OMEGA-3 English Version

Contents 1 What is Omega-3 Fatty Acid? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1 2 Improve Risk Factors for Heart Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 Fights Inflammation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 Fights Autoimmune Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 Fights Depression and Anxiety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6 Promotes Brain Health During Pregnancy & Early Life . . . . . . . . . 11 7 Reduces Symptoms of ADHD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 8 Alleviates Metabolic Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  15 9 Fights Dementia & Alzheimer’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 10 Prevents Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 11 Reduces Asthma in Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 12 Reduces Fatty Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 13 Improves Bone & Joint Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 14 Alleviates Menstrual Pain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22 15 Improves Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23 16 Promotes Skin Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24 17 What is Garlic Oil? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 18 Antiviral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .27 19 Anti-Microbial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Contents 20 Anti-Fungal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 21 Anti-Inflammatory and Immuno-modulatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 22 Improves Brain Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 23 Promotes Heart Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 24 Remedy For Skin Diseases and Wounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35 25 Induces Hair Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 1 What is Omega-3 Fatty Acid? w.nhf.com.mymega-3 fatty acid is a Otype of unsaturated fatty acid found in both ani- mals and plants, which bene- ww fits the body in different ways depending on the source. The primary animal sources are krill oil and fish oil, while the primary plant sources are www.nhf.com.my flaxseed, chia and hemp. The two omega-3 fatty acids considered most crucial come from marine animals such as fish and krill, which provide Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) and Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA). These are known for various health benefits and particularly for their contribution to normal heart function. Flax- seed, chia, hemp, and a few other foods, on the other hand, offer Alpha-lin- olenic Acid (ALA). 1

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS “The human body itself cannot produce these essential fats such as ALA, EPA and DHA, hence will need to obtain these nutrients from diet. ALA it is typically found in plant-based oils (e.g. flaxseed, canola, soybean oils), nuts and flaxseeds. DHA and EPA are the long-chain fatty acids that can be synthesized from ALA in human body, however the conversion is slow and limited. Therefore, it is recommended to source EPA and DHA from seafood, mainly oily fish (e.g. salmon, tuna etc.) and shellfish (e.g. crab, oysters),” says Ms Joey Ho, Dietitian from the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at KK Women’s & Children’s Hospital (KKH), Singapore. www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 2

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 2 Improve Risk Factors for Heart Disease D w.nhf.com.myecades ago, re- searches observed that fish-eating communi- ties had very low rates of wwthese diseases. This was later linked to omega-3 consumption. Since then, omega-3 fatty acids have been tied to numerous benefits for heart health [1]. www.nhf.com.my These benefits address: 1.) Causes a major reduction in triglycerides, usually in the range of 15– 30% .[2,3] 3

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 2.) Reduces blood pressure levels in people with high blood pressure [4]. 3.) Raises “good” HDL cholesterol levels [5, 6]. 4.) Keeps blood platelets from clumping together. This helps prevent the formation of harmful blood clots [7]. 5.) Keeps your arteries smooth and free from damage and prevent the plaque that can restrict and harden your arteries [8, 9] 6.) Reduces the production of some substances released during your body’s inflammatory response [10] 4

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 3 Fights Inflammation Inflammation is a natural respone to infections and damage in your body. How- ever, inflammation some- times persists for a long time, even without an infection or injury. This is called chronic — or long-term — inflamma- tion. Long-term inflammation www.nhf.com.my can contribute to almost every chronic Western illness, including heart disease and cancer. Notably, omega-3 fatty acids can reduce the production of molecules and substances linked to inflammation, such as inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines .[11,12] 5

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS Studies have consistently observed a connection between higher ome- ga-3 intake and reduced inflammation .[13] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 6

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 4 Fights Autoimmune Disease I w.nhf.com.myn autoimmune diseases, your immune system mistakes healthy cells for foreign cells and starts at- wwtacking them. Omega-3s can combat some of these diseases and may be especially important during early life. Studies show that getting www.nhf.com.my enough omega-3s during your first year of life is linked to a reduced risk of many autoimmune dis- eases, including type 1 diabetes, autoimmune diabetes and multiple scle- rosis .[14,15] 7

