncuwedarSrioantioanipolohfgsttntaphhhtvsreeooeoiurrfidcmatygAhhuauloseoctiasobSatrtssmaentdeldroeoiceuuftflocfbiicvcouIbtenTuinnoedlhtotrniurnacmiaesdiihlnntasyuard.nisblelleTdteosrrdhn.iytchegPeItwenoL,ddsCaewottsfc,hmhohreerSiseecltaoshfohamstuwiilseacltaihinrngineaenggounatpvfdphsdaeutercorfircnoActwmeumrhsensraaieiaingjsoon’ignnesrtf 87

lratcCdsbKahehihaorodrasuugahwmutntlettlnloetogpseddntfaofdeoganTpCnbweryhremhitsonnaLi,dnoieintPaufawrdBs.cgrit.atioaemrsSasIitnnrcnauefkuaodtlbahlcMftddfaPutothoduoitrrnuoaeirtibiiiStslidnetosltiscirpenacogrr,mrsiellnolotCedPaedbdsrECroeuoaaenmlocsulygtmttupgepehiloathrcaemeinnctoinlddeesniysenfr.aohlcnuwlTmLemeitcaihteaftildaiocetusen.Bfadi,ynmgnTatirtaoonhaaochntknariowenedi.ialatPsrnrhbTuseuTeol(baebceHIiSnbsadliRcoCcetuTooCntrsOhoCue)taf,conoodpioBlhtmrareCmaaoantrpdhhvnadp5aiieckdnetn3itoantefyePa.btc2mchuLiwl0lteobltooid1osisltrri.5ehnceey,btrltiisdb saeeWennrehutrmseeeidveegeehpptveeeshpawieetpnlnb.elraolmlcoodotoeitBneiuynArrapaTgtitdadestdolsnmhilpfncfiuyehnoruatinaisTeonrehdgrifiituinehamnnlenrpiTsgitaicgncggesosehtritdtalsnhonuaihiatfbt,nupeewonraeiTutlsifr-adnlteotyohtstahgrhnrgcorseiadueio3ndehntcioiutvse.ns;naoto0iftcensesuormfgftrtusdtochprtslhnanoeoocouhralemniagskmmfzstvnreciy,ietsveeooesoxresTetnmistllaeet,tohaigti,cohmevsisyagrneiueetlsnoti,iahpldnicteaolwi,rpleilosnuosnmemenseTondrsmd,depetaehtruu’rrstpesetodaoishsi.eriendirttrcpneesthratdtIehaddryin.otemteunp’eanuiisvmCsrtmexscasaierntsutpoeettdirerwiriucisicnpeodienreoTptaaaasrcsiaasteflhpitelkh,ivliuhoynnaqa.lieerynnteneruiouTrmteeddcushbmeihefnutuhrieanbceeoisdtsonraicetaxerittlnaiayrtpnrltrioibvnongihn,,na,oierunasredaddlertiwsdtTepthinsedrieioniuheserndepnredonescaeredvt,dtcasttiwsociielursrauielysigielefseaoncomssie.nntsrltudspuisrle.in,ayaifir.maithhdn.rvcmyw3lTkaaniicunaesv.ehiavvoitso0nntetatoheeesy-ttt.,,.lThailand 4.0aTpian tnrnnehranocddapogei.lvbai”rstaenusTTitssdiailohhsdra4naeyia.inlfr0fanooor,noereraidsxrltdtadhhtsmtheeeiusoarawptcnsaptposeogtouhltoleo-rnibpbttepeihrenadcyueinmotltTbpgommohyotnaaePohfciglerraTmceim“nheccoedaleoeirvfi’uefrsMipoalnersvtietnteotracaiyispldnuottloeiteaengo”vrb,oiteiGalmdanernlceeiodtcaovnerenmedictdldrsoheeaepnrilvinntoiPtenhdonlrlogeuoaoagspyv“tcytuemamrhtyctaiiieCedhvdhnevndhvate.oalaselsnInTo-tttc-oihgnrOieasaycmmt-ioelaCaaameglnnshknyddoeeat, 88