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS Omega-3s also help treat lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease and psoriasis .[16,17,18] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 8

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 5 Fights Depression and Anxiety w.nhf.com.myepression is one of the Dmost common mental disorders in the world. Symp- toms include sadness, leth- ww argy and a general loss of interest in life. www.nhf.com.my Interestingly, studies indicate that people who consume omega-3s regularly are less likely to be depressed .[19,20] What’s more, when people with depression or anxiety start taking omega-3 supplements, their symptoms improve .[21,22] 9

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS One study even found EPA as effective against depression as a common antidepressant drug .[23] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 10

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 6 Promotes Brain Health During Pregnancy & Early O Liwfe.nhf.com.mymega-3s are crucial for brain growth and development in infants. DHA accounts for 40% of wwthe polyunsaturated fatty acids in your brain and 60% in the retina of your eye. Therefore, it’s no surprise www.nhf.com.my that infants fed a DHA- fortified formula have better eyesight than infants fed a formula without it .[24] Getting enough omega-3s during pregnancy is associated with numerous benefits for your child, including ;[25,26] 11

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 1.) Higher intelligence 2.) Better communication and social skills 3.) Fewer behavioural problems 4.) Decreased risk of developmental delay 5.) Decreased risk of ADHD, autism and cerebral palsy www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 12

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 7 Reduces Symptoms of ADHD w.nhf.com.myttention deficit hyperac- A tivity disorder (ADHD) is a behavioral disorder characterized by inattention, ww hyperactivity and impulsivi- ty. Several studies note that children with ADHD have lower blood levels of ome- ga-3 fatty acids than their www.nhf.com.my healthy peers .[27] What’s more, numerous studies observe that omega-3 supplements can reduce the symptoms of ADHD. 13

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS Omega-3s help improve inattention and task completion. They also de- crease hyperactivity, impulsiveness, restlessness and aggression .[28,29,30] Recently, researchers observed that fish oil supplements were one of the most promising treatments for ADHD .[31] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 14

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 8 Alleviates Metabolic Syndrome M w.nhf.com.myetabolic syndrome is a collection of conditions. It includes central obesity — also wwknown as belly fat — as well as high blood pres- sure, insulin resistance, high triglycerides and low “good” HDL cholesterol levels. It is a major public health concern because www.nhf.com.my it increases your risk of many other illnesses, including heart disease and diabetes. 15

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS Omega-3 fatty acids can improve insulin resistance, inflammation and heart disease risk factors in people with metabolic syndrome .[32,33,34] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 16

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 9 Fights Dementia & Alzheimer’s w.nhf.com.mydecline in brain function A is one of the unavoidable consequences of aging. Several studies link higher ww omega-3 intake to decreased age-related mental decline and a reduced risk of Alzhei- mer’s disease .[35,36] One review of controlled stud- www.nhf.com.my ies suggests that omega-3 supplements may be beneficial at disease onset, when the symptoms of AD are very mild .[37] 17

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 10 Prevents Cancer S w.nhf.com.mytudies show that peo- ple who consume the most omega-3s have up to a 55% lower risk of wwcolon cancer .[38] Additionally, omega-3 www.nhf.com.my consumption is linked to a reduced risk of prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women .[39,40] 18

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 11 Reduces Asthma in Children w.nhf.com.mysthma is a chronic lung Adisease with symptoms like coughing, shortness of w breath and wheezing. Severe w asthma attacks can be very dangerous. They are caused by inflammation and swelling in the airways of your lungs. Several studies associate www.nhf.com.my omega-3 consumption with a lower risk of asthma in children and young adults .[41,42] 19

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 12 Reduces Fatty Liver N w.nhf.com.myon-alcoholic fatty liv- er disease (NAFLD) is more common than you think. It has increased wwwith the obesity epidem- ic to become the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the West- ern world. Studies proved that sup- www.nhf.com.my plementing with omega-3 fatty acids effectively reduces liver fat and inflammation in people with NAFLD .[43,44] 20