4cgtrw“o“PheCMo.ofroes0aruvaueMe.cendslaahdDrtaetrntrarcrikyvamp.rheiaettnaSereotrcshEgunwaC,eivtc”lea(ln,hie“otsrtaPiEldnneMcuntorasphasbgamrsodole2liiausnceyps0nse.-mio”2nbPtdas5oicuT’rciesi,efnivh,”lddeaaoep“,ibtIstnrDnbehiitegvld-yheietaPiyessraitnte,ite’hgcrDtossaeenoatpetraiun“ennplPeMbndggauritillaPitreifmtyiisdineysante,esaMrrrt,aenenIinMinncnsnqendgeiuruisnostcItipshnrihvehseesrdairtpoceitacaots”itrohsoo),pf”rnortmeoCAshparu,amoeiSentgatcmytrdehnr.hairamtdSatiacStioneuewagonicgcrs’oiucslihymlvvaet,ihe”m“msl,.ArtsenrooKCtaxmavNnohtpetegraeielnegatn,ttaiaiiohhnteo’’aneessssrl el cw itontitltuehen,rttpuhr3T412yrneios....steoaaCCCCmsptahhihhspocaaaafalvyhnnnincneiidggngeagiigbivtnninsniieoggngtegayngcorfftrrothfoinoounrnefodmmptoemmscmirtntuoostriahntaucdr“tasdnaeDigokttirdterrninilhyioolctae’oiwnfaosldaladdlnterhtlmleavrah,saleblioieynTdglosfrghihtvruEiiaeeinocmnimrrlnesamsaavpsnuntalatdsotialnfntuoagay4heerie.hsmnispg0msi.aeghi”nbwrehlsyglon-ieplvlrtsetankotaSclheiunlMtleesieedvmddEedstssaeetelaorccrinttbvaholcieofdcnalarueeosreddsmlmrow.isntgian.higtyrghe:t.tfs asoemogcccrahuiciernsuttooylTtld,uonoergDbevya,iir;occ.ae-htndhsSiedei,vuvevbeIrnroiitsotbteithtMoeryentcaaisecheentsnsd,ooignfclaoocuTngaelhdtlyesui;nrmhgaafuelsnerd;adtchilvthaheetaon,rrtsdrwosibtepycnelreilcacnecosseaim;fstwiiesvedes,eilgalaitanintnhsaddalutitbnhsanietTonroih-dfeivmaesali.eedltaimdosnincbdo-aefdtdfmirooidvouneedssdnt;,Pg eranyeuratTtCihohenanoa-ufotg-hcloohbraahlwociplol ebmsepsethutiactitcveetshssetfaundl dienaterbdrrmsin.igniantgioTnhaoilfanPdriminteo tMheininsetextr 89

90

8Chapter susotfaiiInnnannobovlvaeattgiiroononwg4rt.0ohuppl;anTITwob nfhhuoneiasrsolicidnlviaos.eaHnnJstadoiouso’cmw,ssnhtwiica1lwnihkl.ddli0ieelcleunhttvswhghethreiernloioaaigusnsplgudqmsbshuueeetsecaInetnstirntnonti,aiarootgl,bhvnrrceleoayfavtwodinogoreilnrnuvbeogetvew4ileowo.cr0npiyeansmltoleatreahgngnledooatrnnTdiozighzfiegaaIdwinittlinaaioitnlnohntdveotia’cnhstofeiotoonhuwngoerrmnGopsswyrrtoeattaeusghgrepeaeon’s?sstf:EInsntoavbalitsihomn e1n.0t o(1f9t8h3e–1O9r8g8a)nizationHttwseG TmfcihhenorhorhesaeltoneeworrttutecccsisetcpnphoteiivoSmexuarmeensmdienmeyrntpadd,e,abpemiailarIytatsuantoorenierrwDynsydtsgbg,,gauoareuacsPwoocwmanaowtouomrdlhaanlmtarenengkotnwbd,yperrtodaayteaedshCpisdneusetfphuhsythcohroeawacrreittbremtlhherloltudpeyuusaeirnectsntlddoiqoafdainiuutmr'tunlyvserlbaoIeipvindnnylnfsteiognuethtinisyrtonmovatTteseeodruvnhtbsdlaatrfuoa,ieemstntsspiisrhislgotnaoairoeotnncinnuhuancgpldyvapulteiraehtdpi2oaocttnwei.soidthnobi0nehrluegysnu,brepcmemseufrewttirvcssnhieroScioir.ieetromneaMhslTsvdealashtEeHicst,unhoeedssooItefdnchmTniabonDnwoohgnpveodmrauhdeac,KvuiPelprnaaoaasnwotuyastntninrhoansadgaytnaeensyt..., 91