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 13 Improves Bone & Joint Health w.nhf.com.mysteoporosis and arthri- Otis are two common disorders that affect your w skeletal system. Studies in- w dicate that omega-3s can improve bone strength by boosting the amount of cal- cium in your bones, which should lead to a reduced risk of osteoporosis .[45,46] www.nhf.com.my Omega-3s may also treat arthritis. Patients taking omega-3 supplements have reported reduced joint pain and increased grip strength .[47] 21

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 14 Alleviates Menstrual Pain M w.nhf.com.myenstrual pain oc- curs in your lower abdomen and pelvis and often radiates to your wwlower back and thighs. studies repeatedly prove that women who consume the most omega-3s have milder menstrual pain [48, 49]. One study even deter- www.nhf.com.my mined that an omega-3 supplement was more effective than ibuprofen in treating severe pain during menstruation .[50] 22

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 15 Improves Sleep w.nhf.com.myow levels of omega-3 L fatty acids are associated with sleep prob- w lems in children and obstruc- w tive sleep apnea in adults .[51] Low levels of DHA are also linked to lower levels of the hormone melatonin, which helps you fall asleep .[52] www.nhf.com.my Studies in both children and adults reveal that supplementing with omega-3 increases the length and quality of sleep. 23

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 16 Promotes Skin Health D w.nhf.com.myHA is a structural component of your skin. It is responsible for the health of cell mem- wwbranes, which make up a large part of your skin. A healthy cell membrane re- sults in soft, moist, supple and wrinkle-free skin. EPA also benefits your www.nhf.com.my skin in several ways, including :[53,54] 1.) Managing oil production and hydration of your skin. 2.) Preventing hyper-keratinization of hair follicles, which appears as the little red bumps often seen on upper arms. 24

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 3.) Reducing premature aging of your skin. 4.) Reducing the risk of acne. www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 25

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 17 What is Garlic Oil? w.nhf.com.myarlic (Allium Satvium) Gis a relative of the onion family and one of the w most commonly used foods w and flavoring agents across the globe. Garlic is renowned for its remarkable ability to fight numerous diseases. www.nhf.com.my On a small scale, garlic oil is made by crushing and soaking garlic cloves in vegetable oil. For industry scale preparations, it is produced by steam distillation. The essential oils of garlic have high amounts of sulfur-containing compounds. The medicinal properties of garlic have been attributed to its abundance of sulfur-containing compounds. 26

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 18 Antiviral G w.nhf.com.myarlic oil is known for its antifungal, antibacterial, antiparasit- ic, antiviral, and insecti- wwcidal properties .[55] Garlic extracts exhibit antiviral activity. Human cytomegalo virus (HCMV), Influenza B virus, Herpes simplex virus type 1, Her- www.nhf.com.my pes simplex virus type 2, Parainfluenza virus type 3, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, and Human rhinovirus type 2 are a few viruses that are sensitive to these ex- tracts .[56] 27

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS Experiments have also proven that allicin-containing supplements can prevent bouts of the common cold. Ajoene, allicin, and allitridin are a few antiviral compounds found in garlic extracts. They enhance the activity of NK-cells (natural killer-cells), which destroys virus-infected cells .[56] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 28

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 19 Anti-Microbial w.nhf.com.myarlic oil demonstrates Gwide-spectrum antimicrobial activity against w gut (enteric) pathogens. It w can also inhibit enteric bac- teria that cause food poison- ing. The allicin and other or- ganosulfur compounds found in this oil are identified as the active ingredients that show www.nhf.com.my inhibitory effects against Helicobacter pylori – gut pathogens that cause gastric cancer and several gastrointestinal (GI) disorders .[57] 29

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 20 Anti-Fungal E w.nhf.com.myxperimental studies have shown that garlic oil has excellent antifungal activity. It in- wwhibits the growth of fun- gal species like Candida albicans and Penicillium funiculosum .[58] Garlic oil can penetrate the membranes of fungal www.nhf.com.my organelles. Microscopic observations have revealed that garlic oil damages fungal mitochondria and vacuoles. It alters the expression of certain essential genes that are involved in basic regulatory functions and pathogenicity of fungi. 30

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 21 Anti-Inflammatory and Immuno- modulatory w.nhf.com.myarlic oil and other de- Grivatives of garlic exhibit anti-inflammatory and w immunomodulatory effects. It w can suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cellular messengers like nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins, and interleukins. Its sulfur com- pounds act on the immune www.nhf.com.my system cells that trigger the production of such molecules .[59] Arachidonic acid is a precursor of several anti-inflammatory compounds, like prostaglandins. Garlic oil has been proven to be a potent inhibitor of arachi- donic acid. It may also inhibit the enzymes involved in the synthesis of pros- taglandins and other eicosanoids .[59] 31

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 22 Improves Brain Health D w.nhf.com.myistilled garlic oil con- tains various sulfur compounds, like diallyl disulfide (DADS) and dial- wwlyl trisulfide (DAT). These organic compounds pre- vent the oxidation and accumulation of choles- terol. Lipid peroxidation is one of the critical factors behind aging. Excess www.nhf.com.my cholesterol/lipids can get oxidized and form amyloid plaques or clots in the brain, heart, and bloodstream. 32

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS Amyloid plaques can narrow blood vessels and cause blood clots, which may ultimately cause neuron degeneration. Rapid neuronal cell death leads to memory loss or dementia. In later stages, it can lead to Alzhei- mer’s disease (AD), vascular dementia, and atherosclerosis .[60] www.nhf.com.my 33

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 23 Promotes Heart Health w.nhf.com.myarlic oil has been Gfound to reduce the risk of cardiovascular dis- w eases. Its active component, w Diallyl Disulfide, is respon- sible for its anti-atheroscle- rotic effects. It increases the fibrinolytic activity (prevents blood clots) in patients and healthy individuals [61]. www.nhf.com.my Garlic oil also increases the elasticity of blood vessels and circulation. Hence, it may lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). A random- ized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study were to determine whether Garlic Oil reduce CVD risk in male subjects. The results showed significant changes of blood pressure (BP), plasma lipids, total antioxidant status (TAS), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) composition and blood clotting factors .[62] 34

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 24 Remedy For Skin Diseases and Wounds T w.nhf.com.myhe oil and extracts of garlic have anti- inflammatory, antibac- terial, fibrinolytic, and wwwound-healing properties that may make it a substi- tute for classic antibiotics and antiseptics .[63] Garlic extracts are also ef- fective in healing healing www.nhf.com.my a variety of skin conditions like atopic dermatitis, acne, psoriasis, fungal infections, scars, wrinkles, and other signs of aging .[64] 35

CHAPTER OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 24 Induces Hair Growth w.nhf.com.mylopecia or hair loss Acan occur due to multiple reasons. Genetic w tendencies, environmental w triggers, exposure to chem- icals, medicines, oxidative stress, and prolonged illness are a few of them. Minerals like zinc, calcium, iron, cop- per, chromium, iodine, and www.nhf.com.my magnesium are necessary for building hair fiber. Biotin, vitamin B (folic acid, pyridoxine, and pantothenic acid), vitamin A, and vitamin E maintain the scalp and root health. 36

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS According to Ethnopharmacological survey of home remedies used for treatment of hair and scalp and their methods of preparation in the West Bank-Palestine, researchers concluded that garlic oil is a popular & ef- fective remedy for hair growth .[65] www.nhf.com.my www.nhf.com.my 37