ITCnernecoahvtniaootnliooognfy2tSh.0eol(Ru1t9eio8s9ne–as1rtc9oh97Ca)nudstoDmeveerslopanmdentht eCeInndteursttroy Provide Despite being a chemist, I learned from my experience workingwith DuPont how a company developed its business through itsstrength in technology. DuPont’s Technical Center was a success inthat it created many innovative products and also provided technicalservice to the industry and technical solutions to customers. With thatknowledge and experience, I eventually accumulated all the assetsavailable to request a credit line from the bank (with interest of 15%per year) to set up a small laboratory. To take advantage of a lowertax on importing research and testing equipment, I submitted a requestto the Board of Investment of Thailand (BOI). However, according tothe BOI, research and development was not a feasible project unlessthe company could generate income from its research by makingsaleable products. Thus, the BOI requested that Innovation Groupset up a manufacturing facility in conjunction with the R&D project. Thefirst project, therefore, was to set up a research lab in Bangkok and afactory producing PVC compound in Si Racha. I hired a chemist, andthe two of us actively did research on rubber and EVA (ethylene vinylacetate) to improve the technical solutions for customers in the shoeand textile industries. We helped customers in developing outsolesand the mid-sole foam necessary for the manufacture of many brandname shoes. At the same time, we studied the process of making 92

PVC compound to make outsoles for the Pan Student shoes offeredby Bangkok Rubber. For over eight years, the business of Chemical Innovation andits PVC factory (PI Industry Limited) expanded in relation to the growthof the shoe, rubber, and textile industries. The laboratory with its twochemists put a lot of effort in responding to customers’ demands andbuilding up the reputation of DuPont's products that we distributed.Our research helped in the development of technology and innovativematerials and compounds for the shoe, rubber, and textile industries.Chemical Innovation had a very large market share in DuPont productswe were selling, which brought in considerable income as well asestablished the reputation of Chemical Innovation in the market. Towards the end of the Innovation 2.0 period, a technical managerof Reebok Company in Thailand recognized our organization’scapability in research and development. He joined the research team ofChemical Innovation in developing rubber compounds for outsoles ofReebok shoes. This was another step that changed Innovation Groupfrom being a distributor to being a manufacturer of rubber compounds.The first machine purchased was a simple rubber mixer from Taiwan,and it was used to produce rubber compounds eventually supplied toall Reebok’s factories in many countries. However, before the companystarted selling compounds to Reebok, the Tom Yum Goong Crisis of1997 took place in Thailand and spread to many other countries inAsia, causing everything to come to a halt.IfEnovnrooIlnuvtateitorionnnattoi3ow.n0aa(rl1dI9sn9d7au–sPPtrroeielsysemnet)r Technology Solution Provider The economic crisis, during which the Thai baht weakenedand rising from 25 baht per US dollar to 57 baht per US dollar, hadseverely impacted on businesses and industries in Thailand. Fortunately,the shoe business in Asia was not affected by the economic crisis,and Reebok started ordering rubber compounds from PI Industry 93