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL ReferencesLUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 1. Peter S, Chopra S, Jacob JJ. A fish a day, keeps the cardiologist away! - A review of the effect of omega-3 fatty acids in the cardiovascular system. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(3):422-429. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.111630 2. Cazzola R, Russo-Volpe S, Miles EA, Rees D, Banerjee T, Roynette CE, Wells SJ, Goua M, Wahle KW, Calder PC, Cestaro B. Age- and dose-dependent effects of an eicosapentaenoic acid-rich oil on cardiovascular risk factors in healthy male subjects. Atherosclerosis. 2007 Jul;193(1):159-67. 3. Oliveira JM, Rondó PH. Omega-3 fatty acids and hypertriglyceridemia in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy: systematic review and meta-analysis. HIV Clin Trials. 2011 Sep- yOct;12(5):268-74. .m4. Ramel A, Martinez JA, Kiely M, Bandarra NM, Thorsdottir I. w.nhf.comModerate consumption of fatty fish reduces diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese European young adults during energy restriction. Nutrition. 2010 Feb;26(2):168-74. 5. Eslick GD, Howe PR, Smith C, Priest R, Bensoussan A. Benefits of wwfish oil supplementation in hyperlipidemia: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2009 Jul 24;136(1):4-16. 6. Warner JG Jr, Ullrich IH, Albrink MJ, Yeater RA. Combined effects of aerobic exercise and omega-3 fatty acids in hyperlipidemic persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1989 Oct;21(5):498-505. PMID: 2691812. 38

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 7. Marchioli R, Barzi F, Bomba E, Chieffo C, Di Gregorio D, Di Mascio R, Franzosi MG, Geraci E, Levantesi G, Maggioni AP, Mantini L, Marfisi RM, Mastrogiuseppe G, Mininni N, Nicolosi GL, Santini M, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Tognoni G, Tucci C, Valagussa F; GISSI- Prevenzione Investigators. Early protection against sudden death by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: time- course analysis of the results of the Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico (GISSI)-Prevenzione. Circulation. 2002 Apr 23;105(16):1897-903. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000014682.14181. f2. PMID: 11997274. 8. Wang Q, Liang X, Wang L, Lu X, Huang J, Cao J, Li H, Gu D. Effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on endothelial function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Atherosclerosis. 2012 Apr;221(2):536-43. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.01.006. Epub y2012 Jan 20. PMID: 22317966. .m9. Miyoshi T, Noda Y, Ohno Y, Sugiyama H, Oe H, Nakamura K, w.nhf.comKohno K, Ito H. Omega-3 fatty acids improve postprandial lipemia and associated endothelial dysfunction in healthy individuals - a randomized cross-over trial. Biomed Pharmacother. 2014 Oct;68(8):1071-7. 10. Ciubotaru I, Lee YS, Wander RC. Dietary fish oil decreases wC-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and triacylglycerol to HDL-cholesterol wratio in postmenopausal women on HRT. J Nutr Biochem. 2003 Sep;14(9):513-21. 11. Calder PC. n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Jun;83(6 Suppl):1505S- 1519S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/83.6.1505S. PMID: 16841861. 12. Li H, Ruan XZ, Powis SH, Fernando R, Mon WY, Wheeler DC, Moorhead JF, Varghese Z. EPA and DHA reduce LPS-induced inflammation responses in HK-2 cells: evidence for a PPAR-gamma- dependent mechanism. Kidney Int. 2005 Mar;67(3):867-74. 39

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 13. Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Dec;21(6):495-505. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2002.10719248. PMID: 12480795. 14. Löfvenborg JE, Andersson T, Carlsson PO, et al. Fatty fish consumption and risk of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Nutr Diabetes. 2014;4(10):e139. Published 2014 Oct 20. doi:10.1038/ nutd.2014.36 15. Hoare S, Lithander F, van der Mei I, Ponsonby AL, Lucas R; Ausimmune Investigator Group. Higher intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is associated with a decreased risk of a first clinical diagnosis of central nervous system demyelination: Results from the Ausimmune Study. Mult Scler. 2016 Jun;22(7):884-92. 16. Duffy EM, Meenagh GK, McMillan SA, Strain JJ, Hannigan BM, Bell AL. The clinical effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fish yoils and/or copper in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2004 .mAug;31(8):1551-6. PMID: 15290734. w.nhf.com17. Berbert AA, Kondo CR, Almendra CL, Matsuo T, Dichi I. Supplementation of fish oil and olive oil in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Nutrition. 2005 Feb;21(2):131-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2004.03.023. PMID: 15723739. ww18. Balbás GM, Regaña MS, Millet PU. Study on the use of omega-3 fatty acids as a therapeutic supplement in treatment of psoriasis. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2011;4:73-7. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S17220. Epub 2011 Jun 20. PMID: 21760742; PMCID: PMC3133503. 19. Grosso G, Galvano F, Marventano S, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2014;2014:313570. doi:10.1155/2014/313570 20. Lin PY, Su KP. A meta-analytic review of double-blind, placebo- controlled trials of antidepressant efficacy of omega-3 fatty acids. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Jul;68(7):1056-61. doi: 10.4088/jcp.v68n0712. PMID: 17685742. 40

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 21. Annie T. Ginty, Sarah M. Conklin, “Short-term supplementation of acute long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may alter depression status and decrease symptomology among young adults with depression: A preliminary randomized and placebo controlled trial, Psychiatry Research, Volume 229, Issues 1–2, 2015, Pages 485-489, ISSN 0165-1781. 22. Kuan-Pin Su, Shih-Yi Huang, Chih-Chiang Chiu, Winston W. Shen, “Omega-3 fatty acids in major depressive disorder: A preliminary double- blind, placebo-controlled trial, European Neuropsychopharmacology, Volume 13, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 267-271, ISSN 0924-977X 23. Shima Jazayeri, Mehdi Tehrani-Doost, Seyed A. Keshavarz, Mostafa Hosseini, Abolghassem Djazayery, Homayoun Amini, Mahmoud Jalali & Malcolm Peet (2008) Comparison of therapeutic effects of omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid and fluoxetine, separately and in ycombination, in major depressive disorder, Australian and New Zealand .mJournal of Psychiatry, 42:3, 192-198, w.nhf.com24. Tai EK, Wang XB, Chen ZY. An update on adding docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) to baby formula. Food Funct. 2013 Dec;4(12):1767-75. doi: 10.1039/c3fo60298b. Epub 2013 Oct 22. PMID: 24150114. w25. Helland IB, Smith L, Saarem K, Saugstad OD, Drevon CA. Maternal wsupplementation with very-long-chain n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation augments children’s IQ at 4 years of age. Pediatrics. 2003 Jan;111(1):e39-44. 26. Strickland AD. Prevention of cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Med Hypotheses. 2014 May;82(5):522-8. 27. Gillies D, Sinn JKh, Lad SS, Leach MJ, Ross MJ. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jul 11;2012(7):CD007986. 41

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 28. Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011 Oct;50(10):991-1000. 29. Perera H, Jeewandara KC, Seneviratne S, Guruge C. Combined  3 and  6 supplementation in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) refractory to methylphenidate treatment: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Child Neurol. 2012 Jun;27(6):747-53. 30. Bélanger SA, Vanasse M, Spahis S, Sylvestre MP, Lippé S, L’heureux F, Ghadirian P, Vanasse CM, Levy E. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Paediatr Child Health. 2009 Feb;14(2):89-98. doi: 10.1093/pch/14.2.89. PMID: 19436468; y31. Heilskov Rytter MJ, Andersen LB, Houmann T, Bilenberg N, .mHvolby A, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Lauritzen L. Diet in the treatment w.nhf.comof ADHD in children - a systematic review of the literature. Nord J Psychiatry. 2015 Jan;69(1):1-18. 32. Ebrahimi M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Rezaiean S, Hoseini M, Parizade SM, Farhoudi F, Hosseininezhad SJ, Tavallaei S, Vejdani A, wAzimi-Nezhad M, Shakeri MT, Rad MA, Mobarra N, Kazemi-Bajestani SM, wFerns GA. Omega-3 fatty acid supplements improve the cardiovascular risk profile of subjects with metabolic syndrome, including markers of inflammation and auto-immunity. Acta Cardiol. 2009 Jun;64(3):321-7. 33. Robinson LE, Mazurak VC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: relationship to inflammation in healthy adults and adults exhibiting features of metabolic syndrome. Lipids. 2013 Apr;48(4):319-32. 42