figdRatatinnrhonlrooesdenodlmeeoulswaTabstrtrrhoetapholry-ackyecfiih.,wrnok1bnwerM9amaseicts9hehiiongao8iltcralglnnie.nhwgctoghTebreawvehxensreectauuctrodephss,ba,ra,eub.g3sngwsetar5hggeorhl0eeeewiccsodoitobhfnomaofuganwtfs5psiaa2s5noCfs5tetpurhebsonebterasondremhtgsfhcUmtoiceotrtSpooaeencenlctdRrrtithniIhohsnenUueli.nelsieaScob.ePdra;voAcIdlatkoatohsItnnnitlauuolhoddanspnemru,dpisnwPtiionctiicnmrrIhytrcIeepetnrhfnaohdrisetoslauhyitemsdrseamadtuodrepattycfhiorrnrscioegmcsgumaetworrRiwront-ee&i5enivdtriDdg0hnee,tPbttaan rosmetanpmapehheuunduuneaveraIccaaeeboepedtmtgcvsIhrhnoobdnradtaipkJnstnuenmmKeudnmseea1leelofoyrcycuGtacApoo0aeelslotecosochtatfsiIrp.cfoitidtoygtignvtnv.enrIWrhuhnecnmeyyoeyoergcarIeaunlnedesopoicietrsonttneanuospdgemohhaxtvspndoc,orayepeaupta,odlpuvgthmwamsvnaaitamosoeaioseisfcdnoegeittnrnuttfnpiiridsnunraiotnsyenchaspyeebltrinoe’frsdnenaTurcsrdabnicooaogicnvecbintPfettodnheme.ihcibtbhgacrotmhpduuhneahelaWelvebrctnotyirteeploennhacclemsoleynoochddelparsigultiouhgiqaiuuerpslsxneliaiboonngnynnuciasasurd,bdokyctatlaSsbii,stnrneuaelsfltcnoioiooiaoelhgtdcldTihdmfytgtuprrseatoymheemtuyit.ronooo,rhhamTopuauudtrtnutieeiKhdanwiulobrervlarawakanudabbeTcohnspemtidcwuipbeoiahtidtotogathsNj.rrpeefaaosnlneAhotyerimiamrimblhxd-nwdsmaiatcaetepoitaasuneonaointss-ectantenhcdclvd,yrh.dadranckyeteh’oaesmsSdtWtanpsceenIoddeecnrsteearoceduturedoaonirou.nhpubrmvwldvosoettdnnasibooeWhcuveatnottruehumrecerartcwlnellsseiesroersoettdtoeinaogosrmapdmormtigsatn’ifyeneinonaeofvptre,asaadhteersdra-.uerstJin(seinteskTngtetrOaipoyenenbcoenvhintperrnecfvdretmuaaovsoaesiadheulnuteii,votrlarlnoirnpdargsoeiwpasduetionttttinacinneerhhhicvesttutdyasadddgooeheeeeksr.),llm buasrikneeAtsinspgae,rtthIincfrnsoomavnaddtimooinnagkGinorgouucropbn’stersiboturgitniaonntihszeatotiaosrnoescaiseatylos.foTthepecrihroenrsioteilzaoergcyhgoaaonnddd 94

pdaieiltbseshlnrueeaeoddvigrclctneeteserliaePonuaiscnmhgrpmsae.mieelnDmdc,ndgee.megnntatrioseotntuetwcbeuctrbhoeradeefeamrroneiadnnrtntakieghctstdrsieaotfceoulon,epavdrf,aneareteatntlthhnoehndeetrpdasfeiclonIspsnflaerrgoianmwopcsomatatgutrvhbrolraad1eavlnetta4niiifoocreotoiennsoyxfrdepuepdGI.ansenerrronrgsMsoutgoiii.ugnsnorvepnieaSavresemetchi.oorrohimasTnfvnoisehgtalIiarinGebsb,arnslsreneeooIhenednvulinnvopgapreogisotnarivibo4yceafton.oerty0ctirareo.ioicnGiannMnsgrirtn,oarGcdgowuseurltplhnoaeeriitnunrrce’sidpnghsr,EIGnnrnohowavntahctieoonEf nI4ng.n0inoeveartiinogn aGnrdouDpigital Technologies to Sustain the 95