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 34. Dangardt F, Osika W, Chen Y, Nilsson U, Gan LM, Gronowitz E, Strandvik B, Friberg P. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation improves vascular function and reduces inflammation in obese adolescents. Atherosclerosis. 2010 Oct;212(2):580-5 35. Fotuhi M, Mohassel P, Yaffe K. Fish consumption, long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and risk of cognitive decline or Alzheimer disease: a complex association. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2009 Mar;5(3):140-52. 36. Cole GM, Ma QL, Frautschy SA. Omega-3 fatty acids and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2009 Aug-Sep;81(2-3):213-21. 37. Canhada S, Castro K, Perry IS, Luft VC. Omega-3 fatty acids’ supplementation in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Nutr Neurosci. 2018 Oct;21(8):529-538. 38. Zhong X, Fang YJ, Pan ZZ, Li B, Wang L, Zheng MC, Chen YM, yZhang CX. Dietary fat, fatty acid intakes and colorectal cancer risk .min Chinese adults: a case-control study. Eur J Cancer Prev. 2013 w.nhf.comSep;22(5):438-47. 39. Terry PD, Terry JB, Rohan TE. Long-chain (n-3) fatty acid intake and risk of cancers of the breast and the prostate: recent epidemiological studies, biological mechanisms, and directions for future research. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12 Suppl):3412S-3420S. ww40. Fabian CJ, Kimler BF, Hursting SD. Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17(1):62. Published 2015 May 4. doi:10.1186/s13058-015-0571-6 41. Yang H, Xun P, He K. Fish and fish oil intake in relation to risk of asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(11):e80048. Published 2013 Nov 12. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0080048 43

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 42. Li J, Xun P, Zamora D, et al. Intakes of long-chain omega-3 (n- 3) PUFAs and fish in relation to incidence of asthma among American young adults: the CARDIA study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(1):173-178. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.041145 43. Bouzianas DG, Bouziana SD, Hatzitolios AI. Potential treatment of human nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Nutr Rev. 2013 Nov;71(11):753-71. doi: 10.1111/nure.12073. Epub 2013 Oct 22. PMID: 24148001. 44. Parker HM, Johnson NA, Burdon CA, Cohn JS, O’Connor HT, George J. Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2012 Apr;56(4):944-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.08.018. Epub 2011 Oct 21. PMID: 22023985. 45. Kruger MC, Horrobin DF. Calcium metabolism, osteoporosis and yessential fatty acids: a review. Prog Lipid Res. 1997 Sep;36(2-3):131-51. .mdoi: 10.1016/s0163-7827(97)00007-6. PMID: 9624425. w.nhf.com46. Kruger MC, Coetzer H, de Winter R, Gericke G, van Papendorp DH. Calcium, gamma-linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid supplementation in senile osteoporosis. Aging (Milano). 1998 Oct;10(5):385-94. ww47. Danao-Camara TC, Shintani TT. The dietary treatment of inflammatory arthritis: case reports and review of the literature. Hawaii Med J. 1999 May;58(5):126-31. PMID: 10377605. 48. Deutch B. Menstrual pain in Danish women correlated with low n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Jul;49(7):508-16. PMID: 7588501. 49. Harel Z, Biro FM, Kottenhahn RK, Rosenthal SL. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the management of dysmenorrhea in adolescents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996 Apr;174(4):1335-8. 44