The strategy of Innovation 4.0 can be separated into fourapproaches, with technology and engineering as the core of technologycompetency of the group. These two centers and the four approachescan be compared to the nuclear explosion in that it multiplies the valuesof the products and services offered to the market. 1) Innovation Group continues its internal and external personneldevelopment to catch up with the change from technology and businessexpansion. We continue to emphasize the importance of good businessethics as well as positive values regarding self, family, the organization,and society. The organization also carries on contributing to societyby providing knowledge and technology to universities and industries.Scholarships and research funds will be given to university studentsand through the research projects for Master’s and PhD. programsthat the company supports, the industry and educational institutionwill be connected. Furthermore, training and academic seminars areconstantly held to promote Thailand's industry toward the Industrial4.0 phase. 2) The organization will collaborate with foreign companies oncreating a complete value chain of rubber and polymer products andon expanding the production globally. 3) Innovation Group’s research and development center andtechnology support center have been enhancing the technologycompetency of the company for a decade. These centers adapt quicklyto the changes in technologies and in market trends. Since established,they have developed and created innovative products, business, andnew markets. Innovation Group is using simulation design for producingprototypes to present to the automotive, electronics, construction,transportation, and petrochemical industries. This activity was thereason for the evolution of Innovation Group, from a manufacturer(Innovation 2.0) to a research and development center with our clients(Innovation 3.0), and to finally being able to create valuable productswith unique properties to offer to customers and industry in the nearfuture. Meanwhile, Innovation Group is building an engineering center at 96

Rojana Industrial Park to develop the company’s engineering skills anddigital knowledge, which are undeniably the keys toward Industrial 4.0,along with knowledge and skills that are geared towards enhancingour competence in IT and our capabilities in engineering simulationdesigns, digital communication and Internet resources, processautomation, and robotics. 4) To expand our business globally, Innovation Group aimsto move our manufacturing and technical centers closer to themarketplaces. This is Innovation Group’s business strategy in movingtoward Innovation 4.0. We believe that technology and engineeringare at the core of achieving and sustaining international growth. 97

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Dr. Banja Junhasavasdikul graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry (33rd Batch) from Chulalongkorn University in 1964, and a Master of Science degree in Biochemistry from the University of Taxas at Austin, USA. While pursuing his master’s degree, he also worked as a Research and Teaching Assistant in 1969. After that, he came back to Thailand and joined The ShellCompany of Thailand Ltd. as a Sales Manager in Industrial ChemicalsDepartment. In 1977, Dr. Banja obtained a Master of BusinessAdministration degree from Thammasat University. Then, in 1979, hestarted working at DuPont (Thailand) Co. Ltd. as a Marketing Managerand from 1981 - 1984, he worked at DuPont China Ltd. in Hong Kongas a Regional Planning Manager. In 2011, he gained a Doctor ofPhilosophy degree in Technology Management from RushmoreUniversity. At present, Dr. Banja is the President of Innovation Group(Thailand), a leader and one-stop service provider of rubber, plastic,and polymer technology. In terms of his academic career, Dr. Banja has been appointedas a Distinguished Scholar under Dr. Katsunosude Maeda Fund inthe Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund from 2006 – present.He is in charge of teaching several classes at the Department ofChemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, and isoccasionally invited to give lectures at a number of universities.Apart from being dedicated to transmitting his knowledge to as manyas possible, Dr. Banja also generously funds research projects invarious educational institutions, such as Chulalongkorn University, 98