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 50. Zafari M, Behmanesh F, Agha Mohammadi A. Comparison of the effect of fish oil and ibuprofen on treatment of severe pain in primary dysmenorrhea. Caspian J Intern Med. 2011;2(3):279-282. 51. Montgomery P, Burton JR, Sewell RP, Spreckelsen TF, Richardson AJ. Fatty acids and sleep in UK children: subjective and pilot objective sleep results from the DOLAB study--a randomized controlled trial. J Sleep Res. 2014 Aug;23(4):364-88. 52. Peuhkuri K, Sihvola N, Korpela R. Dietary factors and fluctuating levels of melatonin. Food Nutr Res. 2012;56:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.17252. doi:10.3402/fnr.v56i0.17252 53. Spencer EH, Ferdowsian HR, Barnard ND. Diet and acne: a review of the evidence. Int J Dermatol. 2009 Apr;48(4):339-47. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2009.04002.x. PMID: 19335417. y54. Meagen M. McCusker, Jane M. Grant-Kels, “Healing fats of the .mskin: the structural and immunologic roles of the  -6 and  -3 fatty acids,” w.nhf.comClinics in Dermatology, Volume 28, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 440-451, ISSN 0738-081X. 55. Satyal P, Craft JD, Dosoky NS, Setzer WN. The Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils of Garlic (Allium sativum) and Wild Garlic (Allium vineale). Foods. 2017;6(8):63. Published 2017 Aug 5. wwdoi:10.3390/foods6080063 56. Mikaili P, Maadirad S, Moloudizargari M, Aghajanshakeri S, Sarahroodi S. Therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties of garlic, shallot, and their biologically active compounds. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013;16(10):1031-1048. 57. Ross ZM, O’Gara EA, Hill DJ, Sleightholme HV, Maslin DJ. Antimicrobial properties of garlic oil against human enteric bacteria: evaluation of methodologies and comparisons with garlic oil sulfides and garlic powder. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67(1):475-480. doi:10.1128/ AEM.67.1.475-480.2001 45

OMEGA-3 PLUS GARLIC OIL LUBRICANT FOR HEART, BRAIN, EYE AND JOINTS 58. Li WR, Shi QS, Dai HQ, et al. Antifungal activity, kinetics and molecular mechanism of action of garlic oil against Candida albicans. Sci Rep. 2016;6:22805. Published 2016 Mar 7. doi:10.1038/srep22805 59. Schäfer G, Kaschula CH. The immunomodulation and anti- inflammatory effects of garlic organosulfur compounds in cancer chemoprevention. Anticancer Agents Med Chem. 2014;14(2):233-240. doi:10.2174/18715206113136660370 60. Mathew B, Biju R. Neuroprotective effects of garlic a review. Libyan J Med. 2008;3(1):23-33. Published 2008 Mar 1. doi:10.4176/071110 61. Bayan L, Koulivand PH, Gorji A. Garlic: a review of potential therapeutic effects. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2014;4(1):1-14. 62. Zhang XH, Lowe D, Giles P, Fell S, Board AR, Baughan JA, Connock MJ, Maslin DJ. A randomized trial of the effects of garlic oil yupon coronary heart disease risk factors in trained male runners. Blood .mCoagul Fibrinolysis. 2001 Jan;12(1):67-74. w.nhf.com63. Sahbaz A, Isik H, Aynioglu O, Gungorduk K, Gun BD. Effect of intraabdominal administration of Allium sativum (garlic) oil on postoperative peritoneal adhesion. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2014 Jun;177:44-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2014.03.018. Epub 2014 Apr 13. PMID: 24793933. ww64. Pazyar N, Feily A. Garlic in dermatology. Dermatol Reports. 2011;3(1):e4. Published 2011 Apr 28. doi:10.4081/dr.2011.e4 65. Zaid AN, Jaradat NA, Eid AM, Al Zabadi H, Alkaiyat A, Darwish SA. Ethnopharmacological survey of home remedies used for treatment of hair and scalp and their methods of preparation in the West Bank- Palestine. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2017;17(1):355. Published 2017 Jul 5. doi:10.1186/s12906-017-1858-1 